Caspase-11 deficiency attenuates neutrophil recruitment into the atherosclerotic lesion in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice

Caspase-11 is an inflammatory caspase that triggers an inflammatory response by regulating non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Although the deficiency of both caspase-11 and caspase-1, another inflammatory caspase that functions as an executor of the inflammasome, prevents the development of atherosclerosis, the effect of caspase-11 deficiency alone on the development of atherosclerosis has not been fully evaluated. In the present study, we found that caspase-11 deficiency prevented the formation of the necrotic core, whereas it did not affect the development of atherosclerosis in Apoe-deficient mice. Notably, the infiltration of neutrophils into atherosclerotic lesions was attenuated by caspase-11 deficiency. RNA-seq analysis of stage-dependent expression of atherosclerotic lesions revealed that both upregulations of caspase-11 and neutrophil migration are common features of advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Furthermore, similar expression profiles were observed in unstable human plaque. These data suggest that caspase-11 regulates neutrophil recruitment and plaque destabilization in advanced atherosclerotic lesions.

Unveiling unconventional magnetism at the surface of Sr2RuO4

Materials with strongly correlated electrons often exhibit interesting physical properties. An example of these materials is the layered oxide perovskite Sr₂RuO₄, which has been intensively investigated due to its unusual properties. Whilst the debate on the symmetry of the superconducting state in Sr₂RuO₄ is still ongoing, a deeper understanding of the Sr₂RuO₄ normal state appears crucial as this is the background in which electron pairing occurs. Here, by using low-energy muon spin spectroscopy we discover the existence of surface magnetism in Sr₂RuO₄ in its normal state. We detect static weak dipolar fields yet manifesting at an onset temperature higher than 50 K. We ascribe this unconventional magnetism to orbital loop currents forming at the reconstructed Sr₂RuO₄ surface. Our observations set a reference for the discovery of the same magnetic phase in other materials and unveil an electronic ordering mechanism that can influence electron pairing with broken time reversal symmetry.

Effects of ChREBP deficiency on adrenal lipogenesis and steroidogenesis

Carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) is critical in the regulation of fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis in the liver. Interestingly, Chrebp-/- mice show reduced levels of plasma cholesterol, which is critical for steroid hormone synthesis in adrenal glands. Furthermore, Chrebp mRNA expression was previously reported in human adrenal glands. Thus, it remains to be investigated whether ChREBP plays a role directly or indirectly in steroid hormone synthesis and release in adrenal glands. In the present study, we find that Chrebp mRNA is expressed in mouse adrenal glands and that ChREBP binds to carbohydrate response elements. Histological analysis of Chrebp-/- mice shows no adrenal hyperplasia and less oil red O staining compared with that in WT mice. In adrenal glands of Chrebp-/- mice, expression of Fasn and Scd1, two enzymes critical for fatty acid synthesis, was substantially lower and triglyceride content was reduced. Expression of Srebf2, a key transcription factor controlling synthesis and uptake of cholesterol and the target genes, was upregulated, while cholesterol content was not significantly altered in the adrenal glands of Chrebp-/- mice. Adrenal corticosterone content and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone levels were not significantly altered in Chrebp-/- mice. Consistently, expression of genes related to steroid hormone synthesis was not altered. Corticosterone secretion in response to two different stimuli, namely 24-h starvation and cosyntropin administration, was also not altered in Chrebp-/- mice. Taking these results together, corticosterone synthesis and release were not affected in Chrebp-/- mice despite reduced plasma cholesterol levels.

Nodal superconducting exchange coupling

A superconducting spin valve consists of a thin-film superconductor between two ferromagnetic layers. A change of magnetization alignment shifts the superconducting transition temperature (ΔΤ_c) due to an interplay between the magnetic exchange energy and the superconducting condensate. The magnitude of ΔΤ_c scales inversely with the superconductor thickness (d_S) and is zero when d_S exceeds the superconducting coherence length (ξ). Here, we report a superconducting spin-valve effect involving a different underlying mechanism in which magnetization alignment and ΔΤ_c are determined by nodal quasiparticle excitation states on the Fermi surface of the d-wave superconductor YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ sandwiched between insulating layers of ferromagnetic Pr_0.8Ca_0.2MnO₃. We observe ΔΤ_c values that approach 2 K with the sign of ΔΤ_c oscillating with d_S over a length scale exceeding 100ξ and, for particular values of d_S, the superconducting state reinforces an antiparallel magnetization alignment. These results pave the way to all-oxide superconducting memory in which superconductivity modulates the magnetic state.

Safety and efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in patients with preexisting antinuclear antibodies

PURPOSE

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) show promising clinical activity in advanced cancers. However, the safety and efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in patients with preexisting antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are unclear.

METHODS

191 patients treated with nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, or durvalumab for unresectable advanced cancers between September 2014 and December 2018 were identified retrospectively. Patients were divided into positive (ANA titers ≥ 1:160) and negative ANA groups (ANA titers < 1:160). Development of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), the overall response rate (ORR), and disease control rate (DCR) were monitored.

