Factors Associated With Antiretroviral Therapy Reinitiation in Medicaid Recipients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

BACKGROUND

This study was conducted to examine patient characteristics associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) reinitiation in Medicaid enrollees.

METHODS

This is a retrospective cohort study that uses Cox proportional hazard regression to examine the association between person-level characteristics and time from ART discontinuation to the subsequent reinitiation within 18 months.

RESULTS

There were 45 409 patients who discontinued ART, and 44% failed to reinitiate. More outpatient visits (3+ vs 0 outpatient visits: adjusted hazard ratio (adjHR), 1.56; 99% confidence interval [CI], 1.45-1.67) and hospitalization (adjHR, 1.18; 99% CI,1.16-1.20) during follow-up were associated with reinitiation.

CONCLUSIONS

Failure to reinitiate ART within 18 months was common in this sample. Care engagement was associated with greater ART reinitiation.

Predictors of potentially suboptimal treatment of urinary tract infections in long-term care facilities

BACKGROUND

Suboptimal antibiotic treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI) is high in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) and likely varies between facilities. Large-scale evaluations have not been conducted.

AIM

To identify facility-level predictors of potentially suboptimal treatment of UTI in Veterans Affairs (VA) LTCFs and to quantify variation across facilities.

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study of 21,938 residents in 120 VA LTCFs (2013-2018) known as Community Living Centers (CLCs). Potentially suboptimal treatment was assessed from drug choice, dose frequency, and/or treatment duration. To identify facility characteristics predictive of suboptimal UTI treatment, LTCFs with higher and lower rates of suboptimal treatment (≥median, < median) were compared using unconditional logistic regression models. Joinpoint regression models were used to quantify average percentage difference across facilities. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to quantify variation across facilities.

FINDINGS

The rate of potentially suboptimal antibiotic treatment varied from 1.7 to 34.2 per 10,000 bed-days across LTCFs. The average percentage difference in rates across facilities was 2.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.4-2.7). The only facility characteristic predictive of suboptimal treatment was the incident rate of UTI per 10,000 bed-days (odds ratio: 4.9; 95% CI: 2.3-10.3). Multilevel models demonstrated that 94% of the variation between facilities was unexplained after controlling for resident and CLC characteristics. The median odds ratio for the full multilevel model was 1.37.

CONCLUSION

Potentially suboptimal UTI treatment was variable across VA LTCFs. However, most of the variation across LTCFs was unexplained. Future research should continue to investigate factors that are driving suboptimal antibiotic treatment in LTCFs.

Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation (DHA) and the return on investment for pregnancy outcomes

The Kansas University DHA Outcomes Study (KUDOS) found a significant reduction in early preterm births with a supplement of 600mg DHA per day compared to placebo. The objective of this analysis was to determine if hospital costs differed between groups. We applied a post-hoc cost analysis of the delivery hospitalization and all hospitalizations in the following year to 197 mother-infant dyads who delivered at Kansas University Hospital. Hospital cost saving of DHA supplementation amounted to $1678 per infant. Even after adjusting for the estimated cost of providing 600mg/d DHA for 26 weeks ($166.48) and a slightly higher maternal care cost ($26) in the DHA group, the net saving per dyad was $1484. Extrapolating this to the nearly 4 million US deliveries per year suggests universal supplementation with 600mg/d during the last 2 trimesters of pregnancy could save the US health care system up to USD 6 billion.

Comparing methods to identify hip fracture in a nursing home population using Medicare claims

The inpatient principal diagnosis in Medicare claims identified 96% of hip fractures in hospitalized nursing home residents with high rates of confirmation by other claims files.

INTRODUCTION

Hip fracture is typically identified in Medicare claims by examining only the principal diagnosis in the inpatient file, but this simple approach might be inadequate for nursing home residents. Our objective was to examine the impact of varied operational definitions for identifying hip fracture hospitalizations in administrative claims data.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective examination of Medicare inpatient and outpatient claims data for dually Medicaid- and Medicare-eligible nursing home residents in 1999 in California, Florida, Missouri, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania (n = 197,514). We determined the number of hip fractures identified in inpatient (Medicare A) diagnoses codes using differing definitions that varied according to whether or not hip fracture was required to be the principal diagnosis and whether or not confirmatory imaging and procedure codes were required to be found in other (Medicare B) claims files.

RESULTS

Hip fractures were found in any inpatient diagnosis position in 4,680 subjects, with 4,479 of these found in the principal diagnosis position. With either approach to diagnosis position, confirmatory imaging and procedure codes were identified for 95% of persons hospitalized with hip fracture.

