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Powles T, Tomczak P, Park SH, Venugopal B, Ferguson T, Symeonides SN, Hajek J, Gurney H, Chang YH, Lee JL, Sarwar N, Thiery-Vuillemin A, Gross-Goupil M, Mahave M, Haas NB, Sawrycki P, Burgents JE, Xu L, Imai K, Quinn DI, Choueiri TK, Choueiri T, Park SH, Venugopal B, Ferguson TR, Hajek J, Lin TP, Symeonides SN, Lee JL, Sawrycki P, Haas NB, Gurney HP, Mahave M, Sarwar N, Thiery-Vuillemin A, Gross-Goupil M, Chevreau C, Burke JM, Doshi G, Melichar B, Topart D, Oudard S, Kopyltsov E, Hammers HJ, Quinn DI, Alva A, Menezes JDJ, Silva AGE, Winquist EW, Hamzaj A, Procopio G, Karaszewska B, Nowakowska-Zajdel EM, Alekseev BY, Gafanov RA, Izmailov A, Semenov A, Afanasyev SG, Lipatov ON, Powles TB, Srinivas S, McDermott D, Kochuparambil ST, Davis ID, Peltola K, Sabbatini R, Chung J, Shkolnik MI, Matveev VB, Gajate Borau P, McCune S, Hutson TE, Dri A, Sales SC, Yeung C, Alcala Castro CM, Bostrom P, Laguerre B, Buttigliero C, de Giorgi U, Fomin EA, Zakharia Y, Hwang C, Singer EA, Yorio JT, Waterhouse D, Kowalyszyn RD, Alfie MS, Yanez Ruiz E, Buchler T, Kankaanranta K, Ferretti G, Kimura G, Nishimura K, Masumori N, Tamada S, Kato H, Kitamura H, Danielewicz I, Wojcik-Tomaszewska J, Sala Gonzalez N, Chiu KY, Atkins MB, Heath E, Rojas-Uribe GA, Gonzalez Fernandez ME, Feyerabend S, Pignata S, Numakura K, Cybulska Stopa B, Zukov R, Climent Duran MA, Maroto Rey PJ, Montesa Pino A, Chang CH, Vengalil S, Waddell TS, Cobb PW, Hauke R, Anderson DM, Sarantopoulos J, Gourdin T, Zhang T, Jayram G, Fein LE, Harris C, Beato PMM, Flores F, Estay A, Rubiano JA, Bedke J, Hauser S, Neisius A, Busch J, Anai S, Tsunemori H, Sawka D, Sikora-Kupis B, Arranz JA, Delgado I, Chen CH, Gunderson E, Tykodi S, Koletsky A, Chen K, Agrawal M, Kaen DL, Sade JP, Tatangelo MD, Parnis F, Barbosa FM, Faucher G, Iqbal N, Marceau D, Paradis JB, Hanna N, Acevedo A, Ibanez C, Villanueva L, Galaz PP, Durango IC, Manneh R, Kral Z, Holeckova P, Hakkarainen H, Ronkainen H, Abadie-Lacourtoisie S, Tartas S, Goebell PJ, Grimm MO, Hoefner T, Wirth M, Panic A, Schultze-Seemann W, Yokomizo A, Mizuno R, Uemura H, Eto M, Tsujihata M, Matsukawa Y, Murakami Y, Kim M, Hamberg P, Marczewska-Skrodzka M, Szczylik C, Humphreys AC, Jiang P, Kumar B, Lu G, Desai A, Karam JA, Keogh G, Fleming M, Zarba JJ, Leiva VE, Mendez GA, Harris SJ, Brown SJ, Antonio Junior JN, Costamilan RDC, Rocha RO, Muniz D, Brust L, Lalani AK, Graham J, Levesque M, Orlandi F, Kotasek R, Deville JL, Borchiellini D, Merseburger A, Rink M, Roos F, McDermott R, Oyama M, Yamamoto Y, Tomita Y, Miura Y, Ioritani N, Westgeest H, Kubiatowski T, Bal W, Girones Sarrio R, Rowe J, Prow DM, Senecal F, Hashemi-Sadraei N, Cole SW, Kendall SD, Richards DA, Schnadig ID, Gupta M. Pembrolizumab versus placebo as post-nephrectomy adjuvant therapy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (KEYNOTE-564): 30-month follow-up analysis of a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2022; 23:1133-1144. [PMID: 36055304 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first interim analysis of the KEYNOTE-564 study showed improved disease-free survival with adjuvant pembrolizumab compared with placebo after surgery in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma at an increased risk of recurrence. The analysis reported here, with an additional 6 months of follow-up, was designed to assess longer-term efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab versus placebo, as well as additional secondary and exploratory endpoints. METHODS In the multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 KEYNOTE-564 trial, adults aged 18 years or older with clear cell renal cell carcinoma with an increased risk of recurrence were enrolled at 213 hospitals and cancer centres in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Eligible participants had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1, had undergone nephrectomy 12 weeks or less before randomisation, and had not received previous systemic therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) via central permuted block randomisation (block size of four) to receive pembrolizumab 200 mg or placebo intravenously every 3 weeks for up to 17 cycles. Randomisation was stratified by metastatic disease status (M0 vs M1), and the M0 group was further stratified by ECOG performance status and geographical region. All participants and investigators involved in study treatment administration were masked to the treatment group assignment. The primary endpoint was disease-free survival by investigator assessment in the intention-to-treat population (all participants randomly assigned to a treatment). Safety was assessed in the safety population, comprising all participants who received at least one dose of pembrolizumab or placebo. As the primary endpoint was met at the first interim analysis, updated data are reported without p values. This study is ongoing, but no longer recruiting, and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03142334. FINDINGS Between June 30, 2017, and Sept 20, 2019, 994 participants were assigned to receive pembrolizumab (n=496) or placebo (n=498). Median follow-up, defined as the time from randomisation to data cutoff (June 14, 2021), was 30·1 months (IQR 25·7-36·7). Disease-free survival was better with pembrolizumab compared with placebo (HR 0·63 [95% CI 0·50-0·80]). Median disease-free survival was not reached in either group. The most common all-cause grade 3-4 adverse events were hypertension (in 14 [3%] of 496 participants) and increased alanine aminotransferase (in 11 [2%]) in the pembrolizumab group, and hypertension (in 13 [3%] of 498 participants) in the placebo group. Serious adverse events attributed to study treatment occurred in 59 (12%) participants in the pembrolizumab group and one (<1%) participant in the placebo group. No deaths were attributed to pembrolizumab. INTERPRETATION Updated results from KEYNOTE-564 support the use of adjuvant pembrolizumab monotherapy as a standard of care for participants with renal cell carcinoma with an increased risk of recurrence after nephrectomy. FUNDING Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co, Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Powles
- Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, University College London, London, UK; Barts Cancer Institute, Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Queen Mary University of London, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Piotr Tomczak
- Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Se Hoon Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Balaji Venugopal
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Stefan N Symeonides
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Edinburgh, UK; Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Edinburgh, UK; Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Howard Gurney
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jae Lyun Lee
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Piotr Sawrycki
- Wojewódzki Szpital Zespolony im L Rydygiera w Toruniu, Torun, Poland
| | | | - Lei Xu
- Merck & Co, Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - David I Quinn
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abuabara K, Nicholls SG, Langan SM, Guttman-Yassky E, Reynolds NJ, Paller AS, Brown SJ. Priority research questions in atopic dermatitis: an International Eczema Council eDelphi consensus. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:203-205. [PMID: 33570761 PMCID: PMC8359998 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Abuabara
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S G Nicholls
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - S M Langan
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - N J Reynolds
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A S Paller
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S J Brown
- University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
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Brown SJ, Parker CTA, Conn BI, MacNeill M. INCIDENTAL EXTENSIVE THYROID MALIGNANCY IN A LARYNGECTOMY FOR SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA: A CASE REPORT. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Brown SJ. Translational genetics: a challenging but important path. Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:800-801. [PMID: 33200433 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Brown
- Skin Research Group, Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
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Abstract
Malabsorption due to celiac disease (CD) may contribute to postmenopausal osteoporosis. This study aimed to survey participants with CD regarding their bone density, fractures, and bone-preserving medications; to compare tolerance of bone-preserving medications in participants with and without CD; and to review the evidence for CD screening and osteoporosis therapies in the setting of CD. We recruited 131 participants with CD and 102 participants without CD. Of those with CD, 87% were diagnosed in adulthood and 40% had no recognized gastrointestinal symptoms. In 21% CD was diagnosed after the diagnosis of osteoporosis and in 9% after a fracture. No difference was found in the tolerability of bone medications between participants with CD and those without. Review of the literature found that, although monitoring of bone health is recommended for patients with CD, screening for CD is not generally accepted for patients with osteoporosis, although studies of the prevalence of CD in osteoporosis had incomplete ascertainment methods. There is a lack of well-conducted studies and therefore insufficient data for the efficacy and tolerability of bone medication in CD. In conclusion, both CD and menopause lead to bone loss. Identifying CD in postmenopausal women should lead to modification of osteoporosis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G A Stuckey
- Keogh Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - L A Mahoney
- Keogh Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - S Dragovic
- Keogh Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - S J Brown
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Takaoka R, Ahogo KC, Belachew WA, Brown SJ, Correia JC, Correia M, Degboe B, Dorizy-Vuong V, Faye O, Fuller LC, Grando K, Hsu C, Kayitenkore K, Lunjani N, Ly F, Mahamadou G, Manuel RCF, Kebe Dia M, Masenga EJ, Muteba Baseke C, Ouedraogo AN, Rapelanoro Rabenja F, Su J, Teclessou JN, Todd G, Taïeb A. Position Statement on Atopic Dermatitis in Sub-Saharan Africa: current status and roadmap. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 33:2019-2028. [PMID: 31713914 PMCID: PMC6899619 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first International Society of Atopic Dermatitis (ISAD) global meeting dedicated to atopic dermatitis (AD) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) was held in Geneva, Switzerland in April 2019. A total of 30 participants were present at the meeting, including those from 17 SSA countries, representatives of the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Foundation for Dermatology (IFD) (a committee of the International League of Dermatological Societies, ILDS www.ilds.org), the Fondation pour la Dermatite Atopique, as well as specialists in telemedicine, artificial intelligence and therapeutic patient education (TPE). RESULTS AD is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory skin diseases in SSA. Besides neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) with a dermatological presentation, AD requires closer attention from the WHO and national Departments of Health. CONCLUSIONS A roadmap has been defined with top priorities such as access to essential medicines and devices for AD care, in particular emollients, better education of primary healthcare workers for adequate triage (e.g. better educational materials for skin diseases in pigmented skin generally and AD in particular, especially targeted to Africa), involvement of traditional healers and to a certain extent also patient education, bearing in mind the barriers to effective healthcare faced in SSA countries such as travel distances to health facilities, limited resources and the lack of dermatological expertise. In addition, several initiatives concerning AD research in SSA were discussed and should be implemented in close collaboration with the WHO and assessed at follow-up meetings, in particular, at the next ISAD meeting in Seoul, South Korea and African Society of Dermatology and Venereology (ASDV) meeting in Nairobi, Kenya, both in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Takaoka
- Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K C Ahogo
- Département de médecine et Spécialités Médicales, Dermatologie et Vénérologie, CHU Treichville, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny UFR Sciences Médicales, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - W A Belachew
- College of Health Science, Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Teaching Hospital, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - S J Brown
- Skin Research Group, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - J C Correia
- Division of Therapeutic Education for Chronic Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center, Department of First Aid Medecine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Correia
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Cuf Descobertas and Hospital Cuf Torres Vedras, Torres Vedras, Portugal
| | - B Degboe
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, National and Teaching Hospital HKM of Cotonou, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - V Dorizy-Vuong
