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Knowland KE, Keller CA, Wales PA, Wargan K, Coy L, Johnson MS, Liu J, Lucchesi RA, Eastham SD, Fleming E, Liang Q, Leblanc T, Livesey NJ, Walker KA, Ott LE, Pawson S. NASA GEOS Composition Forecast Modeling System GEOS-CF v1.0: Stratospheric Composition. J Adv Model Earth Syst 2022; 14:e2021MS002852. [PMID: 35864944 PMCID: PMC9287101 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Composition Forecast (GEOS-CF) provides recent estimates and 5-day forecasts of atmospheric composition to the public in near-real time. To do this, the GEOS Earth system model is coupled with the GEOS-Chem tropospheric-stratospheric unified chemistry extension (UCX) to represent composition from the surface to the top of the GEOS atmosphere (0.01 hPa). The GEOS-CF system is described, including updates made to the GEOS-Chem UCX mechanism within GEOS-CF for improved representation of stratospheric chemistry. Comparisons are made against balloon, lidar, and satellite observations for stratospheric composition, including measurements of ozone (O3) and important nitrogen and chlorine species related to stratospheric O3 recovery. The GEOS-CF nudges the stratospheric O3 toward the GEOS Forward Processing (GEOS FP) assimilated O3 product; as a result the stratospheric O3 in the GEOS-CF historical estimate agrees well with observations. During abnormal dynamical and chemical environments such as the 2020 polar vortexes, the GEOS-CF O3 forecasts are more realistic than GEOS FP O3 forecasts because of the inclusion of the complex GEOS-Chem UCX stratospheric chemistry. Overall, the spatial patterns of the GEOS-CF simulated concentrations of stratospheric composition agree well with satellite observations. However, there are notable biases-such as low NO x and HNO3 in the polar regions and generally low HCl throughout the stratosphere-and future improvements to the chemistry mechanism and emissions are discussed. GEOS-CF is a new tool for the research community and instrument teams observing trace gases in the stratosphere and troposphere, providing near-real-time three-dimensional gridded information on atmospheric composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Knowland
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/GESTARColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Now Morgan State University (MSU)/GESTAR‐IIBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - C. A. Keller
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/GESTARColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Now Morgan State University (MSU)/GESTAR‐IIBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - P. A. Wales
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/GESTARColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Now Morgan State University (MSU)/GESTAR‐IIBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - K. Wargan
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | - L. Coy
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | - M. S. Johnson
- Earth Science DivisionNASA Ames Research CenterMoffett FieldCAUSA
| | - J. Liu
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/GESTARColumbiaMDUSA
- Now Morgan State University (MSU)/GESTAR‐IIBaltimoreMDUSA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA GSFCGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - R. A. Lucchesi
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | - S. D. Eastham
- Laboratory for Aviation and the EnvironmentDepartment of Aeronautics and AstronauticsMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global ChangeMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - E. Fleming
- Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Inc.LanhamMDUSA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA GSFCGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Q. Liang
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA GSFCGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - T. Leblanc
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyWrightwoodCAUSA
| | - N. J. Livesey
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - K. A. Walker
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - L. E. Ott
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
| | - S. Pawson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
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Holt LA, Alexander MJ, Coy L, Liu C, Molod A, Putman W, Pawson S. An evaluation of gravity waves and gravity wave sources in the Southern Hemisphere in a 7 km global climate simulation. Q J R Meteorol Soc 2017; 143:2481-2495. [PMID: 29760535 PMCID: PMC5946317 DOI: 10.1002/qj.3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, gravity waves (GWs) in the high-resolution GEOS-5 Nature Run are first evaluated with respect to satellite and other model results. Southern Hemisphere winter sources of non-orographic GWs in the model are then investigated by linking measures of tropospheric non-orographic gravity wave generation tied to precipitation and frontogenesis with absolute gravity wave momentum flux in the lower stratosphere. Finally, non-orographic GW momentum flux is compared to orographic gravity wave momentum flux and compared to previous estimates. The results show that the global patterns in GW amplitude, horizontal wavelength, and propagation direction are realistic compared to observations. However, as in other global models, the amplitudes are weaker and horizontal wavelengths longer than observed. The global patterns in absolute GW momentum flux also agree well with previous model and observational estimates. The evaluation of model non-orographic GW sources in the Southern Hemisphere winter shows that strong intermittent precipitation (greater than 10 mm h-1) is associated with GW momentum flux over the South Pacific, whereas frontogenesis and less intermittent, lower precipitation rates (less than 10 mm h-1) are associated with GW momentum flux near 60°S. In the model, orographic GWs contribute almost exclusively to a peak in zonal mean momentum flux between 70 and 75°S, while non-orographic waves dominate at 60°S, and non-orographic GWs contribute a third to a peak in zonal mean momentum flux between 25 and 30°S.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Holt
