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Wardani I, Hazimah Mohamed Nor N, Wright SL, Kooter IM, Koelmans AA. Nano- and microplastic PBK modeling in the context of human exposure and risk assessment. Environ Int 2024; 186:108504. [PMID: 38537584 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Insufficient data on nano- and microplastics (NMP) hinder robust evaluation of their potential health risks. Methodological disparities and the absence of established toxicity thresholds impede the comparability and practical application of research findings. The diverse attributes of NMP, such as variations in sizes, shapes, and compositions, complicate human health risk assessment. Although probability density functions (PDFs) show promise in capturing this diversity, their integration into risk assessment frameworks is limited. Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models offer a potential solution to bridge the gap between external exposure and internal dosimetry for risk evaluation. However, the heterogeneity of NMP poses challenges for accurate biodistribution modeling. A literature review, encompassing both experimental and modeling studies, was conducted to examine biodistribution studies of monodisperse micro- and nanoparticles. The literature search in PubMed and Scopus databases yielded 39 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Evaluation criteria were adapted from previous Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA-QC) studies, best practice guidelines from WHO (2010), OECD guidance (2021), and additional criteria specific to NMP risk assessment. Subsequently, a conceptual framework for a comprehensive NMP-PBK model was developed, addressing the multidimensionality of NMP particles. Parameters for an NMP-PBK model are presented. QA-QC evaluations revealed that most experimental studies scored relatively well (>0) in particle characterizations and environmental settings but fell short in criteria application for biodistribution modeling. The evaluation of modeling studies revealed that information regarding the model type and allometric scaling requires improvement. Three potential applications of PDFs in PBK modeling of NMP are identified: capturing the multidimensionality of the NMP continuum, quantifying the probabilistic definition of external exposure, and calculating the bio-accessibility fraction of NMP in the human body. A framework for an NMP-PBK model is proposed, integrating PDFs to enhance the assessment of NMP's impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Wardani
- Department of aquatic ecology and water quality management, Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Stephanie L Wright
- Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Ingeborg M Kooter
- TNO, Princetonlaan 6-8, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert A Koelmans
- Department of aquatic ecology and water quality management, Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands
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2
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Di Fiore C, Ishikawa Y, Wright SL. A review on methods for extracting and quantifying microplastic in biological tissues. J Hazard Mater 2024; 464:132991. [PMID: 37979423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Literature about the occurrence of microplastic in biological tissues has increased over the last few years. This review aims to synthesis the evidence on the preparation of biological tissues, chemical identification of microplastic and accumulation in tissues. Several microplastic's extraction approaches from biological tissues emerged (i.e., alkaline, acids, oxidizing and enzymatic). However, criteria used for the selection of the extraction method have yet to be clarified. Similarly, analytical methodologies for chemical identification often does not align with the size of particles. Furthermore, sizes of microplastics found in biological tissues are likely to be biologically implausible, due to the size of the biological barriers. From this review, it emerged that further assessment are required to determine whether microplastic particles were truly internalized, were in the vasculature serving these organs, or were an artefact of the methodological process. The importance of a standardisation of quality control/quality assurance emerged. Findings arose from this review could have a broad implication, and could be used as a basis for further investigations, to reduce artifact results and clearly assess the fate of microplastics in biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Di Fiore
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via De Sanctis, I-86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Yukari Ishikawa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie L Wright
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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O'Brien S, Rauert C, Ribeiro F, Okoffo ED, Burrows SD, O'Brien JW, Wang X, Wright SL, Thomas KV. There's something in the air: A review of sources, prevalence and behaviour of microplastics in the atmosphere. Sci Total Environ 2023; 874:162193. [PMID: 36828069 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Literature regarding microplastics in the atmosphere has advanced in recent years. However, studies have been undertaken in isolation with minimal collaboration and exploration of the relationships between air, deposition and dust. This review collates concentrations (particle count and mass-based), shape, size and polymetric characteristics for microplastics in ambient air (m3), deposition (m2/day), dust (microplastics/g) and snow (microplastics/L) from 124 peer-reviewed articles to provide a holistic overview and analysis of our current knowledge. In summary, ambient air featured concentrations between <1 to >1000 microplastics/m3 (outdoor) and <1 microplastic/m3 to 1583 ± 1181 (mean) microplastics/m3 (indoor), consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene. No difference (p > 0.05) was observed between indoor and outdoor concentrations or the minimum size of microplastics (p > 0.5). Maximum microplastic sizes were larger indoors (p < 0.05). Deposition concentrations ranged between 0.5 and 1357 microplastics/m2/day (outdoor) and 475 to 19,600 microplastics/m2/day (indoor), including polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate. Concentrations varied between indoor and outdoor deposition (p < 0.05), being more abundant indoors, potentially closer to sources/sinks. No difference was observed between the minimum or maximum reported microplastic sizes within indoor and outdoor deposition (p > 0.05). Road dust concentrations varied between 2 ± 2 and 477 microplastics/g (mean), consisting of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene. Mean outdoor dust concentrations ranged from <1 microplastic/g (remote desert) to between 18 and 225 microplastics/g, comprised of polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide, polypropylene. Snow concentrations varied between 0.1 and 30,000 microplastics/L, containing polyethylene, polyamide, polypropylene. Concentrations within indoor dust varied between 10 and 67,000 microplastics/g, including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene. No difference was observed between indoor and outdoor concentrations (microplastics/g) or maximum size (p > 0.05). The minimum size of microplastics were smaller within outdoor dust (p > 0.05). Although comparability is hindered by differing sampling methods, analytical techniques, polymers investigated, spectral libraries and inconsistent terminology, this review provides a synopsis of knowledge to date regarding atmospheric microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Cassandra Rauert
