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Jude R, da Silva AP, Slay AM, Luciano RL, Jordan B, Gallardo RA. Mitigation of False Layer Syndrome Through Maternal Antibodies Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Avian Dis 2024; 68:10-17. [PMID: 38687102 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between passive immunity and the development of false layer syndrome (FLS) and its associated lesions was investigated in this study by comparing the long-term reproductive effects of an infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) DMV/1639 wild-type strain and the GA08 vaccine in birds with and without maternal antibodies. There was a clear protective effect provided by maternal antibodies against both the early vaccination and challenge. It was also observed that vaccination at an early age, in the absence of maternal antibodies, can induce reproductive issues, such as reduced egg production and FLS-associated lesions (e.g., cystic oviduct and egg yolk coelomitis). This might indicate that maternal antibodies and the timing of IBV infection are more important in the generation of FLS than the IBV strain type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Jude
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ana P da Silva
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Adrea Mueller Slay
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Renato Luis Luciano
- Instituto Biologico, Centro Avançado de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Sanidade Avicola, Descalvado, Sao Paulo, 13690-000, Brazil
| | - Brian Jordan
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616,
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2
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Wang Y, Saelao P, Chanthavixay G, Gallardo RA, Wolc A, Fulton JE, Dekkers JM, Lamont SJ, Kelly TR, Zhou H. Genomic Regions and Candidate Genes Affecting Response to Heat Stress with Newcastle Virus Infection in Commercial Layer Chicks Using Chicken 600K Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Array. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2640. [PMID: 38473888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat stress results in significant economic losses to the poultry industry. Genetics plays an important role in chickens adapting to the warm environment. Physiological parameters such as hematochemical parameters change in response to heat stress in chickens. To explore the genetics of heat stress resilience in chickens, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using Hy-Line Brown layer chicks subjected to either high ambient temperature or combined high temperature and Newcastle disease virus infection. Hematochemical parameters were measured during three treatment phases: acute heat stress, chronic heat stress, and chronic heat stress combined with NDV infection. Significant changes in blood parameters were recorded for 11 parameters (sodium (Na+, potassium (K+), ionized calcium (iCa2+), glucose (Glu), pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2), oxygen partial pressure (PO2), total carbon dioxide (TCO2), bicarbonate (HCO3), base excess (BE), and oxygen saturation (sO2)) across the three treatments. The GWAS revealed 39 significant SNPs (p < 0.05) for seven parameters, located on Gallus gallus chromosomes (GGA) 1, 3, 4, 6, 11, and 12. The significant genomic regions were further investigated to examine if the genes within the regions were associated with the corresponding traits under heat stress. A candidate gene list including genes in the identified genomic regions that were also differentially expressed in chicken tissues under heat stress was generated. Understanding the correlation between genetic variants and resilience to heat stress is an important step towards improving heat tolerance in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Perot Saelao
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Veterinary Pest Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture U, Kerrville, TX 78006, USA
| | - Ganrea Chanthavixay
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anna Wolc
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA 50063, USA
| | | | - Jack M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Terra R Kelly
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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3
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Abd-Elsalam RM, Najimudeen SM, Mahmoud ME, Hassan MSH, Gallardo RA, Abdul-Careem MF. Differential Impact of Massachusetts, Canadian 4/91, and California (Cal) 1737 Genotypes of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infection on Lymphoid Organs of Chickens. Viruses 2024; 16:326. [PMID: 38543692 PMCID: PMC10974418 DOI: 10.3390/v16030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) induces severe economic losses in chicken farms due to the emergence of new variants leading to vaccine breaks. The studied IBV strains belong to Massachusetts (Mass), Canadian 4/91, and California (Cal) 1737 genotypes that are prevalent globally. This study was designed to compare the impact of these three IBV genotypes on primary and secondary lymphoid organs. For this purpose, one-week-old specific pathogen-free chickens were inoculated with Mass, Canadian 4/91, or Cal 1737 IBV variants, keeping a mock-infected control. We examined the IBV replication in primary and secondary lymphoid organs. The molecular, histopathological, and immunohistochemical examinations revealed significant differences in lesion scores and viral distribution in these immune organs. In addition, we observed B-cell depletion in the bursa of Fabricius and the spleen with a significant elevation of T cells in these organs. Further studies are required to determine the functional consequences of IBV replication in lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham M. Abd-Elsalam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (R.M.A.-E.); (S.M.N.); (M.E.M.); (M.S.H.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Shahnas M. Najimudeen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (R.M.A.-E.); (S.M.N.); (M.E.M.); (M.S.H.H.)
| | - Motamed E. Mahmoud
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (R.M.A.-E.); (S.M.N.); (M.E.M.); (M.S.H.H.)
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. H. Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (R.M.A.-E.); (S.M.N.); (M.E.M.); (M.S.H.H.)
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Rodrigo A. Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (R.M.A.-E.); (S.M.N.); (M.E.M.); (M.S.H.H.)
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4
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Tsaxra JB, Abolnik C, Kelly TR, Chengula AA, Mushi JR, Msoffe PLM, Muhairwa AP, Phiri T, Jude R, Chouicha N, Mollel EL, Zhou H, Gallardo RA. Molecular characterization of Newcastle disease virus obtained from Mawenzi live bird market in Morogoro, Tanzania in 2020-2021. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:3265-3273. [PMID: 37907827 PMCID: PMC10689586 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is among the most important poultry diseases worldwide. It is the major threat to poultry production in Africa and causes major economic losses for both local and commercial chickens. To date, half of ND class II genotypes have been reported in Africa (I, IV, V, VI, VII, XI, XIII, XIV, XVII, XVIII, and XXI). The information on the circulating NDV genotypes is still scarce despite the endemic nature of ND in most countries on the African continent.A total of 659 oro-cloacal swabs were collected from local chickens in Mawenzi live bird market located in Morogoro, Tanzania, between June 2020 and May 2021. Newcastle disease virus was detected by using reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and conventional PCR followed by sequencing of PCR products. The prevalence of NDV in the surveilled live bird markets was 23.5%. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of sub-genotype VII.2. The detected sub-genotype VII.2 has phylogenetic links to Zambian NDV strains implying a Southeast dissemination of the virus, considering that it was first detected in Mozambique. This study underscores the need of active NDV surveillance to determine the distribution of this NDV genotype in the country and monitor its spread and contribution to the emergence of new ND viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Tsaxra
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry Project, Davis, CA, USA.
- Livestock Training Agency, Mabuki Campus, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Celia Abolnik
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Terra R Kelly
- USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry Project, Davis, CA, USA
- EpiEcos, Flagstaff, AZ, 86004, USA
| | - Augustino A Chengula
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - James R Mushi
- USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry Project, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Peter L M Msoffe
- USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry Project, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Amandus P Muhairwa
- USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry Project, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Thandeka Phiri
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rachel Jude
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nadira Chouicha
- USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry Project, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Esther L Mollel
- USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry Project, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry Project, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry Project, Davis, CA, USA.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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5
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Ramsubeik S, Stoute S, Gallardo RA, Crossley B, Rejmanek D, Jude R, Jerry C. Infectious Bronchitis Virus California Variant CA1737 Isolated from a Commercial Layer Flock with Cystic Oviducts and Poor External Egg Quality. Avian Dis 2023; 67:212-218. [PMID: 37556302 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
False layer syndrome is a condition in which the reproductive tract of chicks is infected with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains that cause permanent damage to the oviduct. These chickens subsequently develop cystic oviducts and do not lay eggs, and affected flocks fail to reach expected egg production peaks. The California Animal Health and Food Safety laboratory, Turlock Branch, received four separate case submissions from a 25-to-28-wk-old commercial ISA Brown layer flock. Birds were submitted for diagnostic evaluation due to suboptimal egg production and vent pecking. Submissions totaled 31 birds and consisted of live layers, recent mortality, and a flat of eggs. No clinical signs were observed in the submitted live birds. The most common gross findings included cystic left oviducts, signs of vent pecking, ovarian regression, and yolk coelomitis. The eggs were abnormally shaped with irregular, white, gritty deposits on the surface of the shell. Microscopically, there was atrophy of the oviducts, glandular hypoplasia, and lymphocytic salpingitis. In addition, lymphoplasmacytic tracheitis was observed, and renal tubules were dilated with multifocal areas of mineralization. IBV was identified by reverse transcription quantitative PCR from cecal tonsil tissue pools and tracheal swab pools. Sequencing of the S1 hypervariable region of IBV and whole-genome IBV sequencing were 97% homologous to the California variant CA1737/04. Definitive proof of the CA1737 strain's causing reproductive abnormalities will require challenge studies with fulfillment of Koch's postulates and evaluation of confounding and risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne Ramsubeik
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California, Davis, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - Simone Stoute
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California, Davis, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis Branch, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Daniel Rejmanek
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis Branch, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Rachel Jude
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Carmen Jerry
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California, Davis, Turlock, CA 95380,
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6
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Smith J, Alfieri JM, Anthony N, Arensburger P, Athrey GN, Balacco J, Balic A, Bardou P, Barela P, Bigot Y, Blackmon H, Borodin PM, Carroll R, Casono MC, Charles M, Cheng H, Chiodi M, Cigan L, Coghill LM, Crooijmans R, Das N, Davey S, Davidian A, Degalez F, Dekkers JM, Derks M, Diack AB, Djikeng A, Drechsler Y, Dyomin A, Fedrigo O, Fiddaman SR, Formenti G, Frantz LAF, Fulton JE, Gaginskaya E, Galkina S, Gallardo RA, Geibel J, Gheyas AA, Godinez CJP, Goodell A, Graves JAM, Griffin DK, Haase B, Han JL, Hanotte O, Henderson LJ, Hou ZC, Howe K, Huynh L, Ilatsia E, Jarvis ED, Johnson SM, Kaufman J, Kelly T, Kemp S, Kern C, Keroack JH, Klopp C, Lagarrigue S, Lamont SJ, Lange M, Lanke A, Larkin DM, Larson G, Layos JKN, Lebrasseur O, Malinovskaya LP, Martin RJ, Martin Cerezo ML, Mason AS, McCarthy FM, McGrew MJ, Mountcastle J, Muhonja CK, Muir W, Muret K, Murphy TD, Ng'ang'a I, Nishibori M, O'Connor RE, Ogugo M, Okimoto R, Ouko O, Patel HR, Perini F, Pigozzi MI, Potter KC, Price PD, Reimer C, Rice ES, Rocos N, Rogers TF, Saelao P, Schauer J, Schnabel RD, Schneider VA, Simianer H, Smith A, Stevens MP, Stiers K, Tiambo CK, Tixier-Boichard M, Torgasheva AA, Tracey A, Tregaskes CA, Vervelde L, Wang Y, Warren WC, Waters PD, Webb D, Weigend S, Wolc A, Wright AE, Wright D, Wu Z, Yamagata M, Yang C, Yin ZT, Young MC, Zhang G, Zhao B, Zhou H. Fourth Report on Chicken Genes and Chromosomes 2022. Cytogenet Genome Res 2023; 162:405-528. [PMID: 36716736 DOI: 10.1159/000529376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Smith
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James M Alfieri
- Interdisciplinary Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | - Peter Arensburger
- Biological Sciences Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Giridhar N Athrey
- Interdisciplinary Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | - Adam Balic
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Philippe Bardou
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, GenPhySE, Sigenae, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | - Yves Bigot
- PRC, UMR INRAE 0085, CNRS 7247, Centre INRAE Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Heath Blackmon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Pavel M Borodin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cell Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Rachel Carroll
- Department of Animal Sciences, Data Science and Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Mathieu Charles
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Sigenae, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hans Cheng
- USDA, ARS, USNPRC, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Lyndon M Coghill
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Richard Crooijmans
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sean Davey
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Asya Davidian
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Fabien Degalez
- INRAE, INSTITUT AGRO, PEGASE UMR 1348, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Jack M Dekkers
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Martijn Derks
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Abigail B Diack
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH) - The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yvonne Drechsler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Alexander Dyomin
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | - Laurent A F Frantz
- Queen Mary University of London, Bethnal Green, London, UK
- Palaeogenomics Group, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Janet E Fulton
- Hy-Line International, Research and Development, Dallas Center, Iowa, USA
| | - Elena Gaginskaya
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana Galkina
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Johannes Geibel
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Almas A Gheyas
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cyrill John P Godinez
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Visayas State University, Baybay City, Philippines
| | | | - Jennifer A M Graves
- Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | | | - Jian-Lin Han
- CAAS-ILRI Joint Laboratory on Livestock and Forage Genetic Resources, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Cells, Organisms and Molecular Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lindsay J Henderson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Zhuo-Cheng Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lan Huynh
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Evans Ilatsia
- Dairy Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Organization, Naivasha, Kenya
| | | | | | - Jim Kaufman
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Terra Kelly
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Steve Kemp
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH) - ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Colin Kern
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Susan J Lamont
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Margaret Lange
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Anika Lanke
