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Bacon RL, Norman KN, Nickodem CA, Vinasco JA, Gray SB, Hodo CL, Lawhon SD. Whole-genome sequences of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni isolates from rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta) with and without intestinal disease. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0001824. [PMID: 38446060 PMCID: PMC11008214 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00018-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli infection can lead to post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in humans and may produce a similar syndrome in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). We report the complete genomes of 8 C. jejuni isolates and 103 C. coli isolates obtained from rhesus macaques with and without intestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Bacon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Keri N. Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Colette A. Nickodem
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Javier A. Vinasco
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Stanton B. Gray
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Carolyn L. Hodo
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Lewy K, Bova J, Erickson TA, Rose R, Lawhon SD, Vemulapalli TH. Optimizing the Glass Bead Sterilization Protocol Focusing on Removal of Organic and Bacterial Intraoperative Contamination. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2024. [PMID: 38490728 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-23-000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Validated glass bead sterilization protocols to effectively sterilize rodent surgical instruments after bacterial exposure (for example, cecal contamination) are lacking. To refine current approaches, we added either a multienzyme detergent, neutral pH detergent, or chlorhexidine scrub step before glass bead sterilization of forceps or needle drivers exposed to cecal contents. We exposed sets of forceps and needle drivers to cecal contents, which were then air dried for 3 min. Immediately after, the instruments were wiped several times with a clean, dry paper towel. The contaminated tips were soaked in either a multienzyme or neutral pH detergent (t = 5 min), chlorhexidine scrub (t = 2 min), or no pretreatment solution. To further increase debris removal, instruments (from all groups) were brushed using a clean toothbrush. The nonpretreatment instruments were briefly soaked in saline before brushing. After being rinsed with sterile water, all instruments were exposed to a glass bead sterilizer for 60 s at 500 °F (260 °C). Sets were then swabbed for bacterial culturing. Swabs were plated onto either sheep blood agar (n = 23) or chocolate agar (n = 20) for aerobic culturing or Brucella agar (n = 20) for anaerobic culturing. A subset of instruments was sampled to determine organic material presence after treatment using an ATP luminometer (n = 21). Multiple agar types and bioluminescence were used to more deeply evaluate tool sterility and to differentiate the relative effectiveness of each protocol. From the saline group, only one pair of forceps yielded growth on Brucella agar, and 2 pairs yielded growth on chocolate agar. No other bacterial growth was observed. The use of a pretreatment agent also lowered overall organic contamination levels in needle drivers compared with using only saline. These results indicate that brushing instruments to mechanically remove debris from instruments is paramount to ensure sterility. However, a best practice would be to also use one of the pretreatment options used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Lewy
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jonathan Bova
- Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Timothy A Erickson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Robert Rose
- Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Tracy H Vemulapalli
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Cheung GYC, Lee JH, Liu R, Lawhon SD, Yang C, Otto M. Methicillin Resistance Elements in the Canine Pathogen Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Their Association with the Peptide Toxin PSM-mec. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:130. [PMID: 38391516 PMCID: PMC10886032 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a frequent cause of infections in dogs. Infectious isolates of this coagulase-positive staphylococcal species are often methicillin- and multidrug-resistant, which complicates therapy. In staphylococci, methicillin resistance is encoded by determinants found on mobile genetic elements called Staphylococcal Chromosome Cassette mec (SCCmec), which, in addition to methicillin resistance factors, sometimes encode additional genes, such as further resistance factors and, rarely, virulence determinants. In this study, we analyzed SCCmec in a collection of infectious methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) isolates from predominant lineages in the United States. We found that several lineages characteristically have specific types of SCCmec elements and Agr types and harbor additional factors in their SCCmec elements that may promote virulence or affect DNA uptake. All isolates had SCCmec-encoded restriction-modification (R-M) systems of types I or II, and sequence types (STs) ST84 and ST64 had one type II and one type I R-M system, although the latter lacked a complete methylation enzyme gene. ST68 isolates also had an SCCmec-encoded CRISPR system. ST71 isolates had a psm-mec gene, which, in all but apparently Agr-dysfunctional isolates, produced a PSM-mec peptide toxin, albeit at relatively small amounts. This study gives detailed insight into the composition of SCCmec elements in infectious isolates of S. pseudintermedius and lays the genetic foundation for further efforts directed at elucidating the contribution of identified accessory SCCmec factors in impacting SCCmec-encoded and thus methicillin resistance-associated virulence and resistance to DNA uptake in this leading canine pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Y C Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ryan Liu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ching Yang
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Lawhon SD, Burbick CR, Munson E, Thelen E, Zapp A, Wilson A. Update on novel validly published taxa of bacteria isolated from domestic animals described in 2022. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0083923. [PMID: 37889054 PMCID: PMC10729710 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00839-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion of our knowledge of the microbial world continues to progress at a rapid rate and carries with it an associated need for recognizing and understanding the implications of those changes. Here, we describe additions of novel taxa from domestic animals published in 2022 that are validly published per the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. These included new members of Staphylococcaceae, Moraxella nasovis sp. nov. in sheep with respiratory disease, three additions to Campylobacteraceae (including one from chickens with spotty liver disease), and multiple additions of organisms from the microbiota of dogs, pigs, and especially honeybees and other important pollinators. Noteworthy additions were associated with diseases of cattle, including mastitis, endocarditis, orchitis, and endometritis. Also described in 2022 was Pseudochrobactrum algeriense sp. nov., a member of the Brucellaceae family, isolated from the mammary lymph nodes of cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Claire R. Burbick
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Erik Munson
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elizabeth Thelen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amanda Zapp
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anastasia Wilson
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Burbick CR, Lawhon SD, Munson E, Thelen E, Zapp A, Wilson A. An update on novel taxa and revised taxonomic status of bacteria isolated from non-domestic animals described in 2022. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0084023. [PMID: 37888990 PMCID: PMC10741638 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00840-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Numbers of new and revised microbial taxa are continuously expanding, and the rapid accumulation of novel bacterial species is challenging to keep up with in the best of circumstances. With that in mind, following the template of reports on prokaryotic species isolated from humans, this is now the second publication summarizing new and revised taxa in non-domestic animal species in the Journal of Clinical Microbiology. The majority of new taxa were obtained as part of programs to identify bacteria from mucosal surfaces and the gastrointestinal tract from healthy wildlife. A few notable bacteria included new Erysipelothrix spp. from mammalian and aquatic sources and a novel Bartonella spp. isolated from a rodent, both of which could be considered members of emerging and re-emerging genera with pathogenic potential in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire R. Burbick
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Erik Munson
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elizabeth Thelen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amanda Zapp
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anastasia Wilson
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Banovic F, Reno L, Lawhon SD, Wu J, Hoffmann AR. Tolerability and the effect on skin Staphylococcus pseudintermedius density of repeated diluted sodium hypochlorite (bleach) baths at 0.005% in healthy dogs. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:489-494. [PMID: 37357372 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dilute sodium hypochlorite (bleach) baths at 0.005% concentration twice weekly have been shown to markedly reduce the severity of atopic dermatitis in children, yet no tolerability and efficacy data are available for this treatment in dogs. OBJECTIVES To determine the local tolerability and the longitudinal effect on the density of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius of repeated diluted bleach baths on healthy dog skin. ANIMALS Four healthy hound cross-bred dogs. METHODS Bleach baths (0.005%; twice weekly for 15 min) were applied to four healthy hound cross-bred dogs over four weeks (eight baths). Local tolerability was assessed for axillae, abdomen and legs by an investigator before, immediately after and 24 h after each bath. The longitudinal effect on density of S. pseudintermedius from axillae and groin was analysed through quantitative PCR before treatment [at Day (D)-7 and -3], during treatment on D4, D11 and D25, and on D30. RESULTS There was no erythema or scaling after the baths in any dog. Copy numbers of S. pseudintermedius in axillae, groin and both (axillae and groin together) were not significantly different at any time point during the study. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Repeated 0.005% hypochlorite bleach baths over four weeks were safe and well-tolerated in healthy dogs without significant changes in the density of S. pseudintermedius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lisa Reno
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann
- Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Ossa-Trujillo C, Taylor EA, Sarwar F, Vinasco J, Jordan ER, Buitrago JAG, Hagevoort GR, Lawhon SD, Piñeiro JM, Galloway-Peña J, Norman KN, Scott HM. Two-Dose Ceftiofur Treatment Increases Cephamycinase Gene Quantities and Fecal Microbiome Diversity in Dairy Cows Diagnosed with Metritis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2728. [PMID: 38004740 PMCID: PMC10673576 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a significant concern worldwide; meanwhile, the impact of 3rd generation cephalosporin (3GC) antibiotics on the microbial communities of cattle and resistance within these communities is largely unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of two-dose ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (2-CCFA) treatment on the fecal microbiota and on the quantities of second-and third-generation cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone, and macrolide resistance genes in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows in the southwestern United States. Across three dairy farms, 124 matched pairs of cows were enrolled in a longitudinal study. Following the product label regimen, CCFA was administered on days 0 and 3 to cows diagnosed with postpartum metritis. Healthy cows were pair-matched based on lactation number and calving date. Fecal samples were collected on days 0, 6, and 16 and pooled in groups of 4 (n = 192) by farm, day, and treatment group for community DNA extraction. The characterization of community DNA included real-time PCR (qPCR) to quantify the following antibiotic resistance genes: blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M, mphA, qnrB19, and the highly conserved 16S rRNA back-calculated to gene copies per gram of feces. Additionally, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and metagenomics analyses were used to determine differences in bacterial community composition by treatment, day, and farm. Overall, blaCMY-2 gene copies per gram of feces increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in the treated group compared to the untreated group on day 6 and remained elevated on day 16. However, blaCTX-M, mphA, and qnrB19 gene quantities did not differ significantly (p ≥ 0.05) between treatment groups, days, or farms, suggesting a cephamycinase-specific enhancement in cows on these farms. Perhaps unexpectedly, 16S rRNA amplicon metagenomic analyses showed that the fecal bacterial communities from treated animals on day 6 had significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) alpha and beta diversity than the untreated group. Two-dose ceftiofur treatment in dairy cows with metritis elevates cephamycinase gene quantities among all fecal bacteria while paradoxically increasing microbial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ossa-Trujillo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Ethan A. Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (E.A.T.); (F.S.); (J.V.); (S.D.L.); (J.G.-P.)
| | - Fatima Sarwar
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (E.A.T.); (F.S.); (J.V.); (S.D.L.); (J.G.-P.)
| | - Javier Vinasco
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (E.A.T.); (F.S.); (J.V.); (S.D.L.); (J.G.-P.)
| | - Ellen R. Jordan
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX 75252, USA;
| | - Jose A. García Buitrago
- Department of Extension Animal Sciences and Natural Resources, New Mexico State University, Clovis, NM 88101, USA; (J.A.G.B.); (G.R.H.)
| | - G. Robert Hagevoort
- Department of Extension Animal Sciences and Natural Resources, New Mexico State University, Clovis, NM 88101, USA; (J.A.G.B.); (G.R.H.)
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (E.A.T.); (F.S.); (J.V.); (S.D.L.); (J.G.-P.)
| | - Juan M. Piñeiro
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
| | - Jessica Galloway-Peña
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (E.A.T.); (F.S.); (J.V.); (S.D.L.); (J.G.-P.)
| | - Keri N. Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Harvey Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (E.A.T.); (F.S.); (J.V.); (S.D.L.); (J.G.-P.)
