Carbamate compounds induced toxic effects by affecting Nrf2 signaling pathways

Carbamate (CBs) is a class of insecticides which is being known as an important cause of intentional or accidental poisoning. CBs, cause carbamylation of acetylcholinesterase at neuronal synapses and neuromuscular junction. Exposure to CBs through skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion can result in significant cholinergic toxicity. This is due to the elevation of acetylcholine levels at ganglionic synapses found in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, as well as muscarinic receptors located in target organs of the parasympathetic nervous system, nicotinic receptors situated in skeletal muscle tissue, and the central nervous system. The association between human illnesses and environmental exposures to CBs have been extensively studied in several studies. Although CBs-triggered toxicity leads to overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the detailed association between the toxicity under CBs exposure and NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways has not been completely clarified. In this review we aimed to summarize the latest findings on the functional interrelationship between carbamates compounds and Nrf2 signaling.

Corrigendum to "Oxidative stress and apoptotic index modifications in the hippocampus of rat pups born to mothers exposed to buprenorphine during lactation" [Toxicol. Rep. 2022 Nov 19; 9: 2050-2054. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.11.005. PMID: 36518388; PMCID: PMC9742962]

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.11.005.].

Astaxanthin as an Anticancer Agent against Breast Cancer: An In Vivo and In Vitro Investigation

AIM

This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant properties, cytotoxic activity, and apoptotic effects of astaxanthin (ASX) on genes and pathways involved in breast cancer in Balb/c mice models injected with the 4T1 cell line.

BACKGROUND

ASX could inhibit some tumor progression by using in vivo and in vitro models.

OBJECTIVE

The effect of ASX on breast cancer was not fully understood till now.

METHOD

In an in vivo model, 4T1 cells-injected mice were administered with different concentrations of ASX (100 and 200 mg/kg), and histopathological evaluations were done using an optical microscope and the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The real- time PCR investigated the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X (Bax), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and Caspase 3 genes in mice treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg ASX. Also, the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were examined in ASX-treated cancer mice.

RESULTS

ASX (200 mg/kg) caused a significant reduction in the mitotic cell count of tumor tissues compared to ASX (100 mg/kg). The antiproliferative effects of different concentrations of ASX were shown based on the MTT results. The treatment of breast tumor mice with both concentrations of ASX, especially 200 mg/kg, elevated the expression of Caspase 3, Bax, and SOD enzyme levels and decreased Bcl-2 expression and MDA enzyme levels.

CONCLUSION

ASX can be considered a promising alternative treatment for breast cancer.

Protective Effects of Curcumin and Nanomicelle Curcumin on Chlorpyrifos-induced Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in the Uterus, Ovary and Brain of Rats

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Chlorpyrifos (CPF), which is classified as an Organophosphorus Pesticide (OP), has been identified as a toxic agent for the reproductive system due to its capacity to induce oxidative stress and inflammation. Curcumin (CUR) has been reported as a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that could combat toxicity in various tissues. This study aims to examine the protective effects of CUR and its nanoformulation against reproductive impairment induced by CPF.

METHOD

Forty-eight female Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated to six groups (n=8): control (0.5 mL of corn oil, the solvent for CPF), CPF (10 mg/kg), CPF + CUR 100 mg/kg/day, CPF + CUR 300 mg/kg/day, CPF + nano-micelle curcumin (NMC) 2.5 mg/kg/day, and CPF + NMC 5 mg/kg/day. The experimental treatment was performed for 30 days. Then, brain, ovary and uterus tissues were collected for measuring oxidative stress and inflammatory indices.

RESULT

MDA, NO, IL-6, and TNF-α concentrations significantly increased in the brain, ovary and uterus of the CPF group versus the control group (p < 0.001). The levels of GSH and SOD in the uterus, ovaries, and brain exhibited a significant decrease in the CPF group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). However, CUR (300 mg/kg) and NMC (5 mg/kg) significantly decreased MDA, NO, TNF-α, and Il-6 and increased SOD and GSH levels in the uterus, ovaries and brain of the CPF-exposed animals versus the CPF-exposed non-treated animals (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicated that CUR and NMC could be effective in alleviating CPFinduced reproductive toxicity.