RESULTS

Positive ANA titers were seen in 9 out of 191 patients. Four patients in the positive ANA group and 69 patients in the negative group developed irAEs of any grade without a significant difference between the groups. The development of endocrine, pulmonary, and cutaneous irAEs was not significant, whereas positive ANA was significantly higher in patients who developed colitis (2/9) than in patients who did not (3/182, P = 0.0002). DCR in the positive and negative ANA group was 37.5% and 67.5%, respectively, and was not statistically significant, but had better efficacy in patients without ANA (P = 0.08). ANA-related autoimmune diseases such as SLE, Sjögren's syndrome, MCTD, scleroderma, dermatomyositis, and polymyositis was not induced in either group. However, one patient with preexisting dermatomyositis had a flare up after initiation of atezolizumab.

CONCLUSION

Further studies to identify predictive factors for the development of irAEs are required to provide relevant patient care and maximize the therapeutic benefits of ICIs.

Fraunhofer patterns in magnetic Josephson junctions with non-uniform magnetic susceptibility

The development of superconducting memory and logic based on magnetic Josephson junctions relies on an understanding of junction properties and, in particular, the dependence of critical current on external magnetic flux (i.e. Fraunhofer patterns). With the rapid development of Josephson junctions with various forms of inhomogeneous barrier magnetism, Fraunhofer patterns are increasingly complex. In this paper we model Fraunhofer patterns for magnetic Josephson junctions in which the barrier magnetic susceptibility is position- and external-magnetic-field dependent. The model predicts anomalous Fraunhofer patterns in which local minima in the Josephson critical current can be nonzero and non-periodic with external magnetic flux due to an interference effect between magnetised and demagnetised regions.

Magnetic Exchange Fields and Domain Wall Superconductivity at an All-Oxide Superconductor-Ferromagnet Insulator Interface

At a superconductor-ferromagnet (S/F) interface, the F layer can introduce a magnetic exchange field within the S layer, which acts to locally spin split the superconducting density of states. The effect of magnetic exchange fields on superconductivity has been thoroughly explored at S-ferromagnet insulator (S/FI) interfaces for isotropic s-wave S and a thickness that is smaller than the superconducting coherence length. Here we report a magnetic exchange field effect at an all-oxide S/FI interface involving the anisotropic d-wave high temperature superconductor praseodymium cerium copper oxide (PCCO) and the FI praseodymium calcium manganese oxide (PCMO). The magnetic exchange field in PCCO, detected via magnetotransport measurements through the superconducting transition, is localized to the PCCO/PCMO interface with an average magnitude that depends on the presence or absence of magnetic domain walls in PCMO. The results are promising for the development of all-oxide superconducting spintronic devices involving unconventional pairing and high temperature superconductors.

Visible light emission from a silica microbottle resonator by second- and third-harmonic generation

We report the first observation of nonlinear harmonic generation and sum frequency generation (SFG) coupled with stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) via the second-order (χ⁽²⁾) and the third-order (χ⁽³⁾) nonlinearities in a silica microbottle resonator. The visible light emission due to third-harmonic generation (THG) was observed in both the output of a tapered fiber and the optical microscope images, which can be used to identify the axial mode profiles. SFG enabled by three- and four-wave mixing processes between the pump light and the light generated via SRS was also observed. Second-harmonic generation (SHG) and the SFG are enabled by χ⁽²⁾ induced in silica by surface effects and multipole excitations.

Roles of M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors in the generation of rhythmic motor activity in mouse small intestine

BACKGROUND

The roles of M2 and M3 muscarinic receptor subtypes in the regulation of gut motor activity were investigated.

METHODS

We simultaneously recorded changes in the intraluminal pressure (IP) and longitudinal tension (LT) in small intestinal segments from M2 or M3 receptor knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice.

KEY RESULTS

In the WT preparations, luminal distension induced a continuous rhythmic contractile activity that was characterized by synchronous rises in IP and LT, occurring periodically at a constant interval. Tetrodotoxin completely abolished the response, whereas atropine either abolished or attenuated it. In the majority of the M2 KO preparations, however, no rhythmic activity was observed in response to the luminal distention, even though networks of enteric neurons and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) seemed to be intact. Where rhythmic activity did occur in M2 KO preparations, it was atropine resistant. In the M3 KO preparations, the IP and LT were synchronously changed by the luminal distention, but the changes occurred at irregular intervals. The W/W(v) mutant preparations, which lack ICC in the myenteric plexus (ICC-MY), showed results similar to those of the M3 KO preparations. In some of the M2 /M3 double-KO preparations, rhythmic activity was not observed, but in the others, an atropine-resistant rhythmicity appeared.

CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES

These results suggest that M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors differentially regulate the intestinal motor activity: M2 receptors play an essential role in the generation of rhythmic motor activity, and M3 receptors have a modulatory role in controlling the periodicity of the rhythmic activity together with the ICC-MY.