- BASIS Chandler High School, Chandler, Arizona, USA
| | - Denis M Larkin
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Greger Larson
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John King N Layos
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Capiz State University, Mambusao, Philippines
| | - Ophélie Lebrasseur
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse (CAGT), CNRS UMR 5288, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lyubov P Malinovskaya
- Department of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael J McGrew
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH) - The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Christine Kamidi Muhonja
- Dairy Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Organization, Naivasha, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH) - ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - William Muir
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Kévin Muret
- Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | - Terence D Murphy
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Masahide Nishibori
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Moses Ogugo
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH) - ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ron Okimoto
- Cobb-Vantress, Siloam Springs, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ochieng Ouko
- Dairy Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Organization, Naivasha, Kenya
| | - Hardip R Patel
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Francesco Perini
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - María Ines Pigozzi
- INBIOMED (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Peter D Price
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Christian Reimer
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Edward S Rice
- Department of Animal Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Nicolas Rocos
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thea F Rogers
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Development, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Perot Saelao
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Veterinary Pest Genetics Research Unit, USDA, Kerrville, Texas, USA
| | - Jens Schauer
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Robert D Schnabel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Valerie A Schneider
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Henner Simianer
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Adrian Smith
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark P Stevens
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kyle Stiers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Anna A Torgasheva
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cell Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alan Tracey
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Clive A Tregaskes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ying Wang
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Wesley C Warren
- Department of Animal Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul D Waters
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Webb
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steffen Weigend
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Wolc
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Hy-Line International, Research and Development, Dallas Center, Iowa, USA
| | - Alison E Wright
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Dominic Wright
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology, IFM Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Zhou Wu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Masahito Yamagata
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Zhong-Tao Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Guojie Zhang
- Center for Evolutionary and Organismal Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingru Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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7
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Gallardo RA. Molecular Characterization of Variant Avian Reoviruses and Their Relationship with Antigenicity and Pathogenicity. Avian Dis 2022; 66:443-446. [PMID: 36715477 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-99995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Avian reovirus variants (ARVs) are important pathogens currently causing losses in poultry production. These variants escape protection elicited by conventional vaccines, i.e., S1133, 2408, and 1733 in chickens. Historically, ARVs have been classified according to their antigenic type and relative pathogenicity. Due to the virus variability, antigenic testing is difficult and laboratory specific, while pathotyping is costly and complex. Current molecular classification methods focus only on one gene, and genomic changes within this gene are not predictive of changes in antigenicity and pathogenicity. This review focuses on existing literature on reovirus antigenicity, pathogenicity, and molecular assessments as an aid to provide insights on how to predict antigenic and pathogenic phenotypes based on genomic information and future focus on development of new and comprehensive classification systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616,
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8
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da Silva AP, Jude R, Gallardo RA. Infectious Bronchitis Virus: A Comprehensive Multilocus Genomic Analysis to Compare DMV/1639 and QX Strains. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091998. [PMID: 36146804 PMCID: PMC9506221 DOI: 10.3390/v14091998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly variable RNA virus that affects chickens worldwide. Due to its inherited tendency to suffer point mutations and recombination events during viral replication, emergent IBV strains have been linked to nephropathogenic and reproductive disease that are more severe than typical respiratory disease, leading, in some cases, to mortality, severe production losses, and/or unsuccessful vaccination. QX and DMV/1639 strains are examples of the above-mentioned IBV evolutionary pathway and clinical outcome. In this study, our purpose was to systematically compare whole genomes of QX and DMV strains looking at each IBV gene individually. Phylogenetic analyses and amino acid site searches were performed in datasets obtained from GenBank accounting for all IBV genes and using our own relevant sequences as a basis. The QX dataset studied is more genetically diverse than the DMV dataset, partially due to the greater epidemiological diversity within the five QX strains used as a basis compared to the four DMV strains from our study. Historically, QX strains have emerged and spread earlier than DMV strains in Europe and Asia. Consequently, there are more QX sequences deposited in GenBank than DMV strains, assisting in the identification of a larger pool of QX strains. It is likely that a similar evolutionary pattern will be observed among DMV strains as they develop and spread in North America.
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9
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Figueroa A, Escobedo E, Solis M, Rivera C, Ikelman A, Gallardo RA. Outreach Efforts to Prevent Newcastle Disease Outbreaks in Southern California. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071509. [PMID: 35891488 PMCID: PMC9317253 DOI: 10.3390/v14071509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In May 2018, an outbreak of virulent Newcastle disease (vND) affected backyard and commercial premises in Southern California. The re-occurrence of these outbreaks since the 1970s suggests that some poultry communities may not have reliable and stable resources available regarding biosecurity and disease prevention. Therefore, staff at the University of California, Davis (UCD) School of Veterinary Medicine (SVM), and the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) began organizing educational events and learning more about the gamefowl breeder community through a needs assessment exercise, during which local feedstores and neighborhoods were also visited. Focus groups were organized with breeders in various cities within the regional quarantine area, established by the CDFA during the vND outbreak. The focus groups were aimed at creating open communication networks with gamefowl breeders in the affected area, as well as to learn about their current sources of information, learning preferences, and current management practices. With the input from gamefowl breeders, as well as funding and input from the CDFA and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), a quality assurance program called the “Gamefowl Wellness Program” was established. Educational content was created and published through the UCD Gamefowl Wellness Program poultry health website. Additionally, with the help of the CDFA, the USDA, and pharmaceutical companies, Newcastle disease vaccines and training for their application were provided to feedstores with gamefowl breeder clientele. Nurturing trust with these poultry communities allowed us to receive the information needed to develop effective outreach strategies that could better serve them. Responding to community concerns might be a way to garner the trust necessary to prevent or at least promptly detect foreign animal disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Figueroa
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Esteban Escobedo
- California Department of Food & Agriculture, Ontario, CA 95814, USA; (E.E.); (M.S.); (C.R.); (A.I.)
| | - Marco Solis
- California Department of Food & Agriculture, Ontario, CA 95814, USA; (E.E.); (M.S.); (C.R.); (A.I.)
| | - Charlene Rivera
- California Department of Food & Agriculture, Ontario, CA 95814, USA; (E.E.); (M.S.); (C.R.); (A.I.)
| | - Ann Ikelman
- California Department of Food & Agriculture, Ontario, CA 95814, USA; (E.E.); (M.S.); (C.R.); (A.I.)
| | - Rodrigo A. Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Correspondence:
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10
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Nguyen V, Mete A, Armien A, da Silva AP, Montine P, Corsiglia C, Ramanujam VMS, Anderson KE, Hauck R, Gallardo RA. Porphyrin Accumulation and Biliary Lithiasis Causing Diffusely Black Livers in Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2022; 66:225-229. [PMID: 35510475 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Two 7-wk-old broiler chickens presented with uniformly black livers upon postslaughter examination, while all other organs as well as their carcasses were grossly normal. No clinical signs were reported by the field veterinarian prior to slaughter. Other broiler chickens within the same flock were unaffected. Microscopically, the liver exhibited variably sized, globoid concrements that were dark brown to green-brown and birefringent under polarized light. Ultrastructurally, concrements consisted of radially arranged electron-dense crystal spicules. Concrements were located in hepatocytes, within ecstatic bile canaliculi, or surrounded by small clusters of macrophages. Liquid chromatography assay determined the presence of protoporphyrin IX in the affected liver. Two 7-wk-old broiler chickens presented with uniformly black livers upon postslaughter examination, while all other organs as well as their carcasses were grossly normal. No clinical signs were reported by the field veterinarian prior to slaughter. Other broiler chickens within the same flock were unaffected. Microscopically, the liver exhibited variably sized, globoid concrements that were dark brown to green-brown and birefringent under polarized light. Ultrastructurally, concrements consisted of radially arranged electron-dense crystal spicules. Concrements were located in hepatocytes, within ecstatic bile canaliculi, or surrounded by small clusters of macrophages. Liquid chromatography assay determined the presence of protoporphyrin IX in the affected liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Nguyen
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Asli Mete
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Anibal Armien
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ana P da Silva
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Patrick Montine
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | - V M Sadagopa Ramanujam
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Karl E Anderson
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Ruediger Hauck
- Departments of Poultry Science and Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616,
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11
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Gallardo RA, da Silva AP, Gilbert R, Alfonso M, Conley A, Jones K, Stayer PA, Hoerr FJ. Testicular Atrophy and Epididymitis-Orchitis Associated with Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Broiler Breeder Roosters. Avian Dis 2022; 66:112-118. [DOI: 10.1637/21-00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A. Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ana P. da Silva
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Robin Gilbert
- Sanderson Farms, Inc., 127 Flynt Road, Laurel, MS 39443
| | | | - Alan Conley
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Kelli Jones
- Ceva Animal Health, 8906 Rosehill Road, Lenexa, KS 66215
| | | | - Frederic J. Hoerr
- Veterinary Diagnostic Pathology, LLC, 638 South Fort Valley Road, Fort Valley, VA 22652
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12
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Gallardo RA, da Silva AP. Immune Responses and B Complex Associated Resistance to Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Chickens. Avian Dis 2021; 65:612-618. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A. Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ana P. da Silva
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
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13
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Blakey J, Crossley B, Da Silva A, Rejmanek D, Jerry C, Gallardo RA, Stoute S. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Associated with Nephropathy Lesions in Diagnostic Cases from Commercial Broiler Chickens in California. Avian Dis 2021; 64:482-489. [PMID: 33347556 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.4.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In March 2019, the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (CAHFS), Turlock branch, received two submissions of broiler chickens from commercial flocks reporting increased mortality. Submissions consisted of either white or brown broilers. Submitted chickens appeared depressed with ruffled feathers. At necropsy, moderate to severely enlarged and pale kidneys were observed, with gross lesions indicative of dehydration. Microscopically, renal tubules were degenerated and distended with necrotic debris and tubular casts. The kidney parenchyma contained mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates and interstitial edema. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was isolated and identified by reverse transcription quantitative PCR from kidney tissue pools and tracheal swab pools from both cases. Partial sequencing of the S1 hypervariable region was most similar to a local California variant, CA1737. The outbreak lasted roughly 1 wk in both flocks, with 2% total mortality in the brown broilers and 20% total mortality in the white broilers. Final proof of the IBV strains causing nephropathy will require fulfillment of Koch postulates. IBV associated with nephropathy has been sporadically reported in California chicken flocks and represents a significant pathogen due to its potential for inducing high flock mortality. The incidence of IBV associated with a nephropathy diagnosis in chicken necropsy submissions to the CAHFS system-wide from 1998 to 2019 is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Blakey
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis Branch, 620 W. Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ana Da Silva
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
| | - Daniel Rejmanek
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis Branch, 620 W. Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Carmen Jerry
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Simone Stoute
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
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14
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da Silva AP, Giroux C, Sellers HS, Mendoza-Reilley A, Stoute S, Gallardo RA. Characterization of an Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolated from Commercial Layers Suffering from False Layer Syndrome. Avian Dis 2021; 65:373-380. [PMID: 34427410 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a gammacoronavirus that primarily induces an upper respiratory disease in chickens, also affecting the urogenital tract and occasionally leading to a condition called false layer syndrome (FLS), where sexually mature hens ovulate normally but are unable to lay eggs. Here, we describe an outbreak of FLS in Arizona from which an IBV variant that is nearly 90% homologous to DMV/1639 using the Spike subunit 1 gene, named AZ/FLS/17, was isolated and used in challenge experiments. Three-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks were challenged with AZ/FLS/17 or M41 in high and low doses, and the disease outcomes were compared. Overall, no differences in microscopic lesions or viral loads in the reproductive tract were detected between AZ/FLS/17- and M41-infected birds. To minimize the losses linked to FLS in the problematic flocks, an updated live-attenuated IBV vaccine protocol including the use of the Ma5 strain at the hatchery was implemented, resulting in a drastic reduction of false layers in the subsequent flocks. To monitor the circulation of wild-type and vaccine strains in this population, a molecular surveillance study was performed. Samples were collected at 1, 7, 14, and 21 days of age, and from laying hens at 30 and 36 wk. In older birds, the IBV strains detected were more diverse than at 1 and 7 days of age. Nevertheless, live vaccine combinations are still widely used to decrease the losses caused by FLS in commercial egg laying flocks worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P da Silva