- Department of Adult and Pediatric Dermatology, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM U 1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - O Faye
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, CNAM, Bamako, Mali
| | - L C Fuller
- Chair of International Foundation for Dermatology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - K Grando
- Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, Teledermatology and AI, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - K Kayitenkore
- Kigali Dermatology Center, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - N Lunjani
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - F Ly
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - G Mahamadou
- Department of Adult and Pediatric Dermatology, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Service de Dermatologie-Vénéréologie, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Lomé, Togo
| | - R C F Manuel
- Department of Dermatology, Ministry of Health, Hospital Central de Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - E J Masenga
- Regional Dermatology Training Center, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - C Muteba Baseke
- Clinique Bondeko, Kinshasa-Limete, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - A N Ouedraogo
- University Hospital Yalgado Ouedraogo of Ouagadougou, University Ouaga I Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - F Rapelanoro Rabenja
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Joseph Raseta Befelatanana, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - J Su
- Department of Paediatrics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - J N Teclessou
- Service dermatologie et IST, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - G Todd
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Taïeb
- Department of Adult and Pediatric Dermatology, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM U 1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Van Stempvoort DR, Spoelstra J, Brown SJ, Robertson WD, Post R, Smyth SA. Sulfamate in environmental waters. Sci Total Environ 2019; 695:133734. [PMID: 31422333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although sulfamate (the anion of sulfamic acid) has been in use for decades in various industrial and other applications, there is no previously published information about its occurrence and fate in environmental waters. In this study sulfamate was widely detected in environmental waters in Ontario, Canada, ranging up to 128,000ng/L. It was always detected (>100ng/L) in bulk precipitation samples and streams, it was usually detected in samples of lake water, and often detected in groundwater. Spatial and temporal variations suggest that both widespread atmospheric deposition and localized land-based anthropogenic sources of sulfamate may be important. Lower concentrations or non-detections of sulfamate in waters that had relatively low dissolved oxygen (e.g. some groundwaters) suggest that sulfamate may be degraded in the environment under suboxic or anoxic conditions. Given our findings of a wide distribution of sulfamate in environmental waters, including precipitation, it is not likely to be very useful as a wastewater tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Van Stempvoort
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - J Spoelstra
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - S J Brown
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - W D Robertson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - R Post
- Nottawasaga Valley Conservation Authority, 8195 8th Line, Utopia, Ontario L0M 1T0, Canada
| | - S A Smyth
- Emerging Priorities Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
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Hwang HT, Frey SK, Park YJ, Pintar KDM, Lapen DR, Thomas JL, Spoelstra J, Schiff SL, Brown SJ, Sudicky EA. Estimating cumulative wastewater treatment plant discharge influences on acesulfame and Escherichia coli in a highly impacted watershed with a fully-integrated modelling approach. Water Res 2019; 157:647-662. [PMID: 31004980 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharge is often considered a principal source of surface water contamination. In this study, a three-dimensional fully-integrated groundwater-surface water model was used to simulate the transport characteristics and cumulative loading of an artificial sweetener (acesulfame) and fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli) from WWTPs within a 6800 km2 mixed-use, highly impacted watershed in Ontario, Canada. The model, which employed 3.5 × 106 computational nodes and 15 layers, facilitated a comprehensive assessment of groundwater-surface water interactions under high and low flow conditions; processes typically not accounted for in WWTP cumulative effects models. Simulations demonstrate that the model had significant capacity in reproducing the average and transient multi-year groundwater and surface water flow conditions in the watershed. As a proxy human-specific conservative tracer, acesulfame was useful for model validation and to help inform the representation of watershed-scale transport processes. Using a uniform WWTP acesulfame loading rate of 7.14 mg person-1 day-1, the general spatial trends and magnitudes of the acesulfame concentration profile along the main river reach within the watershed were reproduced; however, model performance was improved by tuning individual WWTP loading rates. Although instream dilution and groundwater-surface water interactions were strongly dependent on flow conditions, the main reach primarily consisted of groundwater discharge zones. For this reason, hydrodynamic dispersion in the hyporheic zone is shown as the predominant mechanism driving acesulfame into near-stream shallow groundwater, while under high flow conditions, the simulations demonstrate the potential for advective flushing of the shallow groundwater. Regarding the cumulative impact of the WWTPs on E. coli concentrations in the surface flow system, simulated transient E. coli levels downstream of WWTPs in the watershed were significantly lower than observed values, thus highlighting the potential importance of other sources of E. coli in the watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoun-Tae Hwang
- Aquanty Inc., Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - S K Frey
- Aquanty Inc., Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Young-Jin Park
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - K D M Pintar
- FoodNet Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - D R Lapen
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - J L Thomas
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Spoelstra
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - S L Schiff
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - S J Brown
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - E A Sudicky
- Aquanty Inc., Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
The population diversity of New Zealand is due to the unique fusion of indigenous peoples of Polynesian origin (Māori), western European colonization (Pākehā), and more recent (20th century) immigration from the Pacific region (Pasifika). However, disparities in tertiary education indicate that Māori and Pasifika students are more likely to drop out during their first year of study and are less likely to complete their qualification than their Pākehā peers. Higher levels of course engagement may increase first-year grades, elevate academic performance, and encourage persistence between the first and second years of study. Therefore, a Student Course Engagement Questionnaire was used to quantify engagement in a compulsory first-year undergraduate Human Anatomy and Physiology course in a New Zealand university. A data mining technique was used to assign students into a low-engagement/low-achievement cluster, and a high-engagement/high-achievement cluster. The skills, emotional, and participation-interaction components of engagement were lower in Pasifika students: these students' academic grade was lower than those of both Māori and Pākehā students. The strongest predictors of cluster membership were skills engagement and emotional engagement, suggesting that these components outweighed other aspects of course engagement. Māori and Pasifika students were overrepresented in the low-engagement/low-achievement cluster, and underrepresented in the high-engagement/high-achievement cluster. We suggest that embedding study skills within course delivery, and constantly emphasizing their importance, would likely increase student course engagement. Also, we report that both Māori and Pasifika students remain more disengaged than their Pākehā peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Brown
- School of Interprofessional Health Studies, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Nicola Power
- School of Interprofessional Health Studies, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Alex Bowmar
- School of Interprofessional Health Studies, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Shannon Foster
- School of Interprofessional Health Studies, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
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Brown SJ. What progress have we made in the treatment of atopic eczema? Putting the new biological therapies into a wider context. Br J Dermatol 2018; 177:4-6. [PMID: 28731235 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Brown
- Skin Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, U.K.,Department of Dermatology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, U.K
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Friedman AB, Brown SJ, Bampton P, Barclay ML, Chung A, Macrae FA, McKenzie J, Reynolds J, Gibson PR, Hanauer SB, Sparrow MP. Randomised clinical trial: efficacy, safety and dosage of adjunctive allopurinol in azathioprine/mercaptopurine nonresponders (AAA Study). Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 47:1092-1102. [PMID: 29468701 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiopurine hypermethylation towards 6-methylmercaptopurine (6MMP) instead of 6-thioguanine nucleotides (6TGN) is associated with inefficacy in patients with IBD. Allopurinol reverses such hypermethylation. AIMS To prospectively determine efficacy of allopurinol-thiopurine combination and to compare 2 doses of allopurinol. DESIGN In a multicentre, double-blind trial, patients with clinically active or steroid-dependent IBD and thiopurine shunting were randomised to 50 or 100 mg/d allopurinol and 25% of their screening thiopurine dose, which was subsequently optimised, aiming for 6TGN of 260-500 pmol/8x108 RBCs. The primary endpoint was steroid-free clinical remission at 24 weeks. RESULTS Of 73 patients, 39 (53% [95% CI 42-65]) achieved steroid-free remission, (54% with 50 mg/d and 53% with 100 mg/d). 81% were able to discontinue steroids. Therapeutic 6TGN levels were achieved in both groups. Final thiopurine doses were lower with 100 mg/d allopurinol (P < 0.005). 6MMP: 6TGN ratio decreased from mean 64 to 4 (P < 0.001), being higher with 50 mg/d (6 ± 1.83) than for 100 mg/d ([1 ± 0.16], P = 0.003). Three patients on 50 mg/d failed to sustain low ratios at 24 weeks. Toxicity was minimal; three patients on 50 mg/d allopurinol developed transient leukopenia. Alanine aminotransferase concentrations decreased (P < 0.001) similarly in both arms. Faecal calprotectin levels at study end were lower in patients who achieved the primary endpoint (median 171 [85-541] vs 821[110-5892] ug/g, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Low-dose allopurinol-thiopurine combination safely reverses shunting and optimises 6TGN with associated improvement in disease activity. 100 mg/d allopurinol is preferable due to greater metabolite profile stability and lower thiopurine dose without additional toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Friedman
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S J Brown
- St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Bampton
- Flinders medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M L Barclay
- Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - A Chung
- Eastern Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - F A Macrae
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J McKenzie
- The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Reynolds
- The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P R Gibson
- The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - M P Sparrow
- The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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12