Therapeutic Effect of Resveratrol and its Novel Formulations on Lung Cancer: Focus on Biological Aspects and Underlying Pathways

Lung cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Due to significant advances in therapeutic strategies, patients' survival and life quality have been improved, however there is still an urgent requirement for developing more effective therapeutic methods. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol with numerous biological potentials, has been widely studied. It has shown therapeutic potetial in various diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and cancers through the regulation of key cellular signaling such as apoptosis, as well as molecular pathways such as microRNA modulation. It has been reported that resveratrol acts as an anticancer agent against lung cancer in vivo and in vitro. Resveratrol could combat against lung cancer by modulating various molecular targets and signaling pathways involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autoghagy and also microRNAs expression. Moreover, novel delivery systems and analogs have recently been introduced to promote the anticancer impacts of resveratrol. In this article, we review current evidence on the anticancer effects of resveratrol and its novel formulations in the treatment of lung cancer with a focus on underlying mechanisms.

A Review of the Dual Role of MicroRNA-21 in Cardiovascular Diseases: Risk Factor or a Potential Therapeutic Target

Cardiovascular diseases [CVD] are the number one reason for morbidity and mortality in the modern world, and their incidence is increasing at an incredible pace. Increasing evidence has shown the significant functions of microRNAs in the cardiovascular system and has highlighted their potential application as a new era of diagnostic and therapeutic targets for CVD that can improve the prognosis and life expectancy of patients. Among more than 2,000 microRNAs, microRNA-21 [miR-21] is highly expressed in human hearts and has earned the interest of researchers as a potential biomarker in a wide range of common heart conditions. Here, we summarized recent research progress regarding the significant role of miR-21 in CVD, focusing on cardiotoxicity, heart arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies, and hypertension. Several signaling pathways [TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling, FGFR1/FGF21/PPARγ, NF-κB/miR-21/SMAD7, miR-21/SPRY1/ERK/mTOR …] and molecular targets [BTG2, PDCD4, PTEN, STAT3…] were reported to be controlled, at least partially, by miR-21 and are linked to CVD pathogenesis. Most investigations highlighted miR-21 cardioprotective functions in heart injury, while some other studies showed that this miR is elevated in the serum/tissue of patients, promoting fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction. This dual role can be explained by the fact that miR-21 has multiple regulatory functions depending on the microenvironment, downstream signaling, and target genes, which indicates that cell-type-specific investigations should receive more attention. With further investigations, miR-21 can be considered a novel tailored therapy with favorable outcomes.

Application of Quercetin and its Novel Formulations in the Treatment of Malignancies of Central Nervous System: An Updated Review of Current Evidence Based on Molecular Mechanisms

Quercetin, a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in abundance in vegetables and fruits, has emerged as a compelling subject of study in cancer treatment. This comprehensive review delves into the significance and originality of quercetin's multifaceted mechanisms of action, with a particular focus on its application in various brain tumors such as glioblastoma, glioma, neuroblastoma, astrocytoma, and medulloblastoma. This review scrutinizes the distinctive facets of quercetin's anti-cancer properties, highlighting its capacity to modulate intricate signaling pathways, trigger apoptosis, impede cell migration, and enhance radiosensitivity in brain tumor cells. Significantly, it synthesizes recent research findings, providing insights into potential structure-activity relationships that hold promise for developing novel quercetin derivatives with heightened effectiveness. By unraveling the unique attributes of quercetin's anti-brain tumor effects and exploring its untapped potential in combination therapies, this review contributes to a deeper comprehension of quercetin's role as a prospective candidate for advancing innovative treatments for brain cancer.

Anticancer Properties of Baicalin against Breast Cancer and other Gynecological Cancers: Therapeutic Opportunities based on Underlying Mechanisms

Gynecological cancers are serious life-threatening diseases responsible for high morbidity and mortality around the world. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are considered standard therapeutic modalities for these cancers. Since the mentioned treatments have undesirable side effects and are not effective enough, further attempts are required to explore potent complementary and/or alternative treatments. This study was designed to review and discuss the anticancer potentials of baicalin against gynecological cancers based on causal mechanisms and underlying pathways. Traditional medicine has been used for thousands of years in the therapy of diverse human diseases. The therapeutic effects of natural compounds like baicalin have been widely investigated in cancer therapy. Baicalin was effective against gynecological cancers by regulating key cellular mechanisms, including apoptosis, autophagy, and angiogenesis. Baicalin exerted its anticancer property by regulating most molecular signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NFκB, MAPK/ERK, and Wnt/β-catenin. However, more numerous experimental and clinical studies should be designed to find the efficacy of baicalin and the related mechanisms of action.

Protective Effect of Chrysin against Chlorpyrifos-Induced Metabolic Impairment and Pancreatitis in Male Rats

BACKGROUND

This study was performed to evaluate the protective effects of chrysin (CH) on metabolic impairment and pancreatic injury caused by sub-chronic chlorpyrifos (CPF) intoxication in male rats.