CONCLUSION

The principal diagnosis alone will identify 96% of hip fracture diagnoses in hospitalized nursing home residents. Such diagnoses are confirmed at very high rates by other sources of claims data. Researchers may be confident using a simple approach to identifying hip fracture hospitalizations in this population, using inpatient claims alone and interrogating only the principal diagnosis position.

Time costs associated with cervical cancer screening

OBJECTIVES

Time costs borne by women when undergoing cervical cancer screening have rarely been elucidated, although such costs may pose substantial barriers to care. The purpose of this project was to quantify the opportunity costs associated with cervical cancer screening in young women attending Planned Parenthood Clinics.

METHODS

We conducted a self-report survey of 105 women from six clinics to measure travel, waiting, and exam times associated with cervical cancer screening. Respondents recorded their time of arrival and departure, length of time in the waiting room, age, income level, and hours per week they worked outside of the home. Time costs were valued three ways: through self-reported hourly wage, age- and gender-adjusted minimum earnings, and national age- and gender-adjusted hourly wages.

RESULTS

Respondents were on average 24 years old, worked 29 hours per week outside the home, and earned less than $20,000 per year. Mean time for one-way travel was 18.7 minutes; waiting room time was 16.9 minutes; and exam time was 50.8 minutes. Time costs were estimated to be $14.08 per visit based upon the self-reported hourly wage; $16.46 per visit based upon age- and gender-adjusted minimum earnings; and $19.63 per visit based upon age- and gender-adjusted national wage rates.

CONCLUSIONS

Time costs associated with cervical cancer screening represent an important opportunity cost and should be considered in studies attempting to identify barriers to screening adherence. Our results indicate that time costs accounted for up to 25% of cervical cancer screening costs. Time costs should be identified, measured, valued, and included in cost-effectiveness analyses of cervical cancer screening.

Using drug claims data to assess the relationship of medication adherence with hospitalization and costs

OBJECTIVE

This naturalistic study used claims data to examine the relationship of medication nonadherence to hospital use and costs among severely mentally ill clients in Wisconsin.

METHODS

Data for 619 clients were obtained from Medicaid drug and hospital claims, county records, and case managers as part of a larger study in eight county-based mental health systems. Study participants were eligible for Medicaid, had a severe and persistent mental illness, were 18 years or older, and were receiving neuroleptics, lithium, or antidepressants. Drug claims were analyzed for a 12-month period to determine how regularly clients obtained their medications. Regression analyses were used to assess the effects of irregular medication use on any hospitalization for psychiatric problems, the number of days hospitalized, and hospital costs. The analyses controlled for several risk factors.

RESULTS

Among clients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, 31 percent used medications irregularly. The rates were 33 percent among those with bipolar disorder and 41 percent among those with other severe mental illnesses. In the total sample, irregular users had significantly higher rates of hospitalization than regular users (42 percent versus 20 percent), more hospital days (16 days versus four days), and higher hospital costs ($3,992 versus $1,048). Irregular medication use was one of the strongest predictors of hospital use and costs even after the analyses controlled for diagnosis, demographic characteristics, baseline functioning, and previous hospitalizations.

CONCLUSIONS

The availability of drug claims data and the ability to use them in predictive analyses make them a potentially useful data source in studies of medication adherence among persons with severe mental illness.

Recombinant human erythropoietin vs transfusions in the treatment of anemia of prematurity. A cost-benefit analysis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the costs relative to the benefits of using recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) therapy as an alternative to red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in infants with anemia of prematurity.

DESIGN

A cost-benefit analysis of rHuEPO therapy was performed based on its use in very-low-birth-weight premature infants.

SETTING AND PATIENTS

Data were drawn from published studies or were provided by the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Costs and benefits were analyzed as a comparison of incurred costs to averted costs. Incurred and averted costs of rHuEPO therapy and RBC transfusions included direct product costs and estimates of costs of adverse events. The analysis was viewed in terms of net savings. Sensitivity analysis was performed.

RESULTS

The base case analysis yielded a net loss of $299.48 per infant. A 54% reduction in the direct product costs of rHuEPO therapy yielded a break-even point. No other variations in the sensitivity analysis resulted in a net savings.

CONCLUSION

Using assumptions based on the current state of clinical research, it appears that routine use of rHuEPO with supplemental RBC transfusions would not generate any cost savings as an alternative to RBC transfusions alone. As further evidence is compiled on the efficacy of rHuEPO therapy in very-low-birth-weight premature infants, the true costs may be better established.