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Morris ERA, Schroeder ME, Ferro PJ, Waller AS, McGlennon AA, Bustos CP, Gressler LT, Wu J, Lawhon SD, Boyle AG, Lingsweiler S, Paul N, Dimitrov K, Swinford AK, Bordin AI, Cohen ND. Development of a novel real-time PCR multiplex assay for detection of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi and Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109797. [PMID: 37290208 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Strangles is a contagious bacterial disease of horses caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (SEE) that occurs globally. Rapid and accurate identification of infected horses is essential for controlling strangles. Because of limitations of existing PCR assays for SEE, we sought to identify novel primers and probes that enable simultaneous detection and differentiation of infection with SEE and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SEZ). Comparative genomics of U.S. strains of SEE and SEZ (n = 50 each) identified SE00768 from SEE and comB from SEZ as target genes. Primers and probes for real-time PCR (rtPCR) were designed for these genes and then aligned in silico with the genomes of strains of SEE (n = 725) and SEZ (n = 343). Additionally, the sensitivity and specificity relative to microbiologic culture were compared between 85 samples submitted to an accredited veterinary medical diagnostic laboratory. The respective primer and probe sets aligned with 99.7 % (723/725) isolates of SEE and 97.1 % (333/343) of SEZ. Of 85 diagnostic samples, 20 of 21 (95.2 %) SEE and 22 of 23 SEZ (95.6 %) culture-positive samples were positive by rtPCR for SEE and SEZ, respectively. Both SEE (n = 2) and SEZ (n = 3) were identified by rtPCR among 32 culture-negative samples. Results were rtPCR-positive for both SEE and SEZ in 21 of 44 (47.7 %) samples that were culture-positive for SEE or SEZ. The primers and probe sets reported here reliably detect SEE and SEZ from Europe and the U.S., and permit detection of concurrent infection with both subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Ruth A Morris
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Megan E Schroeder
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Pamela J Ferro
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Andrew S Waller
- Intervacc AB, Hägersten, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abigail A McGlennon
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Carla P Bustos
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Leticia T Gressler
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal Farroupilha (IFFar), Frederico Westphalen, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ashley G Boyle
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Sonia Lingsweiler
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Narayan Paul
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kiril Dimitrov
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Amy K Swinford
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Angela I Bordin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Noah D Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Brock AK, Chamoun-Emanuelli AM, Howard EA, Huntzinger KD, Lawhon SD, Bryan LK, Cosgriff-Hernandez EM, Cohen ND, Whitfield-Cargile CM. Wound swabs versus biopsies to detect methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in experimental equine wounds. Vet Surg 2022; 51:1196-1205. [PMID: 36102600 PMCID: PMC9588683 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare: (1) the load and diversity of cultivatable bacterial species isolated from tissue biopsies with cultures from surface swabs, and (2) the ability of each technique to detect methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a model of MRSA-infected equine wounds. STUDY DESIGN Experimental in vivo study. ANIMALS Three light-breed adult horses. METHODS Four 2.5 × 2.5 cm full-thickness skin wounds were created on the dorsolateral aspect of each forelimb. Five days later, each wound was inoculated with a pure culture of MRSA (ATCC 43300). One hundred microlitres of 0, 5 × 108 , 5 × 109 or 5 × 1010 colony forming units (CFU)/ml was used to inoculate each wound. Surface swabs (Levine technique) and tissue biopsy samples (3 mm punch biopsy) were obtained at 2, 7, 14, and 21 days after inoculation. Quantitative aerobic culture was performed using routine clinical techniques. RESULTS A similar bacterial profile was identified from the culture of each wound-sampling technique and there was moderate correlation (R = 0.49, P < .001) between the bacterial bioburdens. Agreement was fair (κ = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.129-0.505) between the sampling techniques in identification of MRSA. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was isolated more frequently (P = .016) from cultures of tissue biopsies (79%; 76/96) than from surface swabs (62%; 60/96). CONCLUSION Bacterial load and diversity did not differ between sampling techniques but MRSA was detected more often from the cultures of tissue biopsies. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Tissue biopsy should be preferred to culture swab in wounds where MRSA is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbi K. Brock
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Ana M. Chamoun-Emanuelli
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Emily A. Howard
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Katie D. Huntzinger
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Laura K. Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | | | - Noah D. Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Canaan M. Whitfield-Cargile
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
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Levent G, Schlochtermeier A, Vinasco J, Jennings J, Richeson J, Ives SE, Norman KN, Lawhon SD, Loneragan GH, Scott HM. Long-Term Effects of Single-Dose Cephalosporin or Macrolide Use on the Prevalence of AmpC and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli in the Feces of Beef Cattle. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102071. [PMID: 36296347 PMCID: PMC9610231 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae are serious public health threats. Due to an increasing number of reports of ESBL and AmpC producing Escherichia coli in agricultural settings, it is critical to understand the relationship between the use of two of the highest priority critically important human antibiotics (e.g., third generation cephalosporins [3GC] and macrolides) in food animals and their potential contribution to the selection of ESBL/AmpC E. coli. The objective of our randomized controlled feedlot trial was to measure the effects of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid and tulathromycin on 3GC resistant fecal E. coli populations in cattle before and at various time points after treatment up to and including at slaughter. Multi-level mixed-effects linear regression showed no effect of ceftiofur and tulathromycin on 3GC E. coli CFU counts at slaughter (Day 99); however, a significant (p < 0.05) population shift was observed from susceptible to 3GC resistant E. coli immediately after ceftiofur administration (Day 7). Among 799 fecal samples screened using selective media, 17.7% were ESBL/AmpC E. coli positive, which were further tested for phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility. The majority of the isolates from these plates were multidrug-resistant (94.3%) and expressed either AmpC (78.1%) or ESBL (28.1%) phenotype. A subset of isolates was whole-genome sequenced (n = 20) and identified to harbor chromosomal and/or plasmidal bla genes such as CMY-2, CTX-M, and TEM. Our findings show a time-dependent selection of antibiotics on 3GC-resistant E. coli. High prevalence of multidrug-resistant ESBL/AmpC E. coli found in cattle feces highlights the importance of prudent use of antibiotics in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Levent
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | | | - Javier Vinasco
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Jenny Jennings
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016, USA
| | - John Richeson
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016, USA
| | - Samuel E. Ives
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016, USA
| | - Keri N. Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Guy H. Loneragan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - H. Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Myers AN, Lawhon SD, Diesel AB, Bradley CW, Rodrigues Hoffmann A, Murphy WJ. An ancient haplotype containing antimicrobial peptide gene variants is associated with severe fungal skin disease in Persian cats. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010062. [PMID: 35157719 PMCID: PMC8880935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis, also known as ringworm, is a contagious fungal skin disease affecting humans and animals worldwide. Persian cats exhibit severe forms of the disease more commonly than other breeds of cat, including other long-haired breeds. Certain types of severe dermatophytosis in humans are reportedly caused by monogenic inborn errors of immunity. The goal of this study was to identify genetic variants in Persian cats contributing to the phenotype of severe dermatophytosis. Whole-genome sequencing of case and control Persian cats followed by a genome-wide association study identified a highly divergent, disease-associated haplotype on chromosome F1 containing the S100 family of genes. S100 calcium binding protein A9 (S100A9), which encodes a subunit of the antimicrobial heterodimer known as calprotectin, contained 13 nonsynonymous variants between cases and controls. Evolutionary analysis of S100A9 haplotypes comparing cases, controls, and wild felids suggested the divergent disease-associated haplotype was likely introgressed into the domestic cat lineage and maintained via balancing selection. We demonstrated marked upregulation of calprotectin expression in the feline epidermis during dermatophytosis, suggesting involvement in disease pathogenesis. Given this divergent allele has been maintained in domestic cat and wildcat populations, this haplotype may have beneficial effects against other pathogens. The pathogen specificity of this altered protein should be investigated before attempting to reduce the allele frequency in the Persian cat breed. Further work is needed to clarify if severe Persian dermatophytosis is a monogenic disease or if hidden disease-susceptibility loci remain to be discovered. Consideration should be given to engineering antimicrobial peptides such as calprotectin for topical treatment of dermatophytosis in humans and animals. Fungal skin infections known as ringworm or dermatophytosis affect billions of humans and animals worldwide. Normally the disease is self-limiting in affected individuals. The Persian cat breed is a popular breed known for its long hair coat and short nose as well as its propensity to develop severe, chronic dermatophytosis. By examining the genomes of Persian cats, we discovered that a specific region of DNA is highly altered between cats with and without severe dermatophytosis. The DNA sequence in this region is particularly divergent within a cluster of genes involved in immune defense against pathogens. Notably, alterations to the DNA sequence cause several changes in the antimicrobial protein known as calprotectin, which defends against pathogens in the skin of cats. Persian cats with severe dermatophytosis have a version of calprotectin similar to a version maintained by certain desert-dwelling wild felids such as sand cats and Asiatic wildcats. Therefore, we think this version of the protein is beneficial in some environments or against certain pathogens but not against the fungus that causes ringworm in cats. Our findings suggest changes to calprotectin may affect pathogen specificity and engineered calprotectin could be considered as a novel therapy for dermatophytosis in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N. Myers
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, Unites States of America
- * E-mail: (ANM); (WJM)
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, Unites States of America
| | - Alison B. Diesel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, Unites States of America
| | - Charles W. Bradley
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Unites States of America
| | - Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, Unites States of America
| | - William J. Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, Unites States of America
- * E-mail: (ANM); (WJM)
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12
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Murray SA, Holbert AC, Norman KN, Lawhon SD, Sawyer JE, Scott HM. Effects of Tylosin, a Direct-Fed Microbial and Feedlot Pen Environment on Phenotypic Resistance among Enterococci Isolated from Beef Cattle Feces. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:106. [PMID: 35052983 PMCID: PMC8772914 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In two sequential replicates (n = 90 and n = 96 feedlot finisher cattle, respectively) we measured the impact of an Enterococcus faecium-based probiotic (DFM) and an altered feedlot pen environment on antimicrobial resistance among fecal enterococci in cattle fed (or, not fed) the macrolide tylosin. Diluted fecal samples were spiral-plated on plain and antibiotic-supplemented m-Enterococcus agar. In the first replicate, tylosin significantly (p < 0.05) increased the relative quantity of erythromycin-resistant enterococci. This effect was diminished in cattle fed the DFM in conjunction with tylosin, indicating a macrolide susceptible probiotic may help mitigate resistance. A similar observed effect was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) in the second replicate. Isolates were speciated and resistance phenotypes were obtained for E. faecium and E. hirae. Susceptible strains of bacteria fed as DFM may prove useful for mitigating the selective effects of antibiotic use; however, the longer-term sustainability of such an approach remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Murray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.A.M.); (S.D.L.)
| | - Ashlyn C. Holbert
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (A.C.H.); (K.N.N.)
| | - Keri N. Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (A.C.H.); (K.N.N.)
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.A.M.); (S.D.L.)
| | - Jason E. Sawyer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Harvey M. Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.A.M.); (S.D.L.)