METHODS

Forty male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups (n=8). Intraperitoneal injections of chrysin (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg for 45 days) and CPF (10 mg/kg for 45 days) gavage were performed. Present findings indicated that the serum levels of glucose, total cholesterol, and lowdensity lipoprotein-cholesterol, as well as body weight, were increased in the CPF-exposed group.

RESULTS

It was also found that CPF decreased superoxide dismutase activity as well as increased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels in the pancreatic tissue of exposed animals. Histopathological examination also confirmed the toxic effects of CPF on pancreatic tissue as mostly evidenced by infiltration of inflammatory cells and necrosis. CH (50 mg/kg) decreased blood glucose concentration (p < 0.05), TG (p < 0.05), and LDL-C in CPF-exposed animals. CH decreased the pancreas levels of MDA in all treated CPF-exposed groups versus the non-treated CPF-exposed group (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). A significant difference was not seen in the NO and MDA levels and SOD activity between CH-treated (50 mg/kg) animals exposed to CPF and controls. A significant difference was not seen in the NO and MDA levels and SOD activity between CHtreated (50 mg/kg) animals exposed to CPF and controls.

CONCLUSION

A significant difference was not seen in the NO and MDA levels and SOD activity between CH-treated (50 mg/kg) animals exposed to CPF and controls. In conclusion, CH could prevent initiate and progress of CPF-induced metabolic impairment by modulating oxidative stress in pancreatic tissue as a target organ of organophosphorus pesticides.

Genistein Effects on Various Human Disorders Mediated via Nrf2 Signaling

Genistein is a flavonoid, mostly found in soybean extract and is widely used for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Genistein can interact with estrogen receptors due to its structural similarities to estrogen. It also inhibits protein tyrosine kinases and affects a variety of intracellular signal transductions. Genistein attenuates oxidative stress via diverse cellular mechanisms. However, nuclear factor (erythroidderived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), the main antioxidant regulator, potentiates genistein's antioxidant effects and reduces cell damage. Nrf2 includes of seven domains and controls the expression of the phase II antioxidant enzymes to decrease oxidative stress. In this review, we address findings related to Nrf2 signaling pathways in the context of genistein's effects on diverse human diseases.

Covid-19 Prevention and Treatment by Targeting Fc-fusion Proteins: An Experience to Fight Emerging Diseases

The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has been considered a major threat to human health. Effective therapeutic approaches are urgently required. Spike protein and the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors have critical roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection. As a result, these two proteins are considered potential targets for the development of a wide variety of biotherapeutics and vaccines for controlling Covid-19. The fusion proteins have desirable medicinal properties, including high serum half-life, stability, and solubility in the body. Moreover, other Fc-fusion proteins used to treat other diseases have no known side effects. These Fc-fusion proteins are valuable biopharmaceuticals and have been proposed as therapeutic candidates for the treatment and prevention of Covid-19 owing to their potential therapeutic benefits.

Nrf2 Mediates Effect of Resveratrol in Ischemia-reperfusion Injury

Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury (IRI) is a paradoxical phenomenon where removing the source of injury can cause additional damage. Ischemia reduces ATP production and intracellular pH, reducing oxidative reactions, increasing lactic acid release, and activating anaerobic metabolism. Reperfusion restores aerobic respiration and increases ROS production, leading to malfunction of transmembrane transport, activation of proteases, DNA dissolution, and protein denaturation, leading to apoptotic cell death. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates cellular inflammation and oxidative responses. It is activated by oxidants and electrophiles and enhances detoxifying enzyme expression, maintaining redox homeostasis. It also activates ARE, which activates several ARE-regulated genes that favor cell survival by exhibiting resistance to oxidants and electrophiles. Nrf2 regulates the antioxidant defense system by producing phase II and antioxidant defense enzymes, including HO-1, NQO-1, gglutamylcysteine synthetase, and rate-limiting enzymes for glutathione synthesis. Nrf2 protects mitochondria from damage and supports mitochondrial function in stress conditions. Resveratrol is a stilbene-based compound with a wide variety of health benefits for humans, including antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antitumor, and estrogenic/antiestrogenic. Resveratrol protects against IRI through several signaling pathways, including the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Here, we review the studies that investigated the mechanisms of resveratrol protection against IRI through modulation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

The Protective Effect of Curcumin Against Cardiotoxic Effects Induced by Chronic Exposure to Chlorpyrifos

AIMS

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Chlorpyrifos (CPF) in rat heart tissue and the effect of Curcumin (Cur) on cardiac enzymes, oxidative indices, and histopathological changes in the cardiac tissue.