Turbulence effect on cloud radiation

The effect of turbulent clustering of water droplets on radiative transfer is investigated by means of both a three-dimensional direct numerical simulation of particle-laden homogeneous isotropic turbulence and a radiative transfer simulation based on a Monte Carlo photon tracing method. The results show that turbulent clustering causes the formation of void regions of droplets and hence increases the direct transmittance. This effect decreases as the turbulent Reynolds number increases and is estimated to be negligibly small under the conditions in real clouds.

A case of cervical cancer-related membranous nephropathy treated with radiation therapy

Paraneoplastic nephropathy is a rare complication of malignant disease. We present a case of cervical cancer with biopsy-proven membranous nephropathy and associated nephrotic syndrome. Irradiation to the specific neoplasm site and to the metastatic paraaortic lymph node tissues lead to regression of the nephrotic syndrome without causing severe adverse events. Radiation therapy can be the first choice in the treatment of paraneoplastic nephrotic syndrome if the primary neoplasm is unresectable. Invasiveness of intervention and patient prognosis should be carefully deliberated in the management of the two diseases.

Contribution of trunk muscularity on sprint run

This study aimed to investigate how the trunk muscularity is related to sprint running performance. In 23 youth soccer players, the cross-sectional images at the mid level of each of L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4, L4-L5, and L5-S1 were obtained using magnetic resonance imaging to determine the cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of rectus abdominis, oblique, psoas major, quadratus lumborum and erector spinae muscles. The times taken to sprint over 20 m were measured, and the mean velocity of running was calculated for each of the 2 distances (V (10 m) and V (20 m)) and for the distance from 10 m to 20 m (V (10-20 m)). The CSA values of the 5 slice levels for all muscles except for the quadratus lumborum and those of the 3 slice levels (L1-L2, L2-L3 and L3-L4) for the quadratus lumborum were averaged and expressed relative to the two-third power of body mass (CSA/BM (2/3)). The CSA/BM (2/3) values of the erector spinae and quadratus lumborum were selected as significant contributors to predict V (10 m) ( R(2)=0.450), V (20 m) ( R(2)=0.504) and V (10-20 m) ( R(2)=0.420). The current results indicate that the muscularity of the erector spinae and quadratus lumborum contributes to achieving a high performance in sprint running over distances of less than 20 m.

Engulfment of spermatozoa by cumulus cells and the role of CD36

The function of cumulus cells after sperm penetration is not well understood. The present study examined the phagocytic action of cumulus cells on sperm after dispersion of cumulus-oocyte complexes. In a co-incubation system of cauda sperm and cumulus cells, the sperm heads were beginning to vanish after 2.5h and 77%±1.34 of sperm heads had disappeared at 30 h. Most of the sperm heads were engulfed by cumulus cells. Immunofluorescent studies showed that cumulus cells were expressing the CD36 molecule, and sperm were exposing phosphatidylserine (PS). Anti-CD36 antibody and annexin V inhibited the engulfment of sperm by cumulus cells by 26.0% and 40.5%, respectively. These results suggested that the cumulus cells recognized the PS molecules on sperm via CD36 and this molecular interaction possibly triggered the phagocytosis of sperm by cumulus cells. These results suggest that cumulus cells might play a role in inhibiting undesired immune reactions induced by sperm antigens.

Neoadjuvant transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) using cisplatin with the combination of dose-dense intravenous administration of paclitaxel for the locally advanced cervical adenocarcinoma

e16518

Background: Adenocarcinoma (including adenosquamous carcinoma) of the uterine cervix has a tendency to early lymph node metastasis and is resistant to radiation therapy, thus results in poor prognosis compared with squamous cell carcinoma. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by radical hysterectomy (RH) for bulky cervical adenocarcinoma seems to be an alternative therapy to primary radiation. Methods: P2 at the single institution. Eligible criteria were as follows: Histologically diagnosed cervical adeno or adenosquamous carcinoma with FIGO stage IB2-IVA, Age < or equal to 75, PS 0–2, given informed consent. The NAC regimen consisted of paclitaxel (60mg/m2, iv, D1, D8, D15) and cisplatin (70 mg/m2, trans-uterine arterial infusion followed by embolization using the gelform, D2) repeated every 3 weeks for 2–3 cycles, followed by RH. Primary endpoints were clinical and pathological responses, and secondary endpoints were toxicities, relapse free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: Enrolled patients: 22 (1998–2006), Age: median 51 (33–75), FIGO stage: IB2 (9), IIA-IIB (8), IIIB (3), IVA (2), adeno/adenosquamous: 16/6. Toxicities during NAC (CTCAE ver.3) were as follows: G3/G4 neutropenia 18% (4/22), G3/G4 anemia 14% (3/22), G3/G4 thrombocytopenia 0%, G2/G3 sensory neuropathy 0 %, G3/G4 creatinine elevation 0%, G2 alopecia 100%. Clinical response rate (RR: CR+PR) of the patients with stage IB2-IIB was 100%. 16 of 17 received RH, and no residual malignant cells were found pathologically (pCR) in 3. RR of the patients with stage IIIb-IVa was 80%, three patients completed RH with either modified anterior or posterior exenteration, and pCR was found in one patient. The rate of radiation therapy following either NAC or surgery among enrolled patients were 18% (3/17) with stage IB2-IIB and 40% (2/5) with IIIB-IVA. 5 year RFS/OS were 69%/68% with stage IB2-IIb and 60%/60% with stage IIIb-IVa. All 15 alive patients had RH. One patient with stage IVa had urostomy, and other 14 patients have no trouble in urination function. Conclusions: TACE with cisplatin and dose dense paclitaxel in the neoadjuvant setting is feasible and effective for cervical adenocarcinoma.