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - C Giroux
- Hickman's Family Farms, Buckeye, AZ 85326
| | - H S Sellers
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens GA 30602
| | | | - S Stoute
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California, Davis, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - R A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616,
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15
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Gonzales-Viera O, Crossley B, Carvallo-Chaigneau FR, Blair ER, Rejmanek D, Erdoǧan-Bamac Ő, Sverlow K, Figueroa A, Gallardo RA, Mete A. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Prevalence, Characterization, and Strain Identification in California Backyard Chickens. Avian Dis 2021; 65:188-197. [PMID: 34339139 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes significant losses in the poultry industry throughout the world. Here we characterize the lesions of infectious bronchitis (IB) and IBV prevalence and identify the circulating strains in small flocks in California. Backyard chickens (BYCs) submitted to the Davis (Northern California; NorCal) and San Bernardino (Southern California; SoCal) branches of the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System from January through March 2019 were included in the study. Trachea, kidney, and cecal tonsils were collected for real-time reverse transcriptase (qRT)-PCR, histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and sequence analysis. A total of 50 chickens out of 169 submissions tested positive for IBV by qRT-PCR. Of these, 16% (20/123) were from NorCal and 65% (30/46) from SoCal laboratory. The cecal tonsil was the most frequently positive tissue by qRT-PCR and IHC. Lymphoplasmacytic tracheitis was the most frequent histopathologic finding in 24 of 39 birds, while the kidney showed interstitial nephritis, tubular necrosis, tubular dilation, and/or gout in 14 of 43 chickens. Infectious bronchitis virus played a primary role or a synergistic effect in the mortality of chickens that succumbed to other infectious diseases. The sequences of IBV detected in 22 birds were analyzed, and 14 strains were most similar to CA1737. One strain each matched Conn46, Cal99, and ArkDPI, and the remaining five did not have a substantial match to any available reference strains. The findings in this study indicate that small flocks can be reservoirs of IBV and might facilitate evolution of new variants as well as reversion of attenuated strains to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Gonzales-Viera
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Francisco R Carvallo-Chaigneau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland, College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060
| | - Emily R Blair
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Daniel Rejmanek
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Őzge Erdoǧan-Bamac
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Karen Sverlow
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Alejandra Figueroa
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Aslı Mete
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA 95616,
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16
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Barman A, Gubbiotti G, Ladak S, Adeyeye AO, Krawczyk M, Gräfe J, Adelmann C, Cotofana S, Naeemi A, Vasyuchka VI, Hillebrands B, Nikitov SA, Yu H, Grundler D, Sadovnikov AV, Grachev AA, Sheshukova SE, Duquesne JY, Marangolo M, Csaba G, Porod W, Demidov VE, Urazhdin S, Demokritov SO, Albisetti E, Petti D, Bertacco R, Schultheiss H, Kruglyak VV, Poimanov VD, Sahoo S, Sinha J, Yang H, Münzenberg M, Moriyama T, Mizukami S, Landeros P, Gallardo RA, Carlotti G, Kim JV, Stamps RL, Camley RE, Rana B, Otani Y, Yu W, Yu T, Bauer GEW, Back C, Uhrig GS, Dobrovolskiy OV, Budinska B, Qin H, van Dijken S, Chumak AV, Khitun A, Nikonov DE, Young IA, Zingsem BW, Winklhofer M. The 2021 Magnonics Roadmap. J Phys Condens Matter 2021; 33:413001. [PMID: 33662946 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abec1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Magnonics is a budding research field in nanomagnetism and nanoscience that addresses the use of spin waves (magnons) to transmit, store, and process information. The rapid advancements of this field during last one decade in terms of upsurge in research papers, review articles, citations, proposals of devices as well as introduction of new sub-topics prompted us to present the first roadmap on magnonics. This is a collection of 22 sections written by leading experts in this field who review and discuss the current status besides presenting their vision of future perspectives. Today, the principal challenges in applied magnonics are the excitation of sub-100 nm wavelength magnons, their manipulation on the nanoscale and the creation of sub-micrometre devices using low-Gilbert damping magnetic materials and its interconnections to standard electronics. To this end, magnonics offers lower energy consumption, easier integrability and compatibility with CMOS structure, reprogrammability, shorter wavelength, smaller device features, anisotropic properties, negative group velocity, non-reciprocity and efficient tunability by various external stimuli to name a few. Hence, despite being a young research field, magnonics has come a long way since its early inception. This roadmap asserts a milestone for future emerging research directions in magnonics, and hopefully, it will inspire a series of exciting new articles on the same topic in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Barman
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Gianluca Gubbiotti
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali del Consiglio nazionale delle Ricerche (IOM-CNR), Perugia, Italy
| | - S Ladak
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - A O Adeyeye
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, United Kingdom
| | - M Krawczyk
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - J Gräfe
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - S Cotofana
- Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - A Naeemi
- Georgia Institute of Technology, United States of America
| | - V I Vasyuchka
- Department of Physics and State Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - B Hillebrands
- Department of Physics and State Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - S A Nikitov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Moscow, Russia
| | - H Yu
- Fert Beijing Institute, BDBC, School of Microelectronics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data and Brian Computing, Beihang University, People's Republic of China
| | - D Grundler
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Magnonics, Institute of Materials (IMX), Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - A V Sadovnikov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory 'Magnetic Metamaterials', Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - A A Grachev
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory 'Magnetic Metamaterials', Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - S E Sheshukova
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory 'Magnetic Metamaterials', Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - J-Y Duquesne
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - M Marangolo
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - G Csaba
- Pázmány University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - W Porod
- University of Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - V E Demidov
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - S Urazhdin
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - S O Demokritov
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - D Petti
- Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - H Schultheiss
- Helmholtz-Center Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - S Sahoo
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - J Sinha
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - H Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - M Münzenberg
- Institute of Physics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Moriyama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
- Centre for Spintronics Research Network, Japan
| | - S Mizukami
- Centre for Spintronics Research Network, Japan
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - P Landeros
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago, Chile
| | - R A Gallardo
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago, Chile
| | - G Carlotti
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- CNR Instituto Nanoscienze, Modena, Italy
| | - J-V Kim
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - R L Stamps
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - R E Camley
- Center for Magnetism and Magnetic Nanostructures, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, United States of America
| | | | - Y Otani
- RIKEN, Japan
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - W Yu
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - T Yu
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - G E W Bauer
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Groningen University, The Netherlands
| | - C Back
- Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - G S Uhrig
- Technical University Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - B Budinska
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Qin
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Finland
| | - S van Dijken
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Finland
| | - A V Chumak
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Khitun
- University of California Riverside, United States of America
| | - D E Nikonov
- Components Research, Intel, Hillsboro, Oregon, United States of America
| | - I A Young
- Components Research, Intel, Hillsboro, Oregon, United States of America
| | - B W Zingsem
- The University of Duisburg-Essen, CENIDE, Germany
| | - M Winklhofer
- The Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany
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17
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Aston EJ, Wang Y, Tracy KE, Gallardo RA, Lamont SJ, Zhou H. Comparison of cellular immune responses to avian influenza virus in two genetically distinct, highly inbred chicken lines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 235:110233. [PMID: 33823380 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Low pathogenicity avian influenza causes mild disease involving the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems of wild and domestic birds. Avian influenza research often emphasizes the effect of the virus genetics on disease, but the influence of host genetics on resistance to infection is not well understood. The genetic determinants of enhanced resistance to influenza can be explored by using genetically distinct, highly inbred chicken lines that differ in susceptibility to influenza. In this study, we compared the mucosal cellular immune responses between the relatively resistant Fayoumi M43 chicken line and the relatively susceptible Leghorn GB2 chicken line after challenging with low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H6N2. The birds were inoculated at 21 days of age with 107 50 % egg infective dose (EID50) LPAIV H6N2 via nasal and tracheal routes in two separate experiments. Clinical signs were recorded, tracheal swabs were collected to measure viral titer, and tracheas and lungs were harvested for flow cytometric analysis of macrophage, B cell, and T cell populations at 4 days post-infection (dpi) (Experiments 1 and 2) and 6 dpi (Experiment 2). Blood and tears were also collected at 7 and 14 dpi (Experiment 1) to measure antibody levels. Compared to both the non-challenged Fayoumis and the relatively susceptible Leghorn chickens, relatively resistant Fayoumi chickens challenged with LPAIV demonstrated enhanced MHC class I expression on antigen-presenting cells and increased macrophage, B cell, and T cell frequencies in the trachea, which were associated with reduced tracheal viral titers at 4 dpi. In contrast, MHC class I expression and immune cell frequencies in the trachea were not different between challenged Leghorns and non-challenged Leghorns. Furthermore, Leghorns shed higher virus titers in their trachea compared to Fayoumis. Challenged Fayoumis and Leghorns both produced AIV-specific IgY detected in the serum and tears, but AIV-specific IgA was not detected in the tears. In this study, we provide new insight into immune mechanisms of enhanced resistance to avian influenza in chickens, which may lead to improved vaccination strategies and breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Aston
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Karen E Tracy
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
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18
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19
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Da Silva AP, Rebollo MA, Gallardo RA. Effects of Amino Acid-Bound Zinc and Manganese Feed Additives on MHC Haplotype Chickens Challenged with Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus. Avian Dis 2020; 64:451-456. [PMID: 33347551 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) congenic chicken lines have been used as a model to study infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) immune responses in chickens. Zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) are trace minerals that act as enzyme cofactors in cellular reactions. In addition, Zn is an important modulator of immune responses, especially in the respiratory tract. Zinc and Zn + Mn amino acid complex supplements were tested to alleviate the effects of an IBV challenge using relatively resistant and susceptible MHC congenic chicken lines. Prior to the challenge with IBV, the amino acid-bound supplements induced better weight gain in the IBV-resistant chicken line (331/B2) compared to the birds fed with the sulfate-delivered supplements. No body weight differences were detected between IBV-challenged and unchallenged 331/B2 birds supplemented with Zn in amino acid complex. A reduction of respiratory signs was observed in 335/B19 birds fed with the diet supplemented with Zn in amino acid complexes at 4 dpi. Compared to the sulfate-bound trace minerals, 331/B2 chickens fed with the amino acid-bound supplements presented milder clinical sign trends at 6 dpi and less severe airsacculitis at 14 dpi. The total antibody response in serum in 331/B2 birds fed with the amino acid-bound Zn ration was the highest among all groups tested. Both amino acid-delivered trace mineral supplements induced a slightly higher antibody response than the sulfate-bound ration in both chicken lines. This experiment provides insights into the effect of Zn and Mn on the immunity of chickens with known different susceptibilities to IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Da Silva
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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20
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da Silva AP, Gallardo RA. The Chicken MHC: Insights into Genetic Resistance, Immunity, and Inflammation Following Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040637. [PMID: 33147703 PMCID: PMC7711580 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chicken immune system has provided an immense contribution to basic immunology knowledge by establishing major landmarks and discoveries that defined concepts widely used today. One of many special features on chickens is the presence of a compact and simple major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Despite its simplicity, the chicken MHC maintains the essential counterpart genes of the mammalian MHC, allowing for a strong association to be detected between the MHC and resistance or susceptibility to infectious diseases. This association has been widely studied for several poultry infectious diseases, including infectious bronchitis. In addition to the MHC and its linked genes, other non-MHC loci may play a role in the mechanisms underlying such resistance. It has been reported that innate immune responses, such as macrophage function and inflammation, might be some of the factors driving resistance or susceptibility, consequently influencing the disease outcome in an individual or a population. Information about innate immunity and genetic resistance can be helpful in developing effective preventative measures for diseases such as infectious bronchitis, to which a systemic antibody response is often not associated with disease protection. In this review, we summarize the importance of the chicken MHC in poultry disease resistance, particularly to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infections and the role played by innate immunity and inflammation on disease outcome. We highlight how future studies focusing on the MHC and non-MHC genes can potentially bring clarity to observed resistance in some chicken B haplotype lines.
