Retraction Note: The potential preventive role of a dietary supplement containing hydroxytyrosol in COVID-19: a multi-center study

The article "The potential preventive role of a dietary supplement containing hydroxytyrosol in COVID-19: a multi-center study", by K. Dhuli, C. Micheletti, M.C. Medori, G. Madeo, G. Bonetti, K. Donato, F. Gaffuri, G.M. Tartaglia, S. Michelini, A. Fiorentino, D. Cesarz, S.T. Connelly, N. Capodicasa, M. Bertelli, published in Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27 (6 Suppl): 33-38-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202312_34687-PMID: 38112946 has been retracted by the Editor in Chief for the following reasons. Following some concerns raised on PubPeer, the Editor in Chief has started an investigation to assess the validity of the results. The outcome of the investigation revealed that the manuscript presented major flaws in the following: -       Issues with ethical approval -       Issues in methodology -       Undeclared conflict of interest Consequently, the Editor in Chief mistrusts the results presented and has decided to withdraw the article. The authors disagree with this retraction. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/34687 This article has been retracted. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause.

Author Correction: Aldo-keto reductase 1C2 (AKR1C2) as the second gene associated to non-syndromic primary lipedema: investigating activating mutation or overexpression as causative factors

Correction to: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27 (6 Suppl): 127-136-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202312_34697 After publication and following some post-publication concerns, the authors have applied the following corrections to the galley proof. -       The conflict of interest section has been amended as follows: J. Kaftalli and G. Marceddu are employees at MAGI EUREGIO. K. Donato is employee at MAGI EUREGIO and MAGISNAT. M. Bertelli is president of MAGI EUREGIO, MAGISNAT, and MAGI's LAB. G. Bonetti, K. Dhuli, A. Macchia, and P.E. Maltese are employees at MAGI's LAB. M. Bertelli, P.E. Maltese, K. Louise Herbst, Sa. Michelini, Se. Michelini, and P. Chiurazzi are patent inventors (US20220362260A1). M. Bertelli, P.E. Maltese, G. Marceddu are patent inventors (US20230173003A1). M. Bertelli, K. Dhuli and P.E. Maltese are patent inventors (WO2022079498A1). M. Bertelli, P.E. Maltese, Sa. Michelini, Se. Michelini, P. Chiurazzi, K. Louise Herbst, J. Kaftalli, K. Donato, and A. Bernini are patent applicants (Application Number 18/516,241). M. Bertelli, K. Donato, P. Chiurazzi, G. Marceddu, K. Dhuli, G. Bonetti and J. Kaftalli are patent applicants (Application Number: 18/466.879). M. Bertelli, G. Bonetti, G. Marceddu, K. Donato, K. Dhuli, J. Kaftalli, Sa. Michelini, and K. Louise Herbst are patent applicants (Application Number 63/495,155). The remaining authors have no conflict of interest to disclose. -       Figure 5 has been modified as follows to better distinguish outliers: -       The legend of Figure 5 has to be modified as follows: Relative expression of AKR1C1 and AKR1C3 in different groups (CTR = non affected controls, L = lipedema patients without overexpression of AKR1C2, L-over = Lipedema patients with overexpression of AKR1C2), showing that lipedema patients expressed AKR1C1 and AKR1C3 levels similar to the control group. Outliers are reported as black triangles. There are amendments to this paper. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/34697.

Author Correction: Achievement of sustainable development goals through the Mediterranean diet

Correction to: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27 (6 Suppl): 89-99-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202312_34693 After publication and following some post-publication concerns, the authors have applied the following corrections to the galley proof. -       The conflict of interest section has been amended as follows: M.C. Medori and D. Malacarne are employees at MAGI'S LAB. K. Donato is employee at MAGI EUREGIO and MAGISNAT. M. Bertelli is president of MAGI EUREGIO, MAGISNAT, and MAGI's LAB. E. Borghetti is president at AERSAFE srl. C. Zuccato is researcher at AERSAFE srl. E. Borghetti is patent inventor (IT202100021344A1, IT202100020330A1, WO2021260537A1, WO2022259165A1). M. Bertelli is patent inventor (US20220362260A1, US20230173003A1, WO2022079498A1). D. Malacarne is patent inventor (WO2022079498A1; US20230173003A1). S. Michelini is patent inventor (US20220362260A1). M. Bertelli, S. Michelini, and K. Donato are patent applicants (Application Number: 18/516,241). M. Bertelli and K. Donato are patent applicants (Application Number: 18/466.879). M. Bertelli, K. Donato, and S. Michelini are patent applicants (Application Number: 63/495,155). The remaining authors have no conflict of interest to disclose. There are amendments to this paper. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/34693.

Aldo-keto reductase 1C2 (AKR1C2) as the second gene associated to non-syndromic primary lipedema: investigating activating mutation or overexpression as causative factors

OBJECTIVE

Lipedema is a debilitating chronic condition predominantly affecting women, characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fat in a symmetrical, bilateral pattern in the extremities, often coinciding with hormonal imbalances.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Despite the conjectured role of sex hormones in its etiology, a definitive link has remained elusive. This study explores the case of a patient possessing a mutation deletion within the C-terminal region of Aldo-keto reductases Member C2 (AKR1C2), Ser320PheTer2, that could lead to heightened enzyme activity. A cohort of 19 additional lipedema patients and 2 additional affected family members14 were enrolled in this study. The two additional affected family members are relatives of the patient with the AKR1C1 L213Q variant, which is included in the 19 cohorts and described in literature.

RESULTS

Our investigation revealed that AKR1C2 was overexpressed, as quantified by qPCR, in 5 out of 21 (24%) lipedema patients who did not possess mutations in the AKR1C2 gene. Collectively, these findings implicate AKR1C2 in the pathogenesis of lipedema, substantiating its causative role.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that the activating mutation in the enzyme or its overexpression is a causative factor in the development of lipedema. Further exploration and replication in diverse populations will bolster our understanding of this significant connection.