BACKGROUND

CPF, the most used organophosphorus pesticide (OP), has been reported to induce cardiotoxic effects.

OBJECTIVE

The cardioprotective effects of Cur against CPF-induced toxicity have not been entirely investigated till now.

METHOD

Forty male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups (n=8). C group (Control animals that received olive oil), CPF group (10 mg/kg/day), CPF + Cur 25, CPF + Cur 50, and CPF + Cur 100 groups (animals received 10 mg/kg/day CPF and 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg Cur, respectively). All treatments were administered via oral gavage for 90 days. Cardiac enzymes (LDH & CPK) and oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers in heart tissue (malondialdehyde, Superoxide Dismutase) were measured. Histopathological changes in the heart tissue were also evaluated.

RESULT

Chronic exposure to CPF significantly increased cardiac enzyme levels and OS biomarkers. Histological changes were found, including disorganization of the cardiac muscle fibers with disorganization and degeneration in myocardial fibers with separation of myofibrils and cytoplasmic vacuolization of cardiac muscle fibers. Administration of Cur (100 mg/kg) reversed serum LDH concentration and OS biomarkers to normal levels in CPF-exposed animals (p < 0.05) and significantly improved cardiac damage.

CONCLUSION

According to the results of this study, Cur can reduce the adverse effects of long-term exposure to CPF in rat heart tissue by modulating OS.

Targeting the NF-E2-related factor 2 pathway for overcoming leukemia

Leukemia is cancer of the body's blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and the lymphatic system. There are many types of leukemia that some of them occur in children and the others are more common in adults. Currently, there are many different chemotherapy agents for leukemia while chemoresistance increases the survival of the leukemic cells. One of the main reasons of chemoresistance, is a transcription factor called Nuclear factor erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2). An increase in NRF2 expression in leukemic cells which are being treated with chemotherapy agents, can increase the survival of these cells in the presence of therapeutics. Accordingly, the inhibition of NRF2 by different methods as a cotreatment with classical chemotherapy agents, can be a promising procedure in leukemia treatment. In this study we focus on the association of NRF2 and leukemia and targeting it as a new therapeutic method in leukemia treatment.

miRNA contributes to neuropathic pains

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a kind of chronic pain caused by direct injury to the peripheral or central nervous system (CNS). microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that mostly interact with the 3 untranslated region of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to regulate the expression of multiple genes. NP is characterized by changes in the expression of receptors and mediators, and there is evidence that miRNAs may contribute to some of these alterations. In this review, we aimed to fully comprehend the connection between NP and miRNA; and also, to establish a link between neurology, biology, and dentistry. Studies have shown that targeting miRNAs may be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronic pain and potential target for the prevention of NP.

Therapeutic Effects of Berberine against Urological Cancers: Biological Potentials Based on Cellular Mechanisms

Urological cancers, including prostate, kidney, and bladder cancer are problematic human diseases worldwide. Current strategies for the treatment of these cancers are chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, or a combination of mentioned therapies. Due to the high mortality and morbidity rate of urological cancers and possible side effects of available standard treatments, searching for more effective and safe treatments is a critical issue. The beneficial properties of natural compounds, such as berberine, have been widely investigated in human diseases. Moreover, the anticancer potential of this agent has been extensively documented, especially in experimental studies. In this review, we have tried to discuss the effect of berberine against urological cancers, focusing on cellular and molecular mechanisms.

Protective Roles and Therapeutic Effects of Gallic Acid in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: Current Trends and Future Directions

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are serious life-threatening illnesses and significant problematic issues for public health having a heavy economic burden on all society worldwide. The high incidence of these diseases as well as high mortality rates make them the leading causes of death and disability. Therefore, finding novel and more effective therapeutic methods is urgently required. Gallic acid, an herbal medicine with numerous biological properties, has been utilized in the treatment of various diseases for thousands of years. It has been demonstrated that gallic acid possesses pharmacological potential in regulating several molecular and cellular processes such as apoptosis and autophagy. Moreover, gallic acid has been investigated in the treatment of CVDs both in vivo and in vitro. Herein, we aimed to review the available evidence on the therapeutic application of gallic acid for CVDs including myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and infarction, drug-induced cardiotoxicity, hypertension, cardiac fibrosis, and heart failure, with a focus on underlying mechanisms.

A systematic review of photocatalytic degradation of humic acid in aqueous solution using nanoparticles

OBJECTIVES

Humic acid (HA) compounds in the disinfection processes of drinking water and wastewater are considered as precursors of highly toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic disinfectant by-products. The aim of this study was to systematically review all research studies on the photocatalytic degradation of humic acid and to evaluate the laboratory conditions and results of these studies.

