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Kreider MR, Higuera PE, Parks SA, Rice WL, White N, Larson AJ. Fire suppression makes wildfires more severe and accentuates impacts of climate change and fuel accumulation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2412. [PMID: 38528012 PMCID: PMC10963776 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Fire suppression is the primary management response to wildfires in many areas globally. By removing less-extreme wildfires, this approach ensures that remaining wildfires burn under more extreme conditions. Here, we term this the "suppression bias" and use a simulation model to highlight how this bias fundamentally impacts wildfire activity, independent of fuel accumulation and climate change. We illustrate how attempting to suppress all wildfires necessarily means that fires will burn with more severe and less diverse ecological impacts, with burned area increasing at faster rates than expected from fuel accumulation or climate change. Over a human lifespan, the modeled impacts of the suppression bias exceed those from fuel accumulation or climate change alone, suggesting that suppression may exert a significant and underappreciated influence on patterns of fire globally. Managing wildfires to safely burn under low and moderate conditions is thus a critical tool to address the growing wildfire crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Kreider
- Department of Forest Management, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
| | - Philip E Higuera
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Sean A Parks
- Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, MT, 59801, USA
| | - William L Rice
- Department of Society and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Nadia White
- Environmental Science and Natural Resource Journalism, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Andrew J Larson
- Department of Forest Management, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
- Wilderness Institute, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
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2
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Hülsmann L, Chisholm RA, Comita L, Visser MD, de Souza Leite M, Aguilar S, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Bourg NA, Brockelman WY, Bunyavejchewin S, Castaño N, Chang-Yang CH, Chuyong GB, Clay K, Davies SJ, Duque A, Ediriweera S, Ewango C, Gilbert GS, Holík J, Howe RW, Hubbell SP, Itoh A, Johnson DJ, Kenfack D, Král K, Larson AJ, Lutz JA, Makana JR, Malhi Y, McMahon SM, McShea WJ, Mohamad M, Nasardin M, Nathalang A, Norden N, Oliveira AA, Parmigiani R, Perez R, Phillips RP, Pongpattananurak N, Sun IF, Swanson ME, Tan S, Thomas D, Thompson J, Uriarte M, Wolf AT, Yao TL, Zimmerman JK, Zuleta D, Hartig F. Latitudinal patterns in stabilizing density dependence of forest communities. Nature 2024; 627:564-571. [PMID: 38418889 PMCID: PMC10954553 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown reduced performance in plants that are surrounded by neighbours of the same species1,2, a phenomenon known as conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD)3. A long-held ecological hypothesis posits that CNDD is more pronounced in tropical than in temperate forests4,5, which increases community stabilization, species coexistence and the diversity of local tree species6,7. Previous analyses supporting such a latitudinal gradient in CNDD8,9 have suffered from methodological limitations related to the use of static data10-12. Here we present a comprehensive assessment of latitudinal CNDD patterns using dynamic mortality data to estimate species-site-specific CNDD across 23 sites. Averaged across species, we found that stabilizing CNDD was present at all except one site, but that average stabilizing CNDD was not stronger toward the tropics. However, in tropical tree communities, rare and intermediate abundant species experienced stronger stabilizing CNDD than did common species. This pattern was absent in temperate forests, which suggests that CNDD influences species abundances more strongly in tropical forests than it does in temperate ones13. We also found that interspecific variation in CNDD, which might attenuate its stabilizing effect on species diversity14,15, was high but not significantly different across latitudes. Although the consequences of these patterns for latitudinal diversity gradients are difficult to evaluate, we speculate that a more effective regulation of population abundances could translate into greater stabilization of tropical tree communities and thus contribute to the high local diversity of tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hülsmann
- Ecosystem Analysis and Simulation (EASI) Lab, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
- Theoretical Ecology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Ryan A Chisholm
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liza Comita
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Marco D Visser
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Salomon Aguilar
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Norman A Bourg
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Warren Y Brockelman
- National Biobank of Thailand (NBT), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok, Thailand
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin
- Thai Long Term Forest Ecological Research Project, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicolas Castaño
- Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas Sinchi, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Chia-Hao Chang-Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Keith Clay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Stuart J Davies
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alvaro Duque
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sisira Ediriweera
- Department of Science and Technology, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Gregory S Gilbert
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Jan Holík
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robert W Howe
- Cofrin Center for Biodiversity, Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - Stephen P Hubbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Akira Itoh
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daniel J Johnson
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David Kenfack
- Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kamil Král
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew J Larson
- Department of Forest Management, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Wilderness Institute, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - James A Lutz
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | | | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - William J McShea
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Anuttara Nathalang
- National Biobank of Thailand (NBT), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natalia Norden
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Renan Parmigiani
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rolando Perez
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | | | | | - I-Fang Sun
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Donghwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Mark E Swanson
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Duncan Thomas
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jill Thompson
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Maria Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy T Wolf
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - Tze Leong Yao
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Malaysia
| | - Jess K Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, USA
| | - Daniel Zuleta
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Florian Hartig
- Theoretical Ecology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Delavaux CS, LaManna JA, Myers JA, Phillips RP, Aguilar S, Allen D, Alonso A, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Baker ME, Baltzer JL, Bissiengou P, Bonfim M, Bourg NA, Brockelman WY, Burslem DFRP, Chang LW, Chen Y, Chiang JM, Chu C, Clay K, Cordell S, Cortese M, den Ouden J, Dick C, Ediriweera S, Ellis EC, Feistner A, Freestone AL, Giambelluca T, Giardina CP, Gilbert GS, He F, Holík J, Howe RW, Huaraca Huasca W, Hubbell SP, Inman F, Jansen PA, Johnson DJ, Kral K, Larson AJ, Litton CM, Lutz JA, Malhi Y, McGuire K, McMahon SM, McShea WJ, Memiaghe H, Nathalang A, Norden N, Novotny V, O'Brien MJ, Orwig DA, Ostertag R, Parker GG'J, Pérez R, Reynolds G, Russo SE, Sack L, Šamonil P, Sun IF, Swanson ME, Thompson J, Uriarte M, Vandermeer J, Wang X, Ware I, Weiblen GD, Wolf A, Wu SH, Zimmerman JK, Lauber T, Maynard DS, Crowther TW, Averill C. Mycorrhizal feedbacks influence global forest structure and diversity. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1066. [PMID: 37857800 PMCID: PMC10587352 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
One mechanism proposed to explain high species diversity in tropical systems is strong negative conspecific density dependence (CDD), which reduces recruitment of juveniles in proximity to conspecific adult plants. Although evidence shows that plant-specific soil pathogens can drive negative CDD, trees also form key mutualisms with mycorrhizal fungi, which may counteract these effects. Across 43 large-scale forest plots worldwide, we tested whether ectomycorrhizal tree species exhibit weaker negative CDD than arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species. We further tested for conmycorrhizal density dependence (CMDD) to test for benefit from shared mutualists. We found that the strength of CDD varies systematically with mycorrhizal type, with ectomycorrhizal tree species exhibiting higher sapling densities with increasing adult densities than arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species. Moreover, we found evidence of positive CMDD for tree species of both mycorrhizal types. Collectively, these findings indicate that mycorrhizal interactions likely play a foundational role in global forest diversity patterns and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille S Delavaux
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Joseph A LaManna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan A Myers
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Salomón Aguilar
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - David Allen
- Department of Biology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, USA
| | - Alfonso Alonso
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Matthew E Baker
- Geography & Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Pulchérie Bissiengou
- Herbier National du Gabon, Institut de Pharmacopée et de Médecine Traditionelle, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Mariana Bonfim
- Department of Biology, Temple Ambler Field Station, Temple University, Ambler, PA, USA
| | - Norman A Bourg
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Warren Y Brockelman
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Nueng, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | | | - Li-Wan Chang
- Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei City, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology/School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jyh-Min Chiang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chengjin Chu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keith Clay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Susan Cordell
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Mary Cortese
- Department of Biology, Temple Ambler Field Station, Temple University, Ambler, PA, USA
| | - Jan den Ouden
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Dick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sisira Ediriweera
- Department of Science and Technology, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, Sri Lanka
| | - Erle C Ellis
- Geography & Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna Feistner
- Gabon Biodiversity Program, Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Gamba, Gabon
| | - Amy L Freestone
- Department of Biology, Temple Ambler Field Station, Temple University, Ambler, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Giambelluca
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1910 East-West Rd., Honolulu, HI, USA
- Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA
| | | | - Gregory S Gilbert
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Fangliang He
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jan Holík
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Robert W Howe
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - Walter Huaraca Huasca
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen P Hubbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Faith Inman
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Patrick A Jansen
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Johnson
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Kamil Kral
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew J Larson
- Department of Forest Management, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- The Wilderness Institute, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Creighton M Litton
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1910 East-West Rd., Honolulu, HI, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA
| | - James A Lutz
- The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
- Wildland Resources Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Krista McGuire
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, NJ, USA
| | - William J McShea
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hervé Memiaghe
