1
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Prichard SJ, Hessburg PF, Hagmann RK, Povak NA, Dobrowski SZ, Hurteau MD, Kane VR, Keane RE, Kobziar LN, Kolden CA, North M, Parks SA, Safford HD, Stevens JT, Yocom LL, Churchill DJ, Gray RW, Huffman DW, Lake FK, Khatri‐Chhetri P. Adapting western North American forests to climate change and wildfires: 10 common questions. Ecol Appl 2021; 31:e02433. [PMID: 34339088 PMCID: PMC9285930 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We review science-based adaptation strategies for western North American (wNA) forests that include restoring active fire regimes and fostering resilient structure and composition of forested landscapes. As part of the review, we address common questions associated with climate adaptation and realignment treatments that run counter to a broad consensus in the literature. These include the following: (1) Are the effects of fire exclusion overstated? If so, are treatments unwarranted and even counterproductive? (2) Is forest thinning alone sufficient to mitigate wildfire hazard? (3) Can forest thinning and prescribed burning solve the problem? (4) Should active forest management, including forest thinning, be concentrated in the wildland urban interface (WUI)? (5) Can wildfires on their own do the work of fuel treatments? (6) Is the primary objective of fuel reduction treatments to assist in future firefighting response and containment? (7) Do fuel treatments work under extreme fire weather? (8) Is the scale of the problem too great? Can we ever catch up? (9) Will planting more trees mitigate climate change in wNA forests? And (10) is post-fire management needed or even ecologically justified? Based on our review of the scientific evidence, a range of proactive management actions are justified and necessary to keep pace with changing climatic and wildfire regimes and declining forest heterogeneity after severe wildfires. Science-based adaptation options include the use of managed wildfire, prescribed burning, and coupled mechanical thinning and prescribed burning as is consistent with land management allocations and forest conditions. Although some current models of fire management in wNA are averse to short-term risks and uncertainties, the long-term environmental, social, and cultural consequences of wildfire management primarily grounded in fire suppression are well documented, highlighting an urgency to invest in intentional forest management and restoration of active fire regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J. Prichard
- University of Washington School of Environmental and Forest SciencesSeattleWashington98195‐2100USA
| | - Paul F. Hessburg
- University of Washington School of Environmental and Forest SciencesSeattleWashington98195‐2100USA
- U.S. Forest Service PNW Research StationWenatcheeWashington98801USA
| | - R. Keala Hagmann
- University of Washington School of Environmental and Forest SciencesSeattleWashington98195‐2100USA
- Applegate Forestry LLCCorvallisOregon97330USA
| | - Nicholas A. Povak
- U.S. Forest ServicePacific Southwest Research StationInstitute of Forest Genetics2480 Carson RoadPlacervilleCalifornia95667USA
| | - Solomon Z. Dobrowski
- University of Montana College of Forestry and ConservationMissoulaMontana59812USA
| | - Matthew D. Hurteau
- University of New Mexico Biology DepartmentAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87131‐0001USA
| | - Van R. Kane
- University of Washington School of Environmental and Forest SciencesSeattleWashington98195‐2100USA
| | - Robert E. Keane
- U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research StationMissoula Fire Sciences LaboratoryMissoulaMontana59808USA
| | - Leda N. Kobziar
- Department of Natural Resources and SocietyUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdaho83844USA
| | - Crystal A. Kolden
- School of EngineeringUniversity of California MercedMercedCalifornia95343USA
| | - Malcolm North
- U.S. Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station1731 Research ParkDavisCalifornia95618USA
| | - Sean A. Parks
- U.S. Forest Service Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research InstituteMissoulaMontana59801USA
| | - Hugh D. Safford
- U.S. Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research StationAlbanyCalifornia94710USA
| | - Jens T. Stevens
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science CenterNew Mexico Landscapes Field StationSanta FeNew Mexico87544USA
| | - Larissa L. Yocom
- Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology CenterUtah State University College of Agriculture and Applied SciencesLoganUtah84322USA
| | - Derek J. Churchill
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources Forest Health ProgramOlympiaWashington98504USA
| | - Robert W. Gray
- R.W. Gray ConsultingChilliwackBritish ColumbiaV2R2N2Canada
| | - David W. Huffman
- Northern Arizona University Ecological Restoration InstituteFlagstaffArizona86011USA
| | - Frank K. Lake
- U.S. Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research StationArcataCalifornia95521USA
| | - Pratima Khatri‐Chhetri
- University of Washington School of Environmental and Forest SciencesSeattleWashington98195‐2100USA
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2