[Table: see text]

[Nephrotic syndrome associated with lung adenocarcinoma: report of an autopsy case]

A 73-year-old male with nephrotic syndrome was admitted to our hospital. He was empirically treated with prednisolone, which resulted in the alleviation of proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, and pleural effusion. Thereafter, a computed tomographic scan revealed a mass lesion in the right-lower lung field. Finally, the patient died of multiple organ failure induced by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Adenocarcinoma of the lung and membranous nephropathy (MN) were revealed by autopsy. MN tends to occur in the elderly, and is also occasionally associated with solid tumors, such as lung and gastrointestinal cancer. Therefore, a malignancy survey may be useful in the management of cases with nephrotic syndrome in which MN is pathologically defined. However, the initiation of empirical treatment without a pathological diagnosis is not an exceptional phenomenon. Physicians should, therefore, bear in mind the potential association of malignancy and immediately and carefully investigate the potential presence of a malignancy in elderly patients with a new onset of nephrotic syndrome.

Biochemical property and immunogenicity of mouse male reproductive tract CD52 (mrt-CD52)

Male reproductive tract CD52 (mrt-CD52) is known to be a pathogenic antigen for immunological infertility. Although human CD52 has been extensively investigated, the properties of mouse CD52 are not well elucidated. This study was conducted, therefore, to examine the tissue distribution, molecular composition and immunogenicity of mouse mrt-CD52. Immunohistological studies with an antibody to a synthetic peptide showed that mouse CD52 was localized mainly in the cauda epididymis and vas deferens, but not in the testis, liver, kidney or spleen. The molecule was composed of Asn (N)-linked and The/Ser (O)-linked carbohydrates as well as a glycosylphosphatidyl (GPI) anchor portion. Purified mrt-CD52 preparations produced antibodies by subcutaneous and intranasal immunization in both male and female mice. These antisera showed sperm-immobilizing activities with complement to mouse sperm. The research indicated mouse CD52 had similar biochemical and immunological properties to human CD52. This animal experiment is a good model for investigating human mrt-CD52 antibody detected in infertile patients.

Roles of M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors in cholinergic nerve-induced contractions in mouse ileum studied with receptor knockout mice

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The functional roles of M(2) and M(3) muscarinic receptors in neurogenic cholinergic contractions in gastrointestinal tracts remain to be elucidated. To address this issue, we studied cholinergic nerve-induced contractions in the ileum using mutant mice lacking M(2) or M(3) receptor subtypes.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Contractile responses to transmural electrical (TE) stimulation were isometrically recorded in ileal segments from M(2)-knockout (KO), M(3)-KO, M(2)/M(3)-double KO, and wild-type mice.

KEY RESULTS

TE stimulation at 2-50 Hz frequency-dependently evoked a fast, brief contraction followed by a slower, longer one in wild-type, M(2)-KO or M(3)-KO mouse preparations. Tetrodotoxin blocked both the initial and later contractions, while atropine only inhibited the initial contractions. The initial cholinergic contractions were significantly greater in wild-type than M(2)-KO or M(3)-KO mice; the respective mean amplitudes at 50 Hz were 91, 74 and 68 % of 70mM K(+)-induced contraction. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin blocked the cholinergic contractions in M(3)-KO but not in M(2)-KO mice. Cholinergic contractions also remained in wild-type preparations, but their sizes were reduced by 20-30 % at 10-50 Hz. In M(2)/M(3)-double KO mice, TE stimulation evoked only slow, noncholinergic contractions, which were significantly greater in sizes than in any of the other three mouse strains.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

These results demonstrate that M(2) and M(3) receptors participate in mediating cholinergic contractions in mouse ileum with the latter receptors assuming a greater role. Our data also suggest that the lack of both M(2) and M(3) receptors causes upregulation of noncholinergic excitatory innervation of the gut smooth muscle.