Achievement of sustainable development goals through the Mediterranean diet

The prosperity of our planet relies on the cardinal concept of sustainable development. The dietary choices of humans play a pivotal role in creating a peaceful and contented world. In this context, the Mediterranean diet (MD) has emerged as a valuable approach to accomplishing such progress, wherein the rights of all living beings are equally honored. This review aims to analyze the significance of a plant-based diet, particularly the Mediterranean diet, in attaining sustainable development goals. A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted to gather the most reliable and published scientific evidence from books and papers. Within this research endeavor, specific Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are individually addressed in relation to the adoption of the Mediterranean diet as a foundational nutritional paradigm. Our research findings underscore the immense importance of the MD and advocate for its worldwide implementation to accomplish sustainable development objectives. The MD emerges as the most suitable dietary option for fostering sustainability and tranquility in our world. It is crucial to prioritize the global implementation of the MD to genuinely achieve sustainable development.

Unleashing the potential of biotechnology for sustainable development

The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) strive to eliminate poverty, preserve the planet, and promote shared prosperity through sustainable and inclusive means by 2030. This requires the implementation of a diverse set of strategies to overcome challenges and foster synergies among different SDG targets, facilitating the achievement of these ambitious goals. The aim of this review is to highlight the world's progress toward SDGs with the utilization of biotechnological advancements, including targets, strategies, synergies, and challenges. We scrutinized published research articles in peer-reviewed journals, UN reports, and scientific books that were relevant to the current topic. We identified some major challenges faced by the countries, especially developing ones, in the way of sustainable progress. These include inadequate governance, fragile states, armed conflicts, rising inequality, limited economic progress, climate change, environmental degradation, and food insecurity. Biotechnological advancements contribute to sustainable resource management, environmental conservation, and ecosystem restoration. Collaboration among countries and organizations is crucial for sharing knowledge and providing technical and financial assistance to developing nations.

The potential preventive role of a dietary supplement containing hydroxytyrosol in COVID-19: a multi-center study

OBJECTIVE

COVID-19 is a disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged as a global pandemic in 2019. Its main symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, and, in severe cases, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and organ failure, which can be life-threatening. Various therapies have been proposed for treating COVID-19, among which antiviral drugs and monoclonal antibodies, but natural molecules have gained attention for their potential antiviral properties against various viral infections, including COVID-19. The use of hydroxytyrosol (HT), a polyphenol from the olive tree possessing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral properties, has been proposed to reduce COVID-19 infection.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A total of 443 subjects were recruited from four centers, located in Albania, Germany, and Italy (Milan and Trento provinces). The participants were randomly assigned to receive either the dietary supplement containing HT or a placebo for a duration of one month.

RESULTS

Analysis of the study data revealed that, among the subjects who tested positive for COVID-19 during the study, 36% belonged to the group that received the dietary supplement containing HT, while 64% belonged to the placebo group. The difference was statistically significant. These findings suggest that the use of a dietary supplement containing HT may have a possible preventive effect against COVID-19 infection.

CONCLUSIONS

The study's results indicate that the dietary supplement containing HT shows promise as a possible preventive measure against COVID-19 infection. Large-scale, randomized clinical trials and animal studies could be useful to provide more definitive conclusions on HT's possible potential preventive effects against COVID-19, which could potentially supplement existing therapies and contribute to fighting COVID-19 infection.

AKR1C1 and hormone metabolism in lipedema pathogenesis: a computational biology approach

OBJECTIVE

Lipedema is an autosomal dominant genetic disease that mainly affects women. It is characterized by excess deposition of subcutaneous adipose tissue, pain, and anxiety. The genetic and environmental etiology of lipedema is still largely unknown. Although considered a rare disease, this pathology has been suggested to be underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed as obesity or lymphedema. Steroid hormones seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of lipedema. Indeed, aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1 (AKR1C1), a gene coding for a protein involved in steroid hormones metabolism, was the first proposed to be correlated with lipedema.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In this study, we employed a molecular dynamics approach to assess the pathogenicity of AKR1C1 genetic variants found in patients with lipedema. Moreover, we combined information theory and structural bioinformatics to identify AKR1C1 polymorphisms from the gnomAD database that could predispose to the development of lipedema.

RESULTS

Three genetic variants in AKR1C1 found in patients with lipedema were disruptive to the protein's function. Furthermore, eight AKR1C1  variants found in the general population could predispose to the development of lipedema.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study provide evidence that AKR1C1 may be a key gene in lipedema pathogenesis, and that common polymorphisms could predispose to lipedema development.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in breast and ovarian cancer

Background

Human breast carcinoma is a complex disease, affecting 1 in 8 women worldwide. The seriousness of the disease increases when the definite cause of the disease remains obscure, thus making prognosis challenging. Researchers are emphasizing on adapting more advanced and targeted therapeutic approaches to address the multifaceted impacts of the disease. Hence, modern multi-omics systems have gained popularity among clinicians, as they offer insights into the genomic, pharmacogenomic, metabolomic, and microbiomic factors, thus allowing researchers to develop targeted and personalized approaches for breast cancer prevention and early detection, and eventually improving patient outcomes.

Aim

The primary focus of this study is to elucidate, through the integration of multi-omics research findings, the inherent molecular origins of diverse subtypes of breast cancer and to evaluate the effectiveness of these findings in reducing breast cancer-related mortalities.

Methods

Thorough investigation was conducted by reviewing reputable and authoritative medical journals, e-books, and online databases dedicated to cancer research. The Mendelian inheritance in man database (OMIM) was used to scrutinize specific genes and their respective loci associated with the development of different types of breast cancer.

Results

Our present research revealed the holistic picture of sundry molecular, genomic, pharmacogenomic, metabolomic, and microbiomic features of breast cancer. Such findings, like genetic alterations in highly penetrant genes, plus metabolomic and microbiomic signatures of breast cancer, unveil valuable insights and show great potential for multi-omics research in breast oncology.

Conclusion

Further research in omics sciences pertaining to breast cancer are at the forefront of shaping precise treatment and bolstering patient survival.

Bioetics Issues of Artificial Placenta and Artificial Womb Technology

Abstract

The worldwide infertility crisis and the increase in mortality and morbidity among infants, due to preterm births and associated complications, have stimulated research into artificial placenta (AP) and artificial womb (AW) technology as novel solutions. These technologies mimic the natural environment provided in the mother's womb, using chambers that ensure the supply of nutrients to the fetus and disposal of waste substances through an appropriate mechanism. This review aims to highlight the background of AP and AW technologies, revisit their historical development and proposed applications, and discuss challenges and bioethical and moral issues. Further research is required to investigate any negative effects of these new technologies, and ethical concerns pertaining to the structure and operation of this newly developed technology must be addressed and resolved prior to its introduction to the public sphere.