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Francisca Ribeiro
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, EX4 4QD, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Elvis D Okoffo
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Stephen D Burrows
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, EX4 4QD, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Xianyu Wang
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Stephanie L Wright
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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4
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Napper IE, Parker-Jurd FNF, Wright SL, Thompson RC. Examining the release of synthetic microfibres to the environment via two major pathways: Atmospheric deposition and treated wastewater effluent. Sci Total Environ 2023; 857:159317. [PMID: 36220472 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Research on the discharge of synthetic microfibres to aquatic environments has typically focused on laundering, where fibres can be discharged via wastewater effluent. However emerging research suggests that microfibres generated during the wear of textiles in normal use could present a major, additional, pathway for microfibre pollution to the environment. This study aimed to quantify and compare the quantities of microfibre entering the marine environment via both these pathways; wastewater discharge and atmospheric deposition. Areas of high and low population density were also evaluated. Samples were collected in and around two British cities (Bristol and Plymouth) both of which are located on tidal waters. Fibres originating from the atmosphere were deposited at an average rate of 81.6 fibres m2 d-1 across urban and rural areas. Treated wastewater effluent contained on an average 0.03 synthetic fibres L-1. Based on our results we predict ~20,000-500,000 microfibres could be discharged per day from the Wastewater Treatment Plants studied. When the two pathways were compared. Atmospheric deposition of synthetic microfibres appeared the dominant pathway, releasing fibres at a rate several orders of magnitude greater than via treated wastewater effluent. Potential options to reduce the release of microfibres to the environment are discussed and we conclude that intervention at the textile design stage presents the most effective approach. In order to guide policy intervention to inform the Plastics Treaty UNEA 5.2, future work should focus on understanding which permutations of textile design have the greatest influence fibre shedding, during both everyday use and laundering.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Napper
- International Marine Litter Research Unit, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake's Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - F N F Parker-Jurd
- International Marine Litter Research Unit, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake's Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - S L Wright
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80-92 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - R C Thompson
- International Marine Litter Research Unit, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake's Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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5
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Gouin T, Ellis-Hutchings R, Thornton Hampton LM, Lemieux CL, Wright SL. Screening and prioritization of nano- and microplastic particle toxicity studies for evaluating human health risks - development and application of a toxicity study assessment tool. Microplast nanoplast 2022; 2:2. [PMID: 35098152 PMCID: PMC8760192 DOI: 10.1186/s43591-021-00023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Concern regarding the human health implications that exposure to nano- and microplastic particles (NMPs) potentially represents is increasing. While there have been several years of research reporting on the ecotoxicological effects of NMPs, human health toxicology studies have only recently emerged. The available human health hazard data are thus limited, with potential concern regarding the relevance and reliability for understanding the potential human health implications. In this study we develop and apply a NMP toxicity screening assessment tool (NMP-TSAT) for evaluating human health effects studies against a suite of quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) criteria for both in vivo and in vitro studies. A total of 74 studies representing either inhalation or oral exposure pathways were identified and evaluated. Assessment categories include particle characterization, experimental design, and applicability for risk assessment; with critical and non-critical criteria organized to allow screening and prioritization. It is observed that the majority of studies evaluated using the NMP-TSAT have been performed on monodisperse particles, predominately spheres (≈60%), consisting of polystyrene (≈46%). The majority of studies have tested particles < 5 μm, with a minimal particle size of 10 nm and a maximum particle size of about 200 μm. The total assessment score (TAS) possible for in vivo studies is 52, whereas for in vitro studies it is 46, which is based on receiving a maximum score of 2 against 26 and 23 criteria, respectively. The evaluated TAS ranged from between 12 and 44 and 16-34, for in vivo and in vitro studies, respectively. Given the challenges associated with prioritizing studies based on ranking them according to their TAS we propose a Tiered approach, whereby studies are initially screened based on how they score against various critical criteria, which have been defined for their relevance for assessing the hazards and risks for human health. In this instance, studies that score a minimum of '1' against each of the critical criteria, regardless of how they rank according to their TAS, are prioritized as part of a Tier 1 screening and prioritization phase, which would then be followed by an expert evaluation, representing a Tier 2 level of assessment. Using this approach we identify 10 oral ingestion and 2 inhalation studies that score at least 1 against all critical criteria. Lastly, several key observations for strengthening future effects studies are identified, these include a need for the generation and access to standard reference materials representative of human exposure to NMPs for use in toxicity test systems and/or the improved characterization and verification of test particle characteristics, and the adoption of study design guidance, such as recommended by OECD, when conducting either in vivo inhalation or oral ingestion toxicity tests. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43591-021-00023-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Gouin
- TG Environmental Research, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Robert Ellis-Hutchings
- Toxicology and Environmental Research & Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48673 USA
| | - Leah M. Thornton Hampton
- Department of Toxicology, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA USA
| | - Christine L. Lemieux
- Air Quality and Risk Assessment Division, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9 Canada
| | - Stephanie L. Wright
- Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Sir Michael Uren Hub, 86 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ UK
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6
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O'Brien S, Okoffo ED, O'Brien JW, Ribeiro F, Wang X, Wright SL, Samanipour S, Rauert C, Toapanta TYA, Albarracin R, Thomas KV. Airborne emissions of microplastic fibres from domestic laundry dryers. Sci Total Environ 2020; 747:141175. [PMID: 32781315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An emission source of microplastics into the environment is laundering synthetic textiles and clothing. Mechanical drying as a pathway for emitting microplastics, however, is poorly understood. In this study, emissions of microplastic fibres were sampled from a domestic vented dryer to assess whether mechanical drying of synthetic textiles releases microplastic fibres into the surrounding air or are captured by the inbuilt filtration system. A blue polyester fleece blanket was repeatedly washed and dried using the 'Normal Dry' program of a common domestic dryer operated at temperatures between 56 and 59 °C for 20 min. Microfibres in the ambient air and during operation of the dryer were sampled and analysed using microscopy for particle quantification and characterisation followed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS) for chemical characterisation. Blue fibres averaged 6.4 ± 9.2 fibres in the room blank (0.17 ± 0.27 fibres/m3), 8.8 ± 8.5 fibres (0.05 ± 0.05 fibres/m3) in the procedural blank and 58 ± 60 (1.6 ± 1.8 fibres/m3) in the sample. This is the first study to measure airborne emissions of microplastic fibres from mechanical drying, confirming that it is an emission source of microplastic fibres into air - particularly indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Elvis D Okoffo
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Francisca Ribeiro
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Xianyu Wang
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Stephanie L Wright
- Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, Kings College London, 4.133 4th Floor Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo, United Kingdom
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Norwegian Institute of Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Science, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 904 GD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cassandra Rauert
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Tania Yessenia Alajo Toapanta
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Rizsa Albarracin
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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7
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Lindeque PK, Cole M, Coppock RL, Lewis CN, Miller RZ, Watts AJR, Wilson-McNeal A, Wright SL, Galloway TS. Are we underestimating microplastic abundance in the marine environment? A comparison of microplastic capture with nets of different mesh-size. Environ Pollut 2020; 265:114721. [PMID: 32806407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic debris is ubiquitous and yet sampling, classifying and enumerating this prolific pollutant in marine waters has proven challenging. Typically, waterborne microplastic sampling is undertaken using nets with a 333 μm mesh, which cannot account for smaller debris. In this study, we provide an estimate of the extent to which microplastic concentrations are underestimated with traditional sampling. Our efforts focus on coastal waters, where microplastics are predicted to have the greatest influence on marine life, on both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean. Microplastic debris was collected via surface trawls using 100, 333 and 500 μm nets. Our findings show that sampling using nets with a 100 μm mesh resulted in the collection of 2.5-fold and 10-fold greater microplastic concentrations compared with using 333 and 500 μm meshes respectively (P < 0.01). Based on the relationship between microplastic concentrations identified and extrapolation of our data using a power law, we estimate that microplastic concentrations could exceed 3700 microplastics m-3 if a net with a 1 μm mesh size is used. We further identified that use of finer nets resulted in the collection of significantly thinner and shorter microplastic fibres (P < 0.05). These results elucidate that estimates of marine microplastic concentrations could currently be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Cole
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Rachel L Coppock
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Ceri N Lewis
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | | | - Andrew J R Watts
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Alice Wilson-McNeal
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Stephanie L Wright
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Tamara S Galloway
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
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8
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Levermore JM, Smith TEL, Kelly FJ, Wright SL. Detection of Microplastics in Ambient Particulate Matter Using Raman Spectral Imaging and Chemometric Analysis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8732-8740. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Levermore
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E. L. Smith
- Department of Geography, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
- Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom
| | - Frank J. Kelly
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie L. Wright
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Wright SL, Ulke J, Font A, Chan KLA, Kelly FJ. Atmospheric microplastic deposition in an urban environment and an evaluation of transport. Environ Int 2020; 136:105411. [PMID: 31889555 PMCID: PMC7013824 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are a global environmental issue contaminating aquatic and terrestrial environments. They have been reported in atmospheric deposition, and indoor and outdoor air, raising concern for public health due to the potential for exposure. Moreover, the atmosphere presents a new vehicle for microplastics to enter the wider environment, yet our knowledge of the quantities, characteristics and pathways of airborne microplastics is sparse. Here we show microplastics in atmospheric deposition in a major population centre, central London. Microplastics were found in all samples, with deposition rates ranging from 575 to 1008 microplastics/m2/d. They were found in various shapes, of which fibrous microplastics accounted for the great majority (92%). Across all samples, 15 different petrochemical-based polymers were identified. Bivariate polar plots indicated dependency on wind, with different source areas for fibrous and non-fibrous airborne microplastics. This is the first evidence of airborne microplastics in London and confirms the need to include airborne pathways when consolidating microplastic impacts on the wider environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Wright
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Environmental Research Group, Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - J Ulke
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Font
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Environmental Research Group, Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - K L A Chan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - F J Kelly