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Anuttara Nathalang
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Nueng, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Natalia Norden
- Programa Ciencias de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael J O'Brien
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Almería, Spain
| | - David A Orwig
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Rolando Pérez
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Glen Reynolds
- The Royal Society SEARRP (UK/Malaysia), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sabrina E Russo
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pavel Šamonil
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - I-Fang Sun
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mark E Swanson
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Maria Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Vandermeer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xihua Wang
- Tiantong National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian Ware
- U.S. Forest Service, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - George D Weiblen
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Amy Wolf
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - Shu-Hui Wu
- Botanical Garden Division, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jess K Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | - Thomas Lauber
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel S Maynard
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Colin Averill
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Needham JF, Johnson DJ, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Bourg N, Bunyavejchewin S, Butt N, Cao M, Cárdenas D, Chang-Yang CH, Chen YY, Chuyong G, Dattaraja HS, Davies SJ, Duque A, Ewango CEN, Fernando ES, Fisher R, Fletcher CD, Foster R, Hao Z, Hart T, Hsieh CF, Hubbell SP, Itoh A, Kenfack D, Koven CD, Larson AJ, Lutz JA, McShea W, Makana JR, Malhi Y, Marthews T, Bt Mohamad M, Morecroft MD, Norden N, Parker G, Shringi A, Sukumar R, Suresh HS, Sun IF, Tan S, Thomas DW, Thompson J, Uriarte M, Valencia R, Yao TL, Yap SL, Yuan Z, Yuehua H, Zimmerman JK, Zuleta D, McMahon SM. Demographic composition, not demographic diversity, predicts biomass and turnover across temperate and tropical forests. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:2895-2909. [PMID: 35080088 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The growth and survival of individual trees determine the physical structure of a forest with important consequences for forest function. However, given the diversity of tree species and forest biomes, quantifying the multitude of demographic strategies within and across forests and the way that they translate into forest structure and function remains a significant challenge. Here, we quantify the demographic rates of 1961 tree species from temperate and tropical forests and evaluate how demographic diversity (DD) and demographic composition (DC) differ across forests, and how these differences in demography relate to species richness, aboveground biomass (AGB), and carbon residence time. We find wide variation in DD and DC across forest plots, patterns that are not explained by species richness or climate variables alone. There is no evidence that DD has an effect on either AGB or carbon residence time. Rather, the DC of forests, specifically the relative abundance of large statured species, predicted both biomass and carbon residence time. Our results demonstrate the distinct DCs of globally distributed forests, reflecting biogeography, recent history, and current plot conditions. Linking the DC of forests to resilience or vulnerability to climate change, will improve the precision and accuracy of predictions of future forest composition, structure, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Needham
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Daniel J Johnson
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USA
| | - Norman Bourg
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Forest Research Office, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nathalie Butt
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Min Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dairon Cárdenas
- Herbario Amazónico Colombiana, Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas Sinchi, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Chia-Hao Chang-Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yun Chen
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - George Chuyong
- Department of Plant Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Stuart J Davies
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington DC, USA
| | - Alvaro Duque
- Departmento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Corneille E N Ewango
- Faculty of the Management of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Edwino S Fernando
- Department of Forest Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Philippines
- Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines-Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Rosie Fisher
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norwary
| | | | - Robin Foster
- Department of Botany, Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zhanqing Hao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Terese Hart
- Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba Project (TL2), Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Chang-Fu Hsieh
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Stephen P Hubbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Akira Itoh
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - David Kenfack
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington DC, USA
| | - Charles D Koven
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Andrew J Larson
- Department of Forest Management and Wilderness Institute, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - James A Lutz
- Wildland Resources Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - William McShea
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USA
| | - Jean-Remy Makana
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Plant Ecology & Natural Resources Management, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Natalia Norden
- Programa de Ciencias Básicas de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Geoffrey Parker
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - Ankur Shringi
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Raman Sukumar
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Divecha Center for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Hebbalalu S Suresh
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Divecha Center for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - I-Fang Sun
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sylvester Tan
- Sarawak Forestry Department, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Duncan W Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, USA
| | - Jill Thompson
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - Maria Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Renato Valencia
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Tze Leong Yao
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Zuoqiang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Hu Yuehua
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jess K Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | - Daniel Zuleta
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington DC, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
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5
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Zhong Y, Chu C, Myers JA, Gilbert GS, Lutz JA, Stillhard J, Zhu K, Thompson J, Baltzer JL, He F, LaManna JA, Davies SJ, Aderson-Teixeira KJ, Burslem DF, Alonso A, Chao KJ, Wang X, Gao L, Orwig DA, Yin X, Sui X, Su Z, Abiem I, Bissiengou P, Bourg N, Butt N, Cao M, Chang-Yang CH, Chao WC, Chapman H, Chen YY, Coomes DA, Cordell S, de Oliveira AA, Du H, Fang S, Giardina CP, Hao Z, Hector A, Hubbell SP, Janík D, Jansen PA, Jiang M, Jin G, Kenfack D, Král K, Larson AJ, Li B, Li X, Li Y, Lian J, Lin L, Liu F, Liu Y, Liu Y, Luan F, Luo Y, Ma K, Malhi Y, McMahon SM, McShea W, Memiaghe H, Mi X, Morecroft M, Novotny V, O’Brien MJ, Ouden JD, Parker GG, Qiao X, Ren H, Reynolds G, Samonil P, Sang W, Shen G, Shen Z, Song GZM, Sun IF, Tang H, Tian S, Uowolo AL, Uriarte M, Wang B, Wang X, Wang Y, Weiblen GD, Wu Z, Xi N, Xiang W, Xu H, Xu K, Ye W, Yu M, Zeng F, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Zhu L, Zimmerman JK. Arbuscular mycorrhizal trees influence the latitudinal beta-diversity gradient of tree communities in forests worldwide. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3137. [PMID: 34035260 PMCID: PMC8149669 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) associations are critical for host-tree performance. However, how mycorrhizal associations correlate with the latitudinal tree beta-diversity remains untested. Using a global dataset of 45 forest plots representing 2,804,270 trees across 3840 species, we test how AM and EcM trees contribute to total beta-diversity and its components (turnover and nestedness) of all trees. We find AM rather than EcM trees predominantly contribute to decreasing total beta-diversity and turnover and increasing nestedness with increasing latitude, probably because wide distributions of EcM trees do not generate strong compositional differences among localities. Environmental variables, especially temperature and precipitation, are strongly correlated with beta-diversity patterns for both AM trees and all trees rather than EcM trees. Results support our hypotheses that latitudinal beta-diversity patterns and environmental effects on these patterns are highly dependent on mycorrhizal types. Our findings highlight the importance of AM-dominated forests for conserving global forest biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Zhong
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University,
| | - Chengjin Chu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University,
| | - Jonathan A. Myers
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Gregory S. Gilbert
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - James A. Lutz
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Wildland Resources Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT USA
| | - Jonas Stillhard
- grid.419754.a0000 0001 2259 5533Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Forest Resources and Management, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Kai Zhu
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Jill Thompson
- grid.494924.6UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Bush Estate, Midlothian, UK
| | - Jennifer L. Baltzer
- grid.268252.90000 0001 1958 9263Biology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON Canada
| | - Fangliang He
- grid.17089.37Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada ,grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365ECNU-Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Tiantong National Station for Forest Ecosystem Research, East China Normal University, ,grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University,
| | - Joseph A. LaManna
- grid.259670.f0000 0001 2369 3143Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Stuart J. Davies
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Kristina J. Aderson-Teixeira
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC USA ,grid.419531.bConservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA USA
| | - David F.R.P. Burslem
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alfonso Alonso
- grid.467700.20000 0001 2182 2028Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC USA
| | - Kuo-Jung Chao
- International Master Program of Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, https://www.nchu.edu.tw/en-index
| | - Xugao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.iae.cas.cn/
| | - Lianming Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.kib.cas.cn/
| | - David A. Orwig
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA USA
| | - Xue Yin
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University,
| | - Xinghua Sui
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University,
| | - Zhiyao Su
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, https://english.scau.edu.cn/
| | - Iveren Abiem
- grid.412989.f0000 0000 8510 4538Department of Plant Science and Technology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria ,The Nigerian Montane Forest Project, Taraba State, Nigeria ,grid.21006.350000 0001 2179 4063School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Pulchérie Bissiengou
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Norm Bourg
- grid.419531.bConservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA USA
| | - Nathalie Butt
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD Australia
| | - Min Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.xtbg.cas.cn/
| | - Chia-Hao Chang-Yang
- grid.412036.20000 0004 0531 9758Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University,
| | - Wei-Chun Chao
- grid.412046.50000 0001 0305 650XDepartment of Forestry and Natural Resources, National Chiayi University,
| | - Hazel Chapman
- grid.21006.350000 0001 2179 4063School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Yu-Yun Chen
- grid.260567.00000 0000 8964 3950Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University,
| | - David A. Coomes
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan Cordell
- grid.497404.a0000 0001 0662 4365Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Hilo, Hawaii USA
| | - Alexandre A. de Oliveira
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Departamento Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Hu Du