Characterization of somatic mutations in the pathogenesis of lipedema

Background

Lipedema, a complex and enigmatic adipose tissue disorder, remains poorly understood despite its significant impact on the patients' quality of life. Genetic investigations have uncovered potential contributors to its pathogenesis, including somatic mutations, which are nonheritable genetic alterations that can play a pivotal role in the development of this disease.

Aim

This review aims to elucidate the role of somatic mutations in the etiology of lipedema by examining their implications in adipose tissue biology, inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction.

Results

Studies focusing on leukocyte clones, genetic alterations like TET2 and DNMT3A, and the intricate interplay between adipose tissue and other organs have shed light on the underlying mechanisms driving lipedema. From the study of the scientific literature, mutations to genes correlated to three main pathways could be involved in the somatic development of lipedema: genes related to mitochondrial activity, genes related to localized disorders of subcutaneous adipose tissue, and genes of leukocyte clones.

Conclusions

The insights gained from these diverse studies converge to highlight the complex genetic underpinnings of lipedema and offer potential avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting somatic mutations to alleviate the burden of this condition on affected individuals.

Human Cloning: Biology, Ethics, and Social Implications

Abstract

This scholarly article delves into the multifaceted domains of human cloning, encompassing its biological underpinnings, ethical dimensions, and broader societal implications. The exposition commences with a succinct historical and contextual overview of human cloning, segueing into an in-depth exploration of its biological intri-cacies. Central to this biological scrutiny is a comprehensive analysis of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and its assorted iterations. The accomplishments and discoveries in cloning technology, such as successful animal cloning operations and advances in the efficiency and viability of cloned embryos, are reviewed. Future improvements, such as reprogramming procedures and gene editing technology, are also discussed. The discourse extends to ethical quandaries intrinsic to human cloning, entailing an extensive contemplation of values such as human dignity, autonomy, and safety. Furthermore, the ramifications of human cloning on a societal plane are subjected to scrutiny, with a dedicated emphasis on ramifications encompassing personal identity, kinship connections, and the fundamental notion of maternity. Culminating the analysis is a reiteration of the imperative to develop and govern human cloning technology judiciously and conscientiously. Finally, it discusses several ethical and practical issues, such as safety concerns, the possibility of exploitation, and the erosion of human dignity, and emphasizes the significance of carefully considering these issues.

In Memory of Professor Derek Pheby

Abstract

Professor Derek Pheby's passing in November 2022 marked a profound loss for the scientific community. Professor Derek Pheby, a stalwart figure in the fields of autoimmune diseases and bioethics, was known for his dedication to scientific research and patients' support, particularly for those affected by paraneoplastic autoimmune syndromes. Professor Pheby made significant contributions to research, especially about Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). His leadership of the ME Biobank and scientific coordination of EUROMENE demonstrated his commitment to pushing boundaries and fostering international collaborations. Professor Pheby's scientific work addressed various aspects of ME/CFS, from physician education to patient needs, the development of a post-mortem tissue bank, and effective treatments. Beyond his medical career, Professor Pheby was a crucial member of the Independent Ethics Committee of MAGI, he was a poet, humanitarian, and advocate for child protection. His generosity and boundless spirit left an enduring legacy, fostering innovative research in the pursuit of combating autoimmune diseases.

Targeting Mast Cells: Sodium Cromoglycate as a Possible Treatment of Lipedema

Background

Mast cells are immune cells that mediate hypersensi-tivity and allergic reactions in the body, secreting histamine and other inflammatory molecules. They have been associated with different inflammatory conditions such as obesity and other adipose tissue di-sorders. Lipedema is a chronic disease characterized by an abnormal accumulation of adipose tissue on the legs and arms, pain, and other symptoms. Mast cells may play a role in the pathology of lipedema.

Objective

Pilot study to determine levels of histamine and its metabolites in lipedema subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) biopsy samples, and to test sodium cromoglycate for the treatment of mast cells in women with lipedema.

Methods

Biopsies from lipedema and control SAT were collected and analyzed histologically for the presence of mast cells. Mass spec-trometry was used to measure the levels of histamine, a key marker of mast cells, and its metabolites in SAT in women with lipedema and controls, and after a group of women with lipedema were administered oral and topical doses of sodium cromoglycate for two weeks.

Results

Histological examination of biopsies from lipedema patients confirmed the presence of mast cells. Metabolomic analysis revealed high levels of histamine and its metabolites in samples from women with lipedema compared to controls. Following a two-week treatment period, lipedema tissue samples exhibited reduced levels of histamine, suggesting a reduction of mast cell activity.

Conclusion

Sodium cromoglycate has the ability to stabilize mast cells and reduce histamine levels in lipedema patients, which could be useful in lowering the symptoms of lipedema.

Tracing the identity of Parmigiano Reggiano "Prodotto di Montagna - Progetto Territorio" cheese using NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis

BACKGROUND

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the well-established tools for food metabolomic analysis, as it proved to be very effective in authenticity and quality control of dairy products, as well as to follow product evolution during processing and storage. The analytical assessment of the EU mountain denomination label, specifically for Parmigiano Reggiano "Prodotto di Montagna - Progetto Territorio" (Mountain-CQ) cheese, has received limited attention. Although it was established in 2012 the EU mountain denomination label has not been much studied from an analytical point of view. Nonetheless, tracing a specific profile for the mountain products is essential to support the value chain of this specialty.

RESULTS

The aim of the study was to produce an identity profile for Parmigiano Reggiano "Prodotto di Montagna - Progetto Territorio" (Mountain-CQ) cheese, and to differentiate it from Parmigiano Reggiano PDO samples (conventional-PDO) using 1H NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate data analysis. Three different approaches were applied and compared. First, the spectra-as-such were analysed after proper preprocessing. For the other two approaches, Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) was used for signals resolution and features extraction, either individually on manually-defined spectral intervals or by reapplying MCR-ALS on the whole spectra with selectivity constraints using the reconstructed "pure profiles" as initial estimates and targets. All approaches provided comparable information regarding the samples' distribution, as in all three cases the separation between the two product categories conventional-PDO and Mountain-CQ could be highlighted. Moreover, a novel MATLAB toolbox for features extraction via MCR-ALS was developed and used in synergy with the Chenomx library, allowing for a putative identification of the selected features.

