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Markandan K, Tiong YW, Sankaran R, Subramanian S, Markandan UD, Chaudhary V, Numan A, Khalid M, Walvekar R. Emergence of infectious diseases and role of advanced nanomaterials in point-of-care diagnostics: a review. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022:1-89. [PMID: 36243900 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2127070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infectious outbreaks are the foremost global public health concern, challenging the current healthcare system, which claims millions of lives annually. The most crucial way to control an infectious outbreak is by early detection through point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. POC diagnostics are highly advantageous owing to the prompt diagnosis, which is economical, simple and highly efficient with remote access capabilities. In particular, utilization of nanomaterials to architect POC devices has enabled highly integrated and portable (compact) devices with enhanced efficiency. As such, this review will detail the factors influencing the emergence of infectious diseases and methods for fast and accurate detection, thus elucidating the underlying factors of these infections. Furthermore, it comprehensively highlights the importance of different nanomaterials in POCs to detect nucleic acid, whole pathogens, proteins and antibody detection systems. Finally, we summarize findings reported on nanomaterials based on advanced POCs such as lab-on-chip, lab-on-disc-devices, point-of-action and hospital-on-chip. To this end, we discuss the challenges, potential solutions, prospects of integrating internet-of-things, artificial intelligence, 5G communications and data clouding to achieve intelligent POCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaimani Markandan
- Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Drive, Singapore
- Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yong Wei Tiong
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive, Singapore
| | - Revathy Sankaran
- Graduate School, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sakthinathan Subramanian
- Department of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology (NTUT), Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Vishal Chaudhary
- Research Cell & Department of Physics, Bhagini Nivedita College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Arshid Numan
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Sunway Materials Smart Science & Engineering (SMS2E) Research Cluster School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Sunway Materials Smart Science & Engineering (SMS2E) Research Cluster School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rashmi Walvekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Allouzi MMA, Allouzi S, Al-Salaheen B, Khoo KS, Rajendran S, Sankaran R, Sy-Toan N, Show PL. Current advances and future trend of nanotechnology as microalgae-based biosensor. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sankaran R, Markandan K, Khoo KS, Cheng CK, Ashokkumar V, Deepanraj B, Show PL. The Expansion of Lignocellulose Biomass Conversion Into Bioenergy via Nanobiotechnology. Front Nanotechnol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.793528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass has arisen as a solution to our energy and environmental challenges because it is rich in feedstock that can be converted to biofuels. Converting lignocellulosic biomass to sugar is a complicated system involved in the bioconversion process. There are indeed a variety of techniques that have been utilized in the bioconversion process consisting of physical, chemical, and biological approaches. However, most of them have drawbacks when used on a large scale, which include the high cost of processing, the development of harmful inhibitors, and the detoxification of the inhibitors that have been produced. These constraints, taken together, hinder the effectiveness of current solutions and demand for the invention of a new, productive, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable technique for LB processing. In this context, the approach of nanotechnology utilizing various nanomaterials and nanoparticles in treating lignocellulose biomass and bioenergy conversion has achieved increased interest and has been explored greatly in recent times. This mini review delves into the application of nanotechnological techniques in the bioconversion of lignocellulose biomass into bioenergy. This review on nanotechnological application in biomass conversion provides insights and development tools for the expansion of new sectors, resulting in excellent value and productivity, contributing to the long-term economic progress.