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Maher CT, Millar CI, Affleck DLR, Keane RE, Sala A, Tobalske C, Larson AJ, Nelson CR. Alpine treeline ecotones are potential refugia for a montane pine species threatened by bark beetle outbreaks. Ecol Appl 2021; 31:e2274. [PMID: 33617144 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Warming-induced mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae; MPB) outbreaks have caused extensive mortality of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis; WBP) throughout the species' range. In the highest mountains where WBP occur, they cross alpine treeline ecotones (ATEs) where growth forms transition from trees to shrub-like krummholz, some of which survived recent MPB outbreaks. This observation motivated the hypothesis that ATEs are refugia for WBP because krummholz growth forms escape MPB attack and have the potential to produce viable seed. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed WBP mortality along transects from the ATE edge (locally highest krummholz WBP) downslope into the forest and, to distinguish if survival mechanisms are unique to ATEs, across other forest ecotones (OFEs) from the edge of WBP occurrence into the forest. We replicated this design at 10 randomly selected sites in the U.S. Northern Rocky Mountains. We also surveyed reproduction in a subset of ATE sites. Mortality was nearly absent in upper ATEs (mean ± SE percent dead across all sites of 0.03% ± 0.03% 0-100 m from the edge and 14.1% ± 1.7% 100-500 m from the edge) but was above 20% along OFEs (21.4 ± 5.2% 0-100 m and 32.4 ± 2.7% 100-500 m from the edge). We observed lower reproduction in upper ATEs (16 ± 9.9 cones/ha and 12.9 ± 5.3 viable seeds/cone 0-100 m from the edge) compared to forests below (317.1 ± 64.4 cones/ha and 32.5 ± 2.5 viable seeds/cone 100-500 m from the edge). Uniquely high WBP survival supports the hypothesis that ATEs serve as refugia because krummholz growth forms escape MPB attack. However, low reproduction suggests ATE refugia function over longer time periods. Beyond our WBP system, we propose that plant populations in marginal environments are candidate refugia if distinct phenotypes result in reduced disturbance impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T Maher
- WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Constance I Millar
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - David L R Affleck
- WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Robert E Keane
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Science Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, 5775 Highway 10 West, Missoula, Montana, 59808, USA
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Claudine Tobalske
- Spatial Analysis Lab, Montana Natural Heritage Program, The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Andrew J Larson
- WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, Wilderness Institute, The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Cara R Nelson
- WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
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3
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Kelly LT, Giljohann KM, Duane A, Aquilué N, Archibald S, Batllori E, Bennett AF, Buckland ST, Canelles Q, Clarke MF, Fortin MJ, Hermoso V, Herrando S, Keane RE, Lake FK, McCarthy MA, Morán-Ordóñez A, Parr CL, Pausas JG, Penman TD, Regos A, Rumpff L, Santos JL, Smith AL, Syphard AD, Tingley MW, Brotons L. Fire and biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Science 2021; 370:370/6519/eabb0355. [PMID: 33214246 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fire has been a source of global biodiversity for millions of years. However, interactions with anthropogenic drivers such as climate change, land use, and invasive species are changing the nature of fire activity and its impacts. We review how such changes are threatening species with extinction and transforming terrestrial ecosystems. Conservation of Earth's biological diversity will be achieved only by recognizing and responding to the critical role of fire. In the Anthropocene, this requires that conservation planning explicitly includes the combined effects of human activities and fire regimes. Improved forecasts for biodiversity must also integrate the connections among people, fire, and ecosystems. Such integration provides an opportunity for new actions that could revolutionize how society sustains biodiversity in a time of changing fire activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke T Kelly
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | | | - Andrea Duane
- InForest JRU (CTFC-CREAF), 25280 Solsona, Lleida, Spain
| | - Núria Aquilué
- InForest JRU (CTFC-CREAF), 25280 Solsona, Lleida, Spain.,Centre d'Étude de la Forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Sally Archibald
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Enric Batllori
- CREAF, Edifici C. Autonomous, University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew F Bennett
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Stephen T Buckland
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9LZ, UK
| | - Quim Canelles
- InForest JRU (CTFC-CREAF), 25280 Solsona, Lleida, Spain
| | - Michael F Clarke
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Marie-Josée Fortin
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | | | - Sergi Herrando
- Catalan Ornithological Institute, Natural History Museum of Barcelona, 08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Robert E Keane
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT 59808, USA
| | - Frank K Lake
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Michael A McCarthy
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Catherine L Parr
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Earth, Ocean & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Juli G Pausas
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CIDE-CSIC), 46113 Montcada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Trent D Penman