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.isa.cas.cn/
| | - Suqin Fang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University,
| | - Christian P. Giardina
- grid.497404.a0000 0001 0662 4365Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Hilo, Hawaii USA
| | - Zhanqing Hao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, http://en.nwpu.edu.cn/
| | - Andrew Hector
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen P. Hubbell
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - David Janík
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick A. Jansen
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC USA ,grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mingxi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.wbg.cas.cn/
| | - Guangze Jin
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, http://en.nefu.edu.cn/
| | - David Kenfack
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC USA ,grid.453560.10000 0001 2192 7591Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC USA
| | - Kamil Král
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew J. Larson
- grid.253613.00000 0001 2192 5772Wilderness Institute and Department of Forest Management, University of Montana, Missoula, MT USA
| | - Buhang Li
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University,
| | - Xiankun Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.gxib.cn/
| | - Yide Li
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, http://ritf.caf.ac.cn/
| | - Juyu Lian
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.scbg.ac.cn/
| | - Luxiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.xtbg.cas.cn/
| | - Feng Liu
- The Administrative Bureau of Naban River Watershed National Nature Reserve, http://www.xsbn.gov.cn/nbhbhq/nbhbhq.dhtml
| | - Yankun Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Forestry Ecological Engineering, Heilongjiang Forestry Engineering and Environment Institute, http://www.hljifee.org.cn/
| | - Yu Liu
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365ECNU-Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Tiantong National Station for Forest Ecosystem Research, East China Normal University, ,grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University,
| | - Fuchen Luan
- Guangdong Chebaling National Nature Reserve, https://cbl.elab.cnic.cn/
| | - Yahuang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.kib.cas.cn/
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.ib.cas.cn/
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sean M. McMahon
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC USA ,grid.419533.90000 0000 8612 0361Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD USA
| | - William McShea
- grid.419531.bConservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA USA
| | - Hervé Memiaghe
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Xiangcheng Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.ib.cas.cn/
| | - Mike Morecroft
- grid.238406.b0000 0001 2331 9653Natural England, York, UK
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- grid.447761.70000 0004 0396 9503Biology Center of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology and the University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovicve, Czech Republic
| | - Michael J. O’Brien
- grid.28479.300000 0001 2206 5938Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan den Ouden
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Forest Ecology and Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geoffrey G. Parker
- grid.419533.90000 0000 8612 0361Forest Ecology Group, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD USA
| | - Xiujuan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.wbg.cas.cn/
| | - Haibao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.ib.cas.cn/
| | - Glen Reynolds
- Southeast Asia Rainforest Research Partnership, Danum Valley Field Centre, Lahad Datu, Sabah Malaysia
| | - Pavel Samonil
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Weiguo Sang
- grid.411077.40000 0004 0369 0529College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China,
| | - Guochun Shen
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University,
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University,
| | - Guo-Zhang Michael Song
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Soil and Water Conservation, National Chung Hsing University,
| | - I-Fang Sun
- grid.260567.00000 0000 8964 3950Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University,
| | - Hui Tang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University,
| | - Songyan Tian
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Forestry Ecological Engineering, Heilongjiang Forestry Engineering and Environment Institute, http://www.hljifee.org.cn/
| | - Amanda L. Uowolo
- grid.497404.a0000 0001 0662 4365Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Hilo, Hawaii USA
| | - María Uriarte
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.gxib.cn/
| | - Xihua Wang
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University,
| | - Youshi Wang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University,
| | - George D. Weiblen
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN USA
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Guangdong Chebaling National Nature Reserve, https://cbl.elab.cnic.cn/
| | - Nianxun Xi
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University,
| | - Wusheng Xiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.gxib.cn/
| | - Han Xu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, http://ritf.caf.ac.cn/
| | - Kun Xu
- Yunnan Lijiang Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Instituted of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.kib.cas.cn/
| | - Wanhui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.scbg.ac.cn/
| | - Mingjian Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, http://www.zju.edu.cn/english/
| | - Fuping Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.isa.cas.cn/
| | - Minhua Zhang
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365ECNU-Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Tiantong National Station for Forest Ecosystem Research, East China Normal University, ,grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University,
| | - Yingming Zhang
- Guangdong Chebaling National Nature Reserve, https://cbl.elab.cnic.cn/
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.ib.cas.cn/
| | - Jess K. Zimmerman
- grid.267033.30000 0004 0462 1680Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR USA
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6
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Maher CT, Millar CI, Affleck DLR, Keane RE, Sala A, Tobalske C, Larson AJ, Nelson CR. Alpine treeline ecotones are potential refugia for a montane pine species threatened by bark beetle outbreaks. Ecol Appl 2021; 31:e2274. [PMID: 33617144 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Warming-induced mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae; MPB) outbreaks have caused extensive mortality of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis; WBP) throughout the species' range. In the highest mountains where WBP occur, they cross alpine treeline ecotones (ATEs) where growth forms transition from trees to shrub-like krummholz, some of which survived recent MPB outbreaks. This observation motivated the hypothesis that ATEs are refugia for WBP because krummholz growth forms escape MPB attack and have the potential to produce viable seed. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed WBP mortality along transects from the ATE edge (locally highest krummholz WBP) downslope into the forest and, to distinguish if survival mechanisms are unique to ATEs, across other forest ecotones (OFEs) from the edge of WBP occurrence into the forest. We replicated this design at 10 randomly selected sites in the U.S. Northern Rocky Mountains. We also surveyed reproduction in a subset of ATE sites. Mortality was nearly absent in upper ATEs (mean ± SE percent dead across all sites of 0.03% ± 0.03% 0-100 m from the edge and 14.1% ± 1.7% 100-500 m from the edge) but was above 20% along OFEs (21.4 ± 5.2% 0-100 m and 32.4 ± 2.7% 100-500 m from the edge). We observed lower reproduction in upper ATEs (16 ± 9.9 cones/ha and 12.9 ± 5.3 viable seeds/cone 0-100 m from the edge) compared to forests below (317.1 ± 64.4 cones/ha and 32.5 ± 2.5 viable seeds/cone 100-500 m from the edge). Uniquely high WBP survival supports the hypothesis that ATEs serve as refugia because krummholz growth forms escape MPB attack. However, low reproduction suggests ATE refugia function over longer time periods. Beyond our WBP system, we propose that plant populations in marginal environments are candidate refugia if distinct phenotypes result in reduced disturbance impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T Maher
- WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Constance I Millar
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - David L R Affleck
- WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Robert E Keane
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Science Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, 5775 Highway 10 West, Missoula, Montana, 59808, USA
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Claudine Tobalske
- Spatial Analysis Lab, Montana Natural Heritage Program, The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Andrew J Larson
- WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, Wilderness Institute, The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Cara R Nelson
- WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
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7
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Povak NA, Churchill DJ, Cansler CA, Hessburg PF, Kane VR, Kane JT, Lutz JA, Larson AJ. Wildfire severity and postfire salvage harvest effects on long‐term forest regeneration. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Povak
- USDA‐Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station 1133 N Western Avenue Wenatchee Washington98801‐1229USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Oak Ridge Tennessee37830USA
| | - Derek J. Churchill
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources Forest Health and Resiliency Division Olympia Washington98504USA
| | - C. Alina Cansler
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Box 352100 Seattle Washington98195USA
| | - Paul F. Hessburg
- USDA‐Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station 1133 N Western Avenue Wenatchee Washington98801‐1229USA
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Box 352100 Seattle Washington98195USA
| | - Van R. Kane
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Box 352100 Seattle Washington98195USA
| | - Jonathan T. Kane
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Box 352100 Seattle Washington98195USA
| | - James A. Lutz
- Quinney College of Natural Resources & Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah84322USA
| | - Andrew J. Larson
- W.A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation University of Montana Missoula Montana59812USA
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker J. Furniss
- Wildland Resources Department and Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah84322USA
| | - Andrew J. Larson
- Wilderness Institute and Department of Forest Management University of Montana Missoula Montana59812USA
| | - Van R. Kane
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington98195USA
| | - James A. Lutz
- Wildland Resources Department and Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah84322USA
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9
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Sagar AES, Landaeta MF, Adrianza AM, Aldana GL, Pozo L, Armas-Villalba A, Toquica CC, Larson AJ, Vial MR, Grosu HB, Ost DE, Eapen GA, Sheshadri A, Morice RC, Shannon VR, Bashoura L, Balachandran DD, Almeida FA, Uzbeck MH, Casal RF, Faiz SA, Jimenez CA. Complications following symptom-limited thoracentesis using suction. Eur Respir J 2020; 56:13993003.02356-2019. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02356-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThoracentesis using suction is perceived to have increased risk of complications, including pneumothorax and re-expansion pulmonary oedema (REPO). Current guidelines recommend limiting drainage to 1.5 L to avoid REPO. Our purpose was to examine the incidence of complications with symptom-limited drainage of pleural fluid using suction and identify risk factors for REPO.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of all adult patients who underwent symptom-limited thoracentesis using suction at our institution between January 1, 2004 and August 31, 2018 was performed, and a total of 10 344 thoracenteses were included.ResultsPleural fluid ≥1.5 L was removed in 19% of the procedures. Thoracentesis was stopped due to chest discomfort (39%), complete drainage of fluid (37%) and persistent cough (13%). Pneumothorax based on chest radiography was detected in 3.98%, but only 0.28% required intervention. The incidence of REPO was 0.08%. The incidence of REPO increased with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) ≥3 compounded with ≥1.5 L (0.04–0.54%; 95% CI 0.13–2.06 L). Thoracentesis in those with ipsilateral mediastinal shift did not increase complications, but less fluid was removed (p<0.01).ConclusionsSymptom-limited thoracentesis using suction is safe even with large volumes. Pneumothorax requiring intervention and REPO are both rare. There were no increased procedural complications in those with ipsilateral mediastinal shift. REPO increased with poor ECOG PS and drainage ≥1.5 L. Symptom-limited drainage using suction without pleural manometry is safe.