CONTENT

The present systematic review was performed by searching the Scopus, PubMed, and web of science databases until December 2021. The parameters of type of catalyst, catalyst size, optimum pH, optimum initial concentration of humic Acid, optimum catalyst concentration, optimum time, light used and removal efficiency were investigated.

SUMMARY

395 studies were screened and using the inclusion and exclusion criteria, in total, 20 studies met our inclusion criteria and provided the information necessary to Photocatalytic degradation of humic acid by nanoparticles. In the investigated studies, the percentage of photocatalytic degradation of humic acid by nanoparticles was reported to be above 70%, and in some studies, the removal efficiency had reached 100%.

OUTLOOK

From the results of this systematic review, it was concluded that the photocatalytic process using nanoparticles has a high effect on the degradation of humic acid.

Anticancer activity of thymoquinone against breast cancer cells: Mechanisms of action and delivery approaches

The rising incidence of breast cancer has been a significant source of concern in the medical community. Regarding the adverse effects and consequences of current treatments, cancers' health, and socio-economical aspects have become more complicated, leaving research aimed at improved or new treatments on top priority. Medicinal herbs contain multitarget compounds that can control cancer development and advancement. Owing to Nigella Sativa's elements, it can treat many disorders. Thymoquinone (TQ) is a natural chemical derived from the black seeds of Nigella sativa Linn proved to have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. TQ interferes in a broad spectrum of tumorigenic procedures and inhibits carcinogenesis, malignant development, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis owing to its multitargeting ability. It effectively facilitates miR-34a up-regulation, regulates the p53-dependent pathway, and suppresses Rac1 expression. TQ promotes apoptosis and controls the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes. It has also been shown to diminish the phosphorylation of NF-B and IKK and decrease the metastasis and ERK1/2 and PI3K activity. We discuss TQ's cytotoxic effects for breast cancer treatment with a deep look at the relevant stimulatory or inhibitory signaling pathways. This review discusses the various forms of polymeric and non-polymeric nanocarriers (NC) and the encapsulation of TQ for increasing oral bioavailability and enhanced in vitro and in vivo efficacy of TQ-combined treatment with different chemotherapeutic agents against various breast cancer cell lines. This study can be useful to a broad scientific community, comprising pharmaceutical and biological scientists, as well as clinical investigators.

Anti-gout and urate-lowering potentials of curcumin: A review from bench to beside

BACKGROUND

Gouty arthritis is a complex form of inflammatory arthritis, triggered by the sedimentation of monosodium urate crystals in periarticular tissues, synovial joints, and other sites in the body. Curcumin is a natural polyphenol compound, isolated from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa, possessing countless physiological features, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-rheumatic qualities.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to discuss the beneficial impacts of curcumin and its mechanism in treating gout disease.

METHODS

Ten English and Persian databases were used to conduct a thorough literature search. Studies examining the anti-gouty arthritis effects of curcumin and meeting the inclusion criteria were included.

RESULTS

According to the studies, curcumin has shown xanthine oxidase and urate transporter-1 inhibitory properties, uric acid inhibitory characteristics, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, some articles found no prominent reduction in uric acid levels.

CONCLUSION

In this review, we emphasized the potency of curcumin and its compounds against gouty arthritis. Despite the potency, we suggest an additional well-designed evaluation of curcumin, before its therapeutic effectiveness is completely approved as an anti-gouty arthritis agent.

Polychlorinated biphenyls and thyroid function: a scoping review

OBJECTIVE

Numerous evidence indicates the association between polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), an endocrine disrupter, with thyroid hormone disruption, contradictory findings also exist. Herein, we tried to address this question by performing a scoping review.