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Adrián Regos
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Fisica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBIO/InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, ECOCHANGE Group, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Libby Rumpff
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Julianna L Santos
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Annabel L Smith
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia.,Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Alexandra D Syphard
- Vertus Wildfire, San Francisco, CA 94108, USA.,San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.,Conservation Biology Institute, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Morgan W Tingley
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lluís Brotons
- InForest JRU (CTFC-CREAF), 25280 Solsona, Lleida, Spain.,CREAF, Edifici C. Autonomous, University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Higuera PE, Metcalf AL, Miller C, Buma B, McWethy DB, Metcalf EC, Ratajczak Z, Nelson CR, Chaffin BC, Stedman RC, McCaffrey S, Schoennagel T, Harvey BJ, Hood SM, Schultz CA, Black AE, Campbell D, Haggerty JH, Keane RE, Krawchuk MA, Kulig JC, Rafferty R, Virapongse A. Integrating Subjective and Objective Dimensions of Resilience in Fire-Prone Landscapes. Bioscience 2019; 69:379-388. [PMID: 31086421 PMCID: PMC6506416 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Resilience has become a common goal for science-based natural resource management, particularly in the context of changing climate and disturbance regimes. Integrating varying perspectives and definitions of resilience is a complex and often unrecognized challenge to applying resilience concepts to social-ecological systems (SESs) management. Using wildfire as an example, we develop a framework to expose and separate two important dimensions of resilience: the inherent properties that maintain structure, function, or states of an SES and the human perceptions of desirable or valued components of an SES. In doing so, the framework distinguishes between value-free and human-derived, value-explicit dimensions of resilience. Four archetypal scenarios highlight that ecological resilience and human values do not always align and that recognizing and anticipating potential misalignment is critical for developing effective management goals. Our framework clarifies existing resilience theory, connects literature across disciplines, and facilitates use of the resilience concept in research and land-management applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Higuera
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences at the University of Montana, in Missoula
| | - Alexander L Metcalf
- Department of Society and Conservation at the University of Montana, in Missoula
| | - Carol Miller
- Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Missoula
| | - Brian Buma
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences at the University of Montana, in Missoula
| | - David B McWethy
- Department of Earth Sciences at Montana State University, in Bozeman
| | - Elizabeth C Metcalf
- Department of Society and Conservation at the University of Montana, in Missoula
| | - Zak Ratajczak
- Department of Integrative Biology at the University of Wisconsin, in Madison
| | - Cara R Nelson
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences at the University of Montana, in Missoula
| | - Brian C Chaffin
- Department of Society and Conservation at the University of Montana, in Missoula
| | - Richard C Stedman
- Department of Natural Resources at Cornell University, in Ithaca, NY
| | - Sarah McCaffrey
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Fort Collins, CO
| | | | - Brian J Harvey
- Department of Integrative Biology at the University of Colorado, in Denver
- School for Environmental and Forest Sciences at the University of Washington, in Seattle
| | - Sharon M Hood
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Missoula
| | - Courtney A Schultz
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship at Colorado State University, in Fort Collins
| | - Anne E Black
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Missoula
| | - David Campbell
- USFS District Ranger from the Bitterroot National Forest, in Montana
| | - Julia H Haggerty
- Department of Earth Sciences at Montana State University, in Bozeman
| | - Robert E Keane
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Missoula
| | - Meg A Krawchuk
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society at Oregon State University, in Corvallis
| | - Judith C Kulig
- Emeritus professor affiliated with the faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Lethbridge, in Alberta
| | - Rebekah Rafferty
- Department of Society and Conservation at the University of Montana, in Missoula
| | - Arika Virapongse
- Ronin Institute for Independent Scholarship, in Boulder, Colorado
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5
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Keane RE, Loehman RA, Holsinger LM, Falk DA, Higuera P, Hood SM, Hessburg PF. Use of landscape simulation modeling to quantify resilience for ecological applications. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Keane
- USDA Forest Service; Rocky Mountain Research Station; Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory; 5775 Highway 10 West Missoula Montana 59808 USA
| | - Rachel A. Loehman
- US Geological Survey; Alaska Science Center; 4210 University Drive Anchorage Alaska 99508 USA
| | - Lisa M. Holsinger