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10
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Crotteau JS, Keyes CR, Hood SM, Larson AJ. Vegetation dynamics following compound disturbance in a dry pine forest: fuel treatment then bark beetle outbreak. Ecol Appl 2020; 30:e02023. [PMID: 31628705 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the western United States, restoration of forests with historically frequent, low-severity fire regimes often includes fuel reduction that reestablish open, early-seral conditions while reducing fuel continuity and loading. Between 2001 and 2016, fuel reduction (e.g., thinning, prescribed burning, etc.) was implemented on over 26 million hectares of federal lands alone in the United States, reflecting the urgency to mitigate risk from high-severity wildfire. However, between 2001 and 2012, nearly 20 million hectares in the United States were impacted by mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae), compounding restoration effects in wildfire-hazard-treated stands. Knowledge of the effects of treatments followed by natural disturbance on long-term forest structure and communities is needed, especially considering that fuel treatments are increasingly being implemented and warming climate is predicted to exacerbate disturbance frequency and severity. We tested the interacting effects of treatments designed to reduce high-severity wildfire hazard in stands subsequently challenged by MPB outbreak on vegetation dynamics using a factorial experimental design (control, thin only, burn only, thin + burn) in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)-dominated forest. Stands were treated by 2002, then impacted by MPB outbreak from 2005 to 2012. We assessed change in overstory and understory forest community structure, composition, and diversity over time. There were distinct thinning, burning, and year effects. Thinning immediately reduced overstory density; pine density then declined 4.5 times more in unthinned than thinned treatments due to MPB. Burning immediately reduced graminoid, shrub, and total understory cover by as much as 52%, resulting in greater species evenness than unburned treatments, but differences disappeared by 2016 due to growth and MPB outbreak. Similarly, multivariate analyses indicated forest communities were starkly different after treatment but became more similar over time, though key understory and overstory attributes still distinguish control and thin + burn. This study shows the value of long-term silvicultural experiments to evaluate treatment longevity and the compounded effects of treatment and natural disturbance. We demonstrate the homogenizing effects of treatment-induced growth coupled with MPB-caused tree mortality on management strategies that just treat the overstory (thinning) or understory (burning), showing that only combined treatments can provide the unique structural and compositional outcomes expected of restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Crotteau
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 11175 Auke Lake Way, Juneau, Alaska, 99801, USA
| | - Christopher R Keyes
- WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Sharon M Hood
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire, Fuel, and Smoke Science Program, USDA Forest Service, 5775 Highway 10 W., Missoula, Montana, 59808, USA
| | - Andrew J Larson
- WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
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11
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Levine CR, Cogbill CV, Collins BM, Larson AJ, Lutz JA, North MP, Restaino CM, Safford HD, Stephens SL, Battles JJ. Estimating historical forest density from land-survey data: a response to Baker and Williams (2018). Ecol Appl 2019; 29:e01968. [PMID: 31257657 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie R Levine
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Charles V Cogbill
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 North Main Street, Petersham, Massachusetts, 01366, USA
| | - Brandon M Collins
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1731 Research Park Drive, Davis, California, 95618, USA
- Center for Fire Research and Outreach, College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-3114, USA
| | - Andrew J Larson
- Department of Forest Management, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - James A Lutz
- S. J. & Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322-5230, USA
| | - Malcolm P North
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1731 Research Park Drive, Davis, California, 95618, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | | | - Hugh D Safford
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, 1323 Club Drive, Vallejo, California, 94592, USA
| | - Scott L Stephens
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California, 94720-3114, USA
| | - John J Battles
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California, 94720-3114, USA
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12
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Stenzel JE, Bartowitz KJ, Hartman MD, Lutz JA, Kolden CA, Smith AMS, Law BE, Swanson ME, Larson AJ, Parton WJ, Hudiburg TW. Fixing a snag in carbon emissions estimates from wildfires. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:3985-3994. [PMID: 31148284 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire is an essential earth-system process, impacting ecosystem processes and the carbon cycle. Forest fires are becoming more frequent and severe, yet gaps exist in the modeling of fire on vegetation and carbon dynamics. Strategies for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions from wildfires include increasing tree harvest, largely based on the public assumption that fires burn live forests to the ground, despite observations indicating that less than 5% of mature tree biomass is actually consumed. This misconception is also reflected though excessive combustion of live trees in models. Here, we show that regional emissions estimates using widely implemented combustion coefficients are 59%-83% higher than emissions based on field observations. Using unique field datasets from before and after wildfires and an improved ecosystem model, we provide strong evidence that these large overestimates can be reduced by using realistic biomass combustion factors and by accurately quantifying biomass in standing dead trees that decompose over decades to centuries after fire ("snags"). Most model development focuses on area burned; our results reveal that accurately representing combustion is also essential for quantifying fire impacts on ecosystems. Using our improvements, we find that western US forest fires have emitted 851 ± 228 Tg CO2 (~half of alternative estimates) over the last 17 years, which is minor compared to 16,200 Tg CO2 from fossil fuels across the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Stenzel
- Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Kristina J Bartowitz
- Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Melannie D Hartman
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - James A Lutz
- S.J. & Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
| | - Crystal A Kolden
- Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Alistair M S Smith
- Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Beverly E Law
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Mark E Swanson
- College of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Andrew J Larson
- W.A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - William J Parton
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Tara W Hudiburg
- Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
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13
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Hessburg PF, Miller CL, Parks SA, Povak NA, Taylor AH, Higuera PE, Prichard SJ, North MP, Collins BM, Hurteau MD, Larson AJ, Allen CD, Stephens SL, Rivera-Huerta H, Stevens-Rumann CS, Daniels LD, Gedalof Z, Gray RW, Kane VR, Churchill DJ, Hagmann RK, Spies TA, Cansler CA, Belote RT, Veblen TT, Battaglia MA, Hoffman C, Skinner CN, Safford HD, Salter RB. Climate, Environment, and Disturbance History Govern Resilience of Western North American Forests. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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LaManna JA, Mangan SA, Alonso A, Bourg NA, Brockelman WY, Bunyavejchewin S, Chang LW, Chiang JM, Chuyong GB, Clay K, Cordell S, Davies SJ, Furniss TJ, Giardina CP, Gunatilleke IAUN, Gunatilleke CVS, He F, Howe RW, Hubbell SP, Hsieh CF, Inman-Narahari FM, Janík D, Johnson DJ, Kenfack D, Korte L, Král K, Larson AJ, Lutz JA, McMahon SM, McShea WJ, Memiaghe HR, Nathalang A, Novotny V, Ong PS, Orwig DA, Ostertag R, Parker GG, Phillips RP, Sack L, Sun IF, Tello JS, Thomas DW, Turner BL, Vela Díaz DM, Vrška T, Weiblen GD, Wolf A, Yap S, Myers JA. Response to Comment on "Plant diversity increases with the strength of negative density dependence at the global scale". Science 2018; 360:360/6391/eaar3824. [PMID: 29798853 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar3824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hülsmann and Hartig suggest that ecological mechanisms other than specialized natural enemies or intraspecific competition contribute to our estimates of conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD). To address their concern, we show that our results are not the result of a methodological artifact and present a null-model analysis that demonstrates that our original findings-(i) stronger CNDD at tropical relative to temperate latitudes and (ii) a latitudinal shift in the relationship between CNDD and species abundance-persist even after controlling for other processes that might influence spatial relationships between adults and recruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A LaManna
- Tyson Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scott A Mangan
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alfonso Alonso
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Norman A Bourg
- Hydrological-Ecological Interactions Branch, Earth System Processes Division, Water Mission Area, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA
| | - Warren Y Brockelman
- Ecology Laboratory, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand.,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon, Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin
- Research Office, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Li-Wan Chang
- Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei 10066, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Min Chiang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - George B Chuyong
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Keith Clay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Susan Cordell
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Stuart J Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama.,Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tucker J Furniss
- Wildland Resources Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Christian P Giardina
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Hilo, HI, USA
| | | | | | - Fangliang He
- Joint Lab for Biodiversity Conservation, Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU)-University of Alberta, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China.,Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert W Howe
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - Stephen P Hubbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chang-Fu Hsieh
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Faith M Inman-Narahari
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - David Janík
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - David Kenfack
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama.,Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lisa Korte
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kamil Král
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew J Larson
- Department of Forest Management, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - James A Lutz
- Wildland Resources Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA.,Forest Ecology Group, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - William J McShea
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Hervé R Memiaghe
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Anuttara Nathalang
- Ecology Laboratory, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre, P.O. Box 604, Madang, Papua New Guinea.,Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Perry S Ong
- Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - David A Orwig
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, USA
| | | | - Geoffrey G Parker
- Forest Ecology Group, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | | | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - I-Fang Sun
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualian, Taiwan
| | - J Sebastián Tello
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Gardens, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Duncan W Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin L Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | | | - Tomáš Vrška
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - George D Weiblen
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Amy Wolf
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay, WI, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - Sandra Yap
- Institute of Arts and Sciences, Far Eastern University Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jonathan A Myers
- Tyson Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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15
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LaManna JA, Mangan SA, Alonso A, Bourg NA, Brockelman WY, Bunyavejchewin S, Chang LW, Chiang JM, Chuyong GB, Clay K, Cordell S, Davies SJ, Furniss TJ, Giardina CP, Gunatilleke IAUN, Gunatilleke CVS, He F, Howe RW, Hubbell SP, Hsieh CF, Inman-Narahari FM, Janík D, Johnson DJ, Kenfack D, Korte L, Král K, Larson AJ, Lutz JA, McMahon SM, McShea WJ, Memiaghe HR, Nathalang A, Novotny V, Ong PS, Orwig DA, Ostertag R, Parker GG, Phillips RP, Sack L, Sun IF, Tello JS, Thomas DW, Turner BL, Vela Díaz DM, Vrška T, Weiblen GD, Wolf A, Yap S, Myers JA. Response to Comment on “Plant diversity increases with the strength of negative density dependence at the global scale”. Science 2018; 360:360/6391/eaar5245. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aar5245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Larson
- Department of Forest Management, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation; University of Montana; 32 Campus Drive Missoula MT 59812 USA
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17
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Carpenter AF, Goodwin SJ, Bornstein PF, Larson AJ, Markus CK. Cutaneous cryptococcosis in a patient taking fingolimod for multiple sclerosis: Here come the opportunistic infections? Mult Scler 2018; 23:297-299. [PMID: 28165320 DOI: 10.1177/1352458516670732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fingolimod is an oral disease-modifying therapy for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis, which acts by sequestering lymphocytes within lymph nodes. OBJECTIVE To describe a case of extrapulmonary cryptococcosis in a patient taking fingolimod. METHODS Case report. RESULTS A 47-year-old man developed a non-healing skin lesion approximately 16 months after starting treatment with fingolimod. Biopsy revealed cryptococcosis. Fingolimod was discontinued and the lesion resolved with antifungal therapy. CONCLUSION Despite few reported opportunistic infections in the pivotal clinical trials and first few years post-marketing, there has been a recent increase in reported AIDS-defining illnesses in patients taking fingolimod. Neurologists should be alert for opportunistic infections in their patients using this medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Carpenter
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA/Brain Sciences Center, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shikha J Goodwin
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA/Brain Sciences Center, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Peter F Bornstein
- St. Paul Infectious Disease Associates, Ltd., St. Paul, MN, USA/Allina Health, St. Paul, MN, USA
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18
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LaManna JA, Mangan SA, Alonso A, Bourg NA, Brockelman WY, Bunyavejchewin S, Chang LW, Chiang JM, Chuyong GB, Clay K, Condit R, Cordell S, Davies SJ, Furniss TJ, Giardina CP, Gunatilleke IAUN, Gunatilleke CVS, He F, Howe RW, Hubbell SP, Hsieh CF, Inman-Narahari FM, Janík D, Johnson DJ, Kenfack D, Korte L, Král K, Larson AJ, Lutz JA, McMahon SM, McShea WJ, Memiaghe HR, Nathalang A, Novotny V, Ong PS, Orwig DA, Ostertag R, Parker GG, Phillips RP, Sack L, Sun IF, Tello JS, Thomas DW, Turner BL, Vela Díaz DM, Vrška T, Weiblen GD, Wolf A, Yap S, Myers JA. Plant diversity increases with the strength of negative density dependence at the global scale. Science 2018; 356:1389-1392. [PMID: 28663501 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam5678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Theory predicts that higher biodiversity in the tropics is maintained by specialized interactions among plants and their natural enemies that result in conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD). By using more than 3000 species and nearly 2.4 million trees across 24 forest plots worldwide, we show that global patterns in tree species diversity reflect not only stronger CNDD at tropical versus temperate latitudes but also a latitudinal shift in the relationship between CNDD and species abundance. CNDD was stronger for rare species at tropical versus temperate latitudes, potentially causing the persistence of greater numbers of rare species in the tropics. Our study reveals fundamental differences in the nature of local-scale biotic interactions that contribute to the maintenance of species diversity across temperate and tropical communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A LaManna
- Tyson Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scott A Mangan
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alfonso Alonso
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Norman A Bourg
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, USA.,National Research Program - Eastern Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA
| | - Warren Y Brockelman
- Ecology Laboratory, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand.,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin
- Research Office, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Li-Wan Chang
- Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei 10066, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Min Chiang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - George B Chuyong
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Keith Clay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Richard Condit
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Susan Cordell
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Stuart J Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama.,Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tucker J Furniss
- Wildland Resources Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Christian P Giardina
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Hilo, HI, USA
| | | | | | - Fangliang He
- Joint Lab for Biodiversity Conservation, Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU)-University of Alberta, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China.,Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert W Howe
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - Stephen P Hubbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chang-Fu Hsieh
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Faith M Inman-Narahari
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - David Janík
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - David Kenfack
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama.,Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lisa Korte
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kamil Král
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew J Larson
- Department of Forest Management, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - James A Lutz
- Wildland Resources Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA.,Forest Ecology Group, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - William J McShea
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Hervé R Memiaghe
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Anuttara Nathalang