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Yap JK, Sankaran R, Chew KW, Halimatul Munawaroh HS, Ho SH, Rajesh Banu J, Show PL. Advancement of green technologies: A comprehensive review on the potential application of microalgae biomass. Chemosphere 2021; 281:130886. [PMID: 34020196 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have drawn significant interest worldwide, owing to their enormous application potential in the green energy, biopharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. Many studies have proved and stated the potential of microalgae in the area of biofuel which is economically effective and environmentally friendly. Besides the commercial value, the potential of microalgae in environmental protection has also been investigated. Microalgae-based process is one of the most effective way to treat heavy metal pollution, compared to conventional methods, it does not release any toxic waste or harmful gases, and the aquatic organism will not receive any harmful effects. The potential dual role of microalge in phytoremedation and energy production has made it widely explored for its capability. The interest of microalgae in various application has motivated a new focus in green technologies. Considering the rapid population growth with the continuous increase on the global demand and the application of biomass in diverse field, significant upgrades have been performed to accommodate green technological advancement. In the past decade, noteworthy advancement has been made on the technology involving the diverse application of microalgae biomass. This review aims to explore on the application of microalgae and the development of green technology in various application for microalgae biomass. There is great prospects for researchers in this field to delve into other potential utilization of microalgae biomass not only for bioremediation process but also to generate revenues from microalgae by incorporating clean and green technology for long-term sustainability and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn Kwok Yap
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Revathy Sankaran
- Graduate School, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China.
| | - J Rajesh Banu
- Department of Life Science, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur, Tamilnadu, 610005, India
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Azmi AAB, Chew KW, Chia WY, Mubashir M, Sankaran R, Lam MK, Lim JW, Ho YC, Show PL. Green bioprocessing of protein from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae towards circular bioeconomy. Bioresour Technol 2021; 333:125197. [PMID: 33930672 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The work aimed to study the potential in producing a system with high microalgal protein recovery and separation by utilizing a one-step or integrated downstream process. This in turn enables green biorefinery of protein, contributing to circular bioeconomy whereby less energy, labor, and cost are required for the process. By utilizing electric three phase partitioning flotation system, high protein recovery yield, R of 99.42 ± 0.52% and high separation efficiency, E of 52.72 ± 0.40% system was developed. Scaling up also showed high protein recovery yield with R value of 89.13 ± 1.56%. Total processing duration (extraction, separation, and purification) was also significantly reduced to 10 min. This system showed remarkable potential in reducing processing time, alternatively cost of production, benefiting microalgal downstream processing. Concisely, through this system, microalgal bioprocessing will no longer be complex allowing a wide array of potentials for further studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Azim Bin Azmi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Wen Yi Chia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Computing, Engineering & Technology, School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology, and Innovation, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Revathy Sankaran
- Graduate School, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia; HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia; Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Yeek-Chia Ho
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia; Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Azmi AAB, Sankaran R, Show PL, Ling TC, Tao Y, Munawaroh HSH, Kong PS, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Current application of electrical pre-treatment for enhanced microalgal biomolecules extraction. Bioresour Technol 2020; 302:122874. [PMID: 32007308 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pretreatment of microalgal biomass possessing rigid cell wall is a critical step for enhancing the efficiency of microalgal biorefinery. However, the conventional pretreatment processes suffer the drawbacks of complex processing steps, long processing time, low conversion efficiency and high processing costs. This significantly hinders the industrial applicability of microalgal biorefinery. The innovative electricity-aid pretreatment techniques serve as a promising processing tool to extensively enhance the release of intracellular substances from microalgae. In this review, application of electric field-based techniques and recent advances of using electrical pretreatments on microalgae cell focusing on pulsed electric field, electrolysis, high voltage electrical discharges and moderate electric field are reviewed. In addition, the emerging techniques integrating electrolysis with liquid biphasic flotation process as promising downstream approach is discussed. This review delivers broad knowledge of the present significance of the application of these methods focusing on the development of electric assisted biomolecules extraction from microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Azim Bin Azmi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Revathy Sankaran