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Almurdhi MM, Brown SJ, Bowling FL, Boulton AJM, Jeziorska M, Malik RA, Reeves ND. Altered walking strategy and increased unsteadiness in participants with impaired glucose tolerance and Type 2 diabetes relates to small-fibre neuropathy but not vitamin D deficiency. Diabet Med 2017; 34:839-845. [PMID: 28103405 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate alterations in walking strategy and dynamic sway (unsteadiness) in people with impaired glucose tolerance and people with Type 2 diabetes in relation to severity of neuropathy and vitamin D levels. METHODS A total of 20 people with Type 2 diabetes, 20 people with impaired glucose tolerance and 20 people without either Type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (control group) underwent gait analysis using a motion analysis system and force platforms, and detailed assessment of neuropathy and serum 25 hydroxy-vitamin D levels. RESULTS Ankle strength (P = 0.01) and power (P = 0.003) during walking and walking speed (P = 0.008) were preserved in participants with impaired glucose tolerance but significantly lower in participants with Type 2 diabetes compared with control participants; however, step width (P = 0.005) and dynamic medio-lateral sway (P = 0.007) were significantly higher and posterior maximal movement (P = 0.000) was lower in participants with impaired glucose tolerance, but preserved in those with Type 2 diabetes compared with the control group. Dynamic medio-lateral sway correlated with corneal nerve fibre length (P = 0.001) and corneal nerve branch density (P = 0.001), but not with vibration perception threshold (P = 0.19). Serum 25 hydroxy-vitamin D levels did not differ significantly among the groups (P = 0.10) and did not correlate with any walking variables or measures of dynamic sway. CONCLUSIONS Early abnormalities in walking strategy and dynamic sway were evident in participants with impaired glucose tolerance, whilst there was a reduction in ankle strength, power and walking speed in participants with Type 2 diabetes. Unsteadiness correlated with small-, but not large-fibre neuropathy and there was no relationship between vitamin D levels and walking variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Almurdhi
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - S J Brown
- School of Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - F L Bowling
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - A J M Boulton
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - M Jeziorska
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - R A Malik
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Weill-Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - N D Reeves
- School of Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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13
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Brown SJ. Increased filaggrin expression in oral lichenoid lesions: is this cause or effect? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:759. [PMID: 28447358 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Brown
- Skin Research Group, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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14
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Brown SJ. Evidence-based medicine for atopic eczema: identifying the knowns and unknowns. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176:842-844. [PMID: 28418143 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Brown
- Skin Research Group, School of Medicine and Department of Dermatology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, U.K
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15
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Brown SJ, White S, Power N. Introductory anatomy and physiology in an undergraduate nursing curriculum. Adv Physiol Educ 2017; 41:56-61. [PMID: 28143823 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00112.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using an educational data mining approach, first-year academic achievement of undergraduate nursing students, which included two compulsory courses in introductory human anatomy and physiology, was compared with achievement in a final semester course that transitioned students into the workplace. We hypothesized that students could be grouped according to their first-year academic achievement using a two-step cluster analysis method and that grades achieved in the human anatomy and physiology courses would be strong predictors of overall achievement. One cohort that graduated in 2014 (n = 105) and one that graduated in 2015 (n = 94) were analyzed separately, and for both cohorts, two groups were identified, these being "high achievers" (HIGH) and "low achievers" (LOW). Consistently, the anatomy and physiology courses were the strongest predictors of group assignment, such that a good grade in these was much more likely to put a student into a high-achieving group. Students in the HIGH groups also scored higher in the Transition to Nursing course when compared with students in the LOW groups. The higher predictor importance of the anatomy and physiology courses suggested that if a first-year grade-point average was calculated for students, an increased weighting should be attributed to these courses. Identifying high-achieving students based on first-year academic scores may be a useful method to predict future academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Brown
- School of Interprofessional Health Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S White
- School of Interprofessional Health Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - N Power
- School of Interprofessional Health Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Gartland D, Woolhouse H, Giallo R, McDonald E, Hegarty K, Mensah F, Herrman H, Brown SJ. Vulnerability to intimate partner violence and poor mental health in the first 4-year postpartum among mothers reporting childhood abuse: an Australian pregnancy cohort study. Arch Womens Ment Health 2016; 19:1091-1100. [PMID: 27565802 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-016-0659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate intergenerational patterns of abuse and trauma and the health consequences for women in the early childbearing years. A prospective pregnancy cohort of 1507 nulliparous women (≦24 weeks gestation) were recruited in Melbourne, Australia, 2003-2005. Follow-up was scheduled in late pregnancy, 3-, 6- and 12-month and 4-year postpartum. Childhood abuse was retrospectively reported at 4-year postpartum using the Child Maltreatment History Self Report. Intimate partner violence (IPV) was assessed at 1- and 4-year postpartum with the Composite Abuse Scale. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed in all follow-ups using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations between childhood abuse, maternal mental health and IPV. Childhood abuse was reported by 41.1 % of women. In the 4 years after having their first child, 28.2 % of women reported IPV, 25.2 % depression and 31.6 % anxiety. Childhood abuse was associated with odds of depression or anxiety 1.5-2.6 times greater and 1.8-3.2 times greater for IPV. Childhood physical abuse remained significantly associated with depression and anxiety in pregnancy and postpartum after adjusting for IPV and stressful life events, while sexual abuse remained significantly associated only with anxiety. Women who begin childbearing with a history of childhood abuse are more vulnerable to IPV and poor mental health. All health care services and agencies in contact with children, young people and families should have adequate training to identify trauma associated with abuse and IPV and provide first line supportive care and referral.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gartland
- Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - H Woolhouse
- Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R Giallo
- Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - E McDonald
- Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - K Hegarty
- Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - F Mensah
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - H Herrman
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S J Brown
- Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,General Practice and Primary Health Care Academic Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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17
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Robertson WD, Van Stempvoort DR, Roy JW, Brown SJ, Spoelstra J, Schiff SL, Rudolph DR, Danielescu S, Graham G. Use of an Artificial Sweetener to Identify Sources of Groundwater Nitrate Contamination. Ground Water 2016; 54:579-87. [PMID: 26729010 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The artificial sweetener acesulfame (ACE) is a potentially useful tracer of waste water contamination in groundwater. In this study, ACE concentrations were measured in waste water and impacted groundwater at 12 septic system sites in Ontario, Canada. All samples of septic tank effluent (n = 37) had ACE >6 µg/L, all samples of groundwater from the proximal plume zones (n = 93) had ACE >1 µg/L and, almost all samples from the distal plume zones had ACE >2 µg/L. Mean mass ratios of total inorganic nitrogen/ACE at the 12 sites ranged from 680 to 3500 for the tank and proximal plume samples. At five sites, decreasing ratio values in the distal zones indicated nitrogen attenuation. These ratios were applied to three aquifers in Canada that are nitrate-stressed and an urban stream where septic systems are present nearby to estimate the amount of waste water nitrate contamination. At the three aquifer locations that are agricultural, low ACE values (<0.02-0.15 µg/L) indicated that waste water contributed <15% of the nitrate in most samples. In groundwater discharging to the urban stream, much higher ACE values (0.2-11 µg/L) indicated that waste water was the likely source of >50% of the nitrate in most samples. This study confirms that ACE is a powerful tracer and demonstrates its use as a diagnostic tool for establishing whether waste water is a significant contributor to groundwater contamination or not.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J W Roy
- Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - S J Brown
- Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Spoelstra
- Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
- Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - S L Schiff
- Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - D R Rudolph
- Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - S Danielescu
- Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - G Graham
- Environment Canada, Pacific & Yukon Region, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada
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18
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Handsaker JC, Brown SJ, Bowling FL, Marple-Horvat DE, Boulton AJM, Reeves ND. People with diabetic peripheral neuropathy display a decreased stepping accuracy during walking: potential implications for risk of tripping. Diabet Med 2016; 33:644-9. [PMID: 26172114 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the stepping accuracy of people with diabetes and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. METHODS Fourteen patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), 12 patients with diabetes but no neuropathy (D) and 10 healthy non-diabetic control participants (C). Accuracy of stepping was measured whilst the participants walked along a walkway consisting of 18 stepping targets. Preliminary data on visual gaze characteristics were also captured in a subset of participants (diabetic peripheral neuropathy group: n = 4; diabetes-alone group: n = 4; and control group: n = 4) during the same task. RESULTS Patients in the diabetic peripheral neuropathy group, and patients in the diabetes-alone group were significantly less accurate at stepping on targets than were control subjects (P < 0.05). Preliminary visual gaze analysis identified that patients diabetic peripheral neuropathy were slower to look between targets, resulting in less time being spent looking at a target before foot-target contact. CONCLUSIONS Impaired motor control is theorized to be a major factor underlying the changes in stepping accuracy, and potentially altered visual gaze behaviour may also play a role. Reduced stepping accuracy may indicate a decreased ability to control the placement of the lower limbs, leading to patients with neuropathy potentially being less able to avoid observed obstacles during walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Handsaker
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - S J Brown
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - F L Bowling
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - D E Marple-Horvat
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - A J M Boulton
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - N D Reeves
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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19
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Brown SJ. Hand dermatitis in construction workers: a lesson in genetic epidemiology. Br J Dermatol 2016; 174:263-5. [PMID: 26871919 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Brown
- Skin Research Group, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, James Arrott Drive, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, U.K
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20
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Handsaker JC, Brown SJ, Bowling FL, Maganaris CN, Boulton AJM, Reeves ND. Resistance exercise training increases lower limb speed of strength generation during stair ascent and descent in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabet Med 2016; 33:97-104. [PMID: 26108438 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the effects of a 16-week resistance exercise training intervention on the speed of ankle and knee strength generation during stair ascent and descent, in people with neuropathy. METHODS A total of 43 people: nine with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, 13 with diabetes but no neuropathy and 21 healthy control subjects ascended and descended a custom-built staircase. The speed at which ankle and knee strength were generated, and muscle activation patterns of the ankle and knee extensor muscles were analysed before and after a 16-week intervention period. RESULTS Ankle and knee strength generation during both stair ascent and descent were significantly higher after the intervention than before the intervention in the people with diabetes who undertook the resistance exercise intervention (P < 0.05). Although muscle activations were altered by the intervention, there were no observable patterns that underpinned the observed changes. CONCLUSIONS The increased speed of ankle and knee strength generation observed after the intervention would be expected to improve stability during the crucial weight acceptance phase of stair ascent and descent, and ultimately contribute towards reducing the risk of falling. Improvements in muscle strength as a result of the resistance exercise training intervention are likely to be the most influential factor for increasing the speed of strength generation. It is recommended that these exercises could be incorporated into a multi-faceted exercise programme to improve safety in people with diabetes and neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Handsaker