- Ecology Laboratory, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre, P.O. Box 604, Madang, Papua New Guinea.,Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Perry S Ong
- Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - David A Orwig
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, USA
| | | | - Geoffrey G Parker
- Forest Ecology Group, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | | | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - I-Fang Sun
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualian, Taiwan
| | - J Sebastián Tello
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Gardens, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Duncan W Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin L Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Dilys M Vela Díaz
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tomáš Vrška
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - George D Weiblen
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Amy Wolf
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - Sandra Yap
- Institute of Arts and Sciences, Far Eastern University Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jonathan A Myers
- Tyson Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Levine CR, Cogbill CV, Collins BM, Larson AJ, Lutz JA, North MP, Restaino CM, Safford HD, Stephens SL, Battles JJ. Evaluating a new method for reconstructing forest conditions from General Land Office survey records. Ecol Appl 2017; 27:1498-1513. [PMID: 28370925 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Historical forest conditions are often used to inform contemporary management goals because historical forests are considered to be resilient to ecological disturbances. The General Land Office (GLO) surveys of the late 19th and early 20th centuries provide regionally quasi-contiguous data sets of historical forests across much of the Western United States. Multiple methods exist for estimating tree density from point-based sampling such as the GLO surveys, including distance-based and area-based approaches. Area-based approaches have been applied in California mixed-conifer forests but their estimates have not been validated. To assess the accuracy and precision of plotless density estimators with potential for application to GLO data in this region, we imposed a GLO sampling scheme on six mapped forest stands of known densities (159-784 trees/ha) in the Sierra Nevada in California, USA, and Baja California Norte, Mexico. We compared three distance-based plotless density estimators (Cottam, Pollard, and Morisita) as well as two Voronoi area (VA) estimators, the Delincé and mean harmonic Voronoi density (MHVD), to the true densities. We simulated sampling schemes of increasing intensity to assess sampling error. The relative error (RE) of density estimates for the GLO sampling scheme ranged from 0.36 to 4.78. The least biased estimate of tree density in every stand was obtained with the Morisita estimator and the most biased was obtained with the MHVD estimator. The MHVD estimates of tree density were 1.2-3.8 times larger than the true densities and performed best in stands subject to fire exclusion for 100 yr. The Delincé approach obtained accurate estimates of density, implying that the Voronoi approach is theoretically sound but that its application in the MHVD was flawed. The misapplication was attributed to two causes: (1) the use of a crown scaling factor that does not correct for the number of trees sampled and (2) the persistent underestimate of the true VA due to a weak relationship between tree size and VA. The magnitude of differences between true densities and MHVD estimates suggest caution in using results based on the MHVD to inform management and restoration practices in the conifer forests of the American West.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie R Levine
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Charles V Cogbill
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 North Main Street, Petersham, Massachusetts, 01366, USA
| | - Brandon M Collins
- University of California Center for Fire Research and Outreach, College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Andrew J Larson
- Department of Forest Management, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - James A Lutz
- S. J. & Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Malcolm P North
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1731 Research Park Drive, Davis, California, 95618, USA
| | - Christina M Restaino
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Hugh D Safford
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, 1323 Club Drive, Vallejo, California, 94592, USA
| | - Scott L Stephens
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - John J Battles
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker J. Furniss
- Wildland Resources Department Utah State University 5230 Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322 USA
| | - Andrew J. Larson
- Department of Forest Management University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - James A. Lutz
- Wildland Resources Department Utah State University 5230 Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322 USA
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Mackenney KL, Faiz S, Larson AJ, Eapen GA, Bashoura L. Decreasing wait times for endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS). J Clin Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.35.8_suppl.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
192 Background: The department of pulmonary medicine evaluates manifestations of cancer and complications of therapy that affect the lungs. It is a procedurally oriented specialty with many diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Endobronchial ultrasound with transbronchial fine needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a minimally invasive procedure that allows real time image guided sampling of tissue in the mediastinum. Current guidelines recommend use of EBUS for the initial test to diagnosis and stage lung cancer. It has a low complication rate, but needs specialized equipment as well as anesthesia support. Alternatives include CT-guided biopsy or surgery. The delay from time of referral to EBUS procedure has the potential to delay diagnosis and treatment, create patient anxiety, frustration and expense of travel for multiple appointments. The staff is under pressure to perform excessive cases on a daily basis resulting in overtime staffing costs. Our objectives were to reduce delays in diagnosis/treatment, improve patient satisfaction, improve referring services satisfaction and optimize the use of resources and improve staff working conditions. Methods: We used a Plan, Do, Study, Act process. Initially the process flow diagram was utilized along with a fishbone diagram to allow us to focus on the issues. The aim was to decrease EBUS wait time 20% by 7/2016. Our process flow sheet was arranged into swimlanes in order to identify focus areas. This allowed us to redesign the workflow to improve capacity and improve existing resources to be more efficient. Results: Working with anesthesia services and the cardiopulmonary center staff, we were able to open a second bronchoscopy suite 2 days a week for additional EBUS cases. We also had monthly meetings with issues and to monitor delays to other services. Conclusions: We were able to reduce our wait time from 7.5 days to 4.27 work days. The added capacity allows for surge in demand for EBUS. Our future studies will concentrate on patient and referring service satisfaction, cost savings with reduction in overtime, quantifying impact on decreasing delays in diagnosis and subsequent treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saadia Faiz
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Andrew J Larson
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - George A Eapen
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lara Bashoura
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Larson AJ, Lutz JA, Donato DC, Freund JA, Swanson ME, HilleRisLambers J, Sprugel DG, Franklin JF. Spatial aspects of tree mortality strongly differ between young and old-growth forests. Ecology 2015; 96:2855-61. [DOI: 10.1890/15-0628.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Larson AJ. Introduction to Special Section. Northwest Science 2015. [DOI: 10.3955/046.089.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Davies SJ, Bennett AC, Gonzalez-Akre EB, Muller-Landau HC, Wright SJ, Abu Salim K, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Alonso A, Baltzer JL, Basset Y, Bourg NA, Broadbent EN, Brockelman WY, Bunyavejchewin S, Burslem DFRP, Butt N, Cao M, Cardenas D, Chuyong GB, Clay K, Cordell S, Dattaraja HS, Deng X, Detto M, Du X, Duque A, Erikson DL, Ewango CEN, Fischer GA, Fletcher C, Foster RB, Giardina CP, Gilbert GS, Gunatilleke N, Gunatilleke S, Hao Z, Hargrove WW, Hart TB, Hau BCH, He F, Hoffman FM, Howe RW, Hubbell SP, Inman-Narahari FM, Jansen PA, Jiang M, Johnson DJ, Kanzaki M, Kassim AR, Kenfack D, Kibet S, Kinnaird MF, Korte L, Kral K, Kumar J, Larson AJ, Li Y, Li X, Liu S, Lum SKY, Lutz JA, Ma K, Maddalena DM, Makana JR, Malhi Y, Marthews T, Mat Serudin R, McMahon SM, McShea WJ, Memiaghe HR, Mi X, Mizuno T, Morecroft M, Myers JA, Novotny V, de Oliveira AA, Ong PS, Orwig DA, Ostertag R, den Ouden J, Parker GG, Phillips RP, Sack L, Sainge MN, Sang W, Sri-Ngernyuang K, Sukumar R, Sun IF, Sungpalee W, Suresh HS, Tan S, Thomas SC, Thomas DW, Thompson J, Turner BL, Uriarte M, Valencia R, Vallejo MI, Vicentini A, Vrška T, Wang X, Wang X, Weiblen G, Wolf A, Xu H, Yap S, Zimmerman J. CTFS-ForestGEO: a worldwide network monitoring forests in an era of global change. Glob Chang Biol 2015; 21:528-49. [PMID: 25258024 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Global change is impacting forests worldwide, threatening biodiversity and ecosystem services including climate regulation. Understanding how forests respond is critical to forest conservation and climate protection. This review describes an international network of 59 long-term forest dynamics research sites (CTFS-ForestGEO) useful for characterizing forest responses to global change. Within very large plots (median size 25 ha), all stems ≥ 1 cm diameter are identified to species, mapped, and regularly recensused according to standardized protocols. CTFS-ForestGEO spans 25 °S-61 °N latitude, is generally representative of the range of bioclimatic, edaphic, and topographic conditions experienced by forests worldwide, and is the only forest monitoring network that applies a standardized protocol to each of the world's major forest biomes. Supplementary standardized measurements at subsets of the sites provide additional information on plants, animals, and ecosystem and environmental variables. CTFS-ForestGEO sites are experiencing multifaceted anthropogenic global change pressures including warming (average 0.61 °C), changes in precipitation (up to ± 30% change), atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur compounds (up to 3.8 g N m(-2) yr(-1) and 3.1 g S m(-2) yr(-1)), and forest fragmentation in the surrounding landscape (up to 88% reduced tree cover within 5 km). The broad suite of measurements made at CTFS-ForestGEO sites makes it possible to investigate the complex ways in which global change is impacting forest dynamics. Ongoing research across the CTFS-ForestGEO network is yielding insights into how and why the forests are changing, and continued monitoring will provide vital contributions to understanding worldwide forest diversity and dynamics in an era of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama; Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, USA