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Environmental Research Group, Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Meng Y, Kelly FJ, Wright SL. Advances and challenges of microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems: A UK perspective. Environ Pollut 2020; 256:113445. [PMID: 31733965 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics have been increasingly documented in freshwater ecosystems in recent years, and growing concerns have been raised about their potential environmental health risks. To assess the current state of knowledge, with a focus on the UK, a literature review of existing freshwater microplastics studies was conducted. Sampling and analytical methodologies currently used to detect, characterise and quantify microplastics were assessed and microplastic types, sources, occurrence, transport and fate, and microplastic-biota interactions in the UK's freshwater environments were examined. Just 32% of published microplastics studies in the UK have focused on freshwater environments. These papers cover microplastic contamination of sediments, water and biota via a range of methods, rendering comparisons difficult. However, secondary microplastics are the most common type, and there are point (e.g. effluent) and diffuse (non-point, e.g. sludge) sources. Microplastic transport over a range of spatial scales and with different residence times will be influenced by particle characteristics, external forces (e.g. flow regimes), physical site characteristics (e.g. bottom topography), the degree of biofouling, and anthropogenic activity (e.g. dam release), however, there is a lack of data on this. It is predicted that impacts on biota will mirror that of the marine environment. There are many important gaps in current knowledge; field data on the transport of microplastics from diffuse sources are less available, especially in England. We provide recommendations for future research to further our understanding of microplastics in the environment and their impacts on freshwater biota in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resources and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie L Wright
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
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Wright SL, Levermore JM, Kelly FJ. Raman Spectral Imaging for the Detection of Inhalable Microplastics in Ambient Particulate Matter Samples. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:8947-8956. [PMID: 31293159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are ubiquitous contaminants, with preliminary evidence indicating they are a novel component of air pollution. This presents a plausible inhalation exposure pathway, should microplastics occur in the inhalable size range; however, this remains an analytical challenge. Here, we develop a filter-based sampling method compatible with both air quality monitoring and Raman spectral imaging (RSI) for the detection of inhalable-sized microplastics. Clean and particulate matter (PM) contaminated filters of a range of compositions were screened. RSI was validated using a plastic microbead suspension (poly(methyl methacrylate) (5-27 μm), polyethylene (10-27 μm), and polystyrene (4 and 10 μm)). Filters were loaded with the suspension before being analyzed. RSI analysis was conducted using a univariate analysis, fitting unique plastic bands to the spectral data sets, where high spatial intensity indicated the presence of microplastics. Inhalable microplastics were not visibly detectable against quartz or spectroscopically detectable against polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)- and alumina-based filters. While microplastics were detectable against cellulose, the PM-contaminated filters (4 and 24 h) burned during analysis. The greatest intensities for microplastics were observed against the silver membrane filter, and inhalable microplastics were still detectable in a 24 h PM sample. These findings will facilitate the acquisition of inhalable microplastic concentrations, which are necessary for understanding microplastic exposure and, ultimately, what their potential role in PM-associated health effects might be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Wright
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences , King's College London , London SE1 9NH , United Kingdom
| | - Joseph M Levermore
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences , King's College London , London SE1 9NH , United Kingdom
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences , King's College London , London SE1 9NH , United Kingdom
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Bussolaro D, Wright SL, Schnell S, Schirmer K, Bury NR, Arlt VM. Co-exposure to polystyrene plastic beads and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants in fish gill (RTgill-W1) and intestinal (RTgutGC) epithelial cells derived from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ Pollut 2019; 248:706-714. [PMID: 30849588 PMCID: PMC6794159 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic plastic (MP) particles are a ubiquitous contaminant in aquatic environments, which may bind hydrophobic chemicals, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), altering their environmental fate and interactions with biota. Using rainbow trout gill (RTgill-W1) and intestinal (RTgutGC) epithelial cells we investigated the effects of polystyrene microbeads (PS-MBs; 220 nm) on the cyto- and genotoxicity of the environmental pollutants benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) over 48 h (0, 0.1, 1 and 10 μM). The Alamar Blue bioassay, used to assess cytotoxicity, showed that both pollutants significantly decreased cell viability by 10-20% at 10 μM in both cell lines after 48 h whereas PS-MBs (5 or 50 μg mL-1) were non-toxic. Cytotoxicity in cells treated with PS-MBs together with BaP or 3-NBA were similar to those observed after exposure to BaP or 3-NBA alone. Using the formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (FPG)-modified comet assay 3-NBA, but not BaP, induced DNA damage in RTgutGC cells at 10 μM (∼10% tail DNA in the absence and ∼15% tail DNA in the presence of FPG versus ∼1% in controls), whereas PS-MBs alone showed no detrimental effects. Interestingly, comet formation was substantially increased (∼4-fold) when RTgutGC cells were exposed to PS-MBs (50 μg mL-1) and 10 μM 3-NBA compared to cells treated with 3-NBA alone. Further, using 32P-postlabelling we observed strong DNA adduct formation in 3-NBA-exposed RTgutGC cells (∼900 adducts/108 nucleotides). 3-NBA-derived DNA adduct formation was significantly decreased (∼20%) when RTgutGC cells were exposed to MB and 3-NBA compared to cells treated with 3-NBA alone. Our results show that PS-MBs impact on the genotoxicity of 3-NBA, causing a significant increase in DNA damage as measured by the comet assay in the intestinal cell line, providing proof of principle that MPs may alter the genotoxic potential of PAHs in fish cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bussolaro
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraná, Curitiba Campus, CEP: 80.230 - 150., Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Stephanie L Wright
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Schnell
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas R Bury
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of Suffolk, James Hehir Building, Neptune Quay, Ipswich, IP4 1QJ, Suffolk, United Kingdom.