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yang Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | | | - Pei San Kong
- Sime Darby Plantation Research Sdn. Bhd. (formerly known as Sime Darby Research Sdn. Bhd.) (Company No. 560590-X), R&D Centre, Lot 2664, Jalan Pulau Carey, 42960 Pulau Carey, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Center for Nanotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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Sankaran R, Parra Cruz RA, Pakalapati H, Show PL, Ling TC, Chen WH, Tao Y. Recent advances in the pretreatment of microalgal and lignocellulosic biomass: A comprehensive review. Bioresour Technol 2020; 298:122476. [PMID: 31810736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal and lignocellulosic biomass is the most sumptuous renewable bioresource raw material existing on earth. Recently, the bioconversion of biomass into biofuels have received significant attention replacing fossil fuels. Pretreatment of biomass is a critical process in the conversion due to the nature and structure of the biomass cell wall that is complex. Although green technologies for biofuel production are advancing, the productivity and yield from these techniques are low. Over the past years, various pretreatment techniques have been developed and successfully employed to improve the technology. This paper presents an in-depth review of the recent advancement of pretreatment methods focusing on microalgal and lignocellulosic biomass. The technological approaches involving physical, chemical, biological and other latest pretreatment methods are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Sankaran
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ricardo Andres Parra Cruz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Harshini Pakalapati
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Yang Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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Sankaran R, Bong JH, Chow YH, Wong FWF, Ling TC, Show PL. Reverse Micellar System in Protein Recovery - A Review of the Latest Developments. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:1012-1026. [PMID: 31264547 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190628142203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reversed micellar system (RMS) is an innovative technique used for the isolation, extraction and purification of proteins and enzymes. Studies have demonstrated that RMS is an efficient purification technology for extracting proteins and enzymes from natural plant materials or fermentation broth. Lately, reverse micelles have wider biological applications and the ease of scaling up and the possibility for the continuous process have made RMS a vital purification technique in various fields. In this study, an extensive review of RMS with the current application in biotechnology is examined. This review provides insights into the fundamental principles, key variables and parameters of RMS. In addition, a comparative study of RMS with other liquid-liquid extraction techniques is also included. The present review aims to provide a general overview of RMS by summarising the research works, since the introduction of the technology to current development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Sankaran
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jenn Hau Bong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Yin Hui Chow
- School of Engineering, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, Jalan Taylor's, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fadzlie Wong Faizal Wong
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Lee SY, Sankaran R, Chew KW, Tan CH, Krishnamoorthy R, Chu DT, Show PL. Waste to bioenergy: a review on the recent conversion technologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s42500-019-0004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sankaran R, Manickam S, Yap YJ, Ling TC, Chang JS, Show PL. Extraction of proteins from microalgae using integrated method of sugaring-out assisted liquid biphasic flotation (LBF) and ultrasound. Ultrason Sonochem 2018; 48:231-239. [PMID: 30080546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple sugaring-out supported by liquid biphasic flotation technique combined with ultrasonication was introduced for the extraction of proteins from microalgae. Sugaring-out as a phase separation method is novel and has been used in the extraction of metal ions, biomolecules and drugs. But, its functioning in protein separation from microalgae is still unknown. In this work, the feasibility of sugaring-out coupled with ultrasound for the extraction of protein was investigated. Primary studies were carried out to examine the effect of sonication on the microalgae cell as