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21
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Gallardo RA, Da Silva AP, Egaña-Labrin S, Stoute S, Kern C, Zhou H, Cutler G, Corsiglia C. Infectious Coryza: Persistence, Genotyping, and Vaccine Testing. Avian Dis 2020; 64:157-165. [PMID: 32550616 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.2.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The reemergence of infectious coryza (IC) caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum (AP) as an acute and occasionally chronic respiratory disease in domestic poultry has caused severe losses in several U.S. states. The disease is also associated with decreased egg production in layers and increased condemnations from air sac infections in broilers. A series of applied experiments were performed to elucidate the persistence of AP in infected broiler flocks, to genotype AP strains isolated from field cases, and to evaluate commercial and autogenous vaccine protection in commercial and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Experimental evaluation of environmental persistence suggests that AP did not persist more than 12 hr in a hypothetically contaminated environment. Additionally, other detected potential pathogens such as Gallibacterium anatis and infectious bronchitis virus caused mild respiratory signs in the exposed birds. The HMTp210 and HagA genes of four IC field strains were sequenced and compared with published sequences of HMTp210 and HagA. The HMTp210 phylogeny showed a marginally imperfect clustering of the sequences in genogroups A, B, and C. Although not definitive, this phylogeny provided evidence that the four field strains aligned with previously characterized serovar C strains. Moreover, the base pair homology of the four strains was 100% identical to serovar C reference strains (H-18 and Modesto). HagA phylogeny was unclear, but interestingly, the IC field strains were 100% homologous to C-1 strains reported from Mexico and Ecuador. Finally, vaccine protection studies in commercial hens indicate that clinical signs are induced by a combination of IC and other concomitant pathogens infecting commercial birds. Additionally, vaccine protection experiments performed in SPF hens indicated that protection provided by the two commercial vaccines tested provided a reduction in clinical signs and bacterial shedding after two applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616,
| | - A P Da Silva
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - S Egaña-Labrin
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - S Stoute
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California, Davis, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - C Kern
- College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - H Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - G Cutler
- Cutler Veterinary Associates International, Moorpark, CA 93020
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22
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Chanthavixay G, Kern C, Wang Y, Saelao P, Lamont SJ, Gallardo RA, Rincon G, Zhou H. Integrated Transcriptome and Histone Modification Analysis Reveals NDV Infection Under Heat Stress Affects Bursa Development and Proliferation in Susceptible Chicken Line. Front Genet 2020; 11:567812. [PMID: 33101389 PMCID: PMC7545831 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.567812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two environmental factors, Newcastle disease and heat stress, are concurrently negatively impacting poultry worldwide and warrant greater attention into developing genetic resistance within chickens. Using two genetically distinct and highly inbred layer lines, Fayoumi and Leghorn, we explored how different genetic backgrounds affect the bursal response to a treatment of simultaneous Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection at 6 days postinfection (dpi) while under chronic heat stress. The bursa is a primary lymphoid organ within birds and is crucial for the development of B cells. We performed RNA-seq and ChIP-seq targeting histone modifications on bursa tissue. Differential gene expression revealed that Leghorn, compared to Fayoumi, had significant down-regulation in genes involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cell division. Interestingly, we also found greater differences in histone modification levels in response to treatment in Leghorns than Fayoumis, and biological processes enriched in associated target genes of H3K27ac and H3K4me1 were similarly associated with cell cycle and receptor signaling of lymphocytes. Lastly, we found candidate variants between the two genetic lines within exons of differentially expressed genes and regulatory elements with differential histone modification enrichment between the lines, which provides a strong foundation for understanding the effects of genetic variation on NDV resistance under heat stress. This study provides further understanding of the cellular mechanisms affected by NDV infection under heat stress in chicken bursa and identified potential genes and regulatory regions that may be targets for developing genetic resistance within chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganrea Chanthavixay
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Colin Kern
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Perot Saelao
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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23
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Saiada F, Gallardo RA, Shivaprasad HL, Corsiglia C, Van Santen VL. Intestinal Tropism of an Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolate Not Explained by Spike Protein Binding Specificity. Avian Dis 2020; 64:23-35. [PMID: 32267122 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) with an unusual enteric tropism (CalEnt) was isolated from a California broiler flock exhibiting runting-stunting syndrome. IBV was detected in the small intestine, but not in the respiratory tract or kidney. During virus isolation in embryos, it did not replicate in chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) but could be recovered from intestines. Its S1 protein showed 93% amino acid sequence identity to a California variant isolated in 1999 (Cal99). Intestinal lesions were reproduced following ocular/nasal inoculation of specific-pathogen-free chickens, but respiratory signs and lesions were also present. The virus was detected in both respiratory and intestinal tissues. To determine whether the novel tropism of IBV CalEnt was due to an increased ability of its S1 protein to bind to the intestinal epithelium, we compared the binding of soluble trimeric recombinant S1 proteins derived from CalEnt and Cal99 to chicken tissues. Contrary to expectations, the CalEnt S1 protein did not bind to small intestine and, unlike Cal99 S1, did not bind to the respiratory epithelium or CAM. Using only the CalEnt S1 N-terminal domain or including the S2 ectodomain (lacking membrane and cytoplasmic domains), which have been shown to improve ArkDPI S1 protein binding, did not lead to detectable binding at the standard protein concentration to any tissue tested. Our results indicate no/poor binding of the CalEnt spike protein to both respiratory and intestinal tissues and thus do not support better attachment to intestinal epithelial cells as a reason for CalEnt's extended tropism. These results might reflect shortcomings of the assay, including that it does not detect potential contributions of the S1 C-terminal domain to attachment. We used bioinformatic approaches to explore the possibility that the unique tropism of CalEnt might be a result of functions of the S protein in cell-entry steps subsequent to attachment. These analyses suggest that CalEnt's S2 coding region was acquired through a recombination event and encodes a unique amino acid sequence at the putative recognition site for the protease that activates the S protein for fusion. Thus, S2 activation by tissue-specific proteases might facilitate CalEnt entry into intestinal epithelial cells and compensate for poor binding by its S1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farjana Saiada
- Department of Pathobiology, 264 Greene Hall, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- University of California, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory Tulare Branch, Tulare, CA 93274
| | | | - Vicky L Van Santen
- Department of Pathobiology, 264 Greene Hall, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849,
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24
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da Silva AP, Schat KA, Gallardo RA. Cytokine Responses in Tracheas from Major Histocompatibility Complex Congenic Chicken Lines with Distinct Susceptibilities to Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Avian Dis 2020; 64:36-45. [PMID: 32267123 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC) B locus has been linked to resistance to infectious diseases. We have previously provided evidence that the MHC congenic chicken lines 331/B2 and 335/B19 differ in susceptibility to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains M41 and ArkDPI in in vivo challenge experiments. Innate immune responses can be difficult to measure in vivo because they are nonspecific and can be triggered by environmental factors. In an attempt to address this issue, we used tracheal organ cultures derived from 331/B2 and 335/B19 birds to study local cytokine production after in vitro challenge with IBV M41. Interferon (IFN)-β, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 gene expression and production were assessed. Tracheal organ cultures derived from 335/B19 birds presented an increased inflammatory response compared to 331/B2. However, it was not possible to discriminate between cytokine responses in IBV-infected and phosphate-buffered saline-treated tracheal organ cultures. Because tracheal processing entails physical damage to the trachea, it is possible that the tracheal organ cultures presented high levels of inflammation regardless of the IBV challenge. To demonstrate the effects of IBV on innate immune responses in the MHC congenic chicken lines, we performed an additional in vivo experiment that focused on cytokine gene expression and production in tracheas up to 60 hr after a challenge with IBV M41. Our results corroborate previous in vivo observations that suggest that detrimental local inflammatory responses in 335/B19 birds might be associated with their susceptibility to IBV and that inflammation does not necessarily lead to the assembly of an appropriate adaptive immune response. This work provides further insight into the increased susceptibility of 335/B19 birds to infectious bronchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P da Silva
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Karel A Schat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616,
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25
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da Silva AP, Aston EJ, Chiwanga GH, Birakos A, Muhairwa AP, Kayang BB, Kelly T, Zhou H, Gallardo RA. Molecular Characterization of Newcastle Disease Viruses Isolated from Chickens in Tanzania and Ghana. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090916. [PMID: 32825492 PMCID: PMC7551648 DOI: 10.3390/v12090916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most challenging infectious diseases affecting poultry production in Africa, causing major economic losses. To date, Newcastle disease virus isolates from several African countries have been grouped into class II NDV genotypes I, IV, V, VI, VII, XI, XIII, XIV, XVII, XVIII and XXI. Although ND is endemic in many African countries, information on circulating genotypes is still scarce. In Tanzania, outbreaks with genotypes V and XIII have been reported. In West and Central Africa, genotypes XIV, XVII, and XVIII are the most predominant. To investigate other genotypes circulating in Tanzania and Ghana, we performed molecular genotyping on isolates from Tanzania and Ghana using the MinION, a third-generation portable sequencing device from Oxford Nanopore Technologies. Using the MinION, we successfully sequenced the NDV F gene hypervariable region of 24 isolates from Tanzania and four samples from Ghana. In Tanzania, genotypes V, VII and XIII were detected. All isolates from Ghana belonged to genotype XVIII. The data obtained in this study reflect the genetic diversity of NDV in Africa and highlight the importance of surveillance for monitoring the distribution of NDV genotypes and viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. da Silva
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.P.d.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Emily J. Aston
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.J.A.); (H.Z.)
| | - Gaspar H. Chiwanga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; (G.H.C.); (A.P.M.)
| | - Ashley Birakos
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.P.d.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Amandus P. Muhairwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; (G.H.C.); (A.P.M.)
| | - Boniface B. Kayang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra 233, Ghana;
| | - Terra Kelly
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.J.A.); (H.Z.)