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London in partnership with Public Health England and Imperial College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Microplastics are a pollutant of environmental concern. Their presence in food destined for human consumption and in air samples has been reported. Thus, microplastic exposure via diet or inhalation could occur, the human health effects of which are unknown. The current review article draws upon cross-disciplinary scientific literature to discuss and evaluate the potential human health impacts of microplastics and outlines urgent areas for future research. Key literature up to September 2016 relating to accumulation, particle toxicity, and chemical and microbial contaminants was critically examined. Although microplastics and human health is an emerging field, complementary existing fields indicate potential particle, chemical and microbial hazards. If inhaled or ingested, microplastics may accumulate and exert localized particle toxicity by inducing or enhancing an immune response. Chemical toxicity could occur due to the localized leaching of component monomers, endogenous additives, and adsorbed environmental pollutants. Chronic exposure is anticipated to be of greater concern due to the accumulative effect that could occur. This is expected to be dose-dependent, and a robust evidence-base of exposure levels is currently lacking. Although there is potential for microplastics to impact human health, assessing current exposure levels and burdens is key. This information will guide future research into the potential mechanisms of toxicity and hence therein possible health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Wright
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical and Environmental Sciences, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical and Environmental Sciences, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Microplastics are a pollutant of environmental concern. Their presence in food destined for human consumption and in air samples has been reported. Thus, microplastic exposure via diet or inhalation could occur, the human health effects of which are unknown. The current review article draws upon cross-disciplinary scientific literature to discuss and evaluate the potential human health impacts of microplastics and outlines urgent areas for future research. Key literature up to September 2016 relating to accumulation, particle toxicity, and chemical and microbial contaminants was critically examined. Although microplastics and human health is an emerging field, complementary existing fields indicate potential particle, chemical and microbial hazards. If inhaled or ingested, microplastics may accumulate and exert localized particle toxicity by inducing or enhancing an immune response. Chemical toxicity could occur due to the localized leaching of component monomers, endogenous additives, and adsorbed environmental pollutants. Chronic exposure is anticipated to be of greater concern due to the accumulative effect that could occur. This is expected to be dose-dependent, and a robust evidence-base of exposure levels is currently lacking. Although there is potential for microplastics to impact human health, assessing current exposure levels and burdens is key. This information will guide future research into the potential mechanisms of toxicity and hence therein possible health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Wright
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical and Environmental Sciences, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical and Environmental Sciences, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are gradually replacing cathode-ray tubes (CRTs) as the primary means of electronic display of digital radiographs. The transition from CRT to LCD is fueled by advantages of the LCD technology such as enhanced maximum luminance and smaller form factor. This transition is expected to extend to digital mammography as well. The purpose of this study was to report the on-axis luminance and contrast performance of five medical-grade LCDs in terms of compliance with the DICOM grayscale display function (GSDF) and AAPM TG18 guidelines. The display devices included two 3 Mpx monochrome LCDs (Planar Dome C3, and NDS 20.8 “Nova), two 5 Mpx monochrome LCDs (NDS 21.3” Nova, and Totoku ME511L), and one 9 Mpx color LCD (IBM T221). The on-axis luminance values were measured at all 8-bit driving levels using the TG18-LN test patterns and a baffled luminance meter and the results averaged. The luminance data were analyzed according to the AAPM TG18 methodology. The measured Lmin, Lmax, mean ΔJND/Δ p, and maximum local deviation in ΔJND/Δ p from GSDF, κ256, ranged within 0.43–0.87 cd/m2, 263–715 cd/m2, 2.15–2.72, and 0.79–1.46 intervals, respectively. While the values varied notably between different devices, all devices conformed to the TG18 criteria for primary class displays in terms of on-axis luminance response, and thus judged suitable for mammographic applications from on-axis luminance standpoint. Notwithstanding the findings, other factors such as matrix size, angular response, and color functionality should further be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Samei
- Depts. of Radiology, Physics, and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, DUMC 3302, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
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Wright SL, Rowe D, Reid MJ, Thomas KV, Galloway TS. Bioaccumulation and biological effects of cigarette litter in marine worms. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14119. [PMID: 26369692 PMCID: PMC4569891 DOI: 10.1038/srep14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine debris is a global environmental issue. Smoked cigarette filters are the predominant coastal litter item; 4.5 trillion are littered annually, presenting a source of bioplastic microfibres (cellulose acetate) and harmful toxicants to marine environments. Despite the human health risks associated with smoking, little is known of the hazards cigarette filters present to marine life. Here we studied the impacts of smoked cigarette filter toxicants and microfibres on the polychaete worm Hediste diversicolor (ragworm), a widespread inhabitant of coastal sediments. Ragworms exposed to smoked cigarette filter toxicants in seawater at concentrations 60 fold lower than those reported for urban run-off exhibited significantly longer burrowing times, >30% weight loss, and >2-fold increase in DNA damage compared to ragworms maintained in control conditions. In contrast, ragworms exposed to smoked cigarette filter microfibres in marine sediment showed no significant effects. Bioconcentration factors for nicotine were 500 fold higher from seawater than from sediment. Our results illustrate the vulnerability of organisms in the water column to smoking debris and associated toxicants, and highlight the risks posed by smoked cigarette filter debris to aquatic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Wright