- NorthWest Research Associates, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - L. Coy
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Science Systems and Applications Inc, Lanham, MD, USA
| | - C. Liu
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - A. Molod
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - W. Putman
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - S. Pawson
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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Aquila V, Swartz WH, Waugh DW, Colarco PR, Pawson S, Polvani LM, Stolarski RS. Isolating the roles of different forcing agents in global stratospheric temperature changes using model integrations with incrementally added single forcings. J Geophys Res Atmos 2016; 121:8067-8082. [PMID: 29593948 PMCID: PMC5868970 DOI: 10.1002/2015jd023841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Satellite instruments show a cooling of global stratospheric temperatures over the whole data record (1979-2014). This cooling is not linear, and includes two descending steps in the early 1980s and mid-1990s. The 1979-1995 period is characterized by increasing concentrations of ozone depleting substances (ODS) and by the two major volcanic eruptions of El Chichón (1982) and Mount Pinatubo (1991). The 1995-present period is characterized by decreasing ODS concentrations and by the absence of major volcanic eruptions. Greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations increase over the whole time period. In order to isolate the roles of different forcing agents in the global stratospheric temperature changes, we performed a set of AMIP-style simulations using the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model (GEOSCCM). We find that in our model simulations the cooling of the stratosphere from 1979 to present is mostly driven by changes in GHG concentrations in the middle and upper stratosphere and by GHG and ODS changes in the lower stratosphere. While the cooling trend caused by increasing GHGs is roughly constant over the satellite era, changing ODS concentrations cause a significant stratospheric cooling only up to the mid-1990s, when they start to decrease because of the implementation of the Montreal Protocol. Sporadic volcanic events and the solar cycle have a distinct signature in the time series of stratospheric temperature anomalies but do not play a statistically significant role in the long-term trends from 1979 to 2014. Several factors combine to produce the step-like behavior in the stratospheric temperatures: in the lower stratosphere, the flattening starting in the mid 1990's is due to the decrease in ozone depleting substances; Mount Pinatubo and the solar cycle cause the abrupt steps through the aerosol-associated warming and the volcanically induced ozone depletion. In the middle and upper stratosphere, changes in solar irradiance are largely responsible for the step-like behavior of global temperatures anomalies, together with volcanically induced ozone depletion and water vapor increases in the post-Pinatubo years.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Aquila
- Goddard Earth Science Technology & Research (GESTAR), Columbia, MD
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Baltimore, MD
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics (Code 614), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - W H Swartz
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD
| | - D W Waugh
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Baltimore, MD
| | - P R Colarco
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics (Code 614), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - S Pawson
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | - R S Stolarski
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Baltimore, MD
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Lang C, Waugh DW, Olsen MA, Douglass AR, Liang Q, Nielsen JE, Oman LD, Pawson S, Stolarski RS. The impact of greenhouse gases on past changes in tropospheric ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Strahan SE, Douglass AR, Stolarski RS, Akiyoshi H, Bekki S, Braesicke P, Butchart N, Chipperfield MP, Cugnet D, Dhomse S, Frith SM, Gettelman A, Hardiman SC, Kinnison DE, Lamarque JF, Mancini E, Marchand M, Michou M, Morgenstern O, Nakamura T, Olivié D, Pawson S, Pitari G, Plummer DA, Pyle JA, Scinocca JF, Shepherd TG, Shibata K, Smale D, Teyssèdre H, Tian W, Yamashita Y. Using transport diagnostics to understand chemistry climate model ozone simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Butchart N, Charlton-Perez AJ, Cionni I, Hardiman SC, Haynes PH, Krüger K, Kushner PJ, Newman PA, Osprey SM, Perlwitz J, Sigmond M, Wang L, Akiyoshi H, Austin J, Bekki S, Baumgaertner A, Braesicke P, Brühl C, Chipperfield M, Dameris M, Dhomse S, Eyring V, Garcia R, Garny H, Jöckel P, Lamarque JF, Marchand M, Michou M, Morgenstern O, Nakamura T, Pawson S, Plummer D, Pyle J, Rozanov E, Scinocca J, Shepherd