| | - Rodrigo A. Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.P.d.S.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-530-752-1078
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26
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Walugembe M, Amuzu-Aweh EN, Botchway PK, Naazie A, Aning G, Wang Y, Saelao P, Kelly T, Gallardo RA, Zhou H, Lamont SJ, Kayang BB, Dekkers JCM. Genetic Basis of Response of Ghanaian Local Chickens to Infection With a Lentogenic Newcastle Disease Virus. Front Genet 2020; 11:739. [PMID: 32849779 PMCID: PMC7402339 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is a global threat to domestic poultry, especially in rural areas of Africa and Asia, where the loss of entire backyard local chicken flocks often threatens household food security and income. To investigate the genetics of Ghanaian local chicken ecotypes to Newcastle disease virus (NDV), in this study, three popular Ghanaian chicken ecotypes (regional populations) were challenged with a lentogenic NDV strain at 28 days of age. This study was conducted in parallel with a similar study that used three popular Tanzanian local chicken ecotypes and after two companion studies in the United States, using Hy-line Brown commercial laying birds. In addition to growth rate, NDV response traits were measured following infection, including anti-NDV antibody levels [pre-infection and 10 days post-infection (dpi)], and viral load (2 and 6 dpi). Genetic parameters were estimated, and two genome-wide association study analysis methods were used on data from 1,440 Ghanaian chickens that were genotyped on a chicken 600K Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) chip. Both Ghana and Tanzania NDV challenge studies revealed moderate to high (0.18 – 0.55) estimates of heritability for all traits, except viral clearance where the heritability estimate was not different from zero for the Tanzanian ecotypes. For the Ghana study, 12 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for growth and/or response to NDV from single-SNP analyses and 20 genomic regions that explained more than 1% of genetic variance using the Bayes B method were identified. Seven of these windows were also identified as having at least one significant SNP in the single SNP analyses for growth rate, anti-NDV antibody levels, and viral load at 2 and 6 dpi. An important gene for growth during stress, CHORDC1 associated with post-infection growth rate was identified as a positional candidate gene, as well as other immune related genes, including VAV2, IL12B, DUSP1, and IL17B. The QTL identified in the Ghana study did not overlap with those identified in the Tanzania study. However, both studies revealed QTL with genes vital for growth and immune response during NDV challenge. The Tanzania parallel study revealed an overlapping QTL on chromosome 24 for viral load at 6 dpi with the US NDV study in which birds were challenged with NDV under heat stress. This QTL region includes genes related to immune response, including TIRAP, ETS1, and KIRREL3. The moderate to high estimates of heritability and the identified QTL suggest that host response to NDV of local African chicken ecotypes can be improved through selective breeding to enhance increased NDV resistance and vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Walugembe
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Esinam N Amuzu-Aweh
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Princess K Botchway
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Augustine Naazie
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George Aning
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ying Wang
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Perot Saelao
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Terra Kelly
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Boniface B Kayang
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Ferreira HL, Reilley AM, Goldenberg D, Ortiz IRA, Gallardo RA, Suarez DL. Protection conferred by commercial NDV live attenuated and double recombinant HVT vaccines against virulent California 2018 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chickens. Vaccine 2020; 38:5507-5515. [PMID: 32591288 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines against virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are widely available and can be protective, but improved vaccination protocols are needed to prevent clinical disease and reduce virus circulation. The present study evaluated the efficacy of two commercial vaccines alone or in combination: a live attenuated NDV vaccine (LV) and a recombinant herpesvirus of turkeys vector expressing the fusion protein of NDV and the virus protein 2 of infectious bursal disease virus (rHVT-ND-IBD). Chickens were vaccinated with one of four vaccination protocols: live vaccine (LV) at 1 and 11 days of age (DOA), rHVT ND-IBD and LV at 1 DOA, rHVT ND-IBD at 1 DOA boosted with an LV at 11 DOA, and rHVT ND-IBD at 1 DOA. The vaccinated birds were challenged at different time points (3 or 4 weeks of age) with the California 2018 virus. The mortality, clinical signs, mean death time (MDT), humoral response before and after vaccination, and virus shedding after challenge were evaluated. All vaccination protocols were able to prevent mortality, reduce virus shedding, and induce antibody levels before the challenge at 3 and 4 weeks-old. Overall, the antibody levels before the challenge at 4 weeks were significantly higher in all groups vaccinated with the rHVT ND-IBD when compared to levels in 3 week old birds. The combination of recombinant rHVT ND-IBD with a live vaccine at one-day-old seems to be a better combination, due to the absence of clinical signs, higher antibody levels pre and post-challenge, and reduced virus shedding at any time point after the challenge at 3 or 4 weeks of age with the California 2018 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena L Ferreira
- US National Poultry Research Center, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA; Department of Veterinary Medicine, FZEA-USP, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga-SP 13635900, Brazil
| | | | - Dana Goldenberg
- US National Poultry Research Center, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Ivan R A Ortiz
- Merck Animal Health, 35500 West 91st St, DeSoto, KS 66018, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David L Suarez
- US National Poultry Research Center, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Crispo M, Stoute ST, Hauck R, Egaña-Labrin S, Sentíes-Cué CG, Cooper GL, Bickford AA, Corsiglia C, Shivaprasad HL, Crossley B, Gallardo RA. Partial Molecular Characterization and Pathogenicity Study of an Avian Reovirus Causing Tenosynovitis in Commercial Broilers. Avian Dis 2020; 63:452-460. [PMID: 31967428 DOI: 10.1637/12013-121418-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the molecular characterization of avian reoviruses (ARVs) isolated during an outbreak in commercial chickens between 2015 and 2016. In addition, a pathogenicity study of a selected ARV strain isolated from a field case of viral tenosynovitis in commercial broiler chickens was performed. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis of a 1088-bp fragment of the ARV S1 gene, the investigated sequences were differentiated into five distinct genotypic clusters (GCs), namely GC1, GC2, GC3, GC4, and GC6. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and commercial broiler chickens were challenged with the GC1 genetic type MK247011, at 14 days of age via the interdigital toe web. No significant effects in body weight gain and feed conversion were detected in both chicken types. The Δ interdigital web thickness was most severe at 4 days postchallenge (DPC) in both the SPF and broiler subgroups. The inflammation in SPF birds was slightly more severe compared with broilers. Neither mortality nor clinical signs occurred in the infected groups for the duration of the experiment, despite the presence of significant microscopic lesions in challenged birds. Microscopic changes of tenosynovitis became evident at 3 DPC, with the highest incidence and severity detected at 14 and 21 DPC, respectively. Seroconversion against ARV occurred 3 wk postchallenge, and the microscopic lesions detected in tendon and heart sections were highly compatible with those described in the field. Increased severity of tenosynovitis and epicarditis lesions were noted in the ARV-challenged groups compared with the control groups. Although SPF and broiler chickens showed comparable responses to the challenge with an ARV genetic variant, detected lesions were subclinical, denoting the limitations of our challenge approach. The age selected in this experiment possibly influenced the course of the infection. Data from this study highlight the genotypic diversity of isolates in California, and the outcome of the pathogenicity study can be used as a basis to improve protocols for pathogenicity studies to characterize ARV variants causing clinical disease in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Crispo
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA 95382
| | - Simone T Stoute
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA 95382
| | - Rüdiger Hauck
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Sofia Egaña-Labrin
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - C Gabriel Sentíes-Cué
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA 95382
| | - George L Cooper
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA 95382
| | - Arthur A Bickford
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA 95382
| | | | - H L Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Tulare Branch, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis Branch, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616,
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Silva APD, Hauck R, Kern C, Wang Y, Zhou H, Gallardo RA. Effects of Chicken MHC Haplotype on Resistance to Distantly Related Infectious Bronchitis Viruses. Avian Dis 2020; 63:310-317. [PMID: 31251532 DOI: 10.1637/11989-103118-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) B locus of chickens has been associated with resistance to different viral diseases. We previously provided evidence that chicken lines expressing MHC haplotypes B2 and B19 exhibit different resistance to a challenge with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) Massachusetts 41 (M41). In the current study, we attempted to determine if those differences were true for genetically diverse IB viruses, i.e., IBV M41 and Arkansas-Delmarva poultry industry (ArkDPI). Clinical, pathologic, molecular, and immunologic outcomes were compared. Our results showed subtle clinical and pathologic differences between the two MHC chicken lines tested. Clinical differences were observed in respiratory signs at 2 days postinfection (dpi) in M41-infected birds. Pathologic differences were detected in viral load at 2 dpi in M41-infected birds and in tracheal epithelial thickness at 6 dpi in ArkDPI-infected birds. Substantial differences were observed in antibody responses at 14 dpi. The transcriptome analysis showed that B19 chickens highly expressed genes related to inflammatory and innate immune responses. This increased immune gene expression detected in B19 birds at 6 dpi did not lead to enhanced antibody production at 14 dpi. On the other hand, B2-haplotype chickens highly expressed genes related to cell responses, suggesting that B2 is able to diligently control the infection. Although not identical, genes triggered by M41 and ArkDPI are part of communal pathways and suggest similar immune and cell responses to both IBV genotypes. This work provides modest evidence for differential resistance to IBV by chickens displaying different MHC haplotypes as well as insights into the expression of a variety of genes after IBV replication in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P da Silva
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, 4009 VM3B, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Rüdiger Hauck
- Department of Pathobiology and Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University. Auburn AL 36849
| | - Colin Kern
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, 4009 VM3B, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616,
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30
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Deist MS, Gallardo RA, Dekkers JCM, Zhou H, Lamont SJ. Novel Combined Tissue Transcriptome Analysis After Lentogenic Newcastle Disease Virus Challenge in Inbred Chicken Lines of Differential Resistance. Front Genet 2020; 11:11. [PMID: 32117434 PMCID: PMC7013128 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease has large negative impacts on poultry production. A more comprehensive understanding of host-pathogen interaction can lead to new and improved strategies to maintain health. In particular, host genetic factors can lead to a more effective response to pathogens, hereafter termed resistance. Fayoumi and Leghorn chicken lines have demonstrated relative resistance and susceptibility, respectively, to the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine strain and many other pathogens. This biological model was used to better understand the host response to a vaccine strain of NDV across three tissues and time points, using RNA-seq. Analyzing the Harderian gland, trachea, and lung tissues together using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified important genes that were co-expressed and associated with parameters including: genetic line, days post-infection (dpi), challenge status, sex, and tissue. Pathways and driver genes, such as EIF2AK2, MPEG1, and TNFSF13B, associated with challenge status, dpi, and genetic line were of particular interest as candidates for disease resistance. Overall, by jointly analyzing the three tissues, this study identified genes and gene networks that led to a more comprehensive understanding of the whole animal response to lentogenic NDV than that obtained by analyzing the tissues individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Deist
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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31