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - S J Brown
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - F L Bowling
- Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - C N Maganaris
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - A J M Boulton
- Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - N D Reeves
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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21
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Robertson WD, Van Stempvoort DR, Spoelstra J, Brown SJ, Schiff SL. Degradation of sucralose in groundwater and implications for age dating contaminated groundwater. Water Res 2016; 88:653-660. [PMID: 26575474 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The artificial sweetener sucralose has been in use in Canada and the US since about 2000 and in the EU since 2003, and is now ubiquitous in sanitary wastewater in many parts of the world. It persists during sewage treatment and in surface water environments and as such, has been suggested as a powerful tracer of wastewater. In this study, longer-term persistence of sucralose was examined in groundwater by undertaking a series of three sampling snapshots of a well constrained wastewater plume in Canada (Long Point septic system) over a 6-year period from 2008 to 2014. A shrinking sucralose plume in 2014, compared to earlier sampling, during this period when sucralose use was likely increasing, provides clear evidence of degradation. However, depletion of sucralose from a mean of 40 μg/L in the proximal plume zone, occurred at a relatively slow rate over a period of several months to several years. Furthermore, examination of septic tank effluent and impacted groundwater at six other sites in Canada, revealed that sucralose was present in all samples of septic tank effluent (6-98 μg/L, n = 32) and in all groundwater samples (0.7-77 μg/L, n = 64). Even though sucralose degradation is noted in the Long Point plume, its ubiquitous presence in the groundwater plumes at all seven sites implies a relatively slow rate of decay in many groundwater septic plume environments. Thus, sucralose has the potential to be used as an indicator of 'recent' wastewater contamination. The presence of sucralose identifies groundwater that was recharged after 2000 in Canada and the US and after 2003 in the EU and many Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Robertson
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | | | - J Spoelstra
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada; Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - S J Brown
- Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - S L Schiff
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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22
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Brown SJ, White S, Power N. Tracking undergraduate student achievement in a first-year physiology course using a cluster analysis approach. Adv Physiol Educ 2015; 39:278-282. [PMID: 26628649 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00076.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A cluster analysis data classification technique was used on assessment scores from 157 undergraduate nursing students who passed 2 successive compulsory courses in human anatomy and physiology. Student scores in five summative assessment tasks, taken in each of the courses, were used as inputs for a cluster analysis procedure. We aimed to group students into high-achieving (HA) and low-achieving (LA) clusters and to determine the ability of each summative assessment task to discriminate between HA and LA students. The two clusters identified in each semester were described as HA (n = 42) and LA (n = 115) in semester 1 (HA1 and LA1, respectively) and HA (n = 91) and LA (n = 42) in semester 2 (HA2 and LA2, respectively). In both semesters, HA and LA means for all inputs were different (all P < 0.001). Nineteen students moved from the HA1 group into the LA2 group, whereas 68 students moved from the LA1 group into the HA2 group. The overall order of importance of inputs that determined group membership was different in semester 1 compared with semester 2; in addition, the within-cluster order of importance in LA groups was different compared with HA groups. This method of analysis may 1) identify students who need extra instruction, 2) identify which assessment is more effective in discriminating between HA and LA students, and 3) provide quantitative evidence to track student achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Brown
- School of Interprofessional Health Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S White
- School of Interprofessional Health Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - N Power
- School of Interprofessional Health Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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23
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Healy E, Brown SJ, Langan SM, Nicholls SG, Shams K, Reynolds NJ. Identification of translational dermatology research priorities in the U.K.: results of an electronic Delphi exercise. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:1191-1198. [PMID: 26149834 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Translational research is the direct application of basic and applied research to patient care. It is estimated that there are at least 2000 different skin diseases; thus, there are considerable challenges in seeking to undertake research on each of these disorders. OBJECTIVES This electronic Delphi (e-Delphi) exercise was conducted in order to generate a list of translational dermatology research questions that are regarded as a priority for further investigations. METHODS During the first phase of the e-Delphi exercise, 228 research questions were generated by an expert panel that included clinical academic dermatologists, clinical dermatologists, nonclinical scientists, dermatology trainees and representatives from patient support groups. RESULTS Following completion of the second and third phases, 40 questions on inflammatory skin disease, 20 questions on structural skin disorders/genodermatoses, 37 questions on skin cancer and eight miscellaneous questions were designated as priority translational dermatology research questions (PRQs). In addition to PRQs on a variety of disease areas (including multiple PRQs on psoriasis, eczema, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma), there were a number of cross-cutting themes that identified a need to investigate mechanisms/pathogenesis of disease and the necessity to improve treatments for patients with skin disease. CONCLUSIONS It is predicted that this list of PRQs will help to provide a strategic direction for translational dermatology research in the U.K. and that addressing this list of questions will ultimately provide clinical benefit for substantial numbers of patients with skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Healy
- Dermatopharmacology, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Southampton Dermatology Centre, Royal South Hants Hospital, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - S J Brown
- Department of Dermatology, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK.,Dermatology & Genetic Medicine, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - S M Langan
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - S G Nicholls
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - K Shams
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - N J Reynolds
- Dermatology, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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De Cruz P, Kamm MA, Hamilton AL, Ritchie KJ, Krejany EO, Gorelik A, Liew D, Prideaux L, Lawrance IC, Andrews JM, Bampton PA, Jakobovits S, Florin TH, Gibson PR, Debinski H, Gearry RB, Macrae FA, Leong RW, Kronborg I, Radford-Smith G, Selby W, Johnston MJ, Woods R, Elliott PR, Bell SJ, Brown SJ, Connell WR, Desmond PV. Efficacy of thiopurines and adalimumab in preventing Crohn's disease recurrence in high-risk patients - a POCER study analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 42:867-79. [PMID: 26314275 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease recurs in the majority of patients after intestinal resection. AIM To compare the relative efficacy of thiopurines and anti-TNF therapy in patients at high risk of disease recurrence. METHODS As part of a larger study comparing post-operative management strategies, patients at high risk of recurrence (smoker, perforating disease, ≥2nd operation) were treated after resection of all macroscopic disease with 3 months metronidazole together with either azathioprine 2 mg/kg/day or mercaptopurine 1.5 mg/kg/day. Thiopurine-intolerant patients received adalimumab induction then 40 mg fortnightly. Patients underwent colonoscopy at 6 months with endoscopic recurrence assessed blind to treatment. RESULTS A total of 101 patients [50% male; median (IQR) age 36 (25-46) years] were included. There were no differences in disease history between thiopurine- and adalimumab-treated patients. Fifteen patients withdrew prior to 6 months, five due to symptom recurrence (of whom four were colonoscoped). Endoscopic recurrence (Rutgeerts score i2-i4) occurred in 33 of 73 (45%) thiopurine vs. 6 of 28 (21%) adalimumab-treated patients [intention-to-treat (ITT); P = 0.028] or 24 of 62 (39%) vs. 3 of 24 (13%) respectively [per-protocol analysis (PPA); P = 0.020]. Complete mucosal endoscopic normality (Rutgeerts i0) occurred in 17/73 (23%) vs. 15/28 (54%) (ITT; P = 0.003) and in 27% vs. 63% (PPA; P = 0.002). The most advanced disease (Rutgeerts i3 and i4) occurred in 8% vs. 4% (thiopurine vs. adalimumab). CONCLUSIONS In Crohn's disease patients at high risk of post-operative recurrence adalimumab is superior to thiopurines in preventing early disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P De Cruz
- St Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic
| | - M A Kamm
- St Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic
| | - A L Hamilton
- St Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic
| | | | - E O Krejany
- St Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic
| | - A Gorelik
- Melbourne EpiCentre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne
| | - D Liew
- Melbourne EpiCentre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne
| | - L Prideaux
- St Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic
| | | | | | - P A Bampton
- Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - S Jakobovits
- Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | - P R Gibson
- Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | - R B Gearry
- Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - F A Macrae
- Colorectal Medicine and Genetics, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne
| | - R W Leong
- Gastroenterology and Liver Services, Concord Hospital, Sydney
| | | | - G Radford-Smith
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research and University of Queensland School of Medicine, Herston Campus, Brisbane
| | - W Selby
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney
| | | | - R Woods
- St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne
| | | | - S J Bell
- St Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic
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Struger J, Van Stempvoort DR, Brown SJ. Sources of aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in urban and rural catchments in Ontario, Canada: Glyphosate or phosphonates in wastewater? Environ Pollut 2015; 204:289-97. [PMID: 26187493 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Correlation analysis suggests that occurrences of AMPA in streams of southern Ontario are linked mainly to glyphosate in both urban and rural settings, rather than to wastewater sources, as some previous studies have suggested. For this analysis the artificial sweetener acesulfame was analyzed as a wastewater indicator in surface water samples collected from urban and rural settings in southern Ontario, Canada. This interpretation is supported by the concurrence of seasonal fluctuations of glyphosate and AMPA concentrations. Herbicide applications in larger urban centres and along major transportation corridors appear to be important sources of glyphosate and AMPA in surface water, in addition to uses of this herbicide in rural and mixed use areas. Fluctuations in concentrations of acesulfame and glyphosate residues were found to be related to hydrologic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Struger
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Box 5050, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada.