TG, Shibata K, Smale D, Teyssèdre H, Tian W, Waugh D, Yamashita Y. Multimodel climate and variability of the stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Austin J, Scinocca J, Plummer D, Oman L, Waugh D, Akiyoshi H, Bekki S, Braesicke P, Butchart N, Chipperfield M, Cugnet D, Dameris M, Dhomse S, Eyring V, Frith S, Garcia RR, Garny H, Gettelman A, Hardiman SC, Kinnison D, Lamarque JF, Mancini E, Marchand M, Michou M, Morgenstern O, Nakamura T, Pawson S, Pitari G, Pyle J, Rozanov E, Shepherd TG, Shibata K, Teyssèdre H, Wilson RJ, Yamashita Y. Decline and recovery of total column ozone using a multimodel time series analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hegglin MI, Gettelman A, Hoor P, Krichevsky R, Manney GL, Pan LL, Son SW, Stiller G, Tilmes S, Walker KA, Eyring V, Shepherd TG, Waugh D, Akiyoshi H, Añel JA, Austin J, Baumgaertner A, Bekki S, Braesicke P, Brühl C, Butchart N, Chipperfield M, Dameris M, Dhomse S, Frith S, Garny H, Hardiman SC, Jöckel P, Kinnison DE, Lamarque JF, Mancini E, Michou M, Morgenstern O, Nakamura T, Olivié D, Pawson S, Pitari G, Plummer DA, Pyle JA, Rozanov E, Scinocca JF, Shibata K, Smale D, Teyssèdre H, Tian W, Yamashita Y. Multimodel assessment of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: Extratropics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gettelman A, Hegglin MI, Son SW, Kim J, Fujiwara M, Birner T, Kremser S, Rex M, Añel JA, Akiyoshi H, Austin J, Bekki S, Braesike P, Brühl C, Butchart N, Chipperfield M, Dameris M, Dhomse S, Garny H, Hardiman SC, Jöckel P, Kinnison DE, Lamarque JF, Mancini E, Marchand M, Michou M, Morgenstern O, Pawson S, Pitari G, Plummer D, Pyle JA, Rozanov E, Scinocca J, Shepherd TG, Shibata K, Smale D, Teyssèdre H, Tian W. Multimodel assessment of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: Tropics and global trends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Schoeberl MR, Douglass AR, Stolarski RS, Pawson S, Strahan SE, Read W. Comparison of lower stratospheric tropical mean vertical velocities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Son SW, Polvani LM, Waugh DW, Akiyoshi H, Garcia R, Kinnison D, Pawson S, Rozanov E, Shepherd TG, Shibata K. The impact of stratospheric ozone recovery on the Southern Hemisphere westerly jet. Science 2008; 320:1486-9. [PMID: 18556557 DOI: 10.1126/science.1155939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In the past several decades, the tropospheric westerly winds in the Southern Hemisphere have been observed to accelerate on the poleward side of the surface wind maximum. This has been attributed to the combined anthropogenic effects of increasing greenhouse gases and decreasing stratospheric ozone and is predicted to continue by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change/Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC/AR4) models. In this paper, the predictions of the Chemistry-Climate Model Validation (CCMVal) models are examined: Unlike the AR4 models, the CCMVal models have a fully interactive stratospheric chemistry. Owing to the expected disappearance of the ozone hole in the first half of the 21st century, the CCMVal models predict that the tropospheric westerlies in Southern Hemisphere summer will be decelerated, on the poleward side, in contrast with the prediction of most IPCC/AR4 models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-W Son
- Department of Applied Physics & Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Schwartz MJ, Lambert A, Manney GL, Read WG, Livesey NJ, Froidevaux L, Ao CO, Bernath PF, Boone CD, Cofield RE, Daffer WH, Drouin BJ, Fetzer EJ, Fuller RA, Jarnot RF, Jiang JH, Jiang YB, Knosp BW, Krüger K, Li JLF, Mlynczak MG, Pawson S, Russell JM, Santee ML, Snyder WV, Stek PC, Thurstans RP, Tompkins AM, Wagner PA, Walker KA, Waters JW, Wu DL. Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder temperature and geopotential height measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Eyring V, Waugh DW, Bodeker GE, Cordero E, Akiyoshi H, Austin J, Beagley SR, Boville BA, Braesicke P, Brühl C, Butchart N, Chipperfield MP, Dameris M, Deckert R, Deushi M, Frith SM, Garcia RR, Gettelman A, Giorgetta MA, Kinnison DE, Mancini E, Manzini E, Marsh DR, Matthes S, Nagashima T, Newman PA, Nielsen JE, Pawson S, Pitari G, Plummer DA, Rozanov E, Schraner M, Scinocca JF, Semeniuk K, Shepherd TG, Shibata K, Steil B, Stolarski RS, Tian W, Yoshiki M. Multimodel projections of stratospheric ozone in the 21st century. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Miller CE, Crisp D, DeCola PL, Olsen SC, Randerson JT, Michalak AM, Alkhaled A, Rayner P, Jacob DJ, Suntharalingam P, Jones DBA, Denning AS, Nicholls ME, Doney SC, Pawson S, Boesch H, Connor BJ, Fung IY, O'Brien D, Salawitch RJ, Sander SP, Sen B, Tans P, Toon GC, Wennberg PO, Wofsy SC, Yung YL, Law RM. Precision requirements for space-based data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Miller
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - D. Crisp
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. L. DeCola
- Science Mission Directorate; NASA Headquarters; Washington, DC USA
| | - S. C. Olsen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - J. T. Randerson
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - A. M. Michalak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; The University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences; The University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - A. Alkhaled
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; The University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - P. Rayner