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Darren Rowe
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Malcolm J. Reid
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin V. Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tamara S. Galloway
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
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Wright SL, Thompson RC, Galloway TS. The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: a review. Environ Pollut 2013; 178:483-92. [PMID: 23545014 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1954] [Impact Index Per Article: 177.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastic debris at the micro-, and potentially also the nano-scale, are widespread in the environment. Microplastics have accumulated in oceans and sediments worldwide in recent years, with maximum concentrations reaching 100 000 particles m(3). Due to their small size, microplastics may be ingested by low trophic fauna, with uncertain consequences for the health of the organism. This review focuses on marine invertebrates and their susceptibility to the physical impacts of microplastic uptake. Some of the main points discussed are (1) an evaluation of the factors contributing to the bioavailability of microplastics including size and density; (2) an assessment of the relative susceptibility of different feeding guilds; (3) an overview of the factors most likely to influence the physical impacts of microplastics such as accumulation and translocation; and (4) the trophic transfer of microplastics. These findings are important in guiding future marine litter research and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Wright
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Plastic debris at the micro-, and potentially also the nano-scale, are widespread in the environment. Microplastics have accumulated in oceans and sediments worldwide in recent years, with maximum concentrations reaching 100 000 particles m(3). Due to their small size, microplastics may be ingested by low trophic fauna, with uncertain consequences for the health of the organism. This review focuses on marine invertebrates and their susceptibility to the physical impacts of microplastic uptake. Some of the main points discussed are (1) an evaluation of the factors contributing to the bioavailability of microplastics including size and density; (2) an assessment of the relative susceptibility of different feeding guilds; (3) an overview of the factors most likely to influence the physical impacts of microplastics such as accumulation and translocation; and (4) the trophic transfer of microplastics. These findings are important in guiding future marine litter research and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Wright
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
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Wright SL, Carver DK, Siletzky RM, Romine S, Morrow WEM, Kathariou S. Longitudinal study of prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from turkeys and swine grown in close proximity. J Food Prot 2008; 71:1791-6. [PMID: 18810862 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.9.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eastern North Carolina is a major contributor to both turkey and swine production in the United States. In this region, turkeys and swine are frequently grown in close proximity and by common growers. To further characterize colonization of turkeys and swine with Campylobacter in such a setting, we investigated the prevalence of thermophilic campylobacters in eight paired operations involving turkey farms in close proximity to finishing swine farms. All 15 surveyed flocks and 15 herds were Campylobacter positive at one or more sampling times. Campylobacter was isolated from 1,310 (87%) of the 1,512 turkey samples and 1,116 (77%) of the 1,448 swine samples. Most (> 99%) campylobacters from swine samples were Campylobacter coli, found in 59 to 97% of the samples from the different herds. Both Campylobacterjejuni and C. coli were recovered from the turkey flocks (overall prevalences of 52 and 35%, respectively). Prevalence among flocks ranged from 31 to 86% for C. jejuni and 0 to 67% for C. coli, and both species were recovered from most flocks. Relative prevalence of C. coli was higher in young birds (brooders), whereas C. jejuni predominated in grow-out birds (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of C. coli in a swine herd was generally not a good predictor for prevalence of this species in the corresponding turkey flock. These findings indicate that even though turkeys and swine grown in proximity to each other were commonly colonized with thermophilic campylobacters, the relative prevalences of C. jejuni and C. coli appear to be host associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Wright
- Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Jalali GR, An Q, Konn ZJ, Worley H, Wright SL, Harrison CJ, Strefford JC, Martineau M. Disruption of ETV6 in intron 2 results in upregulatory and insertional events in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukemia 2008; 22:114-23. [PMID: 17972957 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We describe four cases of childhood B-cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (BCP-ALL) and one of T-cell (T-ALL) with unexpected numbers of interphase signals for ETV6 with an ETV6-RUNX1 fusion probe. Three fusion negative cases each had a telomeric part of 12p terminating within intron 2 of ETV6, attached to sequences from 5q, 7p and 7q, respectively. Two fusion positive cases, with partial insertions of ETV6 into chromosome 21, also had a breakpoint in intron 2. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and Molecular Copy-Number Counting (MCC) results were concordant for the T-cell case. Sequences downstream of TLX3 on chromosome 5 were deleted, leaving the intact gene closely apposed to the first two exons of ETV6 and its upstream promoter. qRT-PCR showed a significant upregulation of TLX3. In this study we provide the first incontrovertible evidence that the upstream promoter of ETV6 attached to the first two exons of the gene was responsible for the ectopic expression of a proto-oncogene that became abnormally close as the result of deletion and translocation. We have also shown breakpoints in intron 2 of ETV6 in two cases of insertion with ETV6-RUNX1 fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Jalali