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Derksen T, Lampron R, Hauck R, Pitesky M, Gallardo RA. Biosecurity Assessment and Seroprevalence of Respiratory Diseases in Backyard Poultry Flocks Located Close to and Far from Commercial Premises. Avian Dis 2019; 62:1-5. [PMID: 29620463 DOI: 10.1637/11672-050917-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Raising backyard chickens is an ever-growing hobby in the United States. These flocks can be a substrate for respiratory disease amplification and transmission to commercial facilities. Five hundred fifty-four chickens from 41 backyard flocks were sampled in this study. ELISA kits were used to detect antibodies against avian influenza (AI), infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT), Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bronchitis (IB), Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). All visited flock owners answered a biosecurity questionnaire that assessed biosecurity measures. The questionnaire revealed that backyard poultry owners lack simple biosecurity measures such as use of dedicated shoes, their chicken sources are unreliable, and few of them benefit from veterinary oversight. Only one flock had a clear vaccination history against ND and IB. ORT, ND, IB, MS, MG, and ILT were the most seroprevalent in backyard poultry flocks with 97% (41/42), 77.5% (31/40), 75% (30/40), 73% (31/42), 69% (29/42), and 45% (19/42), respectively. The vaccinated flock was not considered in these calculations. When examining the distance between backyard flocks and the nearest commercial poultry facility, ND and MG were significantly more likely to be found in backyard flocks close to (<4 miles) whereas ORT was significantly more likely in backyard chickens located far from (>4 miles) commercial poultry. Birds purchased directly from National Poultry Improvement Plan hatcheries showed a reduced ND, MG, and MS antibody prevalence. Wearing dedicated shoes decreased MS antibody-positive birds. Finally, history of wild bird contact had a clear effect on an increased seroprevalence of NDV and MG. Serological results suggest that backyard poultry flocks have the potential to serve as a reservoir or amplifier for poultry respiratory diseases. The information generated in this project should direct extension efforts toward emphasizing the importance of small flock biosecurity and chick acquisition sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Derksen
- A Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - R Lampron
- A Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - R Hauck
- B Department of Pathobiology and Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, 302J Poultry Science Building, 260 Lem Morrison Drive, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - M Pitesky
- C University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Extension, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - R A Gallardo
- A Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
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32
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Walugembe M, Mushi JR, Amuzu-Aweh EN, Chiwanga GH, Msoffe PL, Wang Y, Saelao P, Kelly T, Gallardo RA, Zhou H, Lamont SJ, Muhairwa AP, Dekkers JCM. Genetic Analyses of Tanzanian Local Chicken Ecotypes Challenged with Newcastle Disease Virus. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10070546. [PMID: 31319636 PMCID: PMC6678660 DOI: 10.3390/genes10070546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle Disease (ND) is a continuing global threat to domestic poultry, especially in developing countries, where severe outbreaks of velogenic ND virus (NDV) often cause major economic losses to households. Local chickens are of great importance to rural family livelihoods through provision of high-quality protein. To investigate the genetic basis of host response to NDV, three popular Tanzanian chicken ecotypes (regional populations) were challenged with a lentogenic (vaccine) strain of NDV at 28 days of age. Various host response phenotypes, including anti-NDV antibody levels (pre-infection and 10 days post-infection, dpi), and viral load (2 and 6 dpi) were measured, in addition to growth rate. We estimated genetic parameters and conducted genome-wide association study analyses by genotyping 1399 chickens using the Affymetrix 600K chicken SNP chip. Estimates of heritability of the evaluated traits were moderate (0.18–0.35). Five quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with growth and/or response to NDV were identified by single-SNP analyses, with some regions explaining ≥1% of genetic variance based on the Bayes-B method. Immune related genes, such as ETS1, TIRAP, and KIRREL3, were located in regions associated with viral load at 6 dpi. The moderate estimates of heritability and identified QTL indicate that NDV response traits may be improved through selective breeding of chickens to enhance increased NDV resistance and vaccine efficacy in Tanzanian local ecotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Walugembe
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - James R Mushi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University, P.O. Box 3000 Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Esinam N Amuzu-Aweh
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 25 Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gaspar H Chiwanga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University, P.O. Box 3000 Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Peter L Msoffe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University, P.O. Box 3000 Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Perot Saelao
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Terra Kelly
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Amandus P Muhairwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University, P.O. Box 3000 Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Egaña-Labrin S, Hauck R, Figueroa A, Stoute S, Shivaprasad HL, Crispo M, Corsiglia C, Zhou H, Kern C, Crossley B, Gallardo RA. Genotypic Characterization of Emerging Avian Reovirus Genetic Variants in California. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9351. [PMID: 31249323 PMCID: PMC6597705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on virus isolation of avian reoviruses from a tenosynovitis outbreak between September 2015 and June 2018, the molecular characterization of selected isolates based on partial S1 gene sequences, and the full genome characterization of seven isolates. A total of 265 reoviruses were detected and isolated, 83.3% from tendons and joints, 12.3% from the heart and 3.7% from intestines. Eighty five out of the 150 (56.6%) selected viruses for sequencing and characterization were successfully detected, amplified and sequenced. The characterized reoviruses grouped in six distinct genotypic clusters (GC1 to GC6). The most represented clusters were GC1 (51.8%) and GC6 (24.7%), followed by GC2 (12.9%) and GC4 (7.2%), and less frequent GC5 (2.4%) and GC3 (1.2%). A shift on cluster representation throughout time occurred. A reduction of GC1 and an increase of GC6 classified strains was noticed. The highest homologies to S1133 reovirus strain were detected in GC1 (~77%) while GC2 to GC6 homologies ranged between 58.5 and 54.1%. Over time these homologies have been maintained. Seven selected isolates were full genome sequenced. Results indicated that the L3, S1 and M2 genes, coding for proteins located in the virus capsid accounted for most of the variability of these viruses. The information generated in the present study helps the understanding of the epidemiology of reoviruses in California. In addition, provides insights on how other genes that are not commonly studied add variability to the reovirus genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Egaña-Labrin
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 95616, CA, United States
| | - R Hauck
- Auburn University Department of Pathobiology and Department of Poultry Science, Auburn, 36832, AL, USA
| | - A Figueroa
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 95616, CA, United States
| | - S Stoute
- University of California, Davis, California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, 95380, CA, Turlock, USA
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- University of California, Davis, California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, 93274, CA, Tulare, USA
| | - M Crispo
- University of California, Davis, California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, 95380, CA, Turlock, USA
| | | | - H Zhou
- University of California, Davis, School of Agriculture, Davis, 95616, CA, United States
| | - C Kern
- University of California, Davis, School of Agriculture, Davis, 95616, CA, United States
| | - B Crossley
- University of California, Davis, California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, 95616, CA, Davis, USA
| | - R A Gallardo
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 95616, CA, United States.
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Gallardo RA, Cortés-Ortuño D, Schneider T, Roldán-Molina A, Ma F, Troncoso RE, Lenz K, Fangohr H, Lindner J, Landeros P. Flat Bands, Indirect Gaps, and Unconventional Spin-Wave Behavior Induced by a Periodic Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:067204. [PMID: 30822086 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.067204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Periodically patterned metamaterials are known for exhibiting wave properties similar to the ones observed in electronic band structures in crystal lattices. In particular, periodic ferromagnetic materials are characterized by the presence of bands and band gaps in their spin-wave spectrum at tunable GHz frequencies. Recently, the fabrication of magnets hosting Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions has been pursued with high interest since properties, such as the stabilization of chiral spin textures and nonreciprocal spin-wave propagation, emerge from this antisymmetric exchange coupling. In this context, to further engineer the magnon band structure, we propose the implementation of magnonic crystals with periodic Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions, which can be obtained, for instance, via patterning of periodic arrays of heavy metal wires on top of an ultrathin magnetic film. We demonstrate through theoretical calculations and micromagnetic simulations that such systems show an unusual evolution of the standing spin waves around the gaps. We also predict the emergence of indirect gaps and flat bands, effects that depend on the strength of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. Such phenomena, which have been previously observed in different systems, are observed here simultaneously, opening new routes towards engineered metamaterials for spin-wave-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Gallardo
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), 917-0124 Santiago, Chile
| | - D Cortés-Ortuño
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - T Schneider
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institut of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - A Roldán-Molina
- Universidad de Aysén, Calle Obispo Vielmo 62, Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Fusheng Ma
- Jiangsu Key Lab on Opto-Electronic Technology, Center for Quantum Transport and Thermal Energy Science, School of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - R E Troncoso
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso, Chile
- Center for Quantum Spintronics, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - K Lenz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institut of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - H Fangohr
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - J Lindner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institut of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - P Landeros
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), 917-0124 Santiago, Chile
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Saelao P, Wang Y, Chanthavixay G, Gallardo RA, Wolc A, Dekkers JCM, Lamont SJ, Kelly T, Zhou H. Genetics and Genomic Regions Affecting Response to Newcastle Disease Virus Infection under Heat Stress in Layer Chickens. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10010061. [PMID: 30669351 PMCID: PMC6356198 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a highly contagious avian pathogen that poses a tremendous threat to poultry producers in endemic zones due to its epidemic potential. To investigate host genetic resistance to NDV while under the effects of heat stress, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed on Hy-Line Brown layer chickens that were challenged with NDV while under high ambient temperature to identify regions associated with host viral titer, circulating anti-NDV antibody titer, and body weight change. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on chromosome 1 was associated with viral titer at two days post-infection (dpi), while 30 SNPs spanning a quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosome 24 were associated with viral titer at 6 dpi. Immune related genes, such as CAMK1d and CCDC3 on chromosome 1, associated with viral titer at 2 dpi, and TIRAP, ETS1, and KIRREL3, associated with viral titer at 6 dpi, were located in two QTL regions for viral titer that were identified in this study. This study identified genomic regions and candidate genes that are associated with response to NDV during heat stress in Hy-Line Brown layer chickens. Regions identified for viral titer on chromosome 1 and 24, at 2 and 6 dpi, respectively, included several genes that have key roles in regulating the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perot Saelao
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Ying Wang
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Ganrea Chanthavixay
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Anna Wolc
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
- Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA 50063, USA.