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Erickson DL, Jones FA, Swenson NG, Pei N, Bourg NA, Chen W, Davies SJ, Ge XJ, Hao Z, Howe RW, Huang CL, Larson AJ, Lum SKY, Lutz JA, Ma K, Meegaskumbura M, Mi X, Parker JD, Fang-Sun I, Wright SJ, Wolf AT, Ye W, Xing D, Zimmerman JK, Kress WJ. Comparative evolutionary diversity and phylogenetic structure across multiple forest dynamics plots: a mega-phylogeny approach. Front Genet 2014; 5:358. [PMID: 25414723 PMCID: PMC4220724 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest dynamics plots, which now span longitudes, latitudes, and habitat types across the globe, offer unparalleled insights into the ecological and evolutionary processes that determine how species are assembled into communities. Understanding phylogenetic relationships among species in a community has become an important component of assessing assembly processes. However, the application of evolutionary information to questions in community ecology has been limited in large part by the lack of accurate estimates of phylogenetic relationships among individual species found within communities, and is particularly limiting in comparisons between communities. Therefore, streamlining and maximizing the information content of these community phylogenies is a priority. To test the viability and advantage of a multi-community phylogeny, we constructed a multi-plot mega-phylogeny of 1347 species of trees across 15 forest dynamics plots in the ForestGEO network using DNA barcode sequence data (rbcL, matK, and psbA-trnH) and compared community phylogenies for each individual plot with respect to support for topology and branch lengths, which affect evolutionary inference of community processes. The levels of taxonomic differentiation across the phylogeny were examined by quantifying the frequency of resolved nodes throughout. In addition, three phylogenetic distance (PD) metrics that are commonly used to infer assembly processes were estimated for each plot [PD, Mean Phylogenetic Distance (MPD), and Mean Nearest Taxon Distance (MNTD)]. Lastly, we examine the partitioning of phylogenetic diversity among community plots through quantification of inter-community MPD and MNTD. Overall, evolutionary relationships were highly resolved across the DNA barcode-based mega-phylogeny, and phylogenetic resolution for each community plot was improved when estimated within the context of the mega-phylogeny. Likewise, when compared with phylogenies for individual plots, estimates of phylogenetic diversity in the mega-phylogeny were more consistent, thereby removing a potential source of bias at the plot-level, and demonstrating the value of assessing phylogenetic relationships simultaneously within a mega-phylogeny. An unexpected result of the comparisons among plots based on the mega-phylogeny was that the communities in the ForestGEO plots in general appear to be assemblages of more closely related species than expected by chance, and that differentiation among communities is very low, suggesting deep floristic connections among communities and new avenues for future analyses in community ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Erickson
- Department of Botany, Museum Routing Code-166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian InstitutionWashington, DC, USA
| | - Frank A. Jones
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PanamáPanamá
| | - Nathan G. Swenson
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Nancai Pei
- Forest Ecosystem Station of the Pearl River Delta, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryGuangzhou, China
| | - Norman A. Bourg
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian InstitutionFront Royal, VA, USA
| | - Wenna Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Stuart J. Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteWashington, DC, USA
| | - Xue-jun Ge
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhanqing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of ScienceShenyang, China
| | - Robert W. Howe
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Green BayGreen Bay, WI, USA
| | - Chun-Lin Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Phylogenetics, Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural ScienceTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Andrew J. Larson
- Department of Forest Management, The University of MontanaMissoula, MT, USA
| | - Shawn K. Y. Lum
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeSingapore
| | - James A. Lutz
- Wildland Resources, Utah State UniversityLogan, UT, USA
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Madhava Meegaskumbura
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of PeradeniyaPeradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Xiangcheng Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - John D. Parker
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Smithsonian InstitutionEdgewater, MD, USA
| | - I. Fang-Sun
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa UniversityHualien, Taiwan
| | | | - Amy T. Wolf
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Green BayGreen Bay, WI, USA
| | - W. Ye
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Dingliang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of ScienceShenyang, China
| | - Jess K. Zimmerman
- Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, University of Puerto RicoSan Juan, PR, USA
| | - W. John Kress
- Department of Botany, Museum Routing Code-166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian InstitutionWashington, DC, USA
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Lutz JA, Larson AJ, Furniss TJ, Donato DC, Freund JA, Swanson ME, Bible KJ, Chen J, Franklin JF. Spatially nonrandom tree mortality and ingrowth maintain equilibrium pattern in an old-growth Pseudotsuga-Tsuga forest. Ecology 2014; 95:2047-54. [PMID: 25230456 DOI: 10.1890/14-0157.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mortality processes in old-growth forests are generally assumed to be driven by gap-scale disturbance, with only a limited role ascribed to density-dependent mortality, but these assumptions are rarely tested with data sets incorporating repeated measurements. Using a 12-ha spatially explicit plot censused 13 years apart in an approximately 500-year-old Pseudotsuga-Tsuga forest, we demonstrate significant density-dependent mortality and spatially aggregated tree recruitment. However, the combined effect of these strongly nonrandom demographic processes was to maintain tree patterns in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Density-dependent mortality was most pronounced for the dominant late-successional species, Tsuga heterophylla. The long-lived, early-seral Pseudotsuga menziesii experienced an annual stem mortality rate of 0.84% and no new recruitment. Late-seral species Tsuga and Abies amabilis had nearly balanced demographic rates of ingrowth and mortality. The 2.34% mortality rate for Taxus brevifolia was higher than expected, notably less than ingrowth, and strongly affected by proximity to Tsuga. Large-diameter Tsuga structured both the regenerating conspecific and heterospecific cohorts with recruitment of Tsuga and Abies unlikely in neighborhoods crowded with large-diameter competitors (P < 0.001). Density-dependent competitive interactions strongly shape forest communities even five centuries after stand initiation, underscoring the dynamic nature of even equilibrial old-growth forests.
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Larson AJ, Belote RT, Cansler CA, Parks SA, Dietz MS. Latent resilience in ponderosa pine forest: effects of resumed frequent fire. Ecol Appl 2013; 23:1243-1249. [PMID: 24147398 DOI: 10.1890/13-0066.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ecological systems often exhibit resilient states that are maintained through negative feedbacks. In ponderosa pine forests, fire historically represented the negative feedback mechanism that maintained ecosystem resilience; fire exclusion reduced that resilience, predisposing the transition to an alternative ecosystem state upon reintroduction of fire. We evaluated the effects of reintroduced frequent wildfire in unlogged, fire-excluded, ponderosa pine forest in the Bob Marshall Wilderness, Montana, USA. Initial reintroduction of fire in 2003 reduced tree density and consumed surface fuels, but also stimulated establishment of a dense cohort of lodgepole pine, maintaining a trajectory toward an alternative state. Resumption of a frequent fire regime by a second fire in 2011 restored a low-density forest dominated by large-diameter ponderosa pine by eliminating many regenerating lodgepole pines and by continuing to remove surface fuels and small-diameter lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir that established during the fire suppression era. Our data demonstrate that some unlogged, fire-excluded, ponderosa pine forests possess latent resilience to reintroduced fire. A passive model of simply allowing lightning-ignited fires to burn appears to be a viable approach to restoration of such forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Larson
- Department of Forest Management, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA.