| | - D R Van Stempvoort
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Box 5050, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - S J Brown
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Box 5050, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
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Gartland D, MacArthur C, Woolhouse H, McDonald E, Brown SJ. Frequency, severity and risk factors for urinary and faecal incontinence at 4 years postpartum: a prospective cohort. BJOG 2015; 123:1203-11. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Gartland
- Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - C MacArthur
- Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Health and Population Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | - H Woolhouse
- Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - E McDonald
- Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - SJ Brown
- Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Vic. Australia
- General Practice and Primary Health Care Academic Centre The University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between mode of delivery, perineal trauma and dyspareunia. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Six maternity hospitals in Melbourne, Australia. SAMPLE A total of 1507 nulliparous women recruited in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. METHOD Data from baseline and postnatal questionnaires (3, 6, 12 and 18 months) were analysed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Study-designed self-report measure of dyspareunia at 18 months postpartum. RESULTS In all, 1244/1507 (83%) women completed the baseline and all four postpartum questionnaires; 1211/1237 (98%) had resumed vaginal intercourse by 18 months postpartum, with 289/1211 (24%) women reporting dyspareunia. Compared with women who had a spontaneous vaginal delivery with an intact perineum or unsutured tear, women who had an emergency caesarean section (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.41, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.4-4.0; P = 0.001), vacuum extraction (aOR 2.28, 95% CI 1.3-4.1; P = 0.005) or elective caesarean section (aOR 1.71, 95% CI 0.9-3.2; P = 0.087) had increased odds of reporting dyspareunia at 18 months postpartum, adjusting for maternal age and other potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS Obstetric intervention is associated with persisting dyspareunia. Greater recognition and increased understanding of the roles of mode of delivery and perineal trauma in contributing to postpartum maternal morbidities, and ways to prevent postpartum dyspareunia where possible, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A McDonald
- Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Robinson HL, Thompson M, Heath S, Brown SJ, Sweeton B, Williams K, Cunningham P, Viljanen M, Basu R, Xu Y, Kwa S. Elicitation of Immune Responses by a DNA/MVA Vaccine in ART Treated Patients in a Treatment Interruption Trial. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.5020.abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sonya Heath
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | - Bentley Sweeton
- AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kathy Williams
- AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pamela Cunningham
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | | | - Yongxian Xu
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Decatur, GA, United States
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Woolhouse H, Gartland D, Mensah F, Brown SJ. Maternal depression from early pregnancy to 4 years postpartum in a prospective pregnancy cohort study: implications for primary health care. BJOG 2014; 122:312-21. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Woolhouse
- Healthy Mothers Healthy Families; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - D Gartland
- Healthy Mothers Healthy Families; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - F Mensah
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital; Parkville Vic. Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - SJ Brown
- Healthy Mothers Healthy Families; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital; Parkville Vic. Australia
- General Practice and Primary Health Care Academic Centre; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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Gock H, Murray-Segal LJ, Winterhalter AC, Aminian A, Moore GTC, Brown SJ, d'Apice AJF, Cowan PJ. Altered glycosylation in donor mice causes rejection of strain-matched skin and heart grafts. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:797-805. [PMID: 24502456 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Differential protein glycosylation in the donor and recipient can have profound consequences for transplanted organs, as evident in ABO-incompatible transplantation and xenotransplantation. In this study, we investigated the impact of altered fucosylation on graft acceptance by using donor mice overexpressing human α1,2-fucosyltransferase (HTF). Skin and heart grafts from HTF transgenic mice were rapidly rejected by otherwise completely matched recipients (median survival times 16 and 14 days, respectively). HTF skin transplanted onto mice lacking T and B cells induced an natural killer cell-mediated innate rejection crisis that affected 50-95% of the graft at 10-20 days. However, in the absence of adaptive immunity, the residual graft recovered and survived long-term (>100 days). Experiments using "parked" grafts or MHC class II-deficient recipients suggested that indirect rather than direct antigen presentation plays a role in HTF skin graft rejection, although the putative antigen(s) was not identified. We conclude that altered glycosylation patterns on donor tissue can trigger a powerful rejection response comprising both innate and adaptive components. This has potential implications for allotransplantation, in light of increasing recognition of the variability of the human glycome, and for xenotransplantation, where carbohydrate remodeling has been a lynchpin of donor genetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gock
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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31
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Macarthur RD, Hawkins TN, Brown SJ, Lamarca A, Clay PG, Barrett AC, Bortey E, Paterson C, Golden PL, Forbes WP. Efficacy and safety of crofelemer for noninfectious diarrhea in HIV-seropositive individuals (ADVENT trial): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-stage study. HIV Clin Trials 2014; 14:261-73. [PMID: 24334179 DOI: 10.1310/hct1406-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-associated diarrhea remains a significant concern with limited treatment options. OBJECTIVE To determine the optimal dose, efficacy, and safety of crofelemer for noninfectious diarrhea. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial used a 2-stage design. Both stages included 2-week screening, 4-week placebo-controlled treatment, and 20-week placebo-free (open-label) extension phases. In stage I, 196 HIV-seropositive patients with chronic diarrhea were randomized to crofelemer 125 mg, 250 mg, or 500 mg or placebo twice daily. Using a prospective analysis, the 125-mg twice-daily dose was selected for stage II. In stage II, 180 new patients were randomized to crofelemer 125 mg twice daily or placebo for 4 weeks. Primary efficacy analysis was the percentage of patients (stages I/II combined) who achieved clinical response (defined as ≤2 watery stools/week during ≥2 of 4 weeks). During the placebo-free extension phase, response (≤2 watery stools) was assessed weekly. RESULTS Significantly more patients receiving crofelemer 125 mg achieved clinical response versus placebo (17.6% vs 8.0%; one-sided, P = .01). Crofelemer 125 mg resulted in a greater change from baseline in number of daily watery bowel movements (P = .04) and daily stool consistency score (P = .02) versus placebo. During the placebo-free extension phase, percentages of weekly responders ranged from 40% to 56% at weeks 11 to 24. Crofelemer was minimally absorbed, well tolerated, did not negatively impact clinical immune parameters, and had a safety profile comparable to placebo. CONCLUSIONS In HIV-seropositive patients taking stable antiretroviral therapy, crofelemer provided significant improvement in diarrhea with a favorable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger D Macarthur
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | | | | | - Patrick G Clay
- University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, Fort Worth, Texas
| | | | - Enoch Bortey
- Salix Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Gammon CS, Kruger R, Brown SJ, Conlon CA, von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W. Daily kiwifruit consumption did not improve blood pressure and markers of cardiovascular function in men with hypercholesterolemia. Nutr Res 2014; 34:235-40. [PMID: 24655490 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption is a key lifestyle modification in the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Kiwifruit has previously been shown to have favorable effects on blood pressure (BP), likely through inhibiting angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity. We hypothesized that the replacement of 2 fruit servings in a healthy diet with 2 green kiwifruit a day would significantly improve BP and other markers of cardiovascular function, including heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance, in a group of hypercholesterolemic men. Using a controlled cross-over study design, 85 subjects completed a 4-week healthy diet run-in period before randomization to one of two 4-week intervention sequences in which they either consumed 2 green kiwifruit a day plus a healthy diet (intervention) or consumed a healthy diet alone (control). Blood pressure and other measures of cardiovascular function (using a Finometer MIDI [Finapres Medical Systems B.V, Amsterdam, The Netherlands] and standard oscillometric device) and anthropometric measurements were taken before and at the end of the treatment periods. A physical activity questionnaire was completed during the last visit. Subjects were found to be predominantly normotensive (43.5%) or prehypertensive (50.6%) and quite physically active (>30 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity/day in >80% subjects). No significant differences were seen for BP or any of the other markers, including heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance. In conclusion, in this hypercholesterolemic, nonhypertensive group, no beneficial effects on BP or other markers of cardiovascular function were seen when consuming 2 kiwifruit a day against the background of a healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Gammon
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rozanne Kruger
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Stephen J Brown
- School of Health Sciences, University of Ballarat, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Cathryn A Conlon
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pamela R von Hurst
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Welma Stonehouse
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand; CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Van Stempvoort DR, Roy JW, Brown SJ, Bickerton G. Residues of the herbicide glyphosate in riparian groundwater in urban catchments. Chemosphere 2014; 95:455-63. [PMID: 24206835 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide glyphosate and its putative metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) have been found in urban streams, but limited information is available on their presence in urban riparian groundwater. Information is also lacking regarding the source of AMPA in these urban settings (glyphosate metabolite or wastewater), and whether, if present, glyphosate residues in urban riparian groundwater contribute significantly to urban streams. Glyphosate and AMPA were detected in shallow riparian groundwater at 4 of 5 stream sites in urban catchments in Canada and each were found in approximately 1 in 10 of the samples overall. Frequency of observations of glyphosate and AMPA varied substantially between sites, from no observations in a National Park near the Town of Jasper Alberta, to observations of both glyphosate and AMPA in more than half of the samples along two short reaches of streams in Burlington, Ontario. In these two catchments, AMPA was correlated with glyphosate, rather than the artificial sweetener acesulfame, suggesting that the AMPA is derived mainly from glyphosate degradation rather than from wastewater sources. Land use, localized dosage history, depth below ground and other factors likely control the occurrence of detectable glyphosate residues in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Van Stempvoort
- Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, PO Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada.
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Li Y, Brown SJ, Hausdorf B, Tautz D, Denell RE, Finkelstein R. Two orthodenticle-related genes in the short-germ beetle Tribolium castaneum. Dev Genes Evol 2013; 206:35-45. [PMID: 24173395 DOI: 10.1007/s004270050028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the molecular basis of head evolution, we searched for genes related to the Drosophila orthodenticle (otd) homeobox gene in the short-germ beetle Tribolium castaneum. Unexpectedly, we found that there are two otd-related genes in Tribolium, with predicted homeodomains highly similar to that of the single Drosophila gene. One of the two genes (Tc otd-1) is more related in both amino acid sequence and expression pattern to fruitfly otd. Tc otd-1 is expressed in a broad anterior stripe in the blastoderm embryo, suggesting a role in early head segmentation similar to that of the Drosophila gene. The second gene (Tc otd-2) is more similar in sequence to the otd-related genes isolated from different vertebrate species (the Otx gene family). Tc otd-2 is not transcribed in the blastoderm, but is expressed later in more limited subsets of cells in the anterior brain. Both Tribolium genes and the Drosophila gene are, unlike the vertebrate genes, also expressed at the developing ventral midline of the embryo. Our results are consistent with the idea that an otd/Otx gene specified anterior head structures in the last ancestor common to arthropods and vertebrates. Within the arthropod lineage, we propose that this gene acquired a function in cells at the developing midline prior to the duplication that generated the two Tribolium genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, , , , , , US
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Van Stempvoort DR, Roy JW, Grabuski J, Brown SJ, Bickerton G, Sverko E. An artificial sweetener and pharmaceutical compounds as co-tracers of urban wastewater in groundwater. Sci Total Environ 2013; 461-462:348-59. [PMID: 23738987 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater in urban areas can be affected by numerous wastewater sources. Distinguishing these sources can facilitate better management of urban water resources and wastewater, and protection of urban aquatic environments. A single wastewater tracer, even if ideal (i.e. low background levels, non-reactive, low detection limits, etc.), would be unable to accomplish this task. Here, we investigated the potential advantages of using a suite of anthropogenic chemicals as co-tracers to distinguish wastewater sources that contribute to groundwater contamination at two urban sites. We considered both relatively ubiquitous and non-ubiquitous tracers in wastewater. At the Jasper (Alberta, Canada) site, concentrations of an artificial sweetener, two pharmaceutical compounds, and a degradate of nicotine in groundwater were strongly correlated as co-tracers. This evidence, along with the similar spatial distributions of these co-tracers could be used to delineate and distinguish a single municipal wastewater plume. At the Barrie (Ontario, Canada) site, there was moderate to strong correlation of the wastewater co-tracers, but local differences in their distributions and in the ratios of their concentrations could be used to infer that mixtures of two or more domestic septic plumes were present in the groundwater at this site. This study demonstrates the benefit of applying a suite of tracers to urban groundwater affected by wastewater contamination. This approach should be applicable at other urban sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Van Stempvoort
- Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, PO Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada.