- USDA Forest Service; Rocky Mountain Research Station; Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory; 5775 Highway 10 West Missoula Montana 59808 USA
| | - Donald A. Falk
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment; Environment and Natural Resources II; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Philip Higuera
- W.A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation; University of Montana; 32 Campus Drive Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - Sharon M. Hood
- USDA Forest Service; Rocky Mountain Research Station; Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory; 5775 Highway 10 West Missoula Montana 59808 USA
| | - Paul F. Hessburg
- USDA Forest Service; Pacific Northwest Research Station; Forestry Sciences Laboratory; 1133 N. Western Avenue Wenatchee Washington 98801 USA
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6
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Ireland KB, Hansen AJ, Keane RE, Legg K, Gump RL. Putting Climate Adaptation on the Map: Developing Spatial Management Strategies for Whitebark Pine in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Environ Manage 2018; 61:981-1001. [PMID: 29600435 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-018-1029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural resource managers face the need to develop strategies to adapt to projected future climates. Few existing climate adaptation frameworks prescribe where to place management actions to be most effective under anticipated future climate conditions. We developed an approach to spatially allocate climate adaptation actions and applied the method to whitebark pine (WBP; Pinus albicaulis) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE). WBP is expected to be vulnerable to climate-mediated shifts in suitable habitat, pests, pathogens, and fire. We spatially prioritized management actions aimed at mitigating climate impacts to WBP under two management strategies: (1) current management and (2) climate-informed management. The current strategy reflected management actions permissible under existing policy and access constraints. Our goal was to understand how consideration of climate might alter the placement of management actions, so the climate-informed strategies did not include these constraints. The spatial distribution of actions differed among the current and climate-informed management strategies, with 33-60% more wilderness area prioritized for action under climate-informed management. High priority areas for implementing management actions include the 1-8% of the GYE where current and climate-informed management agreed, since this is where actions are most likely to be successful in the long-term and where current management permits implementation. Areas where climate-informed strategies agreed with one another but not with current management (6-22% of the GYE) are potential locations for experimental testing of management actions. Our method for spatial climate adaptation planning is applicable to any species for which information regarding climate vulnerability and climate-mediated risk factors is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn B Ireland
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173460, Bozeman, MT, 59717-3460, USA.
- World Wildlife Fund, Northern Great Plains Program, 13 South Willson Avenue, Suite 1, Bozeman, MT, USA.
| | - Andrew J Hansen
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173460, Bozeman, MT, 59717-3460, USA
| | - Robert E Keane
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory, 5775 U.S. Highway 10, Missoula, MT, 59808, USA
| | - Kristin Legg
- Inventory and Monitoring Division, Greater Yellowstone Network, National Park Service, 2327 University Way Suite 2, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA
| | - Robert L Gump
- USDA Forest Service Bitterroot National Forest, 1801 N. First street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
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7
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Loehman RA, Bentz BJ, DeNitto GA, Keane RE, Manning ME, Duncan JP, Egan JM, Jackson MB, Kegley S, Lockman IB, Pearson DE, Powell JA, Shelly S, Steed BE, Zambino PJ. Effects of Climate Change on Ecological Disturbance in the Northern Rockies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56928-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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8
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Clark JA, Loehman RA, Keane RE. Climate changes and wildfire alter vegetation of Yellowstone National Park, but forest cover persists. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Clark
- Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory; United States Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; Missoula Montana 59808 USA
| | - Rachel A. Loehman
- United States Geologic Survey, Alaska Science Center; Anchorage Alaska 99508 USA
| | - Robert E. Keane
- Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory; United States Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; Missoula Montana 59808 USA
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9
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Keane RE, Holsinger LM, Mahalovich MF, Tomback DF. Evaluating future success of whitebark pine ecosystem restoration under climate change using simulation modeling. Restor Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Keane
- Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory; U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; 5775 Hwy 10 West Missoula MT 59808 U.S.A