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Lutz JA, Larson AJ, Swanson ME, Freund JA. Ecological importance of large-diameter trees in a temperate mixed-conifer forest. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36131. [PMID: 22567132 PMCID: PMC3342248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-diameter trees dominate the structure, dynamics and function of many temperate and tropical forests. Although both scaling theory and competition theory make predictions about the relative composition and spatial patterns of large-diameter trees compared to smaller diameter trees, these predictions are rarely tested. We established a 25.6 ha permanent plot within which we tagged and mapped all trees ≥1 cm dbh, all snags ≥10 cm dbh, and all shrub patches ≥2 m2. We sampled downed woody debris, litter, and duff with line intercept transects. Aboveground live biomass of the 23 woody species was 507.9 Mg/ha, of which 503.8 Mg/ha was trees (SD = 114.3 Mg/ha) and 4.1 Mg/ha was shrubs. Aboveground live and dead biomass was 652.0 Mg/ha. Large-diameter trees comprised 1.4% of individuals but 49.4% of biomass, with biomass dominated by Abies concolor and Pinus lambertiana (93.0% of tree biomass). The large-diameter component dominated the biomass of snags (59.5%) and contributed significantly to that of woody debris (36.6%). Traditional scaling theory was not a good model for either the relationship between tree radii and tree abundance or tree biomass. Spatial patterning of large-diameter trees of the three most abundant species differed from that of small-diameter conspecifics. For A. concolor and P. lambertiana, as well as all trees pooled, large-diameter and small-diameter trees were spatially segregated through inter-tree distances <10 m. Competition alone was insufficient to explain the spatial patterns of large-diameter trees and spatial relationships between large-diameter and small-diameter trees. Long-term observations may reveal regulation of forest biomass and spatial structure by fire, wind, pathogens, and insects in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests. Sustaining ecosystem functions such as carbon storage or provision of specialist species habitat will likely require different management strategies when the functions are performed primarily by a few large trees as opposed to many smaller trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Lutz
- College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
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29
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Ost DE, Shah AM, Lei X, Godoy MCB, Jimenez CA, Eapen GA, Jani P, Larson AJ, Sarkiss MG, Morice RC. Respiratory infections increase the risk of granulation tissue formation following airway stenting in patients with malignant airway obstruction. Chest 2011; 141:1473-1481. [PMID: 22194585 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most serious complications of airway stenting are long term, including infection and granulation tissue formation. However, to our knowledge, no studies have quantified the incidence rate of long-term complications for different stents. METHODS To compare the incidence of complications of different airway stents, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of all patients at our institution who had airway stenting for malignant airway obstruction from January 2005 to August 2010. Patients were excluded if more than one type of stent was in place at the same time. Complications recorded were lower respiratory tract infections, stent migration, granulation tissue, mucus plugging requiring intervention, tumor overgrowth, and stent fracture. RESULTS One hundred seventy-two patients with 195 stent procedures were included. Aero stents were associated with an increased risk of infection (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.98; 95% CI, 1.03-3.81; P = .041). Dumon silicone tube stents had an increased risk of migration (HR = 3.52; 95% CI, 1.41-8.82; P = .007). Silicone stents (HR = 3.32; 95% CI, 1.59-6.93; P = .001) and lower respiratory tract infections (HR = 5.69; 95% CI, 2.60-12.42; P < .001) increased the risk of granulation tissue. Lower respiratory tract infections were associated with decreased survival (HR = 1.57; 95% CI, 1.11-2.21; P = .011). CONCLUSIONS Significant differences exist among airway stents in terms of infection, migration, and granulation tissue formation. These complications, in turn, are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Granulation tissue formation develops because of repetitive motion trauma and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Ost
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | - Archan M Shah
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xiudong Lei
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Myrna C B Godoy
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Carlos A Jimenez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - George A Eapen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Pushan Jani
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Andrew J Larson
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Mona G Sarkiss
- Department of Anesthesia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Rodolfo C Morice
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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30
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van Mantgem PJ, Stephenson NL, Byrne JC, Daniels LD, Franklin JF, Fulé PZ, Harmon ME, Larson AJ, Smith JM, Taylor AH, Veblen TT. Widespread Increase of Tree Mortality Rates in the Western United States. Science 2009; 323:521-4. [PMID: 19164752 DOI: 10.1126/science.1165000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 547] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J van Mantgem
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, CA 93271, USA.
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Larson AJ, Lutz JA, Gersonde RF, Franklin JF, Hietpasi FF. Potential site productivity influences the rate of forest structural development. Ecol Appl 2008; 18:899-910. [PMID: 18536251 DOI: 10.1890/07-1191.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Development and maintenance of structurally complex forests in landscapes formerly managed for timber production is an increasingly common management objective. It has been postulated that the rate of forest structural development increases with site productivity. We tested this hypothesis for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forests using a network of permanent study plots established following complete timber harvest of the original old-growth forests. Forest structural development was assessed by comparing empirical measures of live tree structure to published values for Douglas-fir forests spanning a range of ages and structural conditions. The rate of forest structural development--resilience--exhibited a positive relationship with site index, a measure of potential site productivity. Density of shade-intolerant conifers declined in all study stands from an initial range of 336-4068 trees/ha to a range of 168-642 trees/ha at the most recent measurement. Angiosperm tree species declined from an initial range of 40-371 trees/ha to zero in seven of the nine plots in which they were present. Trends in shade-tolerant tree density were complex: density ranged from 0 to 575 trees/ha at the first measurement and was still highly variable (25-389 trees/ha) at the most recent measurement. Multivariate analysis identified the abundance of hardwood tree species as the strongest compositional trend apparent over the study period. However, structural variables showed a strong positive association with increasing shade-tolerant basal area and little or no association with abundance of hardwood species. Thus, while tree species succession and forest structural development occur contemporaneously, they are not equivalent processes, and their respective rates are not necessarily linearly related. The results of this study support the idea that silvicultural treatments to accelerate forest structural development should be concentrated on lower productivity sites when the management objective is reserve-wide coverage of structurally complex forests. Alternatively, high-productivity sites should be prioritized for restoration treatments when the management objective is to develop structurally complex forests on a portion of the landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Larson
- College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, Washington 98195-2100, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Larson
- College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100, USA.
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Bhosale P, Larson AJ, Bernstein PS. Factorial analysis of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates for optimization of zeaxanthin production from Flavobacterium multivorum. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 96:623-9. [PMID: 14962143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the effect of intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle on the production of zeaxanthin from Flavobacterium multivorum in order to optimize production of this xanthophyll carotenoid. METHODS AND RESULTS The concentration of selected TCA cycle intermediates (malic acid, isocitric acid and alpha-ketoglutarate) was optimized in shake flask culture, using a statistical two-level, three-variable factorial approach. The carotenoid production profile was also studied in the optimized medium at various growth phases. Optimized medium resulted in a sixfold increase in volumetric production of zeaxanthin (10.65 +/- 0.63 microg ml-1) using malic acid (6.02 mm), isocitric acid (6.20 mm) and alpha-ketoglutarate (0.02 mm). The majority of zeaxanthin was produced in the late logarithmic growth phase whereas a substantial amount of beta-cryptoxanthin and beta-carotene were observed in the early logarithmic phase. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study demonstrates improvement of zeaxanthin production from F. multivorum which might aid in the commercialization of zeaxanthin production from this microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bhosale
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Hamilton JA, Larson AJ, Lower AM, Hasnain S, Grudzinskas JG. Routine use of saline hysterosonography in 500 consecutive, unselected, infertile women. Hum Reprod 1998; 13:2463-73. [PMID: 9806269 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/13.9.2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Saline hysterosonography was attempted as a routine, first-line screening test of uterine structure in 500 consecutive, unselected, infertile women. The procedure was completed in 96.8% (484/500) women and the observations were interpretable in 483 of these women. Intrauterine pathology was suspected in 67/499 (13.4%) women on plain ultrasound scan and 58/484 (12%) women with saline hysterosonography. Ultrasound alone had a superior specificity (96.3%) to sensitivity (81.8%) and better negative (97.6%) than positive (73.8%) predictive value for the detection of any intrauterine abnormality, using saline hysterosonography as the reference procedure. Suspected pathology at saline hysterosonography led to hysteroscopy in 20 women, after a median of 5.7 months (range, 1-14). The overall concordance rate between the two procedures was 65% with lesions suspicious of intrauterine polyps not present at subsequent hysteroscopy on six occasions. Criteria were established to help identify women with potentially self-limiting lesions, in whom a re-scan should be considered before resorting to hysteroscopy. The procedure was well tolerated with no significant complications. Saline hysterosonography appeared to be an acceptable first-line screening procedure for uterine structure which enhanced the predictive power of ultrasound alone for uterine anomalies and provided additional information which was potentially of value when planning operative hysteroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hamilton
- The Fertility Centre, Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, UK
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Hamilton JA, Larson AJ, Lower AM, Hasnain S, Grudzinskas JG. Evaluation of the performance of hysterosalpingo contrast sonography in 500 consecutive, unselected, infertile women. Hum Reprod 1998; 13:1519-26. [PMID: 9688385 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/13.6.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (Hy Co Sy) as a first-line, outpatient investigation of tubal patency was examined in 500 consecutive, infertile women, at one centre. Hy Co Sy was completed in 463 (92.6%) cases, using a galactose microbubble contrast agent (Echovist-200) and transvaginal sonography. Initial plain scanning identified adnexal pathology in 198 women (39.6%). Examination with Echovist was attempted for 905 tubes and only 67 (7.4%) were not assessable; after the first 100 women this decreased to 35 tubes (4.8%). A sonographic appearance compatible with blocked tubes was found on 118 (14.1%) occasions but it was also possible to identify variations in the appearance/filling/spilling patterns of individual tubes which increased the number assessed as abnormal to 193 (23.0%). Comparison with laparoscopy and dye chromopertubation findings from the past three years was possible for 185 (37%) women, representing 282 tubes, which gave Hy Co Sy an overall concordance rate of 85.8%, sensitivity of 90.4%, specificity of 70.3%, positive predictive value of 91.2% and negative predictive value of 68.2%. Some 51.0% of women described only mild discomfort and there were no significant postprocedure complications. Hy Co Sy appears to be an acceptable first-line screen and may select out women in whom more invasive investigations are likely to reveal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hamilton
- The Fertility Centre, Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, St Bartholomew's Hospital, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Grimm
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Abstract
Decreased cognitive performance was significantly correlated with increased quantity of alcohol per occasion and with total lifetime consumption in both women and men college students tested while sober. In men, however, increased performance on some tasks was also significantly correlated with increased frequency of drinking.
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