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13
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Kayser WC, Carstens GE, Parsons IL, Washburn KE, Lawhon SD, Pinchak WE, Chevaux E, Skidmore AL. Efficacy of statistical process control procedures to identify deviations in continuously measured physiological and behavioral variables in beef heifers resulting from an experimentally combined viral-bacterial challenge. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6358922. [PMID: 34453166 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine if statistical process control (SPC) procedures coupled with remote continuous data collection could accurately differentiate between animals experimentally inoculated with a viral-bacterial (VB) challenge or phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Crossbred heifers (N = 38; BW = 230 ± 16.4 kg) were randomly assigned to treatments by initial weight, average daily gain (ADG), bovine herpes virus 1, and Mannheimia haemolytica serum titers. Feeding behavior, dry matter intake (DMI), animal activity, and rumen temperature were continuously monitored remotely prior to and following VB challenge. VB-challenged heifers exhibited decreased (P < 0.01) ADG and DMI, as well as increased (P < 0.01) neutrophils and rumen temperature consistent with a bovine respiratory disease (BRD) infection. However, none of the heifers displayed overt clinical signs of disease. Shewhart and cumulative summation (CUSUM) charts were evaluated, with sensitivity and specificity computed on the VB-challenged heifers (n = 19) and PBS-challenged heifers (n = 19), respectively, and the accuracy was determined as the average of sensitivity and specificity. To address the diurnal nature of rumen temperature responses, summary statistics (mean, minimum, and maximum) were computed for daily quartiles (6-h intervals), and these quartile temperature models were evaluated separately. In the Shewhart analysis, DMI was the most accurate (95%) at deciphering between PBS- and VB-challenged heifers, followed by rumen temperature (94%) collected in the 2nd and 3rd quartiles. Rest was most the accurate accelerometer-based traits (89%), and meal duration (87%) and bunk visit (BV) frequency (82%) were the most accurate feeding behavior traits. Rumen temperature collected in the 3rd quartile signaled the earliest (2.5 d) of all the variables monitored with the Shewhart, followed by BV frequency (2.8 d), meal duration (2.8 d), DMI (3.0 d), and rest (4.0 d). Rumen temperature and DMI remained the most accurate variables in the CUSUM at 80% and 79%, respectively. Meal duration (58%), BV frequency (71%), and rest (74%) were less accurate when monitored with the CUSUM analysis. Furthermore, signal day was greater for DMI, rumen temperature, and meal duration (4.4, 5.0, and 3.7 d, respectively) in the CUSUM compared to Shewhart analysis. These results indicate that Shewhart and CUSUM charts can effectively identify deviations in feeding behavior, activity, and rumen temperature patterns for the purpose of detecting sub-clinical BRD in beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gordon E Carstens
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Ira Loyd Parsons
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Kevin E Washburn
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - William E Pinchak
- Texas Agrilife Research and Extension Center, Vernon 76385-2159, USA
| | - Eric Chevaux
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Milwaukee, WI 53218, USA
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14
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Arnold CE, Pilla R, Chaffin MK, Leatherwood JL, Wickersham TA, Callaway TR, Lawhon SD, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS. The effects of signalment, diet, geographic location, season, and colitis associated with antimicrobial use or Salmonella infection on the fecal microbiome of horses. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2437-2448. [PMID: 34268795 PMCID: PMC8478058 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fecal microbiome of healthy horses may be influenced by signalment, diet, environmental factors, and disease. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of age, breed, sex, geographic location, season, diet, and colitis caused by antibiotic use (antimicrobial-associated diarrhea [AAD]) and Salmonella infection on fecal microbiota. ANIMALS Healthy horses (n = 80) were sampled from nonhospital environments across multiple geographical locations in the United States. Horses with AAD (n = 14) were defined as those that developed diarrhea secondary to antimicrobial use. Horses with Salmonella infection (n = 12) were presented with spontaneous onset of colitis and subsequently tested positive on Salmonella quantitative polymerase chain reaction. All horses were >1 year of age and stratified by a dietary scale that included forages (pasture and hay) and concentrates grouped by percentage of fiber and amount. METHODS Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes was performed on fecal DNA. RESULTS Healthy horses fed higher amounts of grain clustered separately from those fed lower amounts of grain (analysis of similarities [ANOSIM], R = 0.356-0.385, Q = 0.002). Horses with AAD and Salmonella had decreased richness and evenness compared to healthy horses (P < .05). Univariable analysis of the 3 groups identified increases in Bacteroidetes (Q = 0.002) and Protebacteria (Q = 0.001) and decreases in Verrucomicrobia (Q = 0.001) in AAD horses whereas Salmonella horses had less Firmicutes (Q = 0.001) when compared to healthy horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Although the amount of grain in the diet had some impact on the fecal microbiome, colitis had a significantly larger influence. Horses with ADD have a more severe dysbiosis than do horses with Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Arnold
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - M Keith Chaffin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | - Tryon A Wickersham
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Todd R Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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15
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Meason-Smith C, Olivry T, Lawhon SD, Hoffmann AR. Malassezia species dysbiosis in natural and allergen-induced atopic dermatitis in dogs. Med Mycol 2021; 58:756-765. [PMID: 31782778 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia dermatitis and otitis are recurrent features of canine atopic dermatitis, increasing the cost of care, and contributing to a reduced quality of life for the pet. The exact pathogenesis of secondary yeast infections in allergic dogs remains unclear, but some have proposed an overgrowth of M. pachydermatis to be one of the flare factors. The distribution of Malassezia populations on healthy and allergic canine skin has not been previously investigated using culture-independent methods. Skin swabs were collected from healthy, naturally affected allergic, and experimentally sensitized atopic dogs. From the extracted DNA, fungal next-generations sequencing (NGS) targeting the ITS region with phylogenetic analysis of sequences for species level classification, and Malassezia species-specific quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were performed. M. globosa was significantly more abundant on healthy canine skin by both methods (NGS P < .0001, qPCR P < .0001). M. restricta was significantly more abundant on healthy skin by NGS (P = .0023), and M. pachydermatis was significantly more abundant on naturally-affected allergic skin by NGS (P < .0001) and on allergen-induced atopic skin lesions by qPCR (P = .0015). Shifts in Malassezia populations were not observed in correlation with the development of allergen-induced skin lesions. Differences in the lipid dependency of predominant Malassezia commensals between groups suggests a role of the skin lipid content in driving community composition and raises questions of whether targeting skin lipids with therapeutics could promote healthy Malassezia populations on canine skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Meason-Smith
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
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16
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Myers AN, Older CE, Diesel AB, Lawhon SD, Rodrigues Hoffmann A. Characterization of the cutaneous mycobiota in Persian cats with severe dermatophytosis. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:319-e88. [PMID: 34033174 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persian cats are predisposed to chronic and severe dermatophytosis. Alterations to the cutaneous microbiota are one potential contributor to this predisposition. OBJECTIVES To characterise the cutaneous and environmental fungal microbiota of Persian cats with chronic, severe dermatophytosis, and to compare the fungal microbiota of cats with and without dermatophytosis. ANIMALS Thirty-six client-owned cats, including 26 Persian cats and 10 domestic long hair (DLH) cats. METHODS AND MATERIALS Skin and home environment swabs were collected from Persian cats with severe, chronic dermatophytosis as well as groups of healthy control cats (Persian and DLH). Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region was performed in addition to ITS1 quantitative PCR and fungal culture. RESULTS Next-generation sequencing (NGS) targeting the fungal ITS region detected Microsporum sp. DNA from all Persian cats diagnosed with dermatophytosis and from environmental samples of their homes. A significant difference in community structure was identified between cases and controls, largely resulting from the Microsporum spp. DNA in samples from affected cats. Persian cats with dermatophytosis do not exhibit decreased fungal diversity. NGS failed to identify dermatophyte DNA on two culture-positive asymptomatic Persian controls and identified Trichophyton rubrum DNA from a culture-negative asymptomatic Persian control. CONCLUSIONS Aside from M. canis, our results indicate that an underlying fungal dysbiosis is not likely to play a role in development of dermatophytosis in Persian cats. Other explanations for predisposition to this disease, such as a primary immunodeficiency, ineffective grooming or unique features of Persian cat hair should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N Myers
- Departments of, Department of, Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Caitlin E Older
- Departments of, Department of, Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Alison B Diesel
- Department of, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Departments of, Department of, Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann
- Departments of, Department of, Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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17
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Goggs R, Menard JM, Altier C, Cummings KJ, Jacob ME, Lalonde-Paul DF, Papich MG, Norman KN, Fajt VR, Scott HM, Lawhon SD. Patterns of antimicrobial drug use in veterinary primary care and specialty practice: A 6-year multi-institution study. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1496-1508. [PMID: 33942943 PMCID: PMC8163138 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combatting antimicrobial resistance requires a One Health approach to antimicrobial stewardship including antimicrobial drug (AMD) use evaluation. Current veterinary AMD prescribing data are limited. OBJECTIVES To quantify companion animal AMD prescribing in primary care and specialty practice across 3 academic veterinary hospitals with particular focus on third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and carbapenems. ANIMALS Dogs and cats presented to 3 academic veterinary hospitals from 2012 to 2017. METHODS In this retrospective study, AMD prescribing data from 2012 to 2017 were extracted from electronic medical records at each hospital and prescriptions classified by service type: primary care, specialty practice or Emergency/Critical Care (ECC). Hospital-level AMD prescribing data were summarized by species, service type, AMD class, and drug. Multivariable logistic full-factorial regression models were used to estimate hospital, year, species, and service-type effects on AMD prescribing. Estimated marginal means and confidence intervals were plotted over time. RESULTS The probability of systemic AMD prescribing for any indication ranged between 0.15 and 0.28 and was higher for dogs than cats (P < .05) apart from 2017 at hospital 1. Animals presented to primary care were least likely to receive AMDs (dogs 0.03-0.15, cats 0.03-0.18). The most commonly prescribed AMD classes were aminopenicillins/β-lactamase inhibitors (0.02-0.15), first-generation cephalosporins (0.00-0.09), fluoroquinolones (0.00-0.04), nitroimidazoles (0.01-0.06), and tetracyclines (0.00-0.03). Among the highest priority classes, fluoroquinolones (dogs 0.00-0.09, cats 0.00-0.08) and third-generation cephalosporins (dogs 0.00-0.04, cats 0.00-0.05) were most frequently prescribed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial drug prescribing frequencies were comparable to previous studies. Additional stewardship efforts might focus on fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Julie M Menard
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Craig Altier
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kevin J Cummings
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Megan E Jacob
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Denise F Lalonde-Paul
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Mark G Papich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Keri N Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Virginia R Fajt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - H Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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18
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Hertzer JN, Fujishiro M, Lawhon SD, Creevy KE. Treatment and management of Salmonella prostatitis in a heartworm-positive intact male dog: a case report. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:135. [PMID: 33785042 PMCID: PMC8008656 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella spp. represent a significant zoonotic concern to pregnant owners as infection can cause septic abortions and post-partum illness. Enteric salmonellosis is well documented in canines however urinary salmonellosis is rarely described and Salmonella prostatitis has never been described in dogs. Case presentation This case report describes the diagnosis and management of a five-year-old, intact male Labrador Retriever mix dog that was diagnosed with Salmonella prostatitis among other comorbidities including heartworm infestation. Additionally, mitigation of zoonotic spread is emphasized as one of the owners was six months pregnant at the time of diagnosis. Discussion The pathogenesis of Salmonella prostatitis is unknown but explanations pertaining to enteric salmonellosis, such as the lifestyle and stress of living as a stray may have contributed and contamination from an enteric infection may have also been possible. Several recommendations were made to reduce the likelihood of zoonotic transmission including frequent hand washing, avoidance of the patient’s mouth, change in location of where the patient was fed, the use of an isolated area outside for urination and defecation, and the use of dilute bleach to clean areas soiled by the patient’s bodily fluids. Monitoring of the prostatic infection was facilitated with prostatic wash instead of urine culture. This decision was made as prostatic infections have been shown to intermittently shed bacteria into the urine, leading to possible false negative urine cultures and potential catastrophic zoonotic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Hertzer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 77843-4474, College Station, TX, USA.
| | | | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 77843-4467, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kate E Creevy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 77843-4474, College Station, TX, USA
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19
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Tyson GH, Ceric O, Guag J, Nemser S, Borenstein S, Slavic D, Lippert S, McDowell R, Krishnamurthy A, Korosec S, Friday C, Pople N, Saab ME, Fairbrother JH, Janelle I, McMillan D, Bommineni YR, Simon D, Mohan S, Sanchez S, Phillips A, Bartlett P, Naikare H, Watson C, Sahin O, Stinman C, Wang L, Maddox C, DeShambo V, Hendrix K, Lubelski D, Burklund A, Lubbers B, Reed D, Jenkins T, Erol E, Patel M, Locke S, Fortner J, Peak L, Balasuriya U, Mani R, Kettler N, Olsen K, Zhang S, Shen Z, Landinez MP, Thornton JK, Thachil A, Byrd M, Jacob M, Krogh D, Webb B, Schaan L, Patil A, Dasgupta S, Mann S, Goodman LB, Franklin-Guild RJ, Anderson RR, Mitchell PK, Cronk BD, Aprea M, Cui J, Jurkovic D, Prarat M, Zhang Y, Shiplett K, Campos DD, Rubio JVB, Ramanchandran A, Talent S, Tewari D, Thirumalapura N, Kelly D, Barnhart D, Hall L, Rankin S, Dietrich J, Cole S, Scaria J, Antony L, Lawhon SD, Wu J, McCoy C, Dietz K, Wolking R, Alexander T, Burbick C, Reimschuessel R. Genomics accurately predicts antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius collected as part of Vet-LIRN resistance monitoring. Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:109006. [PMID: 33581494 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has changed our understanding of bacterial pathogens, aiding outbreak investigations and advancing our knowledge of their genetic features. However, there has been limited use of genomics to understand antimicrobial resistance of veterinary pathogens, which would help identify emerging resistance mechanisms and track their spread. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the correlation between resistance genotypes and phenotypes for Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, a major pathogen of companion animals, by comparing broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing and WGS. From 2017-2019, we conducted antimicrobial susceptibility testing and WGS on S. pseudintermedius isolates collected from dogs in the United States as a part of the Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network (Vet-LIRN) antimicrobial resistance monitoring program. Across thirteen antimicrobials in nine classes, resistance genotypes correlated with clinical resistance phenotypes 98.4 % of the time among a collection of 592 isolates. Our findings represent isolates from diverse lineages based on phylogenetic analyses, and these strong correlations are comparable to those from studies of several human pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica. We uncovered some important findings, including that 32.3 % of isolates had the mecA gene, which correlated with oxacillin resistance 97.0 % of the time. We also identified a novel rpoB mutation likely encoding rifampin resistance. These results show the value in using WGS to assess antimicrobial resistance in veterinary pathogens and to reveal putative new mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H Tyson
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, United States.