CONTENT

The search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases from 2010 onwards. Animal studies on PCBs' effect on thyroid function were searched. The SYRCLE's RoB scale assessed the risk of bias. I2 and Q tests are used for investigating heterogeneity. A random-effects model with the pooled standard means difference (SMD) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) was performed for the TSH, TT4, TT3, and FT4 outcomes using Comprehensive Meta-Analyses (CMA) Software version 3. Also, we conducted subgroup analyses based on the different types of PCB. The initial search identified 1,279 publications from the main databases 26 of them fulfilled our eligibility criteria for the study, and then five studies among selected studies had sufficient data for analysis. Meta-analysis of data revealed that Aroclor 1260 (SDM: -0.47, 95 % CI: -0.92, -0.01, p=0.044) and PCB 126 (SDM: 0.17, 95 % CI: -0.40, 0.75, p=0.559) significantly increased TSH concentration in the exposed groups vs. the control groups. Related to the effects of PCBs on the TT4, our findings indicated a significant reduction the TT4 concentration of animals exposed to Aroclor 1260 (SDM: -5.62, 95 % CI: -8.30, -2.94, p=0.0001), PCB 118 (SDM: -6.24, 95 % CI: -7.76, -4.72, p=0.0001), PCB 126 (SDM: -1.81, 95 % CI: -2.90, -0.71, p=0.001), and PCB 153 (SDM: -1.32, 95 % CI: -2.29, -0.35, p=0.007) vs. the controls. Our meta-analysis indicated a significant increase in TT3 concentration following exposure to PCB 118 and PCB 153 (SDM: -0.89, 95 % CI: -1.36, -0.42, p=0.0001, and SDM: -1.45, 95 % CI: -2.15, -0.75, p=0.0001, respectively). Aroclor 1254 and PCB 126 significantly decreased TT3 concentration (SDM: 1.25, 95 % CI: 0.29, 2.21, p=0.01 and SDM: 3.33, 95 % CI: 2.49, 4.18, p=0.0001, respectively). PCB 126 significantly decreased FT4 in the exposed groups vs. the control groups (SDM: -7.80, 95 % CI: -11.51, -5.35, p=0.0001).

SUMMARY

Our findings showed an association between PCBs exposure and hypothyroidism in rodents, fish, and chicken embryos.

OUTLOOK

Regarding to the most evidence of hypothyroidism effects of PCBs in animal species, it is necessary to consider large cohort studies to address the association between PCBs exposure and thyroid function impairment in humans.

Oncogenic alterations of metabolism associated with resistance to chemotherapy

Metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells is a strategy to meet high proliferation rates, invasion, and metastasis. Also, several researchers indicated that the cellular metabolism changed during the resistance to chemotherapy. Since glycolytic enzymes play a prominent role in these alterations, the ability to reduce resistance to chemotherapy drugs is promising for cancer patients. Oscillating gene expression of these enzymes was involved in the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. This review discussed the roles of some glycolytic enzymes associated with cancer progression and resistance to chemotherapy in the various cancer types.

Evaluation of the hepatotoxicity of buprenorphine in rat pups born to an exposed mother during lactation

Aim/ Background: This study aimed to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of buprenorphine in lactating rat pups of buprenorphine-injected mothers. Buprenorphine (BUP), a semisynthetic opioid, is increasingly administrated as a first-line standard maintenance treatment for opioid dependence due to its high safety and efficacy compared to other opioids. Numerous studies have confirmed the safety of BUP maintenance treatment in addicted patients Objective: This study was designed to assess the effects of BUP on the activities of liver enzymes, oxidative parameters, and liver histopathological changes in pups born to a mother exposed to this drug during lactation.

METHODS

BUP at a dose of 0.5 or 0.1 mg/kg was subcutaneously administrated to lactating rats for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, the pups were anesthetized, and blood samples were obtained from their hearts for measuring liver enzymes. Then the livers of the animals were dissected to measure oxidative stress parameters. In addition, the liver samples were fixed for histopathological evaluation.

RESULTS

The findings indicated a decrease in the activities of serum liver enzymes (ALT and AST) of the pups born to mothers exposed to 0.5 and 1 mg/kg of BUP during lactation. BUP could not change malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO) levels, nor superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the liver tissue of animals. Some vacuolated hepatocytes with dark, eccentric nuclei, necrosis with karyolytic nuclei, mitotic figures, and multiple binucleated cells were seen in the pups which received 1 mg/kg of BUP.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, BUP may induce liver dysfunction in pups born to mothers exposed to this drug during lactation.

Involvement of Nrf2 signaling in lead-induced toxicity

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is used as one of the main protective factors against various pathological processes, as it regulates cells resistant to oxidation. Several studies have extensively explored the relationship between environmental exposure to heavy metals, particularly lead (Pb), and the development of various human diseases. These metals have been reported to be able to, directly and indirectly, induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause oxidative stress in various organs. Since Nrf2 signaling is important in maintaining redox status, it has a dual role depending on the specific biological context. On the one hand, Nrf2 provides a protective mechanism against metal-induced toxicity; on the other hand, it can induce metal-induced carcinogenesis upon prolonged exposure and activation. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the latest knowledge on the functional interrelation between toxic metals, such as Pb and Nrf2 signaling.