Pharmacological characterization of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced contraction in the chicken gastrointestinal tract

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor subtypes involved in 5-HT-induced contraction of the chicken gastrointestinal tract were characterized pharmacologically using subtype-selective agonists and antagonists. The proventriculus (area of stomach adjacent to the oesophagus) and ileum are examined. 5-HT applied cumulatively caused sustained contraction of the proventriculus that was not decreased by tetrodotoxin, atropine or l-nitro-arginine methylester (l-NAME). alpha-Methyl-5-HT showed the same potency as that of 5-HT, indicating the involvement of the 5-HT(2) receptor. (+/-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-amino-propane (DOI), 5-methoxytryptamine and 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine hydrochloride (mCPP) were potent, and 2-methyl-5-HT, 5-carboxamidotryptamine, BW723C86 and 6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine hydrochloride (MK212) were moderate, but (+/-)-8-hydroxy-2-dipropylaminotetralin hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT), [endo-N-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo-(3,2,1)oct-3-yl]-2,3-dihydro-(1-methyl)ethyl-2-oxo-1H-benzimidazol-1-carboxamide (BIMU-8) and cisapride were weak agonists. Correlation of pEC(50) values of these agonists with documented pEC(50) values for 5-HT(2C) receptor was higher than 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2B). Cinanserin, ketanserin, methiothepin, methysergide, mianserin, (8-[5-(2,4-dimethoxy-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenylsulphonamido)phenyl-5-oxopentyl)-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4,5]decane-2,4-dione hydrochloride (RS102221), N-(1-methyl-1H-indolyl-5-yl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea (SB204741), spiperone and N-desmethylclozapine concentration-dependently inhibited the contractile responses to 5-HT. Correlation of pK(b)/pA(2) of antagonists with documented pK(i) for 5-HT(2C) receptor was highest among 5-HT(2) receptor subtypes. In the methysergide- and ketanserin-treated proventriculus, 5-HT, 2-methyl-5-HT and cisapride did not enhance the electrical field stimulation (5 Hz)-induced cholinergic contractions. 5-HT applied non-cumulatively caused transient contraction of ileum, and the responses were partly decreased by atropine or tetrodotoxin. 5-Methoxytryptamine, alpha-methyl-5-HT, 5-carboxamidotryptamine, L692,247 and DOI were potent agonists. However, 2-methyl-5-HT, cisapride, BW723C86, 8-OH-DPAT and 5-nonyloxytryptamine, mCPP and MK212 were less effective. Ketanserin and methysergide decreased the 5-HT-induced ileal contraction, but neither GR113808 nor SB269970 inhibited the responses. In conclusion, 5-HT causes contraction of the proventriculus via 5-HT(2C)-like receptors present on smooth muscle. 5-HT also causes contraction of the ileum, but the underlying mechanisms are complex, involving neural and smooth muscle components, and both 5-HT(1)- and 5-HT(2)-like receptors. Neural 5-HT receptors similar to 5-HT(3)/5-HT(4) receptors were not found in the chicken proventriculus and ileum.

[Effects of octreotide acetate on intractable chylothorax after surgery for congenital heart diseases]

We experienced 2 infants in whom octreotide acetate was effective on intractable chylothorax after surgery for congenital heart diseases. They were 8- and 5-month-old. They were diagnosed as having corrected transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and tetralogy of Fallot respectively, and underwent bidirectional Glenn anastomosis and right modified Blalock Taussig shunt. Chylothorax was revealed on the 11th and the 1st postoperative day, and was not improved by any conventional therapy in either case. Then octreotide acetate was infused continuously with 0.1-0.6 micorg/kg/hour for 24 and 7 days. Chylothorax disappeared completely without any complications such as disturbance of blood sugar level or growth retardation. Octreotide acetate was effective and safe even in infants in intractable chylothorax after surgery for congenital heart diseases, as long as used for short period.

Muscarinic cationic current in gastrointestinal smooth muscles: signal transduction and role in contraction

1 The muscarinic receptor plays a key role in the parasympathetic nervous control of various peripheral tissues including gastrointestinal tract. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine, via activating muscarinic receptors that exist in smooth muscle, produces its contraction. 2 There is the opening of cationic channels as an underlying mechanism. The opening of cationic channels results in influxes of Ca2+ via the channels into the cell and also via voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels which secondarily opened in response to the depolarization, providing an amount of Ca2+ for activation of the contractile proteins. 3 Electrophysiological and pharmacological studies have shown that the cationic channels as well as muscarinic receptors exist in many visceral smooth muscle cells. However, the activation mechanisms of the cationic channels are still unclear. 4 In this article, we summarize the current knowledge of the muscarinic receptor-operated cationic channels, focusing on the receptor subtype, G protein and other signalling molecules that are involved in activation of these channels and on the molecular characteristics of the channel. This will improve strategies aimed at developing new selective pharmacological agents and understanding the activation mechanism and functions of these channels in physiological systems.