| | - Olgica Ceric
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, United States
| | - Jake Guag
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, United States
| | - Sarah Nemser
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, United States
| | - Stacey Borenstein
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, United States
| | - Durda Slavic
- University of Guelph - Animal Health Laboratory, Canada
| | - Sarah Lippert
- University of Guelph - Animal Health Laboratory, Canada
| | | | | | - Shannon Korosec
- Manitoba Agriculture and Resource Development - Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Canada
| | - Cheryl Friday
- Manitoba Agriculture and Resource Development - Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Canada
| | - Neil Pople
- Manitoba Agriculture and Resource Development - Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Canada
| | - Matthew E Saab
- Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | | | - Isabelle Janelle
- Complexe de diagnostic et d'épidémiosurveillance vétérinaires du Québec, Canada
| | - Deanna McMillan
- University of Saskatchewan - Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc, Canada
| | | | - David Simon
- Bronson Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Shipra Mohan
- Bronson Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Susan Sanchez
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, United States
| | - Ashley Phillips
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, United States
| | - Paula Bartlett
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, United States
| | - Hemant Naikare
- University of Georgia - Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic & Investigational Laboratory, United States
| | - Cynthia Watson
- University of Georgia - Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic & Investigational Laboratory, United States
| | | | | | - Leyi Wang
- University of Illinois Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | - Carol Maddox
- University of Illinois Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | - Vanessa DeShambo
- University of Illinois Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | | | - Debra Lubelski
- Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | | | | | - Debbie Reed
- Murray State University Breathitt Veterinary Center, United States
| | - Tracie Jenkins
- Murray State University Breathitt Veterinary Center, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura Peak
- Louisiana State University, United States
| | | | | | | | - Karen Olsen
- University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, United States
| | - Shuping Zhang
- University of Missouri Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Zhenyu Shen
- University of Missouri Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Martha Pulido Landinez
- Mississippi State University, Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Lab System, United States
| | - Jay Kay Thornton
- Mississippi State University, Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Lab System, United States
| | - Anil Thachil
- North Carolina Veterinary Diagnostic Lab System, United States
| | | | - Megan Jacob
- North Carolina State University, United States
| | - Darlene Krogh
- North Dakota State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Brett Webb
- North Dakota State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Lynn Schaan
- North Dakota State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Amar Patil
- New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Sarmila Dasgupta
- New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Shannon Mann
- New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Laura B Goodman
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | | | - Renee R Anderson
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | | | - Brittany D Cronk
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | - Missy Aprea
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | - Jing Cui
- Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab, United States
| | | | | | - Yan Zhang
- Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab, United States
| | | | - Dubra Diaz Campos
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Joany Van Balen Rubio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Akhilesh Ramanchandran
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboraotry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | - Scott Talent
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboraotry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | - Deepanker Tewari
- PA Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, United States
| | | | - Donna Kelly
- University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, United States
| | - Denise Barnhart
- University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, United States
| | - Lacey Hall
- University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, United States
| | - Shelley Rankin
- University of Pennsylvania, Ryan Veterinary Hospital, United States
| | - Jaclyn Dietrich
- University of Pennsylvania, Ryan Veterinary Hospital, United States
| | - Stephen Cole
- University of Pennsylvania, Ryan Veterinary Hospital, United States
| | - Joy Scaria
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, United States
| | - Linto Antony
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, United States
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, United States
| | - Jing Wu
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, United States
| | - Christine McCoy
- Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services- Lynchburg Regional Animal Health Laboratory, United States
| | - Kelly Dietz
- Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services- Lynchburg Regional Animal Health Laboratory, United States
| | | | | | | | - Renate Reimschuessel
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, United States
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20
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Myers AN, Jeffery U, Seyler ZG, Lawhon SD, Hoffmann AR. Diagnostic Accuracy of a Direct Panfungal Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay Performed on Stained Cytology Slides. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:542-548. [PMID: 33583363 DOI: 10.1177/0300985821991562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular techniques are increasingly being applied to stained cytology slides for the diagnosis of neoplastic and infectious diseases. Such techniques for the identification of fungi from stained cytology slides have not yet been evaluated. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of direct (without nucleic acid isolation) panfungal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing for identification of fungi and oomycetes on stained cytology slides from dogs, cats, horses, and other species. Thirty-six cases were identified with cytologically identifiable fungi/oomycetes and concurrent identification via fungal culture or immunoassay. Twenty-nine controls were identified with no cytologically or histologically visible organisms and a concurrent negative fungal culture. Direct PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer region followed by sequencing was performed on one cytology slide from each case and control, and the sensitivity and specificity of the assay were calculated. The sensitivity of the panfungal PCR assay performed on stained cytology slides was 67% overall, 73% excluding cases with oomycetes, and 86% when considering only slides with abundant fungi. The specificity was 62%, which was attributed to amplification of fungal DNA from control slides with no visible fungus and negative culture results. Direct panfungal PCR is capable of providing genus- or species-level identification of fungi from stained cytology slides. Given the potential of panfungal PCR to amplify contaminant fungal DNA, this assay should be performed on slides with visible fungi and interpreted in conjunction with morphologic assessment by a clinical pathologist.
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21
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Murray SA, Amachawadi RG, Norman KN, Lawhon SD, Nagaraja TG, Drouillard JS, Scott HM. Effects of Zinc and Menthol-Based Diets on Co-Selection of Antibiotic Resistance among E. coli and Enterococcus spp. in Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020259. [PMID: 33494214 PMCID: PMC7909843 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance represents a growing crisis in both human and veterinary medicine. We evaluated the use of antibiotic alternatives-heavy metals and essential oils-in beef cattle feeding, and their effects on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In this randomized controlled field trial, we measured the impact of supplemental zinc and menthol on antibiotic resistance among commensal enteric bacteria of feeder cattle. Fecal suspensions were plated onto plain- and antibiotic-supplemented MacConkey and m-Enterococcus agar for quantification of total and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., respectively. Temporal effects on overall E. coli growth were significant (p < 0.05), and menthol was associated with decreased growth on tetracycline-supplemented agar. Zinc was associated with significant increases in growth on erythromycin-supplemented m-Enterococcus agar. Cattle fed zinc exhibited significantly higher levels of macrolide resistance among fecal enterococci isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Murray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.A.M.); (S.D.L.)
| | | | - Keri N. Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.A.M.); (S.D.L.)
| | - Tiruvoor G. Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - James S. Drouillard
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Harvey M. Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.A.M.); (S.D.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(979)-847-6197
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22
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Cooper KG, Chong A, Kari L, Jeffrey B, Starr T, Martens C, McClurg M, Posada VR, Laughlin RC, Whitfield-Cargile C, Garry Adams L, Bryan LK, Little SV, Krath M, Lawhon SD, Steele-Mortimer O. Regulatory protein HilD stimulates Salmonella Typhimurium invasiveness by promoting smooth swimming via the methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein McpC. Nat Commun 2021; 12:348. [PMID: 33441540 PMCID: PMC7806825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, invasion and motility are coordinated by the master regulator HilD, which induces expression of the type III secretion system 1 (T3SS1) and motility genes. Methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) detect specific ligands and control the direction of the flagellar motor, promoting tumbling and changes in direction (if a repellent is detected) or smooth swimming (in the presence of an attractant). Here, we show that HilD induces smooth swimming by upregulating an uncharacterized MCP (McpC), and this is important for invasion of epithelial cells. Remarkably, in vitro assays show that McpC can suppress tumbling and increase smooth swimming in the absence of exogenous ligands. Expression of mcpC is repressed by the universal regulator H-NS, which can be displaced by HilD. Our results highlight the importance of smooth swimming for Salmonella Typhimurium invasiveness and indicate that McpC can act via a ligand-independent mechanism when incorporated into the chemotactic receptor array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendal G Cooper
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Audrey Chong
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Laszlo Kari
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Brendan Jeffrey
- NIAID Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Tregei Starr
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
- GlaxoSmithKline, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Craig Martens
- NIAID RML Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Molly McClurg
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Victoria R Posada
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Richard C Laughlin
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Canaan Whitfield-Cargile
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - L Garry Adams
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Laura K Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sara V Little
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Mary Krath
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Olivia Steele-Mortimer
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
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23
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Taylor EA, Ossa-Trujillo C, Vinasco J, Jordan ER, García Buitrago JA, Hagevoort R, Norman KN, Lawhon SD, Piñeiro JM, Levent G, Scott HM. Use of critically important antimicrobial classes early in life may adversely impact bacterial resistance profiles during adult years: potential co-selection for plasmid-borne fluoroquinolone and macrolide resistance via extended-spectrum beta-lactam use in dairy cattle. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:220-224. [PMID: 33098671 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes commonly occurs via vertical and horizontal gene transfer, as such genes are often found on the same mobile genetic element. This occurrence can lead to the co-selection of resistance to antimicrobials without their application. Dairy cattle located in the south-western United States were enrolled in a matched-pair longitudinal study to evaluate the effects of a two-dose ceftiofur treatment for metritis on levels of third-generation cephalosporin resistance among faecal Escherichia coli temporally. Escherichia coli chosen for further investigation were isolated on selective media, harboured extended-spectrum beta-lactam, fluoroquinolone and macrolide resistance genes. This combination has previously been unreported; importantly, it included genes encoding for resistance to antibiotics that can only be used in dairy cattle less than 20 months of age. Fluoroquinolones, macrolides and third and higher generation cephalosporins are considered critically important and highest priority for human medicine by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - C Ossa-Trujillo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Science, Universidad del Bosque, Bogota, DC, Colombia
| | - J Vinasco
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - E R Jordan
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - R Hagevoort
- Department of Animal Science, New Mexico State University, Clovis, NM, USA
| | - K N Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - S D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J M Piñeiro
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - G Levent
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - H M Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Ogunrinu OJ, Norman KN, Vinasco J, Levent G, Lawhon SD, Fajt VR, Volkova VV, Gaire T, Poole TL, Genovese KJ, Wittum TE, Scott HM. Can the use of older-generation beta-lactam antibiotics in livestock production over-select for beta-lactamases of greatest consequence for human medicine? An in vitro experimental model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242195. [PMID: 33196662 PMCID: PMC7668573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Though carbapenems are not licensed for use in food animals in the U.S., carbapenem resistance among Enterobacteriaceae has been identified in farm animals and their environments. The objective of our study was to determine the extent to which older-generation β-lactam antibiotics approved for use in food animals in the U.S. might differentially select for resistance to antibiotics of critical importance to human health, such as carbapenems. Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains from humans, food animals, or the environment bearing a single β-lactamase gene (n = 20 each) for blaTEM-1, blaCMY-2, and blaCTX-M-* or else blaKPC/IMP/NDM (due to limited availability, often in combination with other bla genes), were identified, along with 20 E. coli strains lacking any known beta-lactamase genes. Baseline estimates of intrinsic bacterial fitness were derived from the population growth curves. Effects of ampicillin (32 μg/mL), ceftriaxone (4 μg/mL) and meropenem (4 μg/mL) on each strain and resistance-group also were assessed. Further, in vitro batch cultures were prepared by mixing equal concentrations of 10 representative E. coli strains (two from each resistance gene group), and each mixture was incubated at 37°C for 24 hours in non-antibiotic cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton II (CAMH-2) broth, ampicillin + CAMH-2 broth (at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 μg/mL) and ceftiofur + CAMH-2 broth (at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8μg/mL). Relative and absolute abundance of resistance-groups were estimated phenotypically. Line plots of the raw data were generated, and non-linear Gompertz models and multilevel mixed-effect linear regression models were fitted to the data. The observed strain growth rate distributions were significantly different across the groups. AmpC strains (i.e., blaCMY-2) had distinctly less robust (p < 0.05) growth in ceftriaxone (4 μg/mL) compared to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers harboring blaCTX-M-*variants. With increasing beta-lactam antibiotic concentrations, relative proportions of ESBLs and CREs were over-represented in the mixed bacterial communities; importantly, this was more pronounced with ceftiofur than with ampicillin. These results indicate that aminopenicillins and extended-spectrum cephalosporins would be expected to propagate carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in food animals if and when Enterobacteriaceae from human health care settings enter the food animal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olanrewaju J. Ogunrinu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Keri N. Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Javier Vinasco