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Terra Kelly
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Cadena M, Froenicke L, Britton M, Settles ML, Durbin-Johnson B, Kumimoto E, Gallardo RA, Ferreiro A, Chylkova T, Zhou H, Pitesky M. Transcriptome Analysis of Salmonella Heidelberg after Exposure to Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Acidified Calcium Hypochlorite, and Peroxyacetic Acid. J Food Prot 2019; 82:109-119. [PMID: 30702951 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of RNA sequencing in commercial poultry could facilitate a novel approach toward food safety with respect to identifying conditions in food production that mitigate transcription of genes associated with virulence and survivability. In this study, we evaluated the effects of disinfectant exposure on the transcriptomes of two field isolates of Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) isolated from a commercial broiler processing plant in 1992 and 2014. The isolates were each exposed separately to the following disinfectants commonly used in poultry processing: cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), acidified calcium hypochlorite (aCH), and peroxyacetic acid (PAA). Exposure times were 8 s with CPC to simulate a poultry processing dipping station or 90 min with aCH and PAA to simulate the chiller tank in a poultry processing plant at 4°C. Based on comparison with a publicly available annotated SH reference genome with 5,088 genes, 90 genes were identified as associated with virulence, pathogenicity, and resistance (VPR). Of these 90 VPR genes, 9 (10.0%), 28 (31.1%), and 1 (1.1%) gene were upregulated in SH 2014 and 21 (23.3%), 26 (28.9%), and 2 (2.2%) genes were upregulated in SH 2014 challenged with CPC, aCH, and PAA, respectively. This information and previously reported MICs for the three disinfectants with both SH isolates allow researchers to make more accurate recommendations regarding control methods of SH and public health considerations related to SH in food production facilities where SH has been isolated. For example, the MICs revealed that aCH is ineffective for SH inhibition at regulatory levels allowed for poultry processing and that aCH was ineffective for inhibiting SH growth and caused an upregulation of VPR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna Cadena
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.,2 Cooperative Extension, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Lutz Froenicke
- 3 Genome Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Monica Britton
- 3 Genome Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Matthew L Settles
- 3 Genome Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- 4 Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Emily Kumimoto
- 3 Genome Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Aura Ferreiro
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.,2 Cooperative Extension, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Tereza Chylkova
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.,2 Cooperative Extension, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- 5 Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Maurice Pitesky
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.,2 Cooperative Extension, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Saelao P, Wang Y, Chanthavixay G, Yu V, Gallardo RA, Dekkers JCM, Lamont SJ, Kelly T, Zhou H. Integrated Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Differential Expression of Chicken Lung Tissue in Response to NDV Infection during Heat Stress. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9120579. [PMID: 30486457 PMCID: PMC6316021 DOI: 10.3390/genes9120579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a devastating worldwide poultry pathogen with major implications for global food security. In this study, two highly inbred and genetically distinct chicken lines, Fayoumis and Leghorns, were exposed to a lentogenic strain of NDV, while under the effects of heat stress, in order to understand the genetic mechanisms of resistance during high ambient temperatures. Fayoumis, which are relatively more resistant to pathogens than Leghorns, had larger numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during the early stages of infection when compared to Leghorns and subsequently down-regulated their immune response at the latter stages to return to homeostasis. Leghorns had very few DEGs across all observed time points, with the majority of DEGs involved with metabolic and glucose-related functions. Proteomic analysis corroborates findings made within Leghorns, while also identifying interesting candidate genes missed by expression profiling. Poor correlation between changes observed in the proteomic and transcriptomic datasets highlights the potential importance of integrative approaches to understand the mechanisms of disease response. Overall, this study provides novel insights into global protein and expression profiles of these two genetic lines, and provides potential genetic targets involved with NDV resistance during heat stress in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perot Saelao
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Ying Wang
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Ganrea Chanthavixay
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Vivian Yu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Terra Kelly
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Cadena M, Hoffman M, Gallardo RA, Figueroa A, Lubell M, Pitesky M. Using social network analysis to characterize the collaboration network of backyard poultry trainers in ackCalifornia. Prev Vet Med 2018; 158:129-136. [PMID: 30220386 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to better understand collaboration among trainers in the backyard poultry community (i.e. feed store managers, youth development programs (i.e. 4-H), veterinarians, government agencies, extension resources and backyard poultry club leaders), Social Network Analysis (SNA) was used as a tool to better characterize and quantify the current collaboration network structure of backyard poultry trainers in California. Invited trainer attendees of two "Train-the-Trainers" poultry workshops (n = 67) held in Northern and Southern California were given a survey that asked them to list contacts that they collaborated with on backyard poultry (BYP) related work. The collaboration network in this study included a total of 109 trainers, 18 practitioners, and 32 individuals who are both trainers and practitioners for a total of 170 nodes (11 individuals did not have affiliation information available). In order to help identify central actors or collaboration leaders, the surveys were analyzed using Social Network Analysis (SNA), which allows for a quantitative analysis of relationships among various stakeholders. While the SNA showed that the existing collaboration network is disconnected with a clustering coefficient of 0.043 and median total degree centrality of 1 (range 9) and therefore not conducive for collaboration, key insights that could help restructure and improve the network were identified. As an example, among different poultry groups, 4-H was identified as the organization with the second highest median coverage score and fifth highest median centrality score. In addition, 4-H group leaders act as both trainers and practitioners. Consequently, outreach to 4-H group leaders throughout the state would potentially have the greatest impact with respect to overall coverage both inside and outside the 4-H network due to their high centrality and boundary spanning roles. Using SNA to strengthen the collaboration network infrastructure of backyard poultry trainers ultimately offers a more targeted approach toward extension for backyard poultry owners, which could ultimately facilitate communication and knowledge-sharing with BYP owners during a disease outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cadena
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Cooperative Extension, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - M Hoffman
- UC Davis, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Center for Environmental Policy and Behavior, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Driscoll's: Global Extension and Communication Department
| | - R A Gallardo
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - A Figueroa
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - M Lubell
- UC Davis, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Center for Environmental Policy and Behavior, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - M Pitesky
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Cooperative Extension, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Saelao P, Wang Y, Gallardo RA, Lamont SJ, Dekkers JM, Kelly T, Zhou H. Novel insights into the host immune response of chicken Harderian gland tissue during Newcastle disease virus infection and heat treatment. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:280. [PMID: 30208883 PMCID: PMC6134752 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Newcastle disease virus, in its most pathogenic form, threatens the livelihood of rural poultry farmers where there is a limited infrastructure and service for vaccinations to prevent outbreaks of the virus. Previously reported studies on the host response to Newcastle disease in chickens have not examined the disease under abiotic stressors, such as heat, which commonly experienced by chickens in regions such as Africa. The objective of this study was to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms that contribute to disease resistance in chickens to the Newcastle disease virus while under the effects of heat stress. Results Differential gene expression analysis identified genes differentially expressed between treated and non-treated birds across three time points (2, 6, and 10 days post-infection) in Fayoumi and Leghorn birds. Across the three time points, Fayoumi had very few genes differentially expressed between treated and non-treated groups at 2 and 6 days post-infection. However, 202 genes were differentially expressed at 10 days post-infection. Alternatively, Leghorn had very few genes differentially expressed at 2 and 10 days post-infection but had 167 differentially expressed genes at 6 days post-infection. Very few differentially expressed genes were shared between the two genetic lines, and pathway analysis found unique signaling pathways specific to each genetic line. Fayoumi had significantly lower viral load, higher viral clearance, higher anti-NDV antibody levels, and fewer viral transcripts detected compared to Leghorns. Fayoumis activated immune related pathways including SAPK/JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways at earlier time points, while Leghorn would activate these same pathways at a later time. Further analysis revealed activation of the GP6 signaling pathway that may be responsible for the susceptible Leghorn response. Conclusions The findings in this study confirmed our hypothesis that the Fayoumi line was more resistant to Newcastle disease virus infection compared to the Leghorn line. Within line and interaction analysis demonstrated substantial differences in response patterns between the two genetic lines that was not observed from the within line contrasts. This study has provided novel insights into the transcriptome response of the Harderian gland tissue during Newcastle disease virus infection while under heat stress utilizing a unique resistant and susceptible model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1583-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perot Saelao
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jack M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Terra Kelly
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Rowland K, Wolc A, Gallardo RA, Kelly T, Zhou H, Dekkers JCM, Lamont SJ. Genetic Analysis of a Commercial Egg Laying Line Challenged With Newcastle Disease Virus. Front Genet 2018; 9:326. [PMID: 30177951 PMCID: PMC6110172 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In low income countries, chickens play a vital role in daily life. They provide a critical source of protein through egg production and meat. Newcastle disease, caused by avian paramyxovirus type 1, has been ranked as the most devastating disease for scavenging chickens in Africa and Asia. High mortality among flocks infected with velogenic strains leads to a devastating loss of dietary protein and buying power for rural households. Improving the genetic resistance of chickens to Newcastle Disease virus (NDV), in addition to vaccination, is a practical target for improvement of poultry production in low income countries. Because response to NDV has a component of genetic control, it can be influenced through selective breeding. Adding genomic information to a breeding program can increase the amount of genetic progress per generation. In this study, we challenged a commercial egg-laying line with a lentogenic strain of NDV, measured phenotypic responses, collected genotypes, and associated genotypes with phenotypes. Collected phenotypes included viral load at 2 and 6 days post-infection (dpi), antibody levels pre-challenge and 10 dpi, and growth rates pre- and post-challenge. Six suggestive QTL associated with response to NDV and/or growth were identified, including novel and known QTL confirming previously reported associations with related traits. Additionally, previous RNA-seq analysis provided support for several of the genes located in or near the identified QTL. Considering the trend of negative genetic correlation between antibody and Newcastle Disease tolerance (growth under disease) and estimates of moderate to high heritability, we provide evidence that these NDV response traits can be influenced through selective breeding. Producing chickens that perform favorably in challenging environments will ultimately increase the supply of quality protein for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee Rowland
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anna Wolc
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA, United States
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Terra Kelly
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Nazmi A, Hauck R, Corbeil LB, Gallardo RA. The effect of diatomaceous earth in live, attenuated infectious bronchitis vaccine, immune responses, and protection against challenge. Poult Sci 2018; 96:2623-2629. [PMID: 28419351 PMCID: PMC7107116 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Live virus vaccines are commonly used in poultry production, particularly in broilers. Massive application and generation of a protective local mucosal and humoral immunity with no adverse effects is the main goal for this strategy. Live virus vaccines can be improved by adding adjuvants to boost mucosal innate and adaptive responses. In a previous study we showed that diatomaceous earth (DE) can be used as adjuvant in inactivated vaccines. The aim of this study was to test DE as adjuvant in an Ark-DPI live infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine after ocular or spray application. Titrating the virus alone or after addition of DE showed that DE had no detrimental effect on the vaccine virus. However, adding DE to the vaccine did not induce higher IgG titers in the serum and IgA titers in tears. It also did not affect the frequency of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and monocytes/macrophages in the blood and the spleen determined by flow cytometry. In addition, protection generated against IBV homologous challenges, measured by viral load in tears, respiratory signs and histopathology in tracheas, did not vary when DE was present in the vaccine formulation. Finally, we confirmed through our observations that Ark vaccines administered by hatchery spray cabinet elicit weaker immune responses and protection against an IBV homologous challenge compared to the same vaccine delivered via ocular route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nazmi
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Rüdiger Hauck
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Lynette B Corbeil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
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Deist MS, Gallardo RA, Bunn DA, Kelly TR, Dekkers JCM, Zhou H, Lamont SJ. Novel analysis of the Harderian gland transcriptome response to Newcastle disease virus in two inbred chicken lines. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6558. [PMID: 29700338 PMCID: PMC5920083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24830-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Behind each eye of the chicken resides a unique lymph tissue, the Harderian gland, for which RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis is novel. We characterized the response of this tissue to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in two inbred lines with different susceptibility to NDV across three time points. Three-week-old relatively resistant (Fayoumi) and relatively susceptible (Leghorn) birds were inoculated with a high-titered (107EID50) La Sota strain of NDV via an oculonasal route. At 2, 6, and 10 days post infection (dpi) Harderian glands were collected and analyzed via RNA-seq. The Fayoumi had significantly more detectable viral transcripts in the Harderian gland at 2 dpi than the Leghorn, but cleared the virus by 6 dpi. At all three time points, few genes were declared differentially expressed (DE) between the challenged and nonchallenged birds, except for the Leghorns at 6 dpi, and these DE genes were predicted to activate an adaptive immune response. Relative to the Leghorn, the Fayoumi was predicted to activate more immune pathways in both challenged and nonchallenged birds suggesting a more elevated immune system in the Fayoumis under homeostatic conditions. Overall, this study helped characterize the function of this important tissue and its response to NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Deist
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - David A Bunn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Terra R Kelly
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