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Brown SJ, Raman A, Schlader Z, Stannard SR. Ventilatory efficiency in juvenile elite cyclists. J Sci Med Sport 2013; 16:266-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the timing of resumption of vaginal sex and assess associations with method of birth, perineal trauma and other obstetric and social factors. DESIGN Prospective pregnancy cohort study of nulliparous women. SETTING Melbourne, Australia. SAMPLE A total of 1507 nulliparous women recruited in early pregnancy (≤24 weeks). METHOD Women were recruited from six public hospitals. Data from hospital records and self-administered questionnaires at recruitment and 3, 6 and 12 months postpartum were analysed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Resumption of vaginal sex. RESULTS Sexual activity was resumed earlier than vaginal sex, with 53% resuming sexual activity by 6 weeks postpartum, and 41% attempting vaginal sex. By 8 weeks a majority of women had attempted vaginal sex (65%), increasing to 78% by 12 weeks, and 94% by 6 months. Compared with women who had a spontaneous vaginal birth with an intact perineum, women who had a spontaneous vaginal birth with an episiotomy (adjusted odds ratio 3.43, 95% confidence interval 1.9-6.2) or sutured perineal tear (adjusted odds ratio 3.18, 95% confidence interval 2.1-4.9) were more likely not to have resumed vaginal sex by 6 weeks postpartum. Similarly, women who had an assisted vaginal birth or caesarean section had raised odds of delaying resumption of sex. CONCLUSIONS Most women having a first birth do not resume vaginal sex until later than 6 weeks postpartum. Women who have an operative vaginal birth, caesarean section or perineal tear or episiotomy appear to delay longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A McDonald
- Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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Gartland D, Donath S, MacArthur C, Brown SJ. The onset, recurrence and associated obstetric risk factors for urinary incontinence in the first 18 months after a first birth: an Australian nulliparous cohort study. BJOG 2012; 119:1361-9. [PMID: 22827735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the contribution of obstetric risk factors to persistent urinary incontinence (UI) between 4 and 18 months postpartum. DESIGN Prospective pregnancy cohort. SETTING Six metropolitan public hospitals in Victoria, Australia. SAMPLE A total of 1507 nulliparous women recruited to the Maternal Health Study in early pregnancy (≤24 weeks of gestation). METHODS Data from hospital records and self-administered questionnaires/telephone interviews at ≤24 and 30-32 weeks of gestation and at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months postpartum analysed using logistic regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Persistent UI 4-18 months postpartum in women continent before pregnancy. RESULTS Of the women who were continent before pregnancy, 44% reported UI 4-18 months postpartum, and 25% reported persistent UI (symptoms at multiple follow ups). Compared with spontaneous vaginal birth, women who had a caesarean before labour (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.4, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.2-0.9), in first-stage labour (aOR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.6) or in second-stage labour (aOR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-1.0) were less likely to report persistent UI 4-18 months postpartum. Prolonged second-stage labour in women who had an operative vaginal birth was associated with increased likelihood of UI (aOR 2.5, 95% CI 1.3-4.6). Compared with women who were continent in pregnancy, women reporting UI in pregnancy had a seven-fold increase in odds of persistent UI (aOR 7.4, 95% CI 5.1-10.7). CONCLUSIONS Persistent UI is common after childbirth and is more likely following prolonged labour in combination with operative vaginal birth. The majority of women reporting persistent UI at 4-18 months postpartum also experienced symptoms in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gartland
- Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Woolhouse H, Gartland D, Hegarty K, Donath S, Brown SJ. Depressive symptoms and intimate partner violence in the 12 months after childbirth: a prospective pregnancy cohort study. BJOG 2011; 119:315-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Chen H, Common JEA, Haines RL, Balakrishnan A, Brown SJ, Goh CSM, Cordell HJ, Sandilands A, Campbell LE, Kroboth K, Irvine AD, Goh DLM, Tang MBY, van Bever HP, Giam YC, McLean WHI, Lane EB. Wide spectrum of filaggrin-null mutations in atopic dermatitis highlights differences between Singaporean Chinese and European populations. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165:106-14. [PMID: 21428977 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Null mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) cause ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) and predispose to atopic dermatitis (AD). Cohort studies in Europe and Japan have reported an FLG mutation carrier frequency of between 14% and 56%, but the prevalent European FLG mutations are rare or absent in Chinese patients with IV and AD. OBJECTIVES To investigate further the spectrum of FLG-null mutations in Chinese patients and to compare it with that in other populations. METHODS We conducted comprehensive FLG genetic analysis in a discovery cohort of 92 Singaporean Chinese individuals with IV and/or moderate-to-severe AD. All detected FLG mutations were then screened in a cohort of 425 patients with AD and 440 normal controls. Results In total, 22 FLG-null mutations, of which 14 are novel, were identified in this study; the combined null FLG genotype of 17 mutations detected in cases and controls showed strong association with AD [Fisher's exact test; P = 5·3 × 10⁻⁹; odds ratio (OR) 3·3], palmar hyperlinearity (Fisher's exact test; P = 9·0 × 10⁻¹⁵; OR 5·8), keratosis pilaris (Fisher's exact test; P = 0·001; OR 4·7) and with increased severity of AD (permutation test; P = 0·0063). CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes the wider genetic landscape of FLG-null mutations in Asia that is slowly emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
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Stuckey BGA, Kent GN, Allen JR, Ward LC, Brown SJ, Walsh JP. Low urinary iodine postpartum is associated with hypothyroid postpartum thyroid dysfunction and predicts long-term hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 74:631-5. [PMID: 21470286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.03978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postpartum thyroid dysfunction (PPTD) is characterized by an early hyperthyroid phase followed, with peak prevalence at 6 months, by a hypothyroid phase which carries a risk of long-term hypothyroidism. Iodine has a major effect on thyroid function. Western Australia has previously been shown to be iodine replete. OBJECTIVE To examine the iodine status of women with and without PPTD and the relationship of iodine status postpartum with long-term hypothyroidism. DESIGN Case-control with follow-up. PATIENTS A total of 149 women at 6 months postpartum (74 PPTD, 75 controls) with 98 (46 PPTD, 52 controls) followed up at 12 years. MEASUREMENTS Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and thyroid function at 6 months postpartum; thyroid function at 12-year follow-up. RESULTS At 6 months postpartum, median UIC (quartiles) for observed TSH ranges were: for TSH < 0·4 mU/l 130·0 μg/l (82·0, 170·0); for TSH 0·4-4·0 mU/l 123·0 μg/l (80·5, 168·0); for TSH > 4·0 mU/l 85·0 μg/l (40·0, 141·5), P = 0·018. The odds ratio (OR) of hypothyroid PPTD with each unit of decreasing log iodine was 2·54, (95%CI: 1·47, 4·35), and with UIC < 50 μg/l, OR 4·22, (95%CI: 1·54, 11·55). In the long term, decreased log UIC significantly predicted hypothyroidism at 12-year follow-up (P = 0·002); as did UIC < 100 μg/l (P = 0·03) and UIC < 50 μg/l (P = 0·02). The association was independent of antibody status. CONCLUSION Low UIC measured at 6 months postpartum is associated with hypothyroid PPTD and independently predicts long-term hypothyroidism. We believe that it results from more severe preceding destructive thyroiditis, with discharge of thyroidal iodine, and thereby predicts a greater risk of long-term hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G A Stuckey
- Keogh Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
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Brown SJ, Gartland D, Donath S, MacArthur C. Effects of prolonged second stage, method of birth, timing of caesarean section and other obstetric risk factors on postnatal urinary incontinence: an Australian nulliparous cohort study. BJOG 2011; 118:991-1000. [PMID: 21489125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.02928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the contribution of prolonged labour, method of birth, timing of caesarean section and other obstetric risk factors to postpartum urinary incontinence. DESIGN Prospective pregnancy cohort. SETTING Six metropolitan public hospitals in Victoria, Australia. SAMPLE A total of 1507 nulliparous women recruited to the maternal health study in early pregnancy (≤24 weeks). METHOD Data from hospital medical records and self-administered questionnaires/telephone interviews at ≤24 and 30-32 weeks of gestation and 3 months postpartum analysed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Urinary incontinence 3 months postpartum in women continent before the index pregnancy. RESULTS Of the women continent before pregnancy, 26% reported new incontinence at 3 months postpartum. Compared with women who had a spontaneous vaginal birth, women who had a caesarean section before labour (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.5) or in the first stage of labour (adjusted OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.4) were less likely to be incontinent 3 months postpartum. Adjusted OR for incontinence after caesarean section in the second stage of labour compared with spontaneous vaginal birth was 0.5 (95% CI 0.2-1.0). Prolonged second stage labour was associated with increased likelihood of postpartum incontinence in women who had a spontaneous vaginal birth (adjusted OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.4) or operative vaginal birth (adjusted OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-2.8). CONCLUSIONS In addition to pregnancy itself, physiological changes associated with the second stage of labour appear to play a role in postpartum urinary incontinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Brown
- Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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Abstract
Following eccentric exercise, increases in muscle length alter the length-tension relation of skeletal muscle. However, its unclear if this change occurs during eccentric exercise. Therefore, 70 eccentric actions of the knee extensors of one leg (with superimposed electrical stimulation) were performed at 100°/s, from full extension to full flexion. Angle-specific eccentric force was recorded throughout. Force decreased at all angles although this was non-uniform. At 70°, force decreased by 25%, whereas at 130°, force decreased by 41%. Initial peak force was recorded at 100° (590 ± 232 N); the exercise bout induced a 21% decrease in peak force and a 10° shift in the position of peak force production to 90°. The rightward shift in the muscle length-tension relation thus occurred during eccentric exercise, where greater force loss at short muscle lengths suggested an eccentric-induced over-stretching of sarcomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Brown