Differences in clinical and lab characteristics of sepsis between opium user patients and patients with no illicit drug addiction

BACKGROUND

Sepsis is a significant cause of mortality worldwide. This study aimed to compare clinical and laboratory characteristics of sepsis in patients addicted to illicit drugs versus patients with no illicit drug addiction.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, all patients hospitalized with sepsis diagnosis were recruited within six months from September to March 2019. Sixty patients for each group (illicit drug-addicted and non-addicted individuals) were selected. The data relating to illicit drug consumption, serum indices, the current focus of infection, duration of hospitalization, and disease outcomes were collected. Patients who had an illicit drug addiction were compared with non-addicted patients in terms of clinical and laboratory parameters. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS software (version 19).

RESULTS

The bacterial load in the urine culture was statistically significant in both groups and higher in the non-addicted group. The frequency distributions of focus of infection, duration of hospitalization, and outcome were not significantly different between the two groups. The serum sodium and total neutrophils were significantly higher in the addicted group. However, the MCHC level was significantly lower (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Opium may have stimulated the immune system and reduced bacterial infection in septic patient users.

Protective effects of curcumin and its analogues via the Nrf2 pathway in metabolic syndrome

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) refers to a set of medical conditions including insulin resistance, central obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Due to these dysregulations, if not treated, MetS could increase the risk of CVA, CVD, and diabetes. As described by WHO, CVD is the leading cause of mortality in the world which motivates researchers to investigate the management of its risk factors, especially MetS. It is reported that oxidative stress secondary to the abundant generation of free radicals oxygen species (ROS) and the ensuing altered redox status play an important role as a mediator in MetS. As a result, using new antioxidant agents with higher bioavailability has been proposed as an efficient treatment. Curcumin (a polyphenol of the diarylheptanoids class), which is used as a traditional medicine for various diseases including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, is characterized by its antioxidant properties which, at least in part, are mediated via the activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that plays a key role in regulating internal defense systems and increases antioxidant levels to decrease oxidative damage and cell apoptosis. Nrf2 expression and stability are enhanced by curcumin, leading to a higher rate of Nrf2 migration to the cell nucleus to regulate ARE gene expression, thus protecting cells against oxidative stress. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the molecular effect of curcumin and its derivatives via Nrf2 regulation in several conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity.

The effects of Berberis vulgaris L. and Berberis aristata L. in metabolic syndrome patients: a systematic and meta-analysis study

INTRODUCTION

This meta-analysis study assessed the effects of Berberis vulgaris L. and Berberis aristata L. in patients with metabolic syndrome.

METHODS

Data were analysed through "random-effects meta-regression" performance.

RESULTS

The findings indicated that LDL was 0.68 and 2.92 lower in the B. vulgaris L. and B. aristata L.-treated groups versus the controls. The HDL was 0.71-fold higher in the B. aristata L.-treated group versus the controls. The total-cholesterol levels were 1.02 and 2.25 folds lower in the B. vulgaris L. and B. aristata L.-treated groups versus the matched control groups. The triglyceride levels were 1.35 and 1.16-fold lower in the B. vulgaris L. and B. aristata L.-treated groups versus the controls. Glucose was 0.96 and 0.54 folds lower in the B. vulgaris L. and B. aristata L.-treated groups versus the control groups, respectively.

CONCLUSION

B. vulgaris L. and B. aristata L. have beneficial effects in patients with metabolic syndrome.

Protective effects of chrysin on hippocampal damage induced by chlorpyrifos in adult rats

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate the possible effects of chlorpyrifos on the rat hippocampus and evaluate whether these effects can be decreased with chrysin co-administration in an animal model.

METHODS

Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups; Control (C), Chlorpyrifos (CPF), Chlorpyrifos + Chrysin (12.5mg/kg) (CPF + CH1), Chlorpyrifos + Chrysin (25mg/kg) (CPF + CH2), Chlorpyrifos + Chrysin (50 mg/kg) (CPF + CH3). After 45 days, hippocampus tissues were evaluated by biochemical and histopathological tests.

RESULTS

Biochemical findings indicated that CPF and CPF plus CH administration could not significantly change SOD activity, and MAD, GSH, and NO levels in the hippocampus tissue of animals versus controls. Histopathological findings of the toxic effects of CPF on hippocampus tissue as evidenced by inflammatory cell infiltration, degeneration/necrosis, and mild hyperemia. CH could ameliorate these histopathological changes in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, CH was effective against histopathological damage induced by CPF in the hippocampus through modulating inflammation and apoptosis.