SIGNIFICANCE

A first identity profile for Parmigiano Reggiano "Prodotto di Montagna - Progetto Territorio" obtained by interpreting the metabolites signals in NMR spectroscopy was obtained. Our workflow and toolbox for generating the features dataset allows a more straightforward interpretation of the results, to overcome the limitations due to dimensionality and to peaks overlapping, but also to include the signals assignment and matching since the early stages of the data processing and analysis.

Defocused and Radial Shock Wave Therapy, Mesotherapy, and Kinesio Taping Effects in Patients with Lipedema: A Pilot Study

The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of defocused and radial shock wave therapy, mesotherapy, and kinesio taping on pain, circumferences of lower limbs, echographic/ elastosonographic pattern of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and quality of life in patients with lipedema. Fifteen women affected by lower limb lipedema in stage II were treated with shock wave therapy, mesotherapy, and kinesio taping on thighs and legs (eight sessions, twice a week). The primary outcome was pain, as assessed by Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Secondary outcomes included the limb circumferences measurements, the SF-12 Health Survey for quality of life, the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) for disability, and echographic/ elastosonographic changes of SAT. Significant reductions of pain and circumference measurements were seen in patients at each follow up. This was associated with significant reduction of thickness, echographic pattern improvement, and increased elasticity of SAT, with consequent positive impact on the quality of life and disability reported by the patients. The results demonstrate improved clinical and functional ultrasound findings in patients affected by lipedema in the early stages of lower limbs, and this combination therapy needs to be investigated in larger populations at multiple centers to confirm the findings.

Non-destructive fluorescence sensing for assessing microclimate, site and defoliation effects on flavonol dynamics and sugar prediction in Pinot blanc grapes

In an era of growing international competition in modern viticulture, the study and implementation of innovative technologies to increase the production of high-quality grapes and wines are of critical importance. In this study, the non-destructive portable sensor Multiplex, based on fluorescence sensing technique, was applied to evaluate grape maturity parameters and flavonol content of the understudied Pinot blanc variety. The effects of environmental and agronomical factors on flavonol content of Pinot blanc grapes were investigated in eight vineyards characterised by different microclimatic and agronomic conditions. Furthermore, the direct impact of canopy management treatment on the flavonol dynamics of the grapes oriented in the four cardinal directions was assessed. Results highlight the positive role of moderate temperatures and direct sunlight exposure on Pinot blanc flavonol content; however, no direct vineyard-elevation effect was observed. The ability to modulate and evaluate the flavonol content in field represent crucial factors because of their potential effect on flavonoids-dependent wine characteristics, such as stability and ageing. In the present study, for the first time, two calibration curves were reported for pre- and post-veraison periods between flavonol indices and the berry skin flavonol content and a good correlation was observed between Multiplex measurement and the total polyphenolic content of grape juice. Moreover, the strong correlation between the chlorophyll index with grape juice sugar content and titratable acidity revealed the practical application of non-destructive sensors to predict the optimal harvest time for Pinot blanc grapes. In conclusion, the non-destructive fluorescence sensor Multiplex is a high-potential tool for innovative viticulture, for evaluating grape skin composition variables in white grape varieties.

A case of proliferative nodule arising within blue nevus

Blue nevi are a heterogeneous group of lesions that can display a variety of different clinicopathological characteristics. Although attempts are made to classify each lesion into defined subtypes, there can be overlap between the subtypes. The clinical , dermoscopic and histolopathologic features of a case of proliferative nodule arising within blue nevus is discussed. Running title: Blue nevi are an heterogeneous group of melanocytic lesions blue tinctorial properties. Proliferative nodules are rare benign lesions often present at birth as a component of a large congenital melanocytic nevi, congenital or acquired nevi. We first report a case of proliferative nodule arising within blue nevus.

HIV positive patient treated with ixekizumab

Psoriasis is a immune-mediated, chronic, inflammatory skin dis-ease. In HIV positive (HIV+) patients we usually observe more serious clinical features and recalcitrant course. Furthermore, therapeutic man-agement of HIV+ patient is complex and requires collaboration with the infectious disease specialist. We report the case of a patient affected by severe psoriasis who contracted HIV infection during biological therapy and, subsequently, succesfully treated with ixekizumab.

Effect of a dietary supplement on the reduction of lymphedema-progression in mouse tail-cut model

OBJECTIVE

The aim of our study was to evaluate in vivo, in a mouse tail model of lymphedema, the effects of a dietary supplement, Garlive®, based on hydroxytyrosol from olive leaves, spermidine from rice seeds, hesperidin from citrus fruits and vitamin A. Hydroxytyrosol has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and inhibits leukotriene B4 generation; spermidine is able to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators; hesperidin inhibits the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines: IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10; vitamin A deficiency was shown to induce inflammation and aggravate existing inflammatory states, whereas supplementation with vitamin A could ameliorate inflammation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The active compounds were included in tablets: 250 mg of olive leaf extract titrated in 10% hydroxytyrosol, 200 mg of citrus fruits extract titrated in 60% hesperidin, 10 mg of rice (Oryza sativa) seeds extract titrated in 1% spermidine and 0.8 mg of vitamin A. Mice of an inbred group were randomly selected and divided in the control group and drug-treated group. The wound necessary for lymphedema generation was made on the tail of each mice 1 cm below the base of the trunk.

RESULTS

After surgical intervention, there was a gradual increase in the circumference of both ends of the wound. The control group showed higher increase of tail volume than the drug-treated group. The differences in tail swelling between the control group and the drug-treated group were significantly different. The peak of swelling was anticipated to the 6th day in the drug-treated group, whereas in the control group the peak was reached later on.

CONCLUSIONS

The tested drug prevented the induction of swelling from day 5th of wound creation and decreased the duration of swelling, favoring the wound healing.