well as the separation efficiency of the integrated method. Effect of various operating parameters such as the concentration of microalgae biomass, the location of sonication probe, sonication time, ultrasonic pulse mode (includes varying ON and OFF duration of sonication), concentration of glucose, types of sugar, concentration of acetonitrile and the flow rate in the flotation system for achieving a higher separation efficiency and yield of protein were assessed. Besides, a large-scale study of the integration method was conducted to verify the consistency of the followed technique. A maximum efficiency (86.38%) and yield (93.33%) were attained at the following optimized conditions: 0.6% biomass concentration, 200 g/L of glucose concentration, 100% acetonitrile concentration with 5 min of 5 s ON/10 s OFF pulse mode and at a flow rate of 100 cc/min. The results obtained for large scale were 85.25% and 92.24% for efficiency and yield respectively. The proposed liquid biphasic flotation assisted with ultrasound for protein separation employing sugaring-out demonstrates a high production and separation efficiency and is a cost-effective solution. More importantly, this method provides the possibility of extending its application for the extraction of other important biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Sankaran
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Yee Jiun Yap
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Taiwan and China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Sankaran R, Show PL, Cheng YS, Tao Y, Ao X, Nguyen TDP, Van Quyen D. Integration Process for Protein Extraction from Microalgae Using Liquid Biphasic Electric Flotation (LBEF) System. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:749-761. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sankaran R, Show PL, Lee SY, Yap YJ, Ling TC. Integration process of fermentation and liquid biphasic flotation for lipase separation from Burkholderia cepacia. Bioresour Technol 2018; 250:306-316. [PMID: 29174909 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Liquid Biphasic Flotation (LBF) is an advanced recovery method that has been effectively applied for biomolecules extraction. The objective of this investigation is to incorporate the fermentation and extraction process of lipase from Burkholderia cepacia using flotation system. Initial study was conducted to compare the performance of bacteria growth and lipase production using flotation and shaker system. From the results obtained, bacteria shows quicker growth and high lipase yield via flotation system. Integration process for lipase separation was investigated and the result showed high efficiency reaching 92.29% and yield of 95.73%. Upscaling of the flotation system exhibited consistent result with the lab-scale which are 89.53% efficiency and 93.82% yield. The combination of upstream and downstream processes in a single system enables the acceleration of product formation, improves the product yield and facilitates downstream processing. This integration system demonstrated its potential for biomolecules fermentation and separation that possibly open new opportunities for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Sankaran
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Sze Ying Lee
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Yee Jiun Yap
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Chen JH, Choudhary A, de Supinski B, DeVries M, Hawkes ER, Klasky S, Liao WK, Ma KL, Mellor-Crummey J, Podhorszki N, Sankaran R, Shende S, Yoo CS. Terascale direct numerical simulations of turbulent combustion using S3D. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1088/1749-4699/2/1/015001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Balachandran I, Raman ML, Sankaran R. Fine needle aspiration cytology of bilateral Non -- Hodgkin′s lymphoma of the breast with leukemic phase in a pre-pubertal girl. J Cytol 2007. [DOI: 10.4103/0970-9371.42093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Escher JS, Fairman RD, Antypas GA, Sankaran R, James LW, Bell RL. Field-assisted photoemission from an Inp/IngaAsp/Inp cathode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10408437508243514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Sankaran
- a Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , 19174 , U.S.A
| | - C. Laird
- a Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , 19174 , U.S.A
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Mutazindwa T, Sankaran R, Al-Shebrien I. Acute right heart strain due to lung contusion. Saudi Med J 2000; 21:396-7. [PMID: 11533829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Mutazindwa