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da Silva AP, Hauck R, Zhou H, Gallardo RA. Understanding Immune Resistance to Infectious Bronchitis Using Major Histocompatibility Complex Chicken Lines. Avian Dis 2018; 61:358-365. [PMID: 28956996 DOI: 10.1637/11666-050117-regr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Genetic resistance or susceptibility to infectious diseases has been largely associated with the avian major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. Our goal was to determine resistance and susceptibility of MHC B haplotype in congenic and inbred chicken lines in order to establish a resistant-susceptible model. Eight congenic lines (253/B18, 254/B15, 330/B21, 312/B24, 331/B2, 335/B19, 336/B21, and 342/BO), two inbred lines (003/B17 and 077/B19), and three commercial lines (white leghorn, brown layers, and broilers) were used in two experiments. We analyzed and compared immunologic responses and the effect of challenge by measuring viral load, IgG and IgA humoral responses, histopathology and histomorphometry, clinical signs, and immune cell populations in the different MHC B haplotype lines. We found that respiratory signs, tracheal deciliation and inflammation, airsacculitis, viral shedding in tears, and local humoral responses were good parameters to determine resistance or susceptibility. Based on these results, we identified 331/B2 as the most resistant and 335/B19 as the most susceptible congenic chicken lines. These two lines will be used as an animal model in subsequent experiments to understand the mechanisms by which the immune system in chickens generates resistance to infectious bronchitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P da Silva
- A Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - R Hauck
- B Department of Pathobiology and Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, 302J Poultry Science Building, 260 Lem Morrison Drive, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - H Zhou
- C Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of California, Davis. One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - R A Gallardo
- A Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
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Zhang J, Kaiser MG, Deist MS, Gallardo RA, Bunn DA, Kelly TR, Dekkers JCM, Zhou H, Lamont SJ. Transcriptome Analysis in Spleen Reveals Differential Regulation of Response to Newcastle Disease Virus in Two Chicken Lines. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1278. [PMID: 29352240 PMCID: PMC5775430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancing genetic resistance of chickens to Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) provides a promising way to improve poultry health, and to alleviate poverty and food insecurity in developing countries. In this study, two inbred chicken lines with different responses to NDV, Fayoumi and Leghorn, were challenged with LaSota NDV strain at 21 days of age. Through transcriptome analysis, gene expression in spleen at 2 and 6 days post-inoculation was compared between NDV-infected and control groups, as well as between chicken lines. At a false discovery rate <0.05, Fayoumi chickens, which are relatively more resistant to NDV, showed fewer differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than Leghorn chickens. Several interferon-stimulated genes were identified as important DEGs regulating immune response to NDV in chicken. Pathways predicted by IPA analysis, such as "EIF-signaling", "actin cytoskeleton organization nitric oxide production" and "coagulation system" may contribute to resistance to NDV in Fayoumi chickens. The identified DEGs and predicted pathways may contribute to differential responses to NDV between the two chicken lines and provide potential targets for breeding chickens that are more resistant to NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 806 Stange Rd, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Michael G Kaiser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 806 Stange Rd, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Melissa S Deist
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 806 Stange Rd, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - David A Bunn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Terra R Kelly
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 806 Stange Rd, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 806 Stange Rd, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Sentíes-Cué CG, Gallardo RA, Reimers N, Bickford AA, Charlton BR, Shivaprasad HL. Avian Encephalomyelitis in Layer Pullets Associated with Vaccination. Avian Dis 2017; 60:511-5. [PMID: 27309297 DOI: 10.1637/11306-102115-case] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) was diagnosed in three flocks of leghorn layer pullets following AE vaccination. Ages of the birds were 11, 12, and 14 wk. The submissions came from three different companies located in two geographic areas of the Central Valley of California. The clinical signs included birds down on their legs, unilateral recumbency or sitting on their hocks, lethargy, reluctance to move, dehydration, unevenness in size, low weight, tremors of the head in a few birds, and mildly to moderately elevated mortality. The flocks had been vaccinated against fowl pox and AE with a combined product in the wing-web 2 wk prior to the onset of AE clinical signs. Histopathologic examination revealed lesions consistent with AE, including lymphocytic perivascular infiltration and neuronal central chromatolysis in the brain and spinal cord, as well as gliosis in the cerebellar molecular layer. The AE virus was detected by reverse-transcriptase PCR in the brain homogenate from three cases and peripheral nerves in one case. Additionally, the AE virus was isolated in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated eggs from brain tissue pool samples. Other avian viral infections capable of causing encephalitis, including avian paramyxoviruses, avian influenza virus (AIV), West Nile virus (WNV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), and western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), were ruled out by attempting virus isolation and molecular procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gabriel Sentíes-Cué
- A California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California-Davis, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- B Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Nancy Reimers
- C Cutler Associates International, PO Box 1042, Moorpark, CA 93020-1042
| | - Arthur A Bickford
- A California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California-Davis, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - Bruce R Charlton
- A California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California-Davis, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380.,D Deceased
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- E California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare Branch, University of California-Davis, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274
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Abstract
Runting stunting syndrome (RSS) is a disease condition that affects broilers and causes impaired growth and poor feed conversion because of enteritis characterized by pale and distended small intestines with watery contents. The etiology of the disease is multifactorial, and a large variety of viral agents have been implicated. Here we describe the detection and isolation of an infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) -like coronavirus from the intestines of a flock of 60,000 14-day-old brown/red broiler chicks. The birds showed typical clinical signs of RSS including stunting and uneven growth. At necropsy, the small intestines were pale and distended with watery contents. Histopathology of the intestines revealed increased cellularity of the lamina propria, blunting of villi, and cystic changes in the crypts. Negative stain electron microscopy of the intestinal contents revealed coronavirus particles. Transmission electron microscopy of the intestine confirmed coronavirus in the cytoplasm of enterocytes. Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), IBV antigen was detected in the intestinal epithelial cells as well as in the proventriculus and pancreas. There were no lesions in the respiratory system, and no IBV antigen was detected in trachea, lung, air sac, conjunctiva, and cecal tonsils. A coronavirus was isolated from the intestine of chicken embryos but not from the allantoic sac inoculated with the intestinal contents of the broiler chicks. Sequencing of the S1 gene showed nucleic acid sequence identities of 93.8% to the corresponding region of IBV California 99 and of 85.7% to IBV Arkansas. Nucleic acid sequence identities to other IBV genotypes were lower. The histopathologic lesions in the intestines were reproduced after experimental infection of specific-pathogen-free chickens inoculated in the conjunctiva and nares. Five days after infection, six of nine investigated birds showed enteritis associated with IBV antigen as detected by IHC. In contrast to the field infection, birds in the experimental group showed clear respiratory signs and lesions in the upper respiratory tract. The results suggest a broader tissue tropism of this isolate, which might be related to the mutations in the S1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hauck
- A Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- A Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Peter R Woolcock
- B University of California, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, 620 West Health Science Dr., Davis, CA 95616
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- C University of California, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, 18830 Rd. 112, Tulare, CA 93274
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Gallardo RA, Aleuy OA, Pitesky M, Sentíes-Cué G, Abdelnabi A, Woolcock PR, Hauck R, Toro H. Variability Assessment of California Infectious Bronchitis Virus Variants. Avian Dis 2017; 60:424-9. [PMID: 27309282 DOI: 10.1637/11294-100615-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the data from the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, 1444 infectious bronchitis (IB) cases were diagnosed between 1997 and 2012. Epidemiologic analyses demonstrated two major IB virus (IBV) outbreak peaks, affecting mainly 35-to-49-day-old broiler chickens. California variant 1737 (CA1737) and California variant 1999 (Cal 99) IBV types were the most prevalent genotypes during the analyzed period. To further understand the increased prevalence of these genotypes, we assessed and compared the variability of the S1 gene hypervariable region of CA1737 and Cal 99 with the variability of IBV strains belonging to the Massachusetts 41 (M41) and Arkansas (Ark) types during serial passages in embryonated chicken eggs. On the basis of the S1 nonsynonymous changes, seven different subpopulations were detected in M41. However, the predominant population of the field strain M41 before passages continued to be predominant throughout the experiment. In contrast, Ark passaging resulted in the detection of 13 different subpopulations, and the field sequence became extinct after the first passage. In IBV Cal 99, eight different subpopulations were detected; one of these became predominant after the second passage. In CA1737, 10 different subpopulations were detected. The field strain major sequence was not detected after the first passage but reappeared after the second passage and remained at low levels throughout the experiment. Compared with M41 and Ark, Cal 99 and CA1737 showed intermediate variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Gallardo
- A Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - O A Aleuy
- A Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - M Pitesky
- B University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Extension, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - G Sentíes-Cué
- C University of California, California Animal Heath and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - A Abdelnabi
- A Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - P R Woolcock
- D University of California, California Animal Heath and Food Safety Laboratory System, West Health Science Drive, Davis, CA 95616
| | - R Hauck
- A Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - H Toro
- E Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, 264 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL 36849
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Hauck R, Crossley B, Rejmanek D, Zhou H, Gallardo RA. Persistence of Highly Pathogenic and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Footbaths and Poultry Manure. Avian Dis 2017; 61:64-69. [PMID: 28301246 DOI: 10.1637/11495-091916-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A questionnaire was designed in order to gather information about bedding material and footbath preparation and maintenance in different productive units across the state of California.This information was used to plan two experiments. In the first experiment, we tested the effectiveness of footbaths in inactivating highly pathogenic (HP) and low pathogenic (LP) avian influenza viruses (AIVs) on rubber boots. Surprisingly, quaternary ammonia- and quaternary ammonia + glutaraldehyde-based footbaths were not able to eliminate live HPAIV (H5N8) and LPAIV (H6N2) particles on boots, while a chlorine-based granulated disinfectant was able to destroy the virus at contact. These results demonstrated the potential of AIV, particularly the HPAIV isolate, to persist even if exposed to disinfecting footbaths, and suggest that footbaths, as a single tool, are not capable of preventing pathogen introduction into commercial flocks. In the second experiment, we investigated the persistence of HPAIV (H5N8) and LPAIV (H6N2) in bedding material and feces obtained from turkey, broiler, and egg-layer commercial productive units. Samples were collected at different times after spiking the bedding materials and feces. Results showed that HPAIV (H5N8) was more persistent than LPAIV (H6N2) in layer feces and bedding material obtained from commercial broilers and turkeys. Live HPAIV particles persisted 96 hr, the last time point measured, in layer feces and less than 60 hr in broiler and turkey bedding. In contrast, LPAIV persisted less than 24 hr after being spiked in all the different substrates. Further research in biosecurity practices such as footbath preparation and maintenance and better understanding of the mechanism of the increased persistence of AIV is warranted in order to identify effective litter treatments that destroy live virus in bedding material.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hauck
- A Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - B Crossley
- B University of California, California Animal Heath and Food Safety Laboratory System, West Health Science Drive, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - D Rejmanek
- B University of California, California Animal Heath and Food Safety Laboratory System, West Health Science Drive, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - H Zhou
- C Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, 2247 Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - R A Gallardo
- A Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
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Gallardo RA, Carrasco-Medanic R, Zhou H, Lyu S, Wang Y, Woolcock PR, Hoerr FJ. Effects of challenge with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus reassortants in commercial chickens. Avian Dis 2015; 58:579-86. [PMID: 25619003 DOI: 10.1637/10844-040914-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenicity and immune responses were characterized in commercial broilers and layers challenged with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) reassortants (vvIBDV segment A + serotype 2 segment B and vvIBDV segment A + classic virulent segment B) at 7 days of age. In addition, functional immunosuppression was evaluated after challenge with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) at 15 days of age. Layers showed higher levels and increased persistence of IBDV- and IBV-specific maternal antibodies than broilers at 1, 13, and 28 days of age. Cytokine gene expression was evaluated, after IBDV challenge, as an indicator of the innate immune function. Similar results were detected between the groups inoculated with vvIBDV reassortants. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the bursa of layers demonstrated down-regulation at 1 day postinfection (DPI; 8 days of age), and no changes at 4 DPI (11 days of age) compared with controls. In broilers, IL-6 expression in the bursa was down-regulated 1 DPI (8 days of age) and up-regulated at 4 DPI (11 days of age). A significant lymphoid depletion was detected at 21 DPI (28 days of age) in broilers exposed to a reassortant of vvIBDV segment A and classic virulent IBDV segment B. Finally, reduced specific antibodies against IBV measured 13 days after challenge were detected in layer and broiler chickens inoculated with a reassortant serotype 2 IBDV in segment B, suggesting functional immunosuppression. These results provide evidence indicating that current IBDV vaccination of breeders does not completely protect progeny chickens from challenge with reassortant vvIBDV.
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Toro H, Zhang JF, Gallardo RA, van Santen VL, van Ginkel FW, Joiner KS, Breedlove C. S1 of distinct IBV population expressed from recombinant adenovirus confers protection against challenge. Avian Dis 2014; 58:211-5. [PMID: 25055623 DOI: 10.1637/10670-091913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Protective properties of three distinct infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) Ark Delmarva poultry industry (ArkDPI) S1 proteins encoded from replication-defective recombinant adenovirus vectors were investigated. Using a suboptimal dose of each recombinant virus, we demonstrated that IBV S1 amino acid sequences showing > or = 95.8% amino acid identity to the S1 of the challenge strain differed in their ability at conferring protection. Indeed, the S1 sequence of the IBV population previously designated C4 (AdIBVS1.C4), which protected the most poorly, differs from the S1 sequence of population C2 (AdIBVS1.C2), which provided the highest protection, only at amino acid position 56. The fact that a change in one amino acid in this region significantly altered the induction of a protective immune response against this protein provides evidence that the first portion of S1 displays relevant immunoprotective epitopes. Use of an optimal dose of AdIBVS1.C2 effectively protected chickens from clinical signs and significantly reduced viral load after IBV Ark virulent challenge. Moreover, increased numbers of both IgA and IgG IBV-specific antibody secreting lymphocytes were detected in the spleen after challenge. The increased response detected for both IgA and IgG lymphocytes after challenge might be explained by vaccine-induced B memory cells. The fact that a single vaccination with Ad/IBVS1.C2 provides protection against IBV challenge is promising, because Ad-vectored vaccines can be mass delivered by in ovo inoculation using automated in ovo injectors.
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