- Division of Exercise and Sport Science, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University Albany, Private Bag 102-904, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Pereyra F, Jia X, McLaren PJ, Telenti A, de Bakker PI, Walker BD, Jia X, McLaren PJ, Ripke S, Brumme CJ, Pulit SL, Telenti A, Carrington M, Kadie CM, Carlson JM, Heckerman D, de Bakker PI, Pereyra F, de Bakker PI, Graham RR, Plenge RM, Deeks SG, Walker BD, Gianniny L, Crawford G, Sullivan J, Gonzalez E, Davies L, Camargo A, Moore JM, Beattie N, Gupta S, Crenshaw A, Burtt NP, Guiducci C, Gupta N, Carrington M, Gao X, Qi Y, Yuki Y, Pereyra F, Piechocka-Trocha A, Cutrell E, Rosenberg R, Moss KL, Lemay P, O’Leary J, Schaefer T, Verma P, Toth I, Block B, Baker B, Rothchild A, Lian J, Proudfoot J, Alvino DML, Vine S, Addo MM, Allen TM, Altfeld M, Henn MR, Le Gall S, Streeck H, Walker BD, Haas DW, Kuritzkes DR, Robbins GK, Shafer RW, Gulick RM, Shikuma CM, Haubrich R, Riddler S, Sax PE, Daar ES, Ribaudo HJ, Agan B, Agarwal S, Ahern RL, Allen BL, Altidor S, Altschuler EL, Ambardar S, Anastos K, Anderson B, Anderson V, Andrady U, Antoniskis D, Bangsberg D, Barbaro D, Barrie W, Bartczak J, Barton S, Basden P, Basgoz N, Bazner S, Bellos NC, Benson AM, Berger J, Bernard NF, Bernard AM, Birch C, Bodner SJ, Bolan RK, Boudreaux ET, Bradley M, Braun JF, Brndjar JE, Brown SJ, Brown K, Brown ST, Burack J, Bush LM, Cafaro V, Campbell O, Campbell J, Carlson RH, Carmichael JK, Casey KK, Cavacuiti C, Celestin G, Chambers ST, Chez N, Chirch LM, Cimoch PJ, Cohen D, Cohn LE, Conway B, Cooper DA, Cornelson B, Cox DT, Cristofano MV, Cuchural G, Czartoski JL, Dahman JM, Daly JS, Davis BT, Davis K, Davod SM, Deeks SG, DeJesus E, Dietz CA, Dunham E, Dunn ME, Ellerin TB, Eron JJ, Fangman JJ, Farel CE, Ferlazzo H, Fidler S, Fleenor-Ford A, Frankel R, Freedberg KA, French NK, Fuchs JD, Fuller JD, Gaberman J, Gallant JE, Gandhi RT, Garcia E, Garmon D, Gathe JC, Gaultier CR, Gebre W, Gilman FD, Gilson I, Goepfert PA, Gottlieb MS, Goulston C, Groger RK, Gurley TD, Haber S, Hardwicke R, Hardy WD, Harrigan PR, Hawkins TN, Heath S, Hecht FM, Henry WK, Hladek M, Hoffman RP, Horton JM, Hsu RK, Huhn GD, Hunt P, Hupert MJ, Illeman ML, Jaeger H, Jellinger RM, John M, Johnson JA, Johnson KL, Johnson H, Johnson K, Joly J, Jordan WC, Kauffman CA, Khanlou H, Killian RK, Kim AY, Kim DD, Kinder CA, Kirchner JT, Kogelman L, Kojic EM, Korthuis PT, Kurisu W, Kwon DS, LaMar M, Lampiris H, Lanzafame M, Lederman MM, Lee DM, Lee JM, Lee MJ, Lee ET, Lemoine J, Levy JA, Llibre JM, Liguori MA, Little SJ, Liu AY, Lopez AJ, Loutfy MR, Loy D, Mohammed DY, Man A, Mansour MK, Marconi VC, Markowitz M, Marques R, Martin JN, Martin HL, Mayer KH, McElrath MJ, McGhee TA, McGovern BH, McGowan K, McIntyre D, Mcleod GX, Menezes P, Mesa G, Metroka CE, Meyer-Olson D, Miller AO, Montgomery K, Mounzer KC, Nagami EH, Nagin I, Nahass RG, Nelson MO, Nielsen C, Norene DL, O’Connor DH, Ojikutu BO, Okulicz J, Oladehin OO, Oldfield EC, Olender SA, Ostrowski M, Owen WF, Pae E, Parsonnet J, Pavlatos AM, Perlmutter AM, Pierce MN, Pincus JM, Pisani L, Price LJ, Proia L, Prokesch RC, Pujet HC, Ramgopal M, Rathod A, Rausch M, Ravishankar J, Rhame FS, Richards CS, Richman DD, Robbins GK, Rodes B, Rodriguez M, Rose RC, Rosenberg ES, Rosenthal D, Ross PE, Rubin DS, Rumbaugh E, Saenz L, Salvaggio MR, Sanchez WC, Sanjana VM, Santiago S, Schmidt W, Schuitemaker H, Sestak PM, Shalit P, Shay W, Shirvani VN, Silebi VI, Sizemore JM, Skolnik PR, Sokol-Anderson M, Sosman JM, Stabile P, Stapleton JT, Starrett S, Stein F, Stellbrink HJ, Sterman FL, Stone VE, Stone DR, Tambussi G, Taplitz RA, Tedaldi EM, Telenti A, Theisen W, Torres R, Tosiello L, Tremblay C, Tribble MA, Trinh PD, Tsao A, Ueda P, Vaccaro A, Valadas E, Vanig TJ, Vecino I, Vega VM, Veikley W, Wade BH, Walworth C, Wanidworanun C, Ward DJ, Warner DA, Weber RD, Webster D, Weis S, Wheeler DA, White DJ, Wilkins E, Winston A, Wlodaver CG, Wout AV, Wright DP, Yang OO, Yurdin DL, Zabukovic BW, Zachary KC, Zeeman B, Zhao M. The major genetic determinants of HIV-1 control affect HLA class I peptide presentation. Science 2010; 330:1551-7. [PMID: 21051598 PMCID: PMC3235490 DOI: 10.1126/science.1195271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 911] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infectious and inflammatory diseases have repeatedly shown strong genetic associations within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC); however, the basis for these associations remains elusive. To define host genetic effects on the outcome of a chronic viral infection, we performed genome-wide association analysis in a multiethnic cohort of HIV-1 controllers and progressors, and we analyzed the effects of individual amino acids within the classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) proteins. We identified >300 genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the MHC and none elsewhere. Specific amino acids in the HLA-B peptide binding groove, as well as an independent HLA-C effect, explain the SNP associations and reconcile both protective and risk HLA alleles. These results implicate the nature of the HLA-viral peptide interaction as the major factor modulating durable control of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Florencia Pereyra
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoming Jia
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul J. McLaren
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amalio Telenti
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul I.W. de Bakker
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | - Xiaoming Jia
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul J. McLaren
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Genetic Research, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chanson J. Brumme
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara L. Pulit
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amalio Telenti
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul I.W. de Bakker
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Florencia Pereyra
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul I.W. de Bakker
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Robert M. Plenge
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leela Davies
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amy Camargo
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Supriya Gupta
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Noël P. Burtt
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Namrata Gupta
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xiaojiang Gao
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ying Qi
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Yuko Yuki
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Florencia Pereyra
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alicja Piechocka-Trocha
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Cutrell
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Rosenberg
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristin L. Moss
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Lemay
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica O’Leary
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd Schaefer
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pranshu Verma
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ildiko Toth
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Block
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brett Baker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alissa Rothchild
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lian
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Proudfoot
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donna Marie L. Alvino
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seanna Vine
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marylyn M. Addo
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd M. Allen
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sylvie Le Gall
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | - David W. Haas
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel R. Kuritzkes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Roy M. Gulick
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cecilia M. Shikuma
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | | | - Paul E. Sax
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric S. Daar
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heather J. Ribaudo
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Brian Agan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kathryn Anastos
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ben Anderson
- St. Leonards Medical Centre, St. Leonards, Australia
| | | | | | | | - David Bangsberg
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
- MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Barbaro
- Tarrant County Infectious Disease Associates, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Simon Barton
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, St. Stephen’s Centre, London, UK
| | | | | | - Suzane Bazner
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nicole F. Bernard
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Christopher Birch
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Emilie T. Boudreaux
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, University Medical Center East Clinic, Lafayatte, LA, USA
| | - Meg Bradley
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James F. Braun
- Physicians’ Research Network, Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Larry M. Bush
- University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Lake Worth, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nancy Chez
- H.E.L.P./Project Samaritan, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lisa M. Chirch
- David E. Rogers Center for HIV/AIDS Care, Southampton, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Lillian E. Cohn
- 9th Street Internal Medicine Associates, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Conway
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David A. Cooper
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - David T. Cox
- Metro Infectious Disease Consultants, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer S. Daly
- University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Kristine Davis
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Steven G. Deeks
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Craig A. Dietz
- The Kansas City Free Health Clinic, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Eleanor Dunham
- David E. Rogers Center for HIV/AIDS Care, Southampton, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph J. Eron
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Claire E. Farel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen Ferlazzo
- Visiting Nurse Association of Central New Jersey, Community Health Center, Asbury Park, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Neel K. French
- Private Practice of Neel K. French, M.D., Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joel E. Gallant
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Efrain Garcia
- Private Practice of Efrain Garcia, M.D., Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Joseph C. Gathe
- Private Practice of Joseph C. Gathe Jr., M.D., Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ian Gilson
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - W. David Hardy
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Sonya Heath
- University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Melissa Hladek
- The Catholic University of America, School of Nursing, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Ricky K. Hsu
- New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Peter Hunt
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark J. Hupert
- Tarrant County Infectious Disease Associates, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | - Hans Jaeger
- HIV Research and Clinical Care Centre, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Mina John
- Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Heather Johnson
- Tarrant County Infectious Disease Associates, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kay Johnson
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Joly
- David E. Rogers Center for HIV/AIDS Care, Southampton, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wayne Kurisu
- Sharp Rees Stealy Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Douglas S. Kwon
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Harry Lampiris
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jean M.L. Lee
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Janice Lemoine
- Greater Lawrence Family Health Center, Lawrence, MA, USA
| | - Jay A. Levy
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Josep M. Llibre
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Anne Y. Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Dawn Loy
- Infectious Disease Associates, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | | | - Alan Man
- Kaiser Permanente, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Martin Markowitz
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rui Marques
- Deruico Doencas Infecciosas, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katherine McGowan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dawn McIntyre
- Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, USA
| | - Gavin X. Mcleod
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prema Menezes
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Greg Mesa
- Highland Medical Associates, Hendersonville, NC, USA
| | | | - Dirk Meyer-Olson
- Medizinische Hochschule, Abteilung Klinische Immunologie, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ellen H. Nagami
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iris Nagin
- Lower East Side Service Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eunice Pae
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Moti Ramgopal
- Midway Immunology and Research Center, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Almas Rathod
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - J. Ravishankar
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Berta Rodes
- Fundacion para la Investigacion Biomedica del Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Polly E. Ross