- King Fahd Military Medical Complex, PO Box 946, Dhahran 31932, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Dev D, Wallace E, Sankaran R, Cunniffe J, Govan JR, Wathen CG, Emmanuel FX. Value of C-reactive protein measurements in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 1998; 92:664-7. [PMID: 9659534 DOI: 10.1016/s0954-6111(98)90515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) has been shown to be a useful and sensitive indicator of pyogenic infections in many clinical situations, including acute pneumonia and infective pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis patients. Exacerbations of COPD are often, but not always, associated with demonstrable infection. The value of CRP measurement in this situation has not been assessed. We have evaluated CRP measurement in 50 patients [age 71 +/- 8 (SD) years] who were admitted to hospital with clinical evidence of exacerbation [PaO2 = 7.3 +/- 1.3 (SD) kPa, baseline FEV1 = 0.8 +/- 0.4 (SD) l]. These patients all had serial measurement of CRP [polarizing immunofluorescence (Abbot, TDx)], peripheral white cell count (WCC), body temperature, peak expiratory flow rate, Karnofsky performance status and chest X-ray, in addition to serial sputum bacteriological analysis carried out in a specialized laboratory. CRP was elevated (> 10 mg l-1) in all patients (n = 29) with proven infection [103 +/- 98 (SD) mg l-1]. Levels were markedly elevated in patients infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae (mean 156 mg l-1); there was also a rapid fall in the CRP with therapy. WCC fell with therapy, giving a correlation with CRP level (r = 0.44, P < 0.01). Since CRP elevation was observed in patients having exacerbation with proven infections and also in those where infection was not proven, it is possible that, while it is a marker for COPD exacerbation, it is not necessarily a marker of bacterial infection per se. However, it is evident from our study that it is of value in the assessment of exacerbations of COPD, where routine bacterial culture of sputum is often unreliable, and thus the measurement of serum CRP may provide an additional objective indicator of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dev
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, City Hospital, Edinburgh, U.K
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Sankaran R, Loney RW. Facial injury caused by a removable partial denture in a stroke patient: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 1997; 77:114-5. [PMID: 9051595 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3913(97)70222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Sankaran
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Abstract
Although both Wegener's granulomatosis and sarcoidosis are considered granulomatous disorders, their clinical courses differ markedly, and typically patients with these two diseases are readily distinguishable. We report an unusual case in which the patient presented with a systemic vasculitis consistent with Wegener's granulomatosis that remitted with therapy and then, months later, developed sarcoidosis. This is the first case report of the sequential development of the two diseases. We review the relationship of vasculitis to sarcoidosis and speculate on the etiopathogenesis that might link the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Ahuja
- Department of Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA
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Trachtman H, Futterweit S, Singhal PC, Sankaran R, Franki N. Renal tubular epithelial cell-E. coli interaction products stimulate nitric oxide production in cultured rat renal medullary interstitial and mesangial cells. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1996; 94:227-38. [PMID: 9029669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial and periglomerular inflammation and fibrosis are important consequences of pyelonephritis. The pathogenesis of these abnormalities is not fully understood. Renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC) elaborate biologically active materials following incubation with bacteria. Nitric oxide (NO) is an inflammatory mediator and it modulates the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Therefore, we studied whether RTEC-E. coli interaction products regulate NO production by cultured rat renal medullary interstitial cells (RMIC) and mesangial cells (MC). RMIC and MC were maintained in media containing IFN-gamma and LPS for 24-72 h. Test media contained either no further additives or 20% supernatants from RTEC incubated with E. coli or bacterial cell products. RTEC-E. coli interaction products significantly increased NO production in RMIC and MC. This stimulation in NO production was not associated with changes in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene or protein expression. These findings indicate that RTEC-E. coli interaction products increase NO production in RMIC and MC by directly stimulating iNOS enzymatic activity. Altered NO production by renal cells may contribute to tubulointerstitial inflammation in acute and chronic pyelonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Trachtman
- Department of Pediatrics, Schneider Children's Hospital, New Hyde Park, NY 11040-1432, USA.
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Sankaran K, Papageorgiou A, Ninan A, Sankaran R. A randomized, controlled evaluation of two commercially available human breast milk fortifiers in healthy preterm neonates. J Am Diet Assoc 1996; 96:1145-9. [PMID: 8906139 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(96)00295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the added nutritional value of the two commercially available human breast milk fortifiers: Similac Natural Care (NC) and Enfamil Powder (EP). DESIGN A randomized controlled evaluation in healthy preterm neonates. SETTING Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. SUBJECTS Healthy preterm infants admitted to and cared for in the aforementioned neonatal intensive care units. INTERVENTIONS Healthy preterm neonates