| | - Lisa M. Holsinger
- Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory; U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; 5775 Hwy 10 West Missoula MT 59808 U.S.A
| | - Mary F. Mahalovich
- U.S. Forest Service, Northern, Rocky Mountain, Southwestern, and Intermountain Regions, Forestry Sciences Laboratory; Moscow ID 83844 U.S.A
| | - Diana F. Tomback
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of Colorado Denver; Denver CO 80202 U.S.A
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Hutto
- Division of Biological Sciences; University of Montana; Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - Robert E. Keane
- USDA Forest Service; Rocky Mountain Research Station; Fire Sciences Lab; Missoula Montana USA
| | | | - Christopher T. Rota
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Lisa A. Eby
- Wildlife Biology Program; University of Montana; Missoula Montana USA
| | - Victoria A. Saab
- USDA Forest Service; Rocky Mountain Research Station; Bozeman Montana USA
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11
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Keane RE, McKenzie D, Falk DA, Smithwick EA, Miller C, Kellogg LKB. Representing climate, disturbance, and vegetation interactions in landscape models. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Yospin GI, Wood SW, Holz A, Bowman DMJS, Keane RE, Whitlock C. Modeling vegetation mosaics in sub-alpine Tasmania under various fire regimes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40808-015-0019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Karau EC, Sikkink PG, Keane RE, Dillon GK. Integrating satellite imagery with simulation modeling to improve burn severity mapping. Environ Manage 2014; 54:98-111. [PMID: 24817334 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-014-0279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Both satellite imagery and spatial fire effects models are valuable tools for generating burn severity maps that are useful to fire scientists and resource managers. The purpose of this study was to test a new mapping approach that integrates imagery and modeling to create more accurate burn severity maps. We developed and assessed a statistical model that combines the Relative differenced Normalized Burn Ratio, a satellite image-based change detection procedure commonly used to map burn severity, with output from the Fire Hazard and Risk Model, a simulation model that estimates fire effects at a landscape scale. Using 285 Composite Burn Index (CBI) plots in Washington and Montana as ground reference, we found that an integrated model explained more variability in CBI (R (2) = 0.47) and had lower mean squared error (MSE = 0.28) than image (R (2) = 0.42 and MSE = 0.30) or simulation-based models (R (2) = 0.07 and MSE = 0.49) alone. Overall map accuracy was also highest for maps created with the Integrated Model (63 %). We suspect that Simulation Model performance would greatly improve with higher quality and more accurate spatial input data. Results of this study indicate the potential benefit of combining satellite image-based methods with a fire effects simulation model to create improved burn severity maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Karau
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory, 5775 Hwy 10 W, Missoula, MT, 59808, USA,
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14
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Ireland KB, Moore MM, Fulé PZ, Zegler TJ, Keane RE. Slow lifelong growth predisposes Populus tremuloides trees to mortality. Oecologia 2014; 175:847-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-2951-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Keane RE, Cary GJ, Flannigan MD, Parsons RA, Davies ID, King KJ, Li C, Bradstock RA, Gill M. Exploring the role of fire, succession, climate, and weather on landscape dynamics using comparative modeling. Ecol Modell 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Steele BM, Reddy SK, Keane RE. A methodology for assessing departure of current plant communities from historical conditions over large landscapes. Ecol Modell 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Keane RE, Cary GJ, Davies ID, Flannigan MD, Gardner RH, Lavorel S, Lenihan JM, Li C, Rupp T. A classification of landscape fire succession models: spatial simulations of fire and vegetation dynamics. Ecol Modell 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Keane RE, Parsons RA, Hessburg PF. Estimating historical range and variation of landscape patch dynamics: limitations of the simulation approach. Ecol Modell 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3800(01)00470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Muzika RM, Tomback DF, Arno SF, Keane RE. Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Whitebark Pine... Ecology 2002. [DOI: 10.2307/2680144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sala A, Carey EV, Keane RE, Callaway RM. Water use by whitebark pine and subalpine fir: potential consequences of fire exclusion in the northern Rocky Mountains. Tree Physiol 2001; 21:717-725. [PMID: 11470657 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/21.11.