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gizem Levent
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Virginia R. Fajt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Victoria V. Volkova
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Tara Gaire
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Toni L. Poole
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kenneth J. Genovese
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Wittum
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - H. Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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25
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Older CE, Diesel AB, Starks JM, Lawhon SD, Rodrigues Hoffmann A. Characterization of staphylococcal communities on healthy and allergic feline skin. Vet Dermatol 2020; 32:61-e10. [PMID: 32991044 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various Staphylococcus species have been demonstrated to play important roles on the skin, including causing disease and protecting the host from pathogens. Although culture-based studies have isolated various Staphylococcus spp. from feline skin, very little is known regarding the species-level communities on the host. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To describe the species-level staphylococcal communities inhabiting the skin of healthy cats and cats with allergic dermatitis. ANIMALS Skin swabs from the ear canal and groin of 11 healthy and 10 allergic (nonlesional) cats were obtained. METHODS AND MATERIALS DNA was extracted from the skin swabs and used for next-generation sequencing targeting the V1-3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Following a standard microbiota analysis of the sequencing data, species-level assignment for the staphylococcal sequences were obtained using a staphylococci-specific database. RESULTS Staphylococcus spp. had similar relative abundance in healthy and allergic samples. The most abundant staphylococcal species were S. epidermidis in healthy samples, and S. felis and S. capitis in allergic samples. The composition of staphylococcal communities, as well as relative abundance of Staphylococcus spp., was variable between body sites and individual cats sampled. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results demonstrate that diverse staphylococcal communities inhabit the skin of healthy and allergic cats, and provide a starting point for further research into the importance of Staphylococcus spp. in feline allergic skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Older
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Alison B Diesel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jill M Starks
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Little SV, Hillhouse AE, Lawhon SD. Draft Genome Sequence of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Isolated from a Canine Case of Diskospondylitis. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:e00592-20. [PMID: 32586861 PMCID: PMC7317112 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00592-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the draft genome of an Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strain isolated from the blood of a canine. Initial 16S ribosomal DNA amplification identified the isolate as belonging to the Erysipelothrix genus but could not elucidate the species due to previous misidentification of E. rhusiopathiae and E. tonsillarum The species identification was confirmed by whole-genome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara V Little
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew E Hillhouse
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Lawless SP, Cohen ND, Lawhon SD, Chamoun-Emanuelli AM, Wu J, Rivera-Vélez A, Weeks BR, Whitfield-Cargile CM. Effect of gallium maltolate on a model of chronic, infected equine distal limb wounds. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235006. [PMID: 32559258 PMCID: PMC7304909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Distal limb wounds are common injuries sustained by horses and their healing is fraught with complications due to equine anatomy, prevalence of infection, and challenges associated with wound management. Gallium is a semi-metallic element that has been shown to possess antimicrobial properties and aid in wound healing in various preclinical models. The effects of Gallium have not been studied in equine wound healing. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare healing rates between gallium-treated and untreated wounds of equine distal limbs and to demonstrate the antimicrobial effects of gallium on wounds inoculated with S. aureus. Using an established model of equine wound healing we demonstrated beneficial effects of 0.5% topical gallium maltolate on equine wound healing. Specifically we documented reduced healing times, reduced bioburden, and reduced formation of exuberant granulation tissue in wounds treated with gallium maltolate as compared with untreated wounds. Gallium appeared to exert its beneficial effects via its well-described antimicrobial actions as well as by altering the expression of specific genes known to be involved in wound healing of horses and other animals. Specifically, gallium maltolate appeared to increase expression of transforming growth factor-β in both infected and un-infected wounds. Further work is needed to document the effects of gallium on naturally occurring equine wounds and to compare the effects of gallium with other wound treatment options. These data, however, suggest that gallium may be an attractive and novel means of improving equine distal limb wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna P. Lawless
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Noah D. Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ana M. Chamoun-Emanuelli
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jing Wu
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrés Rivera-Vélez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brad R. Weeks
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Canaan M. Whitfield-Cargile
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Arnold CE, Isaiah A, Pilla R, Lidbury J, Coverdale JS, Callaway TR, Lawhon SD, Steiner J, Suchodolski JS. The cecal and fecal microbiomes and metabolomes of horses before and after metronidazole administration. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232905. [PMID: 32442163 PMCID: PMC7244109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic administration can be a cause of gastrointestinal disease in horses, creating a disruption in the normal population and function of bacteria found in the hindgut. The objective of this study was to describe the changes in the cecal and fecal microbiomes and metabolomes of clinically healthy horses before and after metronidazole administration. Metronidazole (15 mg/kg BID PO) was given to five horses with cecal cannulas. The study was suspended on Day 3 due to adverse gastrointestinal effects. Cecal and fecal samples were obtained before (Days minus52, m28, m14, and 0) and after (Days 7, 14, 28, and 52) metronidazole administration. DNA was extracted from the cecal and fecal samples, and 16S rRNA genes were sequenced. Richness and evenness indices were significantly decreased by metronidazole administration in both cecal and fecal samples, but the overall composition was only significantly changed in fecal samples on Day 3 (ANOSIM, p = 0.008). The most dominant phyla were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in all groups examined. In fecal samples, significant changes of the phyla Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, Lentisphaerae, and Verrucomicrobia occurred on Day 3, which correlated with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease. The metabolome was characterized by mass spectrometry-based methods and only named metabolites were included in the analysis. Fecal, but not cecal, metabolites were significantly affected by metronidazole. The fecal metabolites affected represent diverse metabolic pathways, such as the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and cofactors and vitamins. Metronidazole administration has potential to cause adverse effects in horses, alters the bacterial composition of the horse’s cecal and fecal content, and the metabolome of fecal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E. Arnold
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anitha Isaiah
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Josie S. Coverdale
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Todd R. Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joerg Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Little SV, Hillhouse AE, Lawhon SD. Whole-Genome Sequences of an Abortive Bacillus safensis Strain Isolated from a Mare's Uterus. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:e00342-20. [PMID: 32409543 PMCID: PMC7225542 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00342-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a report of two Bacillus safensis genomes sequenced from separate cultures isolated from the uterus of a 16-year-old Westphalian mare that aborted a dead fetus. This strain represents the first case of a B. safensis-associated equine abortion and the first case of infection caused by this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara V Little
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew E Hillhouse
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Broadway PR, Carroll JA, Burdick Sanchez NC, Callaway TR, Lawhon SD, Gart EV, Bryan LK, Nisbet DJ, Hughes HD, Legako JF, O'Connor DL, Hergenreder JE, Rounds PW. Bacillus subtilis PB6 Supplementation in Weaned Holstein Steers During an Experimental Salmonella Challenge. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:521-528. [PMID: 32349549 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of a patented Bacillus subtilis probiotic, weaned Holstein steers, not shedding Salmonella (n = 40; ∼90 kg), were supplemented (CLO) or not (CON) with CLOSTAT® (13 g/hd per day; Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA) in a starter ration for 35 d. The calves were assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design with CLO and CON calves that were orally administered Salmonella (STM) or not (NoSTM). Calves were challenged with 1.6 × 106 colony-forming unit (CFU) Salmonella Typhimurium (resistant to 50 μg/mL nalidixic acid) in 1 L of milk replacer on day 0. Blood samples were collected through jugular catheters every 6 h for 96 h, and body temperature was measured every 5 min through indwelling rectal temperature recording devices. Five calves from each treatment were harvested 48 h postchallenge, and the remaining calves were harvested 96 h postchallenge. During necropsy, tissues were collected for the isolation and quantification of the inoculated STM from various tissues. The CLOSTM group had reduced STM concentrations in the jejunum, ileum, and transverse colon 48 h after the challenge (p ≤ 0.03), but were not different 96 h postchallenge (p > 0.05). Decreased (p < 0.01) pyrexia was observed after the challenge in CLOSTM calves when compared with CONSTM calves. White blood cells and lymphocyte counts were increased (p ≤ 0.05) in CLOSTM calves after the challenge in comparison with other treatments. In calves given STM, the CLO group had greater feed intake before and after the challenge (p < 0.01) compared with the CON group. Increased serum IL-6 and IFN-γ concentrations were observed in the CONSTM group compared with other treatments. Overall, CLO reduced Salmonella presence and concentrations in gastrointestinal tissues while simultaneously reducing the severity of the challenge as indicated by blood parameters and the reduced febrile response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Broadway
- USDA-ARS, Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Todd R Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Elana V Gart
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Laura K Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - David J Nisbet
- USDA-ARS Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | - Jerrad F Legako
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Hinson WD, Rogovskyy AS, Lawhon SD, Thieman Mankin KM. Influence of a cell salvage washing system and leukocyte reduction filtration on bacterial contamination of canine whole blood ex vivo. Vet Surg 2020; 49:989-996. [PMID: 32166777 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the ability of cell salvage washing and leukoreduction filtration to remove bacterial contamination from canine whole blood. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo nested cohort study. SAMPLE POPULATION Commercially purchased fresh canine whole blood (n = 33 units). METHODS Commercially obtained canine whole blood was inoculated with known concentrations of one of three species of bacteria, Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (quality control strain; Texas A&M University), or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). Negative controls were inoculated with sterile saline. The inoculated blood was processed through a cell salvage system and filtered through a series of two leukocyte reduction filters. Samples were aseptically collected at five points during processing (inoculum, prewash, postwash, post-first filtration, and post-second filtration) for bacterial enumeration. RESULTS Bacterial concentrations were reduced by 85.2%, 91.5%, and 93.9% for E coli, S pseudintermedius, and P aeruginosa, respectively, after washing (P < .0001), and bacterial concentrations were reduced by 99.9%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, after the first filtration (P < .0001). After the second filtration, none of the three species of bacteria could be isolated (100% reduction). No bacterial growth was obtained from negative controls throughout the study. The type of bacteria (P = .29) did not allow prediction of bacterial reduction. CONCLUSION Cell salvage washing combined with leukoreduction filtration eliminated bacterial contamination of whole dog blood (P < .0001). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Cell salvage washing and leukoreduction filtration could be applied to intraoperative autotransfusion in clinical animals, especially those treated for trauma or hemorrhage with concurrent bacterial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney D Hinson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, Texas
| | - Artem S Rogovskyy
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, Texas
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, Texas
| | - Kelley M Thieman Mankin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, Texas
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Arora S, Li X, Hillhouse A, Konganti K, Little SV, Lawhon SD, Threadgill D, Shelburne S, Hook M. Staphylococcus epidermidis MSCRAMM SesJ Is Encoded in Composite Islands. mBio 2020; 11:e02911-19. [PMID: 32071265 PMCID: PMC7029136 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02911-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading cause of nosocomial infections in patients with a compromised immune system and/or an implanted medical device. Seventy to 90% of S. epidermidis clinical isolates are methicillin resistant and carry the mecA gene, present in a mobile genetic element (MGE) called the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) element. Along with the presence of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes, MGEs can also contain genes encoding secreted or cell wall-anchored virulence factors. In our earlier studies of S. epidermidis clinical isolates, we discovered S. epidermidis surface protein J (SesJ), a prototype of a recently discovered subfamily of the microbial surface component recognizing adhesive matrix molecule (MSCRAMM) group. MSCRAMMs are major virulence factors of pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we report that the sesJ gene is always accompanied by two glycosyltransferase genes, gtfA and gtfB, and is present in two MGEs, called the arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) and the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) element. The presence of the sesJ gene was associated with the left-hand direct repeat DR_B or DR_E. When inserted via DR_E, the sesJ gene was encoded in the SCC element. When inserted via DR_B, the sesJ gene was accompanied by the genes for the type 1 restriction modification system and was encoded in the ACME. Additionally, the SCC element and ACME carry different isoforms of the SesJ protein. To date, the genes encoding MSCRAMMs have been seen to be located in the bacterial core genome. Here, we report the presence of an MSCRAMM in an MGE in S. epidermidis clinical isolates.IMPORTANCES. epidermidis is an opportunistic bacterium that has established itself as a successful nosocomial pathogen. The modern era of novel therapeutics and medical devices has extended the longevity of human life, but at the same time, we also witness the evolution of pathogens to adapt to newly available niches in the host. Increasing antibiotic resistance among pathogens provides an example of such pathogen adaptation. With limited opportunities to modify the core genome, most of the adaptation occurs by acquiring new genes, such as virulence factors and antibiotic resistance determinants present in MGEs. In this study, we describe that the sesJ gene, encoding a recently discovered cell wall-anchored protein in S. epidermidis, is present in both ACME and the SCC element. The presence of virulence factors in MGEs can influence the virulence potential of a specific strain. Therefore, it is critical to study the virulence factors found in MGEs in emerging pathogenic bacteria or strains to understand the mechanisms used by these bacteria to cause infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishtee Arora