- Western North Carolina Community Health Services, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - David S. Rubin
- New York Hospital Medical Center of Queens, Flushing, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Stabile
- William F. Ryan Community Health Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Francine Stein
- Visiting Nurse Association of Central New Jersey, Community Health Center, Asbury Park, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amalio Telenti
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - William Theisen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Phuong D. Trinh
- Montgomery Infectious Disease Associates, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Alice Tsao
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peggy Ueda
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Emilia Valadas
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Isabel Vecino
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Barbara H. Wade
- Infectious Diseases Associates of Northwest Florida, Pensacola, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Steve Weis
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - David A. Wheeler
- Clinical Alliance for Research and Education-Infectious Diseases, Annandale, VA, USA
| | - David J. White
- Hawthorn House, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ed Wilkins
- North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Otto O. Yang
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Beth Zeeman
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meng Zhao
- United Health Services Hospitals, Binghamton, NY, USA
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Stuckey BGA, Barrett PHR, Wagner JM, Hampton RA, Chan DC, Brown SJ, Watts GF. The effect of fenofibrate on HDL cholesterol and HDL particle concentration in postmenopausal women on tibolone therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 73:497-501. [PMID: 20560981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and particle concentration are risk factors for coronary heart disease in women. Tibolone lowers HDL cholesterol and HDL particle concentration, an effect that could be reversed by the peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-α agonist fenofibrate. OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of fenofibrate on plasma HDL particles in postmenopausal women taking tibolone therapy. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized crossover study conducted in a women's health clinic. Fourteen postmenopausal women taking tibolone 2.5 mg daily for menopausal symptoms were randomized to either fenofibrate 160 mg daily or no treatment for 8 weeks, followed by a 3-week wash-out for fenofibrate and then crossed over to alternate therapy for another 8 weeks. The main outcome measure was changes in plasma HDL cholesterol concentration, apoA-I and apoA-II, LpA-I and LpA-I-A-II. RESULTS After 8 weeks of fenofibrate therapy, there was no change in HDL cholesterol, 1.13 ± 0.06 v 1.16 ± 0.06 mmol/l (P = 0.47) or apoA-I, 1.19 ± 0.05 v 1.20 ± 0.05 g/l (P = 0.23). LpA-I fell significantly 0.35 ± 0.03 v 0.29 ± 0.02 (P = 0.02) but there was a rise in apoA-II, 0.35 ± 0.01 v 0.39 ± 0.01 g/l (P = 0.01). There was a significant fall in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apoB. CONCLUSION In women taking tibolone, fenofibrate increases plasma apoA-II concentration and effects a redistribution of HDL subfractions but does not correct tibolone-induced changes in HDL cholesterol or HDL particle concentration. The mechanism and significance of this require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G A Stuckey
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Keogh Institute for Medical Research, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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Stuckey BGA, Kent GN, Ward LC, Brown SJ, Walsh JP. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction and the long-term risk of hypothyroidism: results from a 12-year follow-up study of women with and without postpartum thyroid dysfunction. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 73:389-95. [PMID: 20184598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term risk of hypothyroidism following postpartum thyroid dysfunction (PPTD) is uncertain. Most previous studies have been small, short-term or have lacked a control group. OBJECTIVE To ascertain the long-term risk of hypothyroidism in women following PPTD. Design and participants A 12-year longitudinal study of 409 women (including 71 with PPTD) who previously participated in a PPTD prevalence study. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome measure was hypothyroidism (defined as TSH greater than 4 mU/l or on thyroxine replacement) at follow-up. Outcomes in women with and without PPTD were compared by logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine the optimal cut-off for baseline TSH as a predictor of hypothyroidism in the cohort. RESULTS At follow-up, hypothyroidism was present in 27 of 71 women who had PPTD at baseline (38%) and 14 of 338 women without PPTD (4%). From multivariate analysis, odds ratios (with 95% confidence intervals) for hypothyroidism were - 4.8 (1.6, 14.1) for PPTD; 8.2 (2.8, 24.6) for positive thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb); 9.7 (2.6, 37.0) for the hypothyroid phase of PPTD and 51.4 (19.2, 137.5) for hypothyroid PPTD with positive TPOAb. A baseline TSH above 2.6 mU/l was the optimal cut-off for predicting hypothyroidism (sensitivity 76%, specificity 86%). CONCLUSIONS PPTD is a strong predictor of hypothyroidism in the long-term. Women who present with postpartum hypothyroidism or have positive TPOAb are at particularly high risk, suggesting that close long-term follow-up is advisable if thyroxine replacement is not instituted at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G A Stuckey
- Keogh Institute for Medical Research, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, USA.
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Hughes JD, Johnson NA, Brown SJ, Sachinwalla T, Walton DW, Stannard SR. Effects of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage on intramyocellular lipid concentration and high energy phosphates. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:1135-41. [PMID: 20706732 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Eccentric exercise is known to cause changes to the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle and, in turn, may alter the ability of the muscle to store and utilise intracellular substrates such as intramyocellular lipid (IMCL). The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) results in IMCL accumulation. Six males (31 ± 6 years; mean ± SD, and 72.3 ± 9.7 kg body mass) performed 300 unilateral, maximal, isokinetic, eccentric contractions (Ecc) (30° s(-1)) of the quadriceps on an isokinetic dynamometer, followed immediately by an equal amount of work by the contralateral leg but with concentric action (Con). Phosphate compounds and IMCL content of the vastus lateralis of both legs were measured using (31)P and (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. IMCL content was higher in Ecc than Con 24 h post but the reverse was evident 48 h post-exercise (P = 0.046). A significant time × trial interaction for resting [P(i)] (P = 0.045), showed increases in Ecc across time but no change in Con. A significant main effect of trial (P = 0.002) was apparent indicating the Ecc leg had marked metabolic dysfunction. The P(i)/PCr ratio showed a significant effect of trial (P = 0.001) with an increase evident in Ecc leg, primarily due to increases in [P(i)]. The present study highlights changes in IMCL content of skeletal muscle following EIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Hughes
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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48
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Sin PYW, Webber MR, Galletly DC, Ainslie PN, Brown SJ, Willie CK, Sasse A, Larsen PD, Tzeng YC. Interactions between heart rate variability and pulmonary gas exchange efficiency in humans. Exp Physiol 2010; 95:788-97. [PMID: 20382666 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2010.052910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory component of heart rate variability (respiratory sinus arrhythmia, RSA) has been associated with improved pulmonary gas exchange efficiency in humans via the apparent clustering and scattering of heart beats in time with the inspiratory and expiratory phases of alveolar ventilation, respectively. However, since human RSA causes only marginal redistribution of heart beats to inspiration, we tested the hypothesis that any association between RSA amplitude and pulmonary gas exchange efficiency may be indirect. In 11 patients with fixed-rate cardiac pacemakers and 10 healthy control subjects, we recorded R-R intervals, respiratory flow, end-tidal gas tension and the ventilatory equivalents for carbon dioxide and oxygen during 'fast' (0.25 Hz) and 'slow' paced breathing (0.10 Hz). Mean heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, mean arterial pressure fluctuations, tidal volume, end-tidal CO(2), and were similar between pacemaker and control groups in both the fast and slow breathing conditions. Although pacemaker patients had no RSA and slow breathing was associated with a 2.5-fold RSA amplitude increase in control subjects (39 +/- 21 versus 97 +/- 45 ms, P < 0.001), comparable (main effect for breathing frequency, F(1,19) = 76.54, P < 0.001) and reductions (main effect for breathing frequency, F(1,19) = 23.90, P < 0.001) were observed for both cohorts during slow breathing. In addition, the degree of (r = 0.36, P = 0.32) and reductions (r = 0.29, P = 0.43) from fast to slow breathing were not correlated to the degree of associated RSA amplitude enhancements in control subjects. These findings suggest that the association between RSA amplitude and pulmonary gas exchange efficiency during variable-frequency paced breathing observed in prior human work is not contingent on RSA being present. Therefore, whether RSA serves an intrinsic physiological function in optimizing pulmonary gas exchange efficiency in humans requires further experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Y W Sin
- Department of Surgery & Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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49
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Webber MR, Sin PY, Gellatly DC, Ainslie PN, Tzeng YC, Brown SJ, Willie CK, Sasse AS, Larsen P. Heart Rate Variability and Cardiorespiratory Efficiency in Humans. Heart Lung Circ 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2010.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Van Limbergen J, Russell RK, Nimmo ER, Zhao Y, Liao H, Drummond HE, Davies G, Gillett PM, McGrogan P, Bisset WM, Mahdi G, Wilson DC, Brown SJ, McLean WHI, Satsangi J. Filaggrin loss-of-function variants are associated with atopic comorbidity in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:1492-8. [PMID: 19408338 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has a high prevalence of coexistent atopy. Filaggrin (FLG) loss-of-function variants (null-alleles) are associated with eczema and asthma in association with eczema. The aim was to assess the contribution of FLG null-alleles to pediatric IBD susceptibility and to coexistent atopy (eczema, asthma, allergic rhinitis, or food allergy). METHODS FLG variants (R501X and 2282del4) were genotyped in 403 children with IBD, 683 parents, and 996 population controls. RESULTS In all, 11% of IBD patients carried at least 1 FLG null-allele compared to 11% of population controls (P > 0.4). Carriage of 1 or more null-alleles in patients with atopy (present in 52% of IBD patients) differed from IBD patients without atopy (14% versus 6%, P = 0.01; odds ratio [OR] 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-5.1). The effect of FLG null-alleles was strongest for eczema (19% versus 7%, P = 0.0003; OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.7-6.6) and food allergy (28% versus 8%, P = 0.0001; OR 4.5, 95% CI 2.0-10.0). The presence of more than 1 atopic disease tended to increase the associated OR: eczema + asthma (23% versus 7%, P = 0.001; OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.6-9.1), eczema + asthma + allergic rhinitis (29% versus 7%, P = 0.0006; OR 5.4, 95% CI 1.9-15.4) and eczema + asthma + allergic rhinitis + food allergy (45% versus 6%, P < 10(-4); OR 12.2, 95% CI 3.2-46.3). Logistic regression analysis of IBD cases confirmed the association of carriage of an FLG null-allele with atopy (P = 0.01; OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-5.1) and co-occurrence of different forms of atopy (P = 0.003; OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.5-8.1). CONCLUSIONS Filaggrin null-alleles have no effect on IBD susceptibility but contribute to coexistent eczema and food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Van Limbergen
- Molecular Medicine Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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