who were receiving expressed breast milk from their own mothers were supplemented with human milk fortifiers (NC and EP) per manufacturer's recommendations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Gestational age and birth weight, gender, and race. At entry to and exit from the study, serum concentrations of albumin, protein, calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase. The age at which the supplements were added and the number of days the infant remained in the hospital. Daily weight gain, head circumference, length, and height were also measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Student's t test was used to test the differences between the groups and within the groups at entry to and exit from the study. Fisher's exact test was used to determine differences in race, size, and gestational age in each group. When necessary, a chi 2 test was used to analyze the preponderance of either sex in each group. A Wilcoxon rank test was applied to the true exit date to determine whether the bias was comparable in each group. RESULTS The mean (+/- standard error) gestational age and birth weight were similar in both groups: 30 +/- 0.3 weeks and 1,314 +/- 40 g, respectively, for NC vs 29.6 +/- 0.35 weeks and 1,262 +/- 45 g, respectively, for EP. At entry to the study, values for the NC group (N = 29) were albumin 31 +/- 1.2 g/L, serum protein 48 +/- 1.4 g/L, calcium 2.4 +/- 0.03 mmol/L, phosphorus 1.85 +/- 0.08 mmol/L, alkaline phosphatase 347 +/- 27 IU/L. The values for the EP group (N = 30) were albumin 32 +/- 0.9 g/L, serum protein 49 +/- 1.4 g/L, calcium 2.4 +/- 0.4 mmol/L, phosphorus 1.9 +/- 0.1 mmol/L, alkaline phosphatase 420 +/- 34 IU/L. At the study exit, the values for the NC group were albumin 30 +/- 0.7 g/L, serum protein 45 +/- 0.9 g/L, calcium 2.4 +/- 0.3 mmol/L, phosphorus 1.96 +/- 0.07 mmol/L, and alkaline phosphatase 371 +/- 23 IU/L. The values for the EP group were albumin 32 +/- 1.0 g/L, serum protein 46.0 +/- 1.4 g/L, calcium 2.5 +/- 0.03 mmol/L, serum phosphorus 2.2 +/- 0.1, and alkaline phosphatase 367 +/- 27 IU/L. No significant differences were observed between groups at entry to and exit from the study. However, in the EP group the alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly (P = .02) from entry to exit and calcium increased significantly during the same period compared with the NC group (P = .003). The mean daily weight gain was 33 +/- 0.7 g for the NC group and 31 +/- 1 g for the EP group. The weekly gain in head circumference and body length were also similar in both groups: approximately 1 cm/week. Both groups tolerated the fortifiers well. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that both products provide the additional nutritional support necessary for optimal overall postnatal growth in healthy preterm infants. The differences in calcium and alkaline phosphatase may be due to the differences in vitamin D content in fortifiers 88 IU/100 mL in mixed NC vs 270 IU/100 mL in mixed EP. This observation calls for careful monitoring of calcium and alkaline phosphatase values and possible adjustments of vitamin D intake when fortifiers are used for extended periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sankaran
- Perinatal Research Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Sharma P, Reddy K, Franki N, Sanwal V, Sankaran R, Ahuja TS, Gibbons N, Mattana J, Singhal PC. Native and oxidized low density lipoproteins modulate mesangial cell apoptosis. Kidney Int 1996; 50:1604-11. [PMID: 8914027 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1996.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia has been demonstrated to contribute to hypercellularity of the mesangium in experimental animal models of glomerulosclerosis. We studied whether it also has the potential to convert a hypercellular mesangium into a hypocellular one by inducing mesangial cell (MC) apoptosis. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) enhanced (P < 0.001) mouse mesangial cell (MMC) proliferation at lower concentrations (control, 10.3 +/- 0.3 vs. LDL 100 micrograms/ml, 24.2 +/- 0.3 x 10(4) cells/ml) but augmented (P < 0.001) apoptosis at higher concentrations (control, 5.6 +/- 0.5% vs. LDL, 500 micrograms/ml 26.2 +/- 3.4% apoptotic cells/field). Oxidized (OX) LDL enhanced MMC apoptosis in concentrations of 50 to 200 micrograms/dl. There was a direct relationship between MMC apoptosis and oxidation of LDL as judged by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS). Since superoxide dismutase (SOD) attenuated (P < 0.001) LDL-induced MMC apoptosis, it seems to be mediated through the generation of free radicals by mesangial cells (control, 4.3 +/- 1.5%; LDL, 200 micrograms/ml, 19.4 +/- 0.5%; LDL + SOD, 8.1 +/- 1.3% apoptotic cells/field). LDL also induced a similar effect on human mesangial cells. These studies were further confirmed by DNA fragment assays and ELISA for programmed cell death. LDL treated cells also showed enhanced mRNA expression for RSG-2, a marker for active cell death. These in vitro results provide a basis for the speculation that LDL has the potential to cause an initial hypercellular and subsequent hypocellular mesangium in the course of the development of glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
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Abstract