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiqi Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Hillhouse
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Kranti Konganti
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sara V Little
- Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - David Threadgill
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Samuel Shelburne
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Magnus Hook
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Kayser WC, Carstens GE, Parsons IL, Washburn KE, Lawhon SD, Pinchak WE, Chevaux E, Skidmore AL. Efficacy of statistical process control procedures to identify deviations in continuously measured physiologic and behavioral variables in beef steers experimentally challenged with Mannheimia haemolytica. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa009. [PMID: 31930309 PMCID: PMC7023602 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine if statistical process control (SPC) procedures coupled with the remote continuous collection of feeding behavior patterns, accelerometer-based behaviors, and rumen temperature can accurately differentiate between animals experimentally inoculated with Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) or PBS. Thirty-six crossbred steers (BW = 352 ± 23 kg) seronegative for MH were randomly assigned to bronchoselective endoscopic inoculation with MH (n = 18) or PBS (n = 18). Electronic feed bunks were used to measure DMI and feeding behavior traits, accelerometer-based neck collars measured feeding- and activity-behavior traits, and ruminal thermo-boluses measured rumen temperature. Data were collected for 28 d prior to and following inoculation. Steers inoculated with MH exhibited elevated (P < 0.02) levels of neutrophils and rumen temperature indicating that MH challenge effectively stimulated immunologic responses. However, only nine of the MH steers exhibited increased serum haptoglobin concentrations indicative of an acute-phase protein response and one displayed clinical signs of disease. Shewhart charts (SPC procedure) were used for two analyses, and sensitivity was computed using all MH-challenged steers (n = 18), and a subset that included only MH-challenged haptoglobin-responsive steers (n = 9). Specificity was calculated using all PBS steers in both analyses. In the haptoglobin-responsive only analysis, DMI and bunk visit (BV) duration had the greatest accuracy (89%), with accuracies for head-down (HD) duration, BV frequency, time to bunk, and eating rate being less (83%, 69%, 53%, and 61%, respectively). To address the diurnal nature of rumen temperature, data were averaged over 6-h intervals, and quarterly temperature models were evaluated separately. Accuracy for the fourth quarter rumen temperature was higher (78%) than the other quarterly temperature periods (first = 56%, second = 50%, and third = 67%). In general, the accelerometer-based behavior traits were highly specific ranging from 82% for ingestion to 100% for rest, rumination, and standing. However, the sensitivity of these traits was low (0% to 50%), such that the accuracies were moderate compared with feeding behavior and rumen temperature response variables. These results indicate that Shewhart procedures can effectively identify deviations in feeding behavior and rumen temperature patterns to enable subclinical detection of BRD in beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Kayser
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Gordon E Carstens
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Ira L Parsons
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Kevin E Washburn
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX TX
| | - William E Pinchak
- Department of Ecosystem and Management, Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Vernon, TX
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Murray SA, Holbert AC, Norman KN, Lawhon SD, Sawyer JE, Scott HM. Macrolide-susceptible probiotic Enterococcus faecium ST296 exhibits faecal-environmental-oral microbial community cycling among beef cattle in feedlots. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 70:274-281. [PMID: 31883125 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci are included in the United States National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System to track antibiotic resistance among commensal Gram-positive enteric bacteria, largely due to their high abundance in food animals and in retail meat. In the U.S. cattle industry, macrolides are used to prevent and control liver abscesses, which cause significant economic losses. Previous studies have suggested that feeding tylosin and the intensity of the pen environment, both expand and sustain respectively the prevalence of multidrug resistance among enterococci in feedlot cattle. This has led to research into alternative feed supplements and improved stewardship practices. In a randomized controlled trial, we measured the impact of a probiotic and an altered pen environment on antimicrobial resistance among faecal Enterococcus spp. in cattle fed tylosin. Supplementing cattle with an Enterococcus faecium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based probiotic yielded the isolation of E. faecium of the probiotic sequence type (ST296) from faecal and environmental samples in treatment groups, as well as from cattle and the manure pack in nearby pens. Of importance, the probiotic strain also was found in a desiccated and milled manure pack sample taken 120 days after the initial trial ended. Phylogenetic and SNP analyses revealed clonal survival and spread compatible with faecal-environmental-oral recycling of the probiotic strain within and among cattle and pens. The increase in prevalence of the ST296 strain occurred concomitant with a decrease in ST240, the dominant sequence type associated with ermB and tet(M) resistance genes in this trial. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: We demonstrate that a macrolide-susceptible probiotic Enterococcus faecium ST296 strain fed to beef cattle becomes fully embedded in the microbial community cycling of bacteria via faecal-environmental-oral transmission within and among feedlot pens. An initial investment in feeding the probiotic is thereby leveraged into expanding numbers of susceptible bacteria in cattle and their environment, even among those cattle fed tylosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Murray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - A C Holbert
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - K N Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - S D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J E Sawyer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - H M Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Grimes M, Heseltine JC, Nabity MB, Lawhon SD, Wheeler L, Cigarroa A, Lidbury JA. Characteristics associated with bacterial growth in urine in 451 proteinuric dogs (2008-2018). J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:770-776. [PMID: 31951043 PMCID: PMC7096599 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urine cultures are frequently recommended to rule out infection as a postrenal cause of proteinuria. Objective Identify characteristics associated with bacterial growth in urine in proteinuric dogs. Animals Four hundred and fifty‐one dogs admitted to a teaching hospital between January 2008 and January 2018 with urine protein‐to‐creatinine ratios (UPCs) >0.5. Methods Retrospective study included dogs with a UPC, urinalysis, and quantitative urine culture (QUC) performed within a 72‐hour period by searching electronic records. Dogs with recent antimicrobial therapy, urine collected by methods other than cystocentesis, or UPC ≤0.5 were excluded. Signalment, comorbidities, serum BUN and creatinine concentrations, urinalysis findings, and QUC results were recorded. The association between these characteristics and presence of bacterial growth in urine was assessed by univariable and multivariable analysis. Results Thirty of four hundred fifty‐one dogs (6.7%) had bacterial growth in urine. Of these, 18 (60.0%) had active urine sediment. Bacterial growth in urine was associated with pyuria (odd ratio [OR] 25.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.9‐79.6, P < .001), bacteriuria (OR 11.1, 95% CI 3.2‐39.1, P < .001), and lower urinary tract disease (OR 6.7, 95% CI 1.9‐23.0; P = .0028). If QUC was prompted based on these criteria, 8/451 (1.8%) of proteinuric dogs would have had undetected bacterial growth. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The proportion of proteinuric dogs with both inactive urine sediment and bacterial growth in urine was low, suggesting that QUC might not be necessary in the evaluation of all proteinuric dogs. An active urine sediment or lower urinary tract disease should prompt QUC for proteinuric dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millie Grimes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas
| | - Johanna C Heseltine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas
| | - Mary B Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas
| | - Lance Wheeler
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas
| | - Annalis Cigarroa
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas
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Ohta N, Norby B, Loneragan GH, Vinasco J, den Bakker HC, Lawhon SD, Norman KN, Scott HM. Quantitative dynamics of Salmonella and E. coli in feces of feedlot cattle treated with ceftiofur and chlortetracycline. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225697. [PMID: 31791047 PMCID: PMC6887520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic use in beef cattle is a risk factor for the expansion of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella populations. However, actual changes in the quantity of Salmonella in cattle feces following antibiotic use have not been investigated. Previously, we observed an overall reduction in Salmonella prevalence in cattle feces associated with both ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (CCFA) and chlortetracycline (CTC) use; however, during the same time frame the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella increased. The purpose of this analysis was to quantify the dynamics of Salmonella using colony counting (via a spiral-plating method) and hydrolysis probe-based qPCR (TaqMan® qPCR). Additionally, we quantified antibiotic-resistant Salmonella by plating to agar containing antibiotics at Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoint concentrations. Cattle were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups across 16 pens in 2 replicates consisting of 88 cattle each. Fecal samples from Days 0, 4, 8, 14, 20, and 26 were subjected to quantification assays. Duplicate qPCR assays targeting the Salmonella invA gene were performed on total community DNA for 1,040 samples. Diluted fecal samples were spiral plated on plain Brilliant Green Agar (BGA) and BGA with ceftriaxone (4 μg/ml) or tetracycline (16 μg/ml). For comparison purposes, indicator non-type-specific (NTS) E. coli were also quantified by direct spiral plating. Quantity of NTS E. coli and Salmonella significantly decreased immediately following CCFA treatment. CTC treatment further decreased the quantity of Salmonella but not NTS E. coli. Effects of antibiotics on the imputed log10 quantity of Salmonella were analyzed via a multi-level mixed linear regression model. The invA gene copies decreased with CCFA treatment by approximately 2 log10 gene copies/g feces and remained low following additional CTC treatment. The quantities of tetracycline or ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella were approximately 4 log10 CFU/g feces; however, most of the samples were under the quantification limit. The results of this study demonstrate that antibiotic use decreases the overall quantity of Salmonella in cattle feces in the short term; however, the overall quantities of antimicrobial-resistant NTS E. coli and Salmonella tend to remain at a constant level throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Ohta
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Guy H. Loneragan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
| | - Javier Vinasco
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Henk C. den Bakker
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Keri N. Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Harvey M. Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Beste KJ, Lawhon SD, Chamoun-Emanuelli AM, Duff AH, Coleman MC, Griffin CE, Hardy J, Whitfield-Cargile CM. Culture-independent and dependent evaluation of the equine paranasal sinus microbiota in health and disease. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:455-463. [PMID: 31437314 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Horses with bacterial sinusitis frequently undergo empirical treatment with antimicrobials, however, in some cases bacterial culture of the affected sinus is used to direct therapy. Data regarding which organisms are part of the commensal microbiota of the equine sinus are lacking making it difficult to interpret culture results and guide empiric antimicrobial selection. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to describe the bacterial and fungal microbiota of the paranasal sinuses in clinically normal horses using culture-dependent and independent approaches and to compare the bacterial culture and susceptibility patterns of normal horses with those from horses affected with primary and secondary sinusitis. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study and descriptive retrospective review of case records. METHODS Sinus washes were collected from 23 healthy horses. Washes were submitted for routine culture and susceptibility testing and DNA was isolated for next generation sequencing of bacterial and fungal marker genes. For clinical cases of sinusitis, medical records from 2010 to 2017 were reviewed and horses diagnosed with primary and/or secondary sinusitis were included. RESULTS The paranasal sinus cavity hosts multiple bacterial and fungal organisms. The bacterial microbiota of healthy horses consists largely of uncultivable, aerobic bacteria. While few anaerobes were isolated from normal horses, the majority of clinical cases resulted in growth of anaerobic organisms with no difference in the proportion of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria isolated from clinical cases. MAIN LIMITATIONS Small sample size in both populations of horses and heterogeneity of the population prevent a more in-depth analysis. CONCLUSIONS The microbiota of the paranasal sinuses of horses consists primarily of aerobic bacteria and fungal organisms, the majority of which are uncultivable via common clinical methods. Anaerobic bacteria are found in the majority of horses with clinical sinusitis. These findings suggest anaerobic bacteria are associated with sinusitis and their presence should be considered when treating horses with sinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Beste
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - S D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - A M Chamoun-Emanuelli
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - A H Duff
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - M C Coleman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - C E Griffin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - J Hardy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - C M Whitfield-Cargile
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Washburn KE, Fajt VR, Polasek AN, Lawhon SD, Padgett AL, Lo CP, Mays TP, Washburn SE. Oxytetracycline concentrations in interstitial fluid from tissue chambers inoculated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis after intramuscular or intrachamber administration in sheep. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:586-594. [PMID: 31140853 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.6.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine oxytetracycline concentrations in plasma and in fluid from Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (CPT)-inoculated tissue chambers (used as experimental abscess models) and uninoculated (control) tissue chambers in sheep after IM or local administration of the drug and to investigate whether CPT growth was reduced or eliminated by these treatments. ANIMALS 10 clinically normal female sheep. PROCEDURES Sterile tissue chambers were surgically implanted in both paralumbar fossae of each sheep; ≥ 2 weeks later (day -6), 1 randomly selected chamber was inoculated with CPT, and the opposite chamber was injected with sterile growth medium. Sheep received oxytetracycline IM (n = 5) or by percutaneous injection into CPT-inoculated (4) or uninoculated (1) chambers on day 0. Tissue fluid from each chamber and venous blood samples for plasma collection were obtained at predetermined times over 6 days for bacterial counts (tissue chambers) and analysis of oxytetracycline concentrations (tissue chambers and plasma). Sheep were euthanized on day 6. Regional lymph nodes were collected bilaterally from each sheep for culture. RESULTS Measurable concentrations of oxytetracycline were present in each chamber throughout the study, regardless of administration route or presence of CPT. No CPT growth was detected after the 48-hour time point in inoculated chambers injected with oxytetracycline; however, CPT was isolated from all inoculated chambers throughout the study after IM drug administration. One regional lymph node (ipsilateral to a CPT-inoculated, oxytetracycline-injected chamber with no CPT growth after 48 hours) was culture positive for CPT. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Intralesional administration of oxytetracycline may eliminate growth of CPT locally, but complete elimination of the organism remains difficult.