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In subalpine forests of the northern Rocky Mountains, fire exclusion has contributed to large-scale shifts from early-successional whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) to late-successional subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.), a species assumed to be more shade tolerant than whitebark pine and with leaf to sapwood area ratios (A(L):A(S)) over twice as high. Potential consequences of high A(L):A(S) for subalpine fir include reduced light availability and, if hydraulic sufficiency is maintained, increased whole-tree water use. We measured instantaneous gas exchange, carbon isotope ratios and sap flow of whitebark pine and subalpine fir trees of different sizes in the Sapphire Mountains of western Montana to determine: (1) whether species-specific differences in gas exchange are related to their assumed relative shade tolerance and (2) how differences in A(L):A(S) affect leaf- and whole-tree water use. Whitebark pine exhibited higher photosynthetic rates (A = 10.9 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1) +/- 1.1 SE), transpiration rates (E = 3.8 mmol x m(-2) x s(-1) +/- 0.7 SE), stomatal conductance (g(s) = 166.4 mmol x m(-2) x s(-1) +/- 5.3 SE) and carbon isotope ratios (delta13C = -25.5 per thousand +/- 0.2 SE) than subalpine fir (A = 5.7 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1) +/- 0.9 SE; E = 1.4 mmol x m(-2) x s(-1) +/- 0.3 SE; g(s) = 63.4 mmol x m(-2) x s(-1) +/- 1.2 SE, delta13C = -26.2 per thousand +/- 0.2 SE; P < 0.01 in all cases). Because subalpine fir had lower leaf-area-based sap flow than whitebark pine (QL = 0.33 kgx m(-2) x day(-1) +/- 0.03 SE and 0.76 kg x m(-2) x day(-1) +/- 0.06 SE, respectively; P < 0.001), the higher A(L):A(S) in subalpine fir did not result in direct proportional increases in whole-tree water use, although large subalpine firs used more water than large whitebark pines. The linear relationships between tree size and daily water use (r2 = 0.94 and 0.97 for whitebark pine and subalpine fir, respectively) developed at the Sapphire Mountains site were applied to trees of known size classes measured in 12 natural subalpine stands in the Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex (western Montana) ranging from 67 to 458 years old. Results indicated that the potential for subalpine forests to lose water by transpiration increases as succession proceeds and subalpine fir recruits into whitebark pine stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Keane RE, Ryan KC, Running SW. Simulating effects of fire on northern Rocky Mountain landscapes with the ecological process model FIRE-BGC. Tree Physiol 1996; 16:319-331. [PMID: 14871733 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/16.3.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic, biogeochemical succession model, FIRE-BGC, was used to investigate the role of fire on long-term landscape dynamics in northern Rocky Mountain coniferous forests of Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. FIRE-BGC is an individual-tree model-created by merging the gap-phase process-based model FIRESUM with the mechanistic ecosystem biogeochemical model FOREST-BGC-that has mixed spatial and temporal resolution in its simulation architecture. Ecological processes that act at a landscape level, such as fire and seed dispersal, are simulated annually from stand and topographic information. Stand-level processes, such as tree establishment, growth and mortality, organic matter accumulation and decomposition, and undergrowth plant dynamics are simulated both daily and annually. Tree growth is mechanistically modeled based on the ecosystem process approach of FOREST-BGC where carbon is fixed daily by forest canopy photosynthesis at the stand level. Carbon allocated to the tree stem at the end of the year generates the corresponding diameter and height growth. The model also explicitly simulates fire behavior and effects on landscape characteristics. We simulated the effects of fire on ecosystem characteristics of net primary productivity, evapotranspiration, standing crop biomass, nitrogen cycling and leaf area index over 200 years for the 50,000-ha McDonald Drainage in Glacier National Park. Results show increases in net primary productivity and available nitrogen when fires are included in the simulation. Standing crop biomass and evapotranspiration decrease under a fire regime. Shade-intolerant species dominate the landscape when fires are excluded. Model tree increment predictions compared well with field data.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Keane
- Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory, P.O. Box 8089, Missoula, MT 59807, USA
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Abstract
Abstract
Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), an important producer of food for wildlife, is decreasing in abundance in western Montana due to attacks by the white pine blister rust fungus (Cronartium ribicola), epidemics of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) and successional replacement mainly by subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa). Plots established in 1971 were remeasured in 1991 and 1992 to determine the rate and causes of whitebark pine mortality. Mortality rates averaged 42% over the last 20 yr. indicating a rapid decline in whitebark pine populations of western Montana. This decline is most pronounced in northwestern Montana with the southward extension of heaviest mortality centered along the continental divide and Bitterroot Mountain range. Management treatments such as prescribed fire can serve to maintain whitebark pine in the landscape. West. J. Appl. For. 8(2):44-47.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Keane
- Intermountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory, P.O. Box 8089, Missoula, MT 59807
| | - Stephen F. Arno
- Intermountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory, P.O. Box 8089, Missoula, MT 59807
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