Four thousand patients were registered by the Edinburgh Lung Cancer Group in 1981-1987; 9.5% had adenocarcinoma. Of these, 102 patients with pathological confirmation of the diagnosis, presenting to one hospital group in Edinburgh, were reviewed. Two cases were excluded after case note review. Of the remaining 100, 64 were male and 36 were female, with a mean age of 73 years. The majority (89%) were smokers or ex-smokers, and 52% had a poor performance status (Karnofsky Index 10-70). Significantly, more adenocarcinoma patients underwent surgery compared to other cell types (39 vs. 19%, P < 0.01), and less were treated with radiotherapy (19 vs. 31%). The 5-yr survival rate for the adenocarcinoma patients was 19 vs. 7% in the remainder of patients. Of 39 patients referred for surgery, 37 had lung resections and their 5-yr survival rate was 42%. Post-operative staging showed 48% in Stage I, 27% in Stage II and 24% in Stage III. The majority of the long-term survivors had Stage I disease (64%). Forty-two percent of the patients received palliative therapy alone (all died within 10 months). Ten percent of patients receiving radiotherapy survived for 5 yr. Review of these cases suggested two patterns of presentations: (1) patients with poor performance status, extensive disease and often pleural involvement (16%); and (2) patients with more localized disease (39%), many of whom were suitable for surgical resection with surprisingly good prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dev
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, City Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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Meleth S, Dahlgren LS, Sankaran R, Sankaran K. Vaccination status of infants discharged from a neonatal intensive care unit. CMAJ 1995; 153:415-9. [PMID: 7634218 PMCID: PMC1487236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the vaccination rate among infants discharged from a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and factors affecting that rate. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey conducted when the children were 12 to 18 months of age. SETTING NICU at the Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Sask. PARTICIPANTS All 395 infants discharged from the NICU between Jan. 1 and June 30, 1992. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Vaccination rate, ethnic background (native or non-native), place of residence (urban or rural), health status (number of days spent in the NICU), reasons for delay in or incomplete vaccinations (those involving parents' responsibility, infant illness or contraindications). RESULTS Of the 395 infants, 20 (5.0%) had died and incomplete information was available for 30 (7.6%). Complete data were available for 345 (87.3%). Of the infants for whom data were available, 8 (2.3%) had never been vaccinated and 142 (41.2%) had a delayed vaccination schedule or had not completed their scheduled vaccinations. Only 195 (56.6%) of the infants had received a full vaccination series. Non-native ethnic background was a predictor of completed vaccinations (odds ratio [OR] 5.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.05 to 9.52). In a univariate model, urban area of residence was not a significant predictor of vaccination status, but when ethnic background was controlled for in a multivariate logistic regression analysis, urban area of residence was found to be inversely associated with completed vaccinations (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.79). The number of days the child had spent in the NICU was not a significant predictor of vaccination status. CONCLUSION The vaccination rate of infants discharged from the NICU is not optimal. Urban native children appears to be at risk of not being vaccinated. Non-native infants are five times more likely than native infants to have completed all of their scheduled vaccinations. Methods to improve the rate of completed vaccinations, especially for native children, must be sought and tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meleth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon
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Murali HS, Mohan MS, Manja KS, Sankaran R. Polar and nonpolar lipids and their fatty acid composition of a fewFusarium species. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02543034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
During 1981-1986 the Edinburgh Lung Cancer Group prespectively registered 3560 new patients with lung cancer of whom only 48 (1.3%) were aged less than 45 years. When compared with 3512 older patients aged more than 45 years, a similar proportion of young patients were female (17/48; 35% vs. 28% of the older patients) and had equally advanced disease (30/48; 62% vs. 58% in stage III). Slightly more young patients were in better Karnofsky performance status groups (28/48; 59% vs. 45%, score > 80) and duration of symptoms was considerably shorter (median 45 vs. 93 days); only three of the younger patients were non-smokers. A pathological diagnosis was obtained more often in young patients (47/48; 98% vs. 81%). The commonest cell type was small cell (16/48; 34% vs. 24%) with 10/48 adenocarcinoma (20% vs. 13%) and less squamous carcinoma (11/48; 23% vs. 48%). Although only 12/48 young patients (25% vs. 19%) underwent surgical resection, six of these were still alive after 5 years (50% vs. 30% in older patients). More young patients received chemotherapy either alone (14) or combined with radiotherapy (6)--42% vs. 16% in older patients. There were no long-term survivors and the median survival was 8 months in 13 patients with small cell and only 4 months in seven with non-small cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Capewell