Volatile female odors activate the accessory olfactory system of male mice without physical contact

We previously reported that male mice are more attracted to volatile odors from intact female mice than from ovariectomized female mice. In the present study, we investigated male attraction to volatile odors from soiled bedding collected from the cages of estrous or ovariectomized female mice. There was no difference in the total time spent sniffing volatile odors from estrous and ovariectomized female mice, suggesting that female mice emit volatile odors which are not excreted into bedding. To test this possibility, we investigated c-Fos expression in the mitral cell layer and granule cell layer of the accessory olfactory bulb 60 min after exposure of male mice to volatile odors without physical contact. Volatile odors from an estrous female mouse significantly increased the total number of c-Fos positive cells in each of the rostral and caudal granule cell layer, but not in the mitral cell layer. After exposure to volatile odors from estrous bedding, the total number of c-Fos positive cells did not increase. Volatile odors from a male mouse did not increase the total number of c-Fos positive cells. Volatile odors from an ovariectomized female mouse increased c-Fos expression only in the caudal granule cell layer. These results suggest that female mice emit specific volatile odors which are not excreted into bedding, and that the volatile odors activate the accessory olfactory system of male mice without physical contact. To characterize the female-specific volatile odors, we conducted habituation-dishabituation tests. Whereas sham-operated male mice discriminated between volatile odors of estrous and ovariectomized female mice, vomeronasal organ-removed male mice did not. These results suggest that male mice discriminated whether or not female mice were ovariectomized, by volatile odors via the accessory olfactory system, and that the female-specific volatile odors are involved in reproduction.

[Effects of additional pulmonary blood flow after bidirectional Glenn procedure]

Thirteen cases of functional single ventricle who had undergone bidirectional Glenn procedure were divided into 2 groups according to presence (5) or absence (8) of additional pulmonary blood flow. Additional flow was preserved in cases with relatively small pulmonary artery index (PA index), and their sources were antegrade pulmonary blood flow (2), and Blalock-Taussig (BT) shunt (3). In the control group, PA index was reduced to about 70% of the preoperative value, while in the additional group, pulmonary artery growth was recognized without significant elevation of mean pulmonary artery pressure. However, atrioventricular valve regurgitation progressed and systemic ventricular volume did not decrease after Glenn in the additional group. Therefore special consideration for the timing of Fontan procedure is mandatory.

[Evaluation of aortic valve replacement involving small severely calcified aortic annulus in elderly patients]

We performed aortic valve replacement in 24 patients aged over 70 with small calcified valves. The surgical management of such patients remains controversial as the extensive calcification compromises implantation. Hence, we used an ultrasonic debridement instrument to remove calcium and selected a small prosthesis with the largest possible orifice without enlargement of the aortic annulus. Echocardiography showed significant reductions in left ventricular mass index compared with preoperative values. Early and mid-term prognosis has been relatively good.

[Jatene procedure with arch repair; usefulness of rapid two-stage repair]

Four cases of Jatene procedure with arch repair were performed since 2000 in our department. Two-stage repair was used in all cases and the extended end-to-end anastomosis and pulmonary artery banding (PAB) were performed in 3 cases as the initial repair. In a recent case of TGA type I with coarctation of the aorta (CoA), only subclavian flap aortoplasty was performed when he was 6-day-old and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was preserved and rapid two-stage Jatene procedure was performed when he was 8-day-old. There was no hospital or late death, or reoperation. The results of the two-stage Jatene procedure with arch repair was good and safe. Rapid two-stage repair was thought to be a useful choice especially for TGA type I with arch anomaly.

[Blalock-Taussig shunt and pulmonary artery angioplasty for isolated unilateral absence of the right pulmonary artery; report of a case]

A 7-month-old girl was referred to us for further examination of absence of the right pulmonary artery. She had no symptom at that time. Diagnosis was made by chest computed tomography (CT) and cardiac catheterization. Though the size of the right pulmonary artery was not apparent, right pulmonary vein wedge angiography revealed the distal portion of right pulmonary artery sufficient for surgical repair. But the distance between the pulmonary trunk and right pulmonary artery was too far to perform direct anastomosis, and some systemic collaterals had already been recognized. Pulmonary vasculature was also not inadequate. Therefore we planned a palliative procedure. At the age of 7 months, right modified Blalock-Tausig shunt using 5mm expand-polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) tube and angioplasty of the distal portion of right pulmonary artery using autologous pericardium roll with Dacron mesh was performed. Postoperative course was uneventful. She has been followed up for 6 months after the palliation. In the near future the completion of the definitive repair will be considered.

[Sutureless technique for oozing type postinfarction left ventricular free wall rupture]

We report our experience using a sutureless technique for oozing type postinfarction left ventricular free wall rupture. Several materials such as fibrin seat, autologous or heterologous pericardial patch, fibrin glue, and geratin-resorcin-formaldehyde (GRF) glue have been used. Nine patients, who developed postinfarction left ventricular free wall rupture, underwent surgical repair using a sutureless technique between 1999 and 2004. All patients survived and discharged our hospital without any postoperative complications. And all are alive an exellent condition in 5 to 44 months. A sutureless technique for the treatment of oozing type postinfarction left ventricular free wall rupture is simple, effective, and associated with a favorable outcome.