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Older CE, Diesel AB, Lawhon SD, Queiroz CRR, Henker LC, Rodrigues Hoffmann A. The feline cutaneous and oral microbiota are influenced by breed and environment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220463. [PMID: 31361788 PMCID: PMC6667137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research revealed the feline skin bacterial microbiota to be site-specific and the fungal microbiota to be individual-specific. The effect of other factors, such as genotype and environment, have not yet been studied in cats, but have been shown to be potentially important in shaping the cutaneous microbiota of other animals. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of these factors on the bacterial and fungal microbiota of feline skin and oral cavity. The influence of genotype was assessed through the analysis of different cat breeds, and the influence of environment through comparison of indoor and outdoor cats. DNA was extracted from skin and oral swabs, and bacterial and fungal next-generation sequencing were performed. Analysis of the skin microbiota of different cat breeds revealed significant differences in alpha diversity, with Sphynx and Bengal cats having the most diverse communities. Many taxa were found to be differentially abundant between cat breeds, including Veillonellaceae and Malassezia spp. Outdoor environment exposure had considerable influence on beta diversity, especially in the oral cavity, and resulted in numerous differentially abundant taxa. Our findings indicate that the oral bacterial microbiota and both fungal and bacterial microbiota of feline skin are influenced by breed, and to a lesser degree, environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Older
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Alison B Diesel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Cintia R R Queiroz
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Luan C Henker
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
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Kayser WC, Carstens GE, Washburn KE, Welsh TH, Lawhon SD, Reddy SM, Pinchak WE, Chevaux E, Skidmore AL. Effects of combined viral-bacterial challenge with or without supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii strain CNCM I-1079 on immune upregulation and DMI in beef heifers. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1171-1184. [PMID: 30597005 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives were to determine whether live yeast (LY) supplementation would affect daily dry matter feed intake, body weight (BW), immune, and febrile responses to a viral-bacterial (VB) respiratory challenge. Crossbred heifers (N = 38, BW = 230 ± 16.4 kg) were allocated into a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement: Factor 1 = roughage-based diet with or without LY (Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079, 62.5 g/hd/d), Factor 2 = VB, intranasal administration of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1, 2 ×108, PFU) on day 0 and endobronchial inoculation with Mannheimia haemolytica (5.4 × 1010, CFU) on day 3, or intranasal saline administration followed by inoculation with phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Heifers were fed their respective diets for 27 d prior to VB challenge on day 0. Heifers were housed by treatment and group-fed using electronic feedbunks. Thermo-boluses (Medria; Châteaubourg, FR) measured rumen temperature (RUT) at 5-min intervals and rectal temperature and whole blood samples were collected on days 0, 3 to 8, 10, 13, and 15. Data were analyzed using repeated measures in the mixed procedure of SAS with fixed effects of day, diet, inoculation, and their interactions. Animals fed LY exhibited a 16% increase (P = 0.02) in neutrophils relative to CON. Diet × inoculation × day interactions were detected for monocytes and haptoglobin. The VB-LY had the greatest (P < 0.05) concentration of monocytes on day 4, followed by VB-CON which was greater (P < 0.05) than PBS treatments. Haptoglobin concentration was greatest (P < 0.02) for VB-CON on day 5, followed by VB-LY which was greater (P < 0.05) than PBS. Heifers supplemented with LY had less (P < 0.05) haptoglobin production than CON. The VB challenge produced nasal lesions that increased (P < 0.01) with day, reaching a zenith on day 6 with 70% of the nares covered with plaques, and increased (P < 0.05) neutrophils on days 3 to 5. The VB challenge increased RUT (P < 0.05) days 2 to 7 and rectal temperature (P < 0.05) on days 0 and 3 to 6. The increased rectal temperature on day 0 was likely due to increased ambient temperature at time of challenge, as VB heifers were processed after the PBS heifers to avoid contamination. The VB challenge was effective at stimulating immune responses, and RUT was effective for measuring febrile responses. These results indicate that prior LY supplementation altered the leukogram in response to VB challenge, suggestive of increased innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gordon E Carstens
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Kevin E Washburn
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Thomas H Welsh
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Sanjay M Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Ceric O, Tyson GH, Goodman LB, Mitchell PK, Zhang Y, Prarat M, Cui J, Peak L, Scaria J, Antony L, Thomas M, Nemser SM, Anderson R, Thachil AJ, Franklin-Guild RJ, Slavic D, Bommineni YR, Mohan S, Sanchez S, Wilkes R, Sahin O, Hendrix GK, Lubbers B, Reed D, Jenkins T, Roy A, Paulsen D, Mani R, Olsen K, Pace L, Pulido M, Jacob M, Webb BT, Dasgupta S, Patil A, Ramachandran A, Tewari D, Thirumalapura N, Kelly DJ, Rankin SC, Lawhon SD, Wu J, Burbick CR, Reimschuessel R. Enhancing the one health initiative by using whole genome sequencing to monitor antimicrobial resistance of animal pathogens: Vet-LIRN collaborative project with veterinary diagnostic laboratories in United States and Canada. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:130. [PMID: 31060608 PMCID: PMC6501310 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of bacterial pathogens is an emerging public health threat. This threat extends to pets as it also compromises our ability to treat their infections. Surveillance programs in the United States have traditionally focused on collecting data from food animals, foods, and people. The Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network (Vet-LIRN), a national network of 45 veterinary diagnostic laboratories, tested the antimicrobial susceptibility of clinically relevant bacterial isolates from animals, with companion animal species represented for the first time in a monitoring program. During 2017, we systematically collected and tested 1968 isolates. To identify genetic determinants associated with AMR and the potential genetic relatedness of animal and human strains, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on 192 isolates: 69 Salmonella enterica (all animal sources), 63 Escherichia coli (dogs), and 60 Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (dogs). RESULTS We found that most Salmonella isolates (46/69, 67%) had no known resistance genes. Several isolates from both food and companion animals, however, showed genetic relatedness to isolates from humans. For pathogenic E. coli, no resistance genes were identified in 60% (38/63) of the isolates. Diverse resistance patterns were observed, and one of the isolates had predicted resistance to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins, important antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine. For S. pseudintermedius, we observed a bimodal distribution of resistance genes, with some isolates having a diverse array of resistance mechanisms, including the mecA gene (19/60, 32%). CONCLUSION The findings from this study highlight the critical importance of veterinary diagnostic laboratory data as part of any national antimicrobial resistance surveillance program. The finding of some highly resistant bacteria from companion animals, and the observation of isolates related to those isolated from humans demonstrates the public health significance of incorporating companion animal data into surveillance systems. Vet-LIRN will continue to build the infrastructure to collect the data necessary to perform surveillance of resistant bacteria as part of fulfilling its mission to advance human and animal health. A One Health approach to AMR surveillance programs is crucial and must include data from humans, animals, and environmental sources to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olgica Ceric
- Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network (Vet-LIRN), Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA.
| | - Gregory H Tyson
- Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network (Vet-LIRN), Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Laura B Goodman
- Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Patrick K Mitchell
- Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ohio Department of Agriculture, Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Reynoldsburg, OH, USA
| | - Melanie Prarat
- Ohio Department of Agriculture, Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Reynoldsburg, OH, USA
| | - Jing Cui
- Ohio Department of Agriculture, Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Reynoldsburg, OH, USA
| | - Laura Peak
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Joy Scaria
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Linto Antony
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Milton Thomas
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Sarah M Nemser
- Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network (Vet-LIRN), Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Renee Anderson
- Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Anil J Thachil
- Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Durda Slavic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Yugendar R Bommineni
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bronson Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Kissimmee, FL, USA
| | - Shipra Mohan
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bronson Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Kissimmee, FL, USA
| | - Susan Sanchez
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca Wilkes
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, The University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - G Kenitra Hendrix
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Brian Lubbers
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Deborah Reed
- Breathitt Veterinary Center, Murray State University, Murray, KY, USA
| | - Tracie Jenkins
- Breathitt Veterinary Center, Murray State University, Murray, KY, USA
| | - Alma Roy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Daniel Paulsen
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Rinosh Mani
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Karen Olsen
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Lanny Pace
- Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Lab System, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Martha Pulido
- Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Lab System, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Megan Jacob
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Brett T Webb
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Sarmila Dasgupta
- New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Ewing Township, NJ, USA
| | - Amar Patil
- New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Ewing Township, NJ, USA
| | - Akhilesh Ramachandran
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Deepanker Tewari
- Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Harrisburg, PA, USA
| | - Nagaraja Thirumalapura
- Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Harrisburg, PA, USA
| | - Donna J Kelly
- Pennsylvania Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kenneth Square, PA, USA
| | - Shelley C Rankin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The Ryan Veterinary Hospital Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jing Wu
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Claire R Burbick
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Renate Reimschuessel
- Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network (Vet-LIRN), Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
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Kayser WC, Carstens GE, Parsons IL, Welsh TH, Washburn KE, Lawhon SD, Pinchak WE, Richeson JT, Chevaux E, Skidmore AL. Effects of Mannheimia haemolytica challenge with or without supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii strain CNCM I-1079 on immune upregulation and behavior in beef steers. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:596-609. [PMID: 30496421 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives of this experiment were to examine the effects of live yeast (LY) supplementation on immunological, physiological, and behavioral responses in steers experimentally challenged with Mannheimia haemolytica (MH). Thirty-six crossbred Angus steers (BW = 352 ± 23 kg) seronegative for MH were allocated within a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: Factor 1 = roughage-based diet with LY (Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079, 25 g·per steer daily) or negative control (CON). Factor 2 = bronchoselective endoscopic inoculation with MH or phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Steers were fed their respective diets for 28 d prior to MH challenge on day 0. Reticulo-rumen temperature (RUT; ThermoBolus, Medria) was measured continuously at 5-min intervals and rectal temperature on days -4, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 relative to MH inoculation. Compared with PBS-treated steers, the steers inoculated with MH had increased (P < 0.05) RUT from 2 to 24 h, reaching a zenith (>41 °C) 9 to 11 h post-MH challenge, whereas rectal temperature was increased (P < 0.04) in MH-inoculated steers on day 1 post-MH challenge. Supplementation with LY increased (P < 0.05) rectal temperature on days 0, 7, and 10, relative to CON steers. There were inoculation x day interactions (P < 0.01) for lymphocyte, neutrophil, leukocyte, and haptoglobin concentrations. Steers challenged with MH had increased (P < 0.05) neutrophil concentration from days 1 to 3, leukocyte concentration on days 1 and 2 and haptoglobin concentration on days 1 to 5 post-MH challenge compared with PBS-treated steers. Steers supplemented with LY exhibited increased (P < 0.02) cortisol throughout the study compared with the CON treatment. Following inoculation, MH-challenged steers exhibited reduced (P < 0.05) DMI, eating rate, frequency, and duration of bunk visit (BV) events compared with PBS-treated steers. Results from this study demonstrate that the experimental challenge model effectively stimulated acute-immune responses and behavioral changes that are synonymous with naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease (BRD). However, supplementation with LY minimally altered the impact of the MH challenge on physiological and behavioral responses in this study. Continuously measured RUT was more sensitive at detecting febrile responses to MH challenge than rectal temperature. These results serve to guide future research on behavioral and physiological alterations exhibited during a BRD infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gordon E Carstens
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Ira Loyd Parsons
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Thomas H Welsh
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Kevin E Washburn
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - John T Richeson
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX
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Little SV, Bryan LK, Hillhouse AE, Cohen ND, Lawhon SD. Characterization of agr Groups of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolates from Dogs in Texas. mSphere 2019; 4:e00033-19. [PMID: 30918056 PMCID: PMC6437270 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00033-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an important canine pathogen implicated in an increasing number of human infections. Along with rising levels of methicillin and multidrug resistance, staphylococcal biofilms are a complicating factor for treatment and contribute to device, implant, and surgical infections. Staphylococcal virulence, including biofilm formation, is regulated in part by the quorum sensing accessory gene regulator system (agr). The signal molecule for agr, known as the autoinducing peptide molecule, contains polymorphisms that result in the formation of distinct groups. In S. pseudintermedius, 4 groups (i.e., groups I, II, III, and IV) have been identified but not comprehensively examined for associations with infection type, virulence factor carriage, or phylogenetic relationships-all of which have been found to be significant in S. aureus In this study, 160 clinical canine isolates from Texas, including isolates from healthy dogs (n = 40) and 3 different infection groups (pyoderma, urinary tract, and surgical, n = 40 each), were sequenced. The agr group, biofilm-producing capabilities, toxin gene carriage, antimicrobial resistance, and sequence type (ST) were identified for all isolates. While no significant associations were discovered among the clinical infection types and agr groups, agr II isolates were significantly less common than any other group in diseased dogs. Furthermore, agr II isolates were less likely than other agr groups to be multidrug resistant and to carry toxin genes expA and sec-canine Fifty-two (33%) of the 160 isolates were methicillin resistant, and the main sequence types (ST64, ST68, ST71, ST84, ST150, and ST155) of methicillin-resistant strains of S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) were identified for the geographic region.IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus pseudintermedius is an important disease-causing bacterium in dogs and is recognized as a growing threat to human health. Due to increasing multidrug resistance, discovery of alternative methods for treatment of these infections is vital. Interference with one target for alternative treatment, the quorum sensing system agr, has demonstrated clinical improvement of infections in S. aureus animal models. In this study, we sequenced and characterized 160 clinical S. pseudintermedius isolates and their agr systems in order to increase understanding of the epidemiology of the agr group and clarify its associations with types of infection and antimicrobial resistance. We found that isolates with agr type II were significantly less common than other agr types in diseased dogs. This provides valuable information to veterinary clinical microbiologists and clinicians, especially as less research has been performed on infection associations of agr and its therapeutic potential in S. pseudintermedius than in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara V Little
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Laura K Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew E Hillhouse
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Noah D Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Parambeth JC, Lawhon SD, Mansell J, Wu J, Clark SD, Sutton D, Gibas C, Wiederhold NP, Myers AN, Johnson MC, Levine GJ, Schlemmer S, Ruoff C, Isaiah A, Creevy KE. Gastrointestinal pythiosis with concurrent presumptive gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis in a Boxer dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:83-88. [PMID: 30897244 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year-old female spayed Boxer dog was presented for a 1-month history of progressive hemorrhagic diarrhea with tenesmus and weight loss despite trial courses of antibiotics and diet change. Abdominal ultrasound revealed severe, focal thickening, and loss of normal architecture of the colonic wall with abdominal lymphadenomegaly. Dry-mount fecal cytology, performed on several consecutive days, consistently revealed numerous, round, 16-20 μm structures with basophilic, granular content, and a thin cell wall. Transmission electron microscopy identified these structures as fungi. Culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer, D1/D2 regions, and DNA-directed RNA polymerase II core subunit (RPB2) confirmed the presence of Basidiobolus microsporus in the feces. Biopsies collected via ileocolonoscopy revealed marked, multifocal, chronic, neutrophilic, and eosinophilic ileitis and colitis with ulceration, granulation tissue, and intralesional hyphae (identified with Gomori methenamine silver stain). A Pythium enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Pythium-specific PCR performed on the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens were positive while Basidiobolus-specific PCR was negative, thus confirming a diagnosis of pythiosis. This report describes a fatal case of colonic and intestinal pythiosis with the presence of fecal Basidiobolus sp. spores, suggestive of concurrent gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Parambeth
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Joanne Mansell
- Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jing Wu
- Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Sabrina D Clark
- Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Deanna Sutton
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, UT Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Connie Gibas
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, UT Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Nathan P Wiederhold
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, UT Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Alexandra N Myers
- Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Mark C Johnson
- Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Gwendolyn J Levine
- Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Samantha Schlemmer
- Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Catherine Ruoff
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Anitha Isaiah
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Kate E Creevy
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Rocha JN, Dangott LJ, Mwangi W, Alaniz RC, Bordin AI, Cywes-Bentley C, Lawhon SD, Pillai SD, Bray JM, Pier GB, Cohen ND. PNAG-specific equine IgG 1 mediates significantly greater opsonization and killing of Prescottella equi (formerly Rhodococcus equi) than does IgG 4/7. Vaccine 2019; 37:1142-1150. [PMID: 30691984 PMCID: PMC8314964 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prescottella equi (formerly Rhodococcus equi) is a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes severe pneumonia in foals 1-6 months of age, whereas adult horses are highly resistant to infection. We have shown that vaccinating pregnant mares against the conserved surface polysaccharide capsule, β-1 → 6-linked poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (PNAG), elicits opsonic killing antibody that transfers via colostrum to foals and protects them against experimental infection with virulent. R. equi. We hypothesized that equine IgG1 might be more important than IgG4/7 for mediating protection against R. equi infection in foals. To test this hypothesis, we compared complement component 1 (C1) deposition and polymorphonuclear cell-mediated opsonophagocytic killing (OPK) mediated by IgG1 or IgG4/7 enriched from either PNAG hyperimmune plasma (HIP) or standard plasma. Subclasses IgG1 and IgG4/7 from PNAG HIP and standard plasma were precipitated onto a diethylaminoethyl ion exchange column, then further enriched using a protein G Sepharose column. We determined C1 deposition by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and estimated OPK by quantitative microbiologic culture. Anti-PNAG IgG1 deposited significantly (P < 0.05) more C1 onto PNAG than did IgG4/7 from PNAG HIP or subclasses IgG1 and IgG4/7 from standard plasma. In addition, IgG1 from PNAG HIP mediated significantly (P < 0.05) greater OPK than IgG4/7 from PNAG HIP or IgG1 and IgG4/7 from standard plasma. Our findings indicate that anti-PNAG IgG1 is a correlate of protection against R. equi in foals, which has important implications for understanding the immunopathogenesis of R. equi pneumonia, and as a tool for assessing vaccine efficacy and effectiveness when challenge is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana N Rocha
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 660 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, College Station, TX 77843-4475, United States.
| | - Lawrence J Dangott
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Texas A&M University, 300 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Robert C Alaniz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health and Science Center, 206 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX 77845, United States.
| | - Angela I Bordin
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 660 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, College Station, TX 77843-4475, United States.
| | - Colette Cywes-Bentley
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 660 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, College Station, TX 77843-4475, United States.
| | - Suresh D Pillai
- National Center for Electron Beam Research-IAEA Collaborative Centre for Electron Beam Technology, Texas A&M University, 400 Discovery Dr, College Station, TX 77845, United States.
| | - Jocelyne M Bray
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 660 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, College Station, TX 77843-4475, United States
| | - Gerald B Pier
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Noah D Cohen
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 660 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, College Station, TX 77843-4475, United States.
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47
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Laughlin RC, Madera R, Peres Y, Berquist BR, Wang L, Buist S, Burakova Y, Palle S, Chung CJ, Rasmussen MV, Martel E, Brake DA, Neilan JG, Lawhon SD, Adams LG, Shi J, Marcel S. Plant-made E2 glycoprotein single-dose vaccine protects pigs against classical swine fever. Plant Biotechnol J 2019; 17:410-420. [PMID: 29993179 PMCID: PMC6335066 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) causes classical swine fever, a highly contagious hemorrhagic fever affecting both feral and domesticated pigs. Outbreaks of CSF in Europe, Asia, Africa and South America had significant adverse impacts on animal health, food security and the pig industry. The disease is generally contained by prevention of exposure through import restrictions (e.g. banning import of live pigs and pork products), localized vaccination programmes and culling of infected or at-risk animals, often at very high cost. Current CSFV-modified live virus vaccines are protective, but do not allow differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA), a critical aspect of disease surveillance programmes. Alternatively, first-generation subunit vaccines using the viral protein E2 allow for use of DIVA diagnostic tests, but are slow to induce a protective response, provide limited prevention of vertical transmission and may fail to block viral shedding. CSFV E2 subunit vaccines from a baculovirus/insect cell system have been developed for several vaccination campaigns in Europe and Asia. However, this expression system is considered expensive for a veterinary vaccine and is not ideal for wide-spread deployment. To address the issues of scalability, cost of production and immunogenicity, we have employed an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression platform in Nicotiana benthamiana and formulated the purified antigen in novel oil-in-water emulsion adjuvants. We report the manufacturing of adjuvanted, plant-made CSFV E2 subunit vaccine. The vaccine provided complete protection in challenged pigs, even after single-dose vaccination, which was accompanied by strong virus neutralization antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Laughlin
- Department of Biological and Health SciencesTexas A&M University KingsvilleKingsvilleTXUSA
| | - Rachel Madera
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
| | | | | | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
| | - Sterling Buist
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
| | - Yulia Burakova
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
| | | | - Chungwon J. Chung
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology DirectoratePlum Island Animal Disease CenterGreenportNew YorkUSA
| | - Max V. Rasmussen
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology DirectoratePlum Island Animal Disease CenterGreenportNew YorkUSA
| | - Erica Martel
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationPlum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation ProgramOak RidgeTNUSA
| | - David A. Brake
- BioQuest Associates LLCPlum Island Animal Disease CenterGreenportNew YorkUSA
| | - John G. Neilan
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology DirectoratePlum Island Animal Disease CenterGreenportNew YorkUSA
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary PathobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - L. Garry Adams
- Department of Veterinary PathobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Jishu Shi
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
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48
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LaLonde‐Paul D, Cummings KJ, Rodriguez‐Rivera LD, Wu J, Lawhon SD. Ciprofloxacin resistance among
Campylobacter jejuni
isolates obtained from shelter dogs in Texas. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:337-342. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jing Wu
- Texas A&M University College Station Texas
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49
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Meason-Smith C, Older CE, Ocana R, Dominguez B, Lawhon SD, Wu J, Patterson AP, Rodrigues Hoffmann A. Novel association of Psychrobacter and Pseudomonas with malodour in bloodhound dogs, and the effects of a topical product composed of essential oils and plant-derived essential fatty acids in a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled study. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:465-e158. [PMID: 30251442 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis and treatment of cutaneous malodour in dogs have not been investigated previously. Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium spp. are associated with human axillary malodour. HYPOTHESIS Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium spp. are associated with cutaneous malodour in dogs, and treatment with a topical essential oil-based product will improve malodour and reduce the abundance of odour-causing bacteria. ANIMALS Twenty seven bloodhound dogs from a south Texas boarding facility were enrolled in this study. METHODS AND MATERIALS Skin swabs were taken from the axilla and dorsum of 27 dogs at initiation of the study. Mean malodour scores were used to assign dogs to control or malodour groups. The malodourous dogs were randomly assigned to a treatment or placebo group, received four weekly topical applications of the spot-on or placebo, and samples were recollected. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) were performed on all swabs. RESULTS Psychrobacter and Pseudomonas spp. were significantly more abundant (P < 0.001, P = 0.006; respectively), and overall bacterial diversity was reduced (P = 0.0384) on the skin of malodourous dogs. Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium spp. were not associated with malodour. The topical essential oil-based product significantly (P = 0.0078) improved malodour in the treatment group and shifted their bacterial community structure. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A novel association of bacterial genera with malodour in bloodhound dogs, identified by NGS, highlights future targets for odour control. The topical treatment significantly reduced malodour. The interaction between the topical treatment and cutaneous microbiota should be further investigated and may be useful in other dermatological conditions involving microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Meason-Smith
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Caitlin E Older
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Roxanna Ocana
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Brandon Dominguez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4475 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Adam P Patterson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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50
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Broadway PR, Carroll JA, Burdick Sanchez NC, Callaway TR, Lawhon SD, Bryan LK, Gart EV, Hughes HD, Hergenreder JE, Rounds PW, Griswold KE. 79 The Effects of the Dfm Clostat® and Experimental Salmonella Challenge on the Microbiome of the Ileum in Weaned Holstein Steer Calves. J Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky027.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P R Broadway
- USDA-ARS, Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, TX
| | - J A Carroll
- USDA-ARS, Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - T R Callaway
- University of Georgia, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, GA
| | - S D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - L K Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - E V Gart
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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