Steroid-converting enzymes in human adipose tissues and fat deposition with a focus on AKR1C enzymes

Adipocytes express various enzymes, such as aldo-keto reductases (AKR1C), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD), aromatase, 5α-reductases, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSDs involved in steroid hormone metabolism in adipose tissues. Increased activity of AKR1C enzymes and their expression in mature adipocytes might indicate the association of these enzymes with subcutaneous adipose tissue deposition. The inactivation of androgens by AKR1C enzymes increases adipogenesis and fat mass, particularly subcutaneous fat. AKR1C also causes reduction of estrone, a weak estrogen, to produce 17β-estradiol, a potent estrogen and, in addition, it plays a role in progesterone metabolism. Functional impairments of adipose tissue and imbalance of steroid biosynthesis could lead to metabolic disturbances. In this review, we will focus on the enzymes involved in steroid metabolism and fat tissue deposition.

Improvement of quality of life by intake of hydroxytyrosol in patients with lymphedema and association of lymphedema genes with obesity

OBJECTIVE

Lymphedema is a debilitating disease and may be a comorbidity of obesity. New molecules have been investigated for the treatment of lymphedema; one of the most promising molecules is hydroxytyrosol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between mutations in genes mutated in lymphedema and the presence of obesity and making an estimate of the quality of life in lymphedema patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We recruited 71 Caucasian individuals with the diagnosis of primary lymphedema, and they undertook a questionnaire to assess their quality life. For this purpose, we developed a NGS custom-made panel comprising genes associated with lymphedema.

RESULTS

An obesity rate of 20% was detected. The average Lymph-ICF-LL value for patients who consume olive oil daily was 20 with a better quality of life. Twenty-three patients resulted positive to the genetic test. Genetic variants with a likely association with obesity have been identified in PROX1, FOXC2 and FLT4.

CONCLUSIONS

A obesity rate, higher than that reported by ISTAT, was detected. The use of olive oil enhances the quality of life of lymphedema patients. Moreover, a diagnostic approach by a NGS panel shows an association of lymphedema with obesity.

Proposal of a food supplement for the management of post-COVID syndrome

A vast majority of COVID-19 patients experience fatigue, extreme tiredness and symptoms that persist beyond the active phase of the disease. This condition is called post-COVID syndrome. The mechanisms by which the virus causes prolonged illness are still unclear. The aim of this review is to gather information regarding post-COVID syndrome so as to highlight its etiological basis and the nutritional regimes and supplements that can mitigate, alleviate or relieve the associated chronic fatigue, gastrointestinal disorders and continuing inflammatory reactions. Naturally-occurring food supplements, such as acetyl L-carnitine, hydroxytyrosol and vitamins B, C and D hold significant promise in the management of post-COVID syndrome. In this pilot observational study, we evaluated the effect of a food supplement containing hydroxytyrosol, acetyl L-carnitine and vitamins B, C and D in improving perceived fatigue in patients who recovered from COVID-19 but had post-COVID syndrome characterized by chronic fatigue. The results suggest that the food supplement could proceed to clinical trials of its efficacy in aiding the recovery of patients with long COVID.

SVEP1 IS IMPORTANT FOR MORPHOGENESIS OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS IN LYMPHEDEMA

SVEP1, also known as Polydom, is a large extracellular mosaic protein with functions in protein interactions and adhesion. Since Svep1 knockout animals show severe edema and lymphatic system malformations, the aim of this study is to evaluate the presence of SVEP1 variants in patients with lymphedema. We analyzed DNA from 246 lymphedema patients for variants in known lymphedema genes, 235 of whom tested negative and underwent a second testing for new candidate genes, including SVEP1, as reported here. We found three samples with rare heterozygous missense single-nucleotide variants in the SVEP1 gene. In one family, healthy members were found to carry the same variants and reported some subclinical edema. Based on our findings and a review of the literature, we propose SVEP1 as a candidate gene that should be sequenced in patients with lymphatic malformations, with or without lymphedema, in order to investigate and add evidence on its possible involvement in the development of lymphedema.

Fluorescence advanced videodermoscopy: a new method of hairs and scalp evaluation. Comparison with trichoscopy

INTRODUCTION

Non-invasive diagnostic methods in clinical dermatology are widely used to reduce the need for invasive techniques, with great advantages in terms of cost and time. Dermoscopy is the reference test for the in vivo diagnosis of cutaneous lesions, and when it is performed on the scalp region it is named trichoscopy. Fluorescence advanced videodermoscopy (FAV) has been lately proposed as a new non-invasive method for the in vivo skin examination at high magnification, with cell-level resolution. So far, it has shown promising results for the assessment of melanocytic and vascular lesions and for the in vivo diagnosis of parasitosis.

OBJECTIVES

This observational study aims to perform, for the first time, a morphologic study of healthy scalp and scalp elementary lesions using FAV and to compare it with trichoscopy.

METHODS

We enrolled 90 healthy individuals for the evaluation of the scalp using FAV. Then, we recruited 53 patients with alopecia and collected images of the elementary lesions using FAV and trichoscopy.

RESULTS

Three hundred healthy scalp FAV images of different epidermal layers, papillary dermis, follicular ostia and healthy hair shafts were collected. Three hundred and eighty FAV and trichoscopic images of alopecic scalp elementary lesions were collected, showing that FAV provided a more detailed observation than trichoscopy, with higher magnification and cellular resolution.

CONCLUSION

Fluorescence advanced videodermoscopy may represent a new valid technique of support to trichoscopy, adding further information, increasing chances of diagnosis and decreasing the need of invasive procedures.

How lockdown measures, during COVID-19 pandemic, matter on psoriatic patient's perception: Study on 600 patients on biologic therapy

Background

The outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a public health crisis of global proportion. In psoriatic patients treated with biologic agents, evidence is not yet available on susceptibility to infection with the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, and data about the perception of COVID-19 and its impact on these patients are lacking.

Aims

The aim of this observational, spontaneous study was the evaluation of the impact of anti COVID-19 measures in “fragile population” such as patients with a chronic inflammatory disease. Thus, we evaluated the impact of perceived risk on quality of life of patients with moderate to severe psoriasis, in our outpatient clinic, and how their perceptions changed before and after the adoption of Covid-19 emergency measures following the Italian Ministerial Decree in March 9, 2020.

Methods

Using a series of questions, our study surveyed adult patients with moderate to severe psoriasis receiving treatment with biologic agents (n = 591), before and after the adoption of COVID-19 emergency measures.