DNA sequence diversity of intergenic spacer 1 region in the non-lipid-dependent speciesMalasseziapachydermatisisolated from animals

The non-lipid-dependent species Malassezia pachydermatis is frequently isolated from animals. We analyzed the DNA sequences of the intergenic spacer (IGS) 1 region, which is the most variable region in the rRNA gene, of 43 M. pachydermatis strains obtained from dogs or cats. The lengths of the IGS 1 regions ranged from 552 to 898 bp and, based on the nucleotide sequence, these IGS 1 regions were divided into three major groups with 10 subtypes. Group 1 (552-601 bp long) was characterized by the short sequence repeat (CAGCA)n and had four to 14 repeats, and Group 3 (749-898 bp long), which included the neotype strain of M. pachydermatis, was characterized by the sequence (CAGCATAACATAACACACAACA)n in the IGS1 region. Group 2 possessed partial sequences of both Groups 1 and 3. Each group shared only 41.7-55.4% similarity in the IGS1 region with the other groups. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and D1/D2 26S rDNA in the rRNA gene were also sequenced for representative strains in each IGS group. The groups were distinguished by both ITS (698-712 bp long including 5.8S rDNA) and D1/D2 26S rDNA (624 bp long) sequences with sequence similarities of 91.7-96.0% and 99.7-99.0%, respectively. Our results indicate that the sequence of the IGS region of M. pachydermatis has a remarkable intraspecies diversity, compared with ITS or D1/D2 26S rDNA, and that multiple genotypic strains of M. pachydermatis colonize animal skin.

Effects of G-protein-specific antibodies and G beta gamma subunits on the muscarinic receptor-operated cation current in guinea-pig ileal smooth muscle cells

(1) The effects on the whole-cell carbachol-induced muscarinic cationic current (mIcat) of antibodies against the alpha-subunits of various G proteins, as well as the effect of a Gbetagamma subunit, were studied in single guinea-pig ileal smooth muscle cells voltage-clamped at -50 mV. Ionized intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca(2+)](i), was clamped at 100 nM using a 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxyl-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid)/Ca(2+) mixture. (2) Application of ascending concentrations of carbachol (1-300 micro M) activated mIcat (mean amplitude 0.83 nA at 300 micro M carbachol; EC(50) 8 micro M; Hill slope 1.0). A 20 min or longer intracellular application via the pipette solution of G(i3)/G(o) or G(o) antibodies resulted in about a 70% depression of the maximum response without change in the EC(50) value. In contrast, antibodies against alpha-subunits of G(i1), G(i1)/G(i2), G(i3), G(q)/G(11) or G(s) protein over a similar or longer period did not significantly reduce mIcat. Antibodies to common Gbeta or infusion of the Gbetagamma subunit itself had no effect on mIcat. (3) If cells were exposed briefly to carbachol (50 or 100 micro M) at early times (<3 min) after infusion of antibodies to Galpha(i3)/Galpha(o) or to Galpha(o) had begun, carbachol responses remained unchanged even after 20-60 min; that is, the depression of mIcat by these antibodies was prevented. (4) These data show that Galpha(o) protein couples the muscarinic receptor to the cationic channel in guinea-pig ileal longitudinal smooth muscle and that Gbetagamma is not involved. They also show that prior activation of the muscarinic receptor presumably causes a long-lasting postactivation change of the G protein, which is not reflected in mIcat, but acts to hinder antibody binding.

Epitope analysis for human sperm-immobilizing monoclonal antibodies, MAb H6-3C4, 1G12 and campath-1

Human monoclonal antibody, MAb H6-3C4, possesses strong sperm immobilizing activity. MAb H6-3C4 has been suggested by several research groups to react with a carbohydrate moiety of male reproductive tract CD52 (mrtCD52). In the present study, we analysed the epitope on mrtCD52 for MAb H6-3C4 and found that it was polymorphic in Western blot analysis and disappeared after enzymatic removal of the N-linked carbohydrate moiety. Two other monoclonal antibodies (1G12, campath-1) with sperm-immobilizing activity recognized mrtCD52 in a polymorphic manner similar to MAb H6-3C4. Further analysis showed that 1G12 recognized a structure formed by the peptide and/or a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor portion as does campath-1. Results of a lectin binding assay suggested the presence of O-linked carbohydrates on mrtCD52. Our results also indicated that the peptide portion of CD52 could serve as an epitope for sperm-immobilizing antibodies. It was concluded that the epitope of MAb H6-3C4 is similar to, but distinct from, those of 1G12 and campath-1, and that mrtCD52 contains different antigenic epitopes.