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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D'lima CB, Miller WG, Mandrell RE, Wright SL, Siletzky RM, Carver DK, Kathariou S. Clonal population structure and specific genotypes of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter coli from Turkeys. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:2156-64. [PMID: 17293500 PMCID: PMC1855654 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02346-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial turkey flocks in North Carolina have been found to be colonized frequently with Campylobacter coli strains that are resistant to several antimicrobials (tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, kanamycin, and ciprofloxacin/nalidixic acid). Such strains have been designated multidrug resistant (MDR). However, the population structure of MDR C. coli from turkeys remains poorly characterized. In this study, an analysis of multilocus sequence typing (MLST)-based sequence types (STs) of 59 MDR strains from turkeys revealed that the majority of these strains corresponded to one of 14 different STs, with three STs accounting for 41 (69%) of the strains. The major STs were turkey specific, and most (87%) of the strains with these STs were resistant to the entire panel of antibiotics mentioned above. Some (13%) of the strains with these STs were susceptible to just one or two of the antibiotics in this panel. Further subtyping using fla typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with SmaI and KpnI revealed that the major MDR STs corresponded to strains of related but distinct subtypes, providing evidence for genomic diversification within these STs. These findings suggest that MDR strains of C. coli from turkeys have a clonal population structure characterized by the presence of a relatively small number of clonal groups that appear to be disseminated in the turkey production system. In addition, the observed correlation between STs and the MDR profiles of the microbes indicates that MLST-based typing holds potential for source-tracking applications specific to the animal source (turkeys) and the antimicrobial resistance profile (MDR status) of C. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B D'lima
- North Carolina State University, Department of Food Science, Campus Box 2764, Raleigh, NC 27695-2764.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Ravdin
- Laboratory of Surgical Research and the John Herr Musser Department of Research Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Wright SL, Herr EF, Paul JR. THE OPTICAL ACTIVITY OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN SUPPURATIVE MENINGITIS, AND ITS LACTIC ACID, SUGAR, AND CHLORIDE CONTENT. J Clin Invest 2006; 9:443-61. [PMID: 16693945 PMCID: PMC435708 DOI: 10.1172/jci100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S L Wright
- Ayer Clinical Laboratory, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia
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Rhodes ME, O'Toole SM, Wright SL, Czambel RK, Rubin RT. Sexual diergism in rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to cholinergic stimulation and antagonism. Brain Res Bull 2001; 54:101-13. [PMID: 11226719 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00449-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has differential physiological activity in male and female animals (sexual diergism). Central cholinergic systems stimulate this endocrine axis. In the present study we investigated muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic influences on HPA axis activity in male and female rats by pretreatment with selective cholinergic receptor antagonists followed by stimulation with physostigmine (PHYSO), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Hormonal measures were plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and corticosterone (CORT). Male rats had significantly greater AVP and ACTH responses to PHYSO alone than did females. Scopolamine (SCOP) enhanced the AVP response to PHYSO to a greater extent in males than in females. In contrast, mecamylamine (MEC) enhanced the AVP response in females but decreased it in males. SCOP potentiated, and MEC inhibited, the stimulatory effect of PHYSO on ACTH in both sexes, but SCOP potentiation was greater in males, and MEC inhibition was greater in females. Absolute CORT increases following PHYSO were greater in females, but percent increases over baseline were greater in males. Similar to their effects on ACTH responses, MEC attenuated, and SCOP enhanced, CORT responses to PHYSO. These results suggest that cholinergic receptor subtypes may influence HPA axis activity differentially in male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Rhodes
- Center for Neurosciences Research, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
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De Jong MJ, Wright SL. New adjunctive therapy for ischemic syndromes. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 1999; 11:355-71. [PMID: 10786482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Because anticoagulant and GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors reduce mortality, myocardial ischemia, AMI, and reintervention, these agents are now becoming the standard of care for patients with USA and NQWMI. Unanswered questions remain about the best treatment regimen, appropriate dosing, long-term benefit, and cost-effectiveness of these agents, however, and many additional trials are ongoing or planned. As nurses administer these drugs, assess the patients' responses to therapy, and educate patients and families about these agents, they contribute to recent advances in preventing ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J De Jong
- Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit, Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