- Department of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, U.K
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Abstract
The Edinburgh Lung Cancer Group registered 3070 new patients with lung cancer in the five years 1981-5 from a catchment population of 950,000. After review only 74 (2%) were classified as lifelong non-smokers. They differed significantly from the 2996 smokers with lung cancer in that far more were female (77% v 26%) and their mean age was higher (75.4 v 68.0 years). More were in the worst Karnofsky performance categories and fewer patients underwent surgery. The stages of disease were similarly distributed in the two groups and the five year survival was equally poor (5%). Histological cell type was determined in 59 of the 74 patients. All histological cell types were present. More non-smokers had adenocarcinoma than smokers (42% v 13%) and fewer had squamous cell carcinoma (32% v 49%) or small cell carcinoma (15% v 24%). Lung cancer in lifelong non-smokers is uncommon and the diagnosis should therefore always be questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Capewell
- Department of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh
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Sayeed SA, Sankaran R. Action of sorbic acid on Staphylococcus metabolism: a microcalorimetric investigation. Indian J Exp Biol 1991; 29:628-30. [PMID: 1794853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Effect of sorbic acid, an antimicrobial food preservative, on the cellular metabolism of Staphylococcus aureus was observed microcalorimetrically. The highly reproducible and characteristic thermograms of the microorganism were affected significantly by the preservative in a concentration dependent manner. Both the peak heat and total heat dissipation profiles were affected by 50% at the maximum permitted concentration (0.2%) for use in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Sayeed
- Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
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Abstract
Immune complex-mediated vasculitis is a well-recognized form of idiosyncratic drug reaction. We report cutaneous vasculitis in association with therapy with rifampin (rifampicin). To our knowledge, this has not previously been documented. Rifampin is widely used, and such reactions are therefore important to note.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Iredale
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Rayne Laboratory, City Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Sankaran R. Microbiological Assessment of Food Quality. DEFENCE SCI J 1984. [DOI: 10.14429/dsj.34.6066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
A variety of bakery products, including cakes, sweet puffs, vegetable puffs and cream buns, from five local bakeries were screened for their microbiological quality. The aerobic plate count varied between 102 to 104 CFU/g. The highest numbers were found in puffs containing vegetable fillings and least in bread and buns. Genera identified included Bacillus , Micrococcus , Staphylococcus , Enterobacter , Escherichia and Klebsiella . Staphylococci were not present in bread or buns; however, these organisms were isolated from cream-filled cakes and puffs containing coconut scrapings. These isolates were capable of producing enterotoxins of which enterotoxin B was most common.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sankaran
- Defense Food Research Laboratory, Mysore-570011, India
| | - R K Leela
- Defense Food Research Laboratory, Mysore-570011, India
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Abstract
Few strains of fungi isolated from various foodstuffs were investigated for their sensitivity to heat and subsequent tolerance to two preservatives; namely sorbic acid (SA) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Wide variations in their heat injury and sensitivity to the preservatives were noticed. Mucor was most sensitive to BHA while Trichoderma was most tolerant to SA. Cladosporium, Trichoderma and Fusarium were increasingly sensitive to heat. Heat injury also brought about extended lag periods and increased sensitivity to the preservatives.
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Prasannan KG, Sankaran R, Venkatesan K. Determination of total sugar, true glucose and pentose levels of blood samples using a mixed sugar standard. Indian J Med Res 1977; 65:279-84. [PMID: 608717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Sankaran R, Laird C. The role of intruder dislocations in modifying the misfit dislocation structures and growth kinetics of precipitate plates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02644143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sankaran R, Laird C. Effect of trace additions Cd, In and Sn on the interfacial structure and kinetics of growth of θ′ plates in AlCu alloy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0025-5416(74)90108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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