Receptor signaling mechanisms underlying muscarinic agonist-evoked contraction in guinea-pig ileal longitudinal smooth muscle

1 In guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle, muscarinic partial agonists, 4-(N-[3-chlorophenyl]-carbomoyloxy)-2-butynyl-trimethylammonium (McN-A343) and pilocarpine, each produced parallel increases in tension and cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]c) with a higher EC(50) than that of the full agonist carbachol. The maximum response of [Ca(2+)]c or tension was not much different among the three agonists. The Ca(2+) channel blocker nicardipine markedly inhibited the effects of all three agonists 2 The contractile response to any agonist was antagonized in a competitive manner by M(2) receptor selective antagonists (N,N'-bis[6-[[(2-methoyphenyl)methyl]amino]hexyl]-1,8-octanediamine tetrahydrochloride and 11-[[2-[(diethlamino)methyl]-1-piperidinyl]acetyl]-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4] benzodiazepine-6-one), and the apparent order of M(2) antagonist sensitivity was McN-A343>pilocarpine>carbachol. M(3) receptor selective antagonists, 1,1-dimethyl-4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide and darifenacin, both severely depressed the maximum response for McN-A343, while darifenacin had a similar action in the case of pilocarpine. Both M(3) antagonists behaved in a competitive manner in the case of the carbachol response. 3 McN-A343 failed to release Ca(2+) from the intracellular stores, and the Ca(2+)-releasing action of pilocarpine was very weak compared with that of carbachol. All three agonists were capable of increasing Ca(2+) sensitivity of the contractile proteins. 4 McN-A343 rarely produced membrane depolarization, but always accelerated electrical spike discharge. Pilocarpine effect was more often accompanied by membrane depolarization, as was usually seen using carbachol. 5 The results suggest that muscarinic agonist-evoked contractions result primarily from the integration of Ca(2+) entry associated with the increased spike discharge and myofilaments Ca(2+) sensitization, and that Ca(2+) store release may contribute to the contraction indirectly via potentiation of the electrical membrane responses. They may also support the idea that an interaction of M(2) and M(3) receptors plays a crucial role in mediating the contraction response.

Peptidergic and nitrergic inhibitory neurotransmissions in the hamster jejunum: regulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide release by nitric oxide

Regulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) release by nitric oxide (NO) was investigated in the hamster jejunum. Electrical field stimulation and applied NO (3-100 microM) evoked biphasic hyperpolarizations consisting of an initial transient hyperpolarizing component followed by a second more slowly developing component (late component). The NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (200 microM) abolished the biphasic inhibitory junction potential evoked by electrical field stimulation. The NO scavenger oxyhemoglobin (50 microM) and the guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ; 10 microM) abolished both components of the inhibitory junction potentials and the NO-induced hyperpolarizations. VIP(6-28) (1 microM), which abolished VIP (3 microM)-induced hyperpolarizations, also inhibited the late components of the inhibitory junction potentials and the NO-induced hyperpolarizations. ODQ inhibited VIP release and cAMP production by electrical field stimulation and NO application. N(6)-2,0-Dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (0.1-3 mM) caused a membrane hyperpolarization. These results suggest that NO may stimulate VIP release from enteric nerves in the hamster jejunum. In addition, we propose that NO and NO-stimulated VIP contribute to the early and late components of the inhibitory junction potentials, respectively, in the circular smooth muscle cells of the hamster jejunum.

Muscarinic agonist potencies at three different effector systems linked to the M(2) or M(3) receptor in longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea-pig small intestine

1. The abilities of muscarinic agonists (arecoline, bethanechol, carbachol, McN-A343, methacholine, pilocarpine) to inhibit isoprenaline-induced cyclic AMP production in chopped fragments (via M(2) receptors), and to evoke cationic current (I(cat)) (via M(2) receptors) or calcium store release (via M3 receptors) in enzyme-dispersed, single voltage-clamped cells from longitudinal smooth muscle of the guinea-pig small intestine were examined. 2. All muscarinic agonists (1 - 300 microM) examined inhibited isoprenaline (1 microM)-induced accumulation of cyclic AMP, the IC(50) varying from 52 to 248 microM. However, their relative potencies to evoke this M(2) effect were not significantly correlated with their ability to evoke I(cat), also a M(2) effect, whether or not calcium stores were depleted; pilocarpine and McN-A343 inhibited the I(cat) response to carbachol. 3. Muscarinic agonists (concentration 300 or 1000 microM), except pilocarpine and McN-A343 which were ineffective, evoked Ca(2+)-activated K(+) current (I(K-Ca)) resulting from Ca(2+) store release (M(3) effect). Their effectiveness was tested by estimating residual stored calcium by subsequent application of caffeine (10 mM). The relative potencies to evoke Ca(2+) store release (M(3)) and for I(cat) activation (M(2)) were closely correlated (P<0.001). 4. These data might be explained if M(2)-mediated adenylyl cyclase inhibition and I(cat) activation involve different G proteins, or involve different populations of M(2) receptors. The observed correlation of agonist potency between I(cat) activation and Ca(2+) store release supports the proposal (Zholos & Bolton, 1997) that M(3) activation can potentiate M(2)-cationic channel coupling through Ca(2+)-independent mechanisms.