Results

Most patients (97%) had been sufficiently informed by healthcare staff about COVID-19 spread. A significant change was observed in social activity reduction before and after the adoption of the measures (18% vs. 90% of patients; P < 0.0001). Similarly, patients were more likely to suspend ongoing therapy after the measures were adopted than before (87% vs. 34% of patients; P < 0.0001). Following the measures, older patients were significantly more inclined to suspend therapy and reduce social activities than younger patients.

Conclusions

Government COVID-19 emergency measures further curtailed already reduced social activities in psoriatic patients, and led to a greater inclination to suspend biologic therapy, more so in older patients, despite there being no evidence to support this suspension. These vulnerable patients may need support from clinicians in order to maintain treatment adherence.

RARE PECAM1 VARIANTS IN THREE FAMILIES WITH LYMPHEDEMA

PECAM1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is expressed in monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages and other types of immune cells as well as in endothelial cells. PECAM1 function is crucial for the development and maturation of B lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to link rare PECAM1 variants found in lymphedema patients with the development of lymphatic system malformations. Using NGS, we previously tested 246 Italian lymphedema patients for variants in 29 lymphedema-associated genes and obtained 235 negative results. We then tested these patients for variants in the PECAM1 gene. We found three probands with rare variants in PECAM1. All variants were heterozygous missense variants. In Family 1, the unaffected mother and brother of the proband were found to carry the same variant as the proband. Lymphoscintigraphy was performed to determine possible lymphatic malformations and showed that in both cases a bilateral slight reduction in the speed and lymphatic clearance of the lower limbs. PECAM1 function is important for lymphatic vasculature formation. We found variants in PECAM1 that may be associated with susceptibility to lymphedema.

SVEP1 is important for morphogenesis of lymphatic system: Possible implications in lymphedema

SVEP1, also known as Polydom, is a large extracellular mosaic protein with functions in protein interactions and adhesion. Since Svep1 knockout animals show severe edema and lymphatic system malformations, the aim of this study is to evaluate the presence of SVEP1 variants in patients with lymphedema. We analyzed DNA from 246 lymphedema patients for variants in known lymphedema genes, 235 of whom tested negative and underwent a second testing for new candidate genes, including SVEP1, as reported here. We found three samples with rare heterozygous missense single-nucleotide variants in the SVEP1 gene. In one family, healthy members were found to carry the same variants and reported some subclinical edema. Based on our findings and a review of the literature, we propose SVEP1 as a candidate gene that should be sequenced in patients with lymphatic malformations, with or without lymphedema, in order to investigate and add evidence on its possible involvement in the development of lymphedema.

Italian SARS-CoV-2 patients in intensive care: towards an identikit for subjects at risk?

OBJECTIVE

To investigate patient characteristics and factors that increase the risk of being admitted to intensive care and that influence survival in cases of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

One-hundred and ninety-one SARS-CoV-2 patients were admitted to the "Fondazione Poliambulanza di Brescia" Hospital (Brescia, Lombardy, Italy) in the period 1st March 2020 to 11th April 2020. Data on demographics, clinical presentation at admission, co-morbidities, pharmacological treatment, admission to intensive care and death was recorded. Logistic regression and survival analysis were carried out to investigate the risk of being admitted to intensive care and the risk of death.

RESULTS

The mean age of the study cohort was 64.6±9.9 years (range 20-88). Median BMI was 28.5±5 kg/m2. Fever (81%) and dyspnea (65%) were the most common symptoms on admission. Most of patients (63%) had at least one co-existing disease. The 157 (82%) patients admitted to intensive care were more likely to be of intermediate age (60-69 years; OR 3.23, 95% CI 1.32-8.38), overweight (OR 2.66, 95% CI 1.02-7.07) or obese (OR 5.63, 95% CI 1.73-21.09) and with lymphocytopenia (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.17-6.89) than the 34 patients admitted to the ordinary ward. During intensive care, 50% of patients died and their death was associated with older age (HR 2.06, 95% CI 1.07-3.97), obesity (HR 2.23, 95% CI 1.15-4.35) and male gender (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.02-3.57).

CONCLUSIONS

We found that admission to intensive care and poor survival were associated with advanced age and higher body mass index, albeit with differences in statistical significance. Pre-existing diseases and symptoms on admission were not associated with different clinical outcomes. Interestingly, male gender was more prevalent among SARS-CoV-2 patients and was related negatively to survival, but it was not associated with more frequent admission to intensive care.

Genetics of lipedema: new perspectives on genetic research and molecular diagnoses

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this qualitative review is to provide an update on the current understanding of the genetic determinants of lipedema and to develop a genetic test to differentiate lipedema from other diagnoses.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An electronic search was conducted in MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus for articles published in English up to March 2019. Lipedema and similar disorders included in the differential diagnosis of lipedema were searched in the clinical synopsis section of OMIM, in GeneCards, Orphanet, and MalaCards.

RESULTS

The search identified several genetic factors related to the onset of lipedema and highlighted the utility of developing genetic diagnostic testing to help differentiate lipedema from other diagnoses.

CONCLUSIONS

No genetic tests or guidelines for molecular diagnosis of lipedema are currently available, despite the fact that genetic testing is fundamental for the differential diagnosis of lipedema against Mendelian genetic obesity, primary lymphedema, and lipodystrophies.

Benefit of a topic ointment as co-medication with biologic drugs for the management of moderate-severe psoriasis: a prospective, observational real-life study

BACKGROUND

Psoriasis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by erythemato-squamous lesions with a chronic relapsing course. The desease clinical activity (PASI) and the patient's quality of life (DLQI) are the main elements to assess for setting up a correct therapeutic management.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to evaluate the management of the patient with moderate-severe psoriasis in therapy with biological drugs and to establish the difference in the achievement of PASI 90 and DLQI 0-1 between a group of patients treated with only biological drugs and a group of patients receiving biologic therapy in combination with a topical ointment.

METHODS

We conducted a prospective, observational real-life study enrolling 60 patients with moderate to severe psoriasis and divided in two groups: Group A patients treated with biological drugs, Group B patiens treated with biological drugs in association with an ointment composed of betamethasone, salicylic acid and ammonium sulpho-ichtyolate, applied 2 times a day. PASI and DLQI were evaluated at study beginning (T0) for both study groups, after 12 weeks (T3) for sample in therapy with biological drugs and after 24 weeks (T6) for sample in co-medication therapy.