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - D. J. Jacob
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - P. Suntharalingam
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. B. A. Jones
- Department of Physics; University of Toronto; Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - A. S. Denning
- Atmospheric Science Department; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. E. Nicholls
- Atmospheric Science Department; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - S. C. Doney
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole Massachusetts USA
| | - S. Pawson
- Goddard Earth Science and Technology Center; Baltimore Maryland USA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office; Code 610.1, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - H. Boesch
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - B. J. Connor
- Atmospheric Research; National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research; Central Otago, Omakau New Zealand
| | - I. Y. Fung
- Berkeley Atmospheric Sciences Center; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - D. O'Brien
- Atmospheric Science Department; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - R. J. Salawitch
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. P. Sander
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - B. Sen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. Tans
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. O. Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. C. Wofsy
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Y. L. Yung
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. M. Law
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research; Aspendale Victoria Australia
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15
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Eyring V, Butchart N, Waugh DW, Akiyoshi H, Austin J, Bekki S, Bodeker GE, Boville BA, Brühl C, Chipperfield MP, Cordero E, Dameris M, Deushi M, Fioletov VE, Frith SM, Garcia RR, Gettelman A, Giorgetta MA, Grewe V, Jourdain L, Kinnison DE, Mancini E, Manzini E, Marchand M, Marsh DR, Nagashima T, Newman PA, Nielsen JE, Pawson S, Pitari G, Plummer DA, Rozanov E, Schraner M, Shepherd TG, Shibata K, Stolarski RS, Struthers H, Tian W, Yoshiki M. Assessment of temperature, trace species, and ozone in chemistry-climate model simulations of the recent past. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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White DA, Middleton B, Pawson S, Bradshaw JP, Clegg RJ, Hemming FW, Bell GD. Regulation of dolichol and of cholesterol biosynthesis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 208:30-6. [PMID: 7259185 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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17
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Brindley DN, Cooling J, Burditt SL, Pritchard PH, Pawson S, Sturton RG. The involvement of glucocorticoids in regulating the activity of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and the synthesis of triacylglycerols in the liver. Effects of feeding rats with glucose, sorbitol, fructose, glycerol and ethanol. Biochem J 1979; 180:195-9. [PMID: 226065 PMCID: PMC1161034 DOI: 10.1042/bj1800195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Feeding rats with sorbitol, fructose, glycerol and ethanol increases the concentration of serum corticosterone without significantly altering the concentration of insulin. This increase appears to be partly responsible for the increases in the hepatic activity of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (compared with rats fed glucose or 0.9% NaCl) that has been reported [Sturton, Pritchard, Han & Brindley (1978) Biochem. J. 174, 667--670] and the enhanced capacity of the liver to synthesize triacylglycerols. The ethanol-induced increase in phosphohydrolase activity was largely, but not completely, prevented by adrenalectomy.
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Petrakis NL, Doherty M, Lee R, Mason L, Pawson S, Hunt TK, Schweitzer R. Immunoglobulin levels in breast fluids of women with breast cancer. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1977; 7:386-93. [PMID: 872460 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(77)90073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Petrakis NL, Mason L, Lee R, Sugimoto B, Pawson S, Catchpool F. Association of race, age, menopausal status, and cerumen type with breast fluid secretion in nonlactating women, as determined by nepple aspiration. J Natl Cancer Inst 1975; 54:829-34. [PMID: 1168727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologic and physiologic factors associated with the availability of breast secretions by a nipple aspiration technique were investigated in 606 normal, non-lactating women. Data obtained on race, age, menstrual status, parity, contraceptive pill use, hormone use, and cerumen type indicated that availability of secretions was related to race, age, and menopause, and to genetic factors associated with apocrine bland function. Fluid aspirates were obtained most often from Caucasians (70.2% success), least often from Chinese (24.1% success). The percentage of successful aspirations declined in women over 50 years of age in all racial groups, but distinctly less so in Caucasians. Chinese and Japanese women with dry-type cerumen had a lower percentage of successful aspirations than those with wet type, which suggested that genetic factors may be associated with breast fluid secretion in nonlactating women.
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