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Wright SL. The primary care practice in transition: strategies for managing the evolution from fee for service to prepaid care. Coll Rev 1999; 15:5-26. [PMID: 10182672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Changing old thought patterns, habits and preconceived notions is not always easy in today's ever-changing world of health care practice and administration. This paper offers advice on solutions pertaining to implementation of prepaid care programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Wright
- Medical Management Consulting, Newport Beach, CA 92661, USA
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Abstract
Hydrogels of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), and their interpenetrating networks (IPNs) were prepared using glutaraldehyde and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinking agents. The hydrogels were characterized by measuring their equilibrium polymer volume fraction, equilibrium swelling ratio, and mesh size. Drug and protein diffusion through these hydrogels were studied. Solutes studied included theophylline, vitamin B12 and myoglobin. The ratio of PVA and PAA in the IPNs was varied to study the effect of ionic polymer content on the polymer/drug interactions and on the drug diffusion rate. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the polymer/drug binding interactions. It was concluded that drug diffusion may be impeded by associated drug binding, especially in IPN hydrogels containing high amounts of PAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Peppas
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1283, USA
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Lu CR, Anderson JR, Stone DR, Beard WT, Wilson RA, Kuech TF, Wright SL. Temperature and doping-concentration dependence of the oscillatory properties of the photoreflectance spectra from GaAs grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1991; 43:11791-11797. [PMID: 9996951 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.11791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Lebens JA, Silsbee RH, Wright SL. Effect of a parallel magnetic field on tunneling in GaAs/AlxGa. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1988; 37:10308-10311. [PMID: 9944466 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.37.10308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Theis TN, Mooney PM, Wright SL. Electron localization by a metastable donor level in n-GaAs: A new mechanism limiting the free-carrier density. Phys Rev Lett 1988; 60:361-364. [PMID: 10038522 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.60.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Legros R, Mooney PM, Wright SL. Photoionization cross section of the DX center in Si-doped AlxGa1-xAs. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1987; 35:7505-7510. [PMID: 9941054 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.35.7505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Kirtley JR, Schlesinger Z, Theis TN, Milliken FP, Wright SL, Palmateer AL. Voltage-controlled dissipation in the quantum Hall effect in a laterally constricted two-dimensional electron gas. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1986; 34:5414-5422. [PMID: 9940373 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.34.5414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Kirtley JR, Schlesinger Z, Theis TN, Milliken FP, Wright SL, Palmateer AL. Low-voltage breakdown of the quantum Hall state in a laterally constricted two-dimensional electron gas. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1986; 34:1384-1387. [PMID: 9939778 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.34.1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Zeller RT, Goldberg BB, Stiles PJ, Fang FF, Wright SL. Floating-gate technique applied to two-dimensional systems. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1986; 33:1529-1532. [PMID: 9938451 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.33.1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Morris WN, Worchel S, Bios JL, Pearson JA, Rountree CA, Samaha GM, Wachtler J, Wright SL. Collective coping with stress: group reactions to fear, anxiety, and ambiguity. J Pers Soc Psychol 1976. [PMID: 1271230 DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.33.6.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A review of studies examining the fear-affiliation relationship revealed that none had ever observed groups in interaction while awaiting a fearful event. It was predicted that such groups would, consistent with individual member's previously studied affiliative preferences, spend more time interacting in the service of social comparison needs than would groups facing anxiety or ambiguity. This prediction was strongly supported, and in addition, it was found, as expected, that groups in the fear condition developed a relatively high degree of cohesiveness as measured by intragroup attraction ratings. The implication of these results for the interpretation of the functional relationship between stress and cohesiveness was discussed.
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Morris WN, Worchel S, Bios JL, Pearson JA, Rountree CA, Samaha GM, Wachtler J, Wright SL. Collective coping with stress: Group reactions to fear, anxiety, and ambiguity. J Pers Soc Psychol 1976; 33:674-9. [PMID: 1271230 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.33.6.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A review of studies examining the fear-affiliation relationship revealed that none had ever observed groups in interaction while awaiting a fearful event. It was predicted that such groups would, consistent with individual member's previously studied affiliative preferences, spend more time interacting in the service of social comparison needs than would groups facing anxiety or ambiguity. This prediction was strongly supported, and in addition, it was found, as expected, that groups in the fear condition developed a relatively high degree of cohesiveness as measured by intragroup attraction ratings. The implication of these results for the interpretation of the functional relationship between stress and cohesiveness was discussed.
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Wright SL. Book Review: Towards Community Care. Proc R Soc Med 1969. [DOI: 10.1177/003591576906201247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Menzies
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University
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