RESULTS

The two-way ANOVA method was used to evaluate the standard deviations (SD): at T3 and T6 Group B obtained a significant PASI reduction and improvement of DLQI (* p value <0.05) compared to Group A.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study shown that the patients treated with biologics in co-medication with topical therapy reached a significantly higher PASI and DQLI compared with those treated with only biologics. Furthermore we observed that the association with topical oinment showed more efficacy in the treatment of areas such as palm-plantar region, that is often difficult-to-treat region, even for biologic drugs.

PET-guided Switch from Immunotherapy to Targeted Therapy in a Metastatic Melanoma Patient: a personalized approach

An early identification of non-responders in oncology is of crucial importance to rapidly switch treatment regimens. Here we report a positron emission tomography, (PET)-guided switch from immunotherapy to targeted therapy in a patient affected by metastatic melanoma. We describe the case of a 78-years-old male patient diagnosed with nodular melanoma, submitted to baseline PET/CT with 18fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) that showed cutaneous and skeletal metastases (stage IV). The patients started immunotherapy with pembrolizumab. A PET/CT performed 3 months after the start of immunotherapy demonstrated progressive metabolic disease both at skeletal and cutaneous level, confirmed also by the biopsy. As patients resulted positive for BRAF V600k mutation, treatment regimen was rapidly switched to combined anti-BRAF/MEK targeted therapy. The PET/CT performed 3 months later, showed almost complete metabolic response. Ten months after the beginning of targeted therapy, the patient continues to present a durable metabolic response. PET/CT with 18F-FDG may help in monitoring the response to treatment in metastatic melanoma thus defining personalized therapeutic pathways.

MELILOTUS, RUTIN AND BROMELAIN IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LYMPHEDEMA

As reported in the literature, benzopyrones (alpha and gamma) have important effects on the microcirculation through various mechanisms. Coumarins are an alpha-benzopyrone as derivatives of Melilotus Officinalis, while bioflavonoids are a gamma-benzopyrone and include Rutin. Alpha-benzopyrones have two fundamental pharmacological effects: they have pro-lymphokinetic action by activating contractility of lymphangions; and the activation of macrophages to provide a proteolytic effect. Gamma-benzopyrones, such as Rutin, have an important anti-exuding and membrane stabilizing effect. Bromelain is known for its anti-inflammatory effect. The present study enrolled 52 patients with primary and/or secondary lymphedema in clinical stages I or II (according to the ISL classification) with 31 cases involving the lower limbs and 21 cases involving the upper limbs. All subjects were given for six months a natural compound consisting of 100 mg of natural Melilotus, that contains 20 grams of Coumarin, 300 mg of Rutin and 100 mg of Bromelain. The following parameters were studied at zero time (T0), after three months (T1), and after six months of treatment (T2): pitting, Stemmer's sign, measurement of limb circumferences, measurement of superficial tissue thickness in the affected limbs using ultrasound, and blood tests to evaluate hepatic function (ALT, AST, GGT, total and fractional bilirubin). At the end of the treatment (T2), the following results were observed: disappearance of pitting in 72% of the cases; unchanged Stemmer's sign; average decrease in limb circumferences of 4.2 cm; and average reduction of the superficial thickness of 29%. There was no variation in the liver function parameters examined. The combination of natural compounds (Melilotus, Rutin, and Bromelain) has been shown to be a valuable aid in the clinical control of both primary and secondary lymphedema of clinical stages I and II as well as in control of inflammatory phenomena related to chronic stasis. There were no side effects and no alteration of liver function parameters found.

Rare PECAM1 variants in three families with lymphedema

PECAM1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is expressed in monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages and other types of immune cells as well as in endothelial cells. PECAM1 function is crucial for the development and maturation of B lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to link rare PECAM1 variants found in lymphedema patients with the development of lymphatic system malformations. Using NGS, we previously tested 246 Italian lymphedema patients for variants in 29 lymphedema-associated genes and obtained 235 negative results. We then tested these patients for variants in the PECAM1 gene. We found three probands with rare variants in PECAM1. All variants were heterozygous missense variants. In Family 1, the unaffected mother and brother of the proband were found to carry the same variant as the proband. Lymphoscintigraphy was performed to determine possible lymphatic malformations and showed that in both cases a bilateral slight reduction in the speed and lymphatic clearance of the lower limbs. PECAM1 function is important for lymphatic vasculature formation. We found variants in PECAM1 that may be associated with susceptibility to lymphedema.

Bifidobacterium jacchi sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of a baby common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

A novel Bifidobacterium strain, MRM 9.3^T, was isolated from a faecal sample of a baby common marmoset (Callithrixjacchus). Cells were Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, non-sporulating, non-haemolytic, facultatively anaerobic and fructose 6-phosphate phosphoketolase-positive. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA genes as well as multilocus sequences (representing hsp60, rpoB, clpC, dnaJ and dnaG genes) and the core genomes revealed that strain MRM 9.3^T exhibited phylogenetic relatedness to Bifidobacterium myosotis DSM 100196^T. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed the phylogenetic results showing the highest gene sequence identity with strain B.ifidobacterium myosotis DSM 100196^T (95.6 %). The average nucleotide identity, amino acid average identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between MRM 9.3^T and DSM 100196^T were 79.9, 72.1 and 28.5 %, respectively. Phenotypic and genotypic features clearly showed that the strain MRM 9.3^T represents a novel species, for which the name Bifidobacterium jacchi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MRM 9.3^T (=DSM 103362^T =JCM 31788^T).

Melilotus, Rutin and Bromelain in primary and secondary lymphedema

As reported in the literature, benzopyrones (alpha and gamma) have important effects on the microcirculation through various mechanisms. Coumarins are an alpha-benzopyrone as derivatives of Melilotus Officinalis, while bioflavonoids are a gamma-benzopyrone and include Rutin. Alpha-benzopyrones have two fundamental pharmacological effects: they have pro-lymphokinetic action by activating contractility of lymphangions; and the activation of macrophages to provide a proteolytic effect. Gamma-benzopyrones, such as Rutin, have an important anti-exuding and membrane stabilizing effect. Bromelain is known for its anti-inflammatory effect. The present study enrolled 52 patients with primary and/or secondary lymphedema in clinical stages I or II (according to the ISL classification) with 31 cases involving the lower limbs and 21 cases involving the upper limbs. All subjects were given for six months a natural compound consisting of 100 mg of natural Melilotus, that contains 20 grams of Coumarin, 300 mg of Rutin and 100 mg of Bromelain. The following parameters were studied at zero time (T0), after three months (T1), and after six months of treatment (T2): pitting, Stemmer's sign, measurement of limb circumferences, measurement of superficial tissue thickness in the affected limbs using ultrasound, and blood tests to evaluate hepatic function (ALT, AST, GGT, total and fractional bilirubin). At the end of the treatment (T2), the following results were observed: disappearance of pitting in 72% of the cases; unchanged Stemmer's sign; average decrease in limb circumferences of 4.2 cm; and average reduction of the superficial thickness of 29%. There was no variation in the liver function parameters examined. The combination of natural compounds (Melilotus, Rutin, and Bromelain) has been shown to be a valuable aid in the clinical control of both primary and secondary lymphedema of clinical stages I and II as well as in control of inflammatory phenomena related to chronic stasis. There were no side effects and no alteration of liver function parameters found.

A reverse metabolic approach to weaning: in silico identification of immune-beneficial infant gut bacteria, mining their metabolism for prebiotic feeds and sourcing these feeds in the natural product space

BACKGROUND

Weaning is a period of marked physiological change. The introduction of solid foods and the changes in milk consumption are accompanied by significant gastrointestinal, immune, developmental, and microbial adaptations. Defining a reduced number of infections as the desired health benefit for infants around weaning, we identified in silico (i.e., by advanced public domain mining) infant gut microbes as potential deliverers of this benefit. We then investigated the requirements of these bacteria for exogenous metabolites as potential prebiotic feeds that were subsequently searched for in the natural product space.

RESULTS

Using public domain literature mining and an in silico reverse metabolic approach, we constructed probiotic-prebiotic-food associations, which can guide targeted feeding of immune health-beneficial microbes by weaning food; analyzed competition and synergy for (prebiotic) nutrients between selected microbes; and translated this information into designing an experimental complementary feed for infants enrolled in a pilot clinical trial ( http://www.nourishtoflourish.auckland.ac.nz/ ).

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, we applied a benefit-oriented microbiome research strategy for enhanced early-life immune health. We extended from "classical" to molecular nutrition aiming to identify nutrients, bacteria, and mechanisms that point towards targeted feeding to improve immune health in infants around weaning. Here, we present the systems biology-based approach we used to inform us on the most promising prebiotic combinations known to support growth of beneficial gut bacteria ("probiotics") in the infant gut, thereby favorably promoting development of the immune system.

Bifidobacterium catulorum sp. nov., a novel taxon from the faeces of the baby common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

In our previous study based on hsp60 PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we stated that the bifidobacterial strains isolated from the individual faecal samples of five baby common marmosets constituted different phylogenetically isolated groups of the genus Bifidobacterium. In that study, we also proposed that these isolated groups potentially represented novel species of the genus Bifidobacterium. Out of them, Bifidobacterium aesculapii, Bifidobacterium myosotis, Bifidobacterium tissieri and Bifidobacterium hapali, have been described recently. Another strain, designated MRM 8.19^T, has been classified as member of the genus Bifidobacterium on the basis of positive results for fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase activity and analysis of partial 16S rRNA, hsp60, clpC, dnaJ, dnaG and rpoB gene sequences. Analysis of 16S rRNA and hsp60 gene sequences revealed that strain MRM 8.19^T was related to B. tissieri DSM 100201^T (95.8 %) and to Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 29521^T (93.7 %), respectively. The DNA G+C composition was 63.7 mol% and the peptidoglycan structure was l-Orn(Lys)-l-Ser. Based on the phylogenetic, genotypic and phenotypic data reported, strain MRM 8.19^T represents a novel taxon within the genus Bifidobacterium for which the name Bifidobacterium catulorum sp. nov. (type strain MRM 8.19^T=DSM 103154^T=JCM 31794^T) is proposed.

Proprioception sense in lymphedema affected upper limb

This study aimed to provide information on proprioception alterations in lymphedema-affected limbs. Blindfolded subjects sat at a table with their forearms positioned on paddles. The hinges of the paddles were aligned with the elbow joint and an electronic goniometer was positioned to measure the angle of the forearm. Paddles were moved by an electric servomotor with a slow angular speed that was barely appreciated by the subjects. Subjects were then asked to guess the position of the affected arm in comparison with the unaffected arm to study the position sense of the lymphedema-affected arm. The study investigated 50 women affected by secondary upper limb lymphedema by measuring the difference in terms of degrees of arch of movement in comparison with the unaffected arm and also both duration of lymphedema and the circumference of the forearm. Results were matched with a control group of 50 unaffected women providing proof of compromised proprioception in lymphedema-affected arms. In addition, results also showed a correlation with duration of lymphedema but not with size (stage) of the lymphedematous arm.

Bifidobacterium callitrichidarum sp. nov. from the faeces of the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator)

Three Gram-stain-positive, non-spore-forming, microaerophilic and fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase positive strains were isolated from a faecal sample of an adult subject of the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator). Given that the isolates revealed identical BOX PCR profiles, strain TRI 5^T was selected as a representative and characterized further. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity revealed that strain TRI 5^T was closely related to Bifidobacterium saguini DSM 23967^T (96.4 %) and to Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum ATCC 15708 (96.2 %). Multilocus sequence analyses of five housekeeping genes showed the close phylogenetic relatedness of this strain to Bifidobacterium breve DSM 20213^T (hsp60 94.1 %), Bifidobacterium saguini DSM 23967^T (clpC 91 %), Bifidobacterium avesanii DSM 100685^T (dnaG 80.3 %), Bifidobacterium longumsubsp. infantis ATCC 15697^T (dnaJ 85.3 %) and Bifidobacterium longumsubsp. longum ATCC 15708 (rpoB 93 %), respectively. The peptidoglycan type was A3β, with an interpeptide bridge comprising l-Orn (Lys) - l-Ser - l-Ala - l-Thr - l-Ala. The DNA G+C content of strain TRI 5^T was 60.9 mol%. Based on the data provided, strain TRI 5^T represents a novel species of the genus Bifidobacterium for which the name Bifidobacteriumcallitrichidarum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TRI 5^T (=DSM 103152^T=JCM 31790^T).