Buprenorphine administration during gestation induces hepatotoxicity in the rat fetus

This study investigated the effect of buprenorphine (BUP) on the livers of pups exposed to this drug during the fetal stage. BUP decreased the activities of serum liver enzymes in exposed animals versus the controls. BUP (0.5 mg/kg) decreased malondialdehyde levels and increased the glutathione levels in the liver of animals versus other groups. The superoxide dismutase activity was elevated in the BUP 0.5 mg/kg group versus the control group. BUP (1 mg/kg) induced histopathological changes in the livers of pups. In conclusion, BUP may induce hepatotoxicity in pups exposed to this drug during the fetal stage.

Evaluation Of The Effectiveness of Dantrolene Sodium against Digoxin-Induced Cardiotoxicity In Adult Rats

BACKGROUND

Digoxin poisoning commonly occurs in people treated with digoxin. It has been suggested that treatment with dantrolene may be a suitable strategy for digoxin-induced cardiotoxicity.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of dantrolene on digoxin-induced cardiotoxicity in male rats.

METHODS

This study was approved by the ethics committee of Birjand University of Medical Sciences (Ethical number: IR.BUMS.REC.1400.067). Forty-two Wistar rats weighing between 300- 350 gr were randomly allocated to 7 groups (n=6) as follows:Normal Saline (NS) group, Normal Saline + Ethanol (NS + ETOH) group), Normal Saline + dantrolene 10 mg/kg (NS + Dan 10) group, Digoxin (Dig) group), Digoxin + dantrolene 5 mg/kg (Dig + Dan 5) group),Digoxin + dantrolene 10 mg/kg (Dig + Dan 10) group), Digoxin + dantrolene 20 mg/kg (Dig + Dan 20) group), Dig was injected intravenously at 12 mL / h (0.25 mg / mL). Dan (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) was injected intravenously at 5-8 min/mL. After 1 hour, blood samples were obtained from the animals&#039; cavernous sinus and each animal&#039;s heartremoved. The blood sample was rapidly centrifuged at 2,500 rpm for 10 minutes and the serum was separated for measurement of creatine phosphokinase (CPK), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). The samples were stored at -20 oC. The heart samples were fixed in formalin 10% for histopathological evaluation.

RESULTS

K levels slightly increased in the dig group versus the NS group. A significant increase in the K levels was observed in the Dig + Dan 20 group versus the NS group (p < 0.001). dig slightly decreased Ca levels in the treated group versus the NS group. The levels of Ca significantly increased in the Dig + Dan 10 group versus the Dig group (p < 0.05). Histological examination of the heart tissue in the dig group showed cardiomyocyte degeneration, increased edematous intramuscular space associated with hemorrhage, and congestion. Focal inflammatory cell accumulation in the heart tissue was also seen. Cardiomyocytes were clear and arranged in good order in the Dig + Dan 10 group.

CONCLUSION

dantrolene (10 mg/kg) was cardioprotective in a model of digoxin-induced cardiotoxicity, secondary to cardiac remodeling and hyperkalemia. However, further research is necessary to determine dantrolene&#039;s cardioprotective and cardiotoxic doses in animal models.

Curcumin Combats Against Gastrointestinal Cancer: A Review of Current Knowledge Regarding Epigenetics Mechanisms with a Focus on DNA Methylation

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are one of the most common human malignancies and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. One of the most prominent hallmarks of cancer and a basic trait of almost all GI malignancies is genomic/epigenomics alterations. DNA methylation is highlighted as a fundamental mechanism underlying the inactivation of several tumor-suppressor gene signaling pathways. Thus, sites of DNA methylation can be triggered for cancer therapy. Available therapeutic procedures for GI cancer show unsatisfactory efficacy, and some treatments are associated with severe side effects, including ulceration or bleeding. Therefore, it is essential to find alternative treatments. There is growing evidence indicating that some chemopreventive phytochemicals can combat cancer. One of the most systematically investigated nutraceuticals for its advantages in managing different diseases is curcumin (CUR). CUR is well known for its potent anticancer characteristics by targeting epigenetic mechanisms, with DNA methylation at the forefront. Prior investigations have indicated that CUR treatment can benefit GI cancers by controlling several signaling pathways related to oxidative stress and epigenomics pathways. The present literature displays recent evidence regarding DNA methylation alterations by CUR and its potential role in GI cancer prevention and treatment.

Chrysin effect against gastric cancer: focus on its molecular mechanisms

Gastric cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in the world. Various therapeutic modalities have been used for its treatment, but all exhibit severe side effects, establishing the need for novel approaches. Chrysin is a phytomedicine compound belonging to the flavonoid group. It is found in honey and many plants. Its antitumor effects have been documented against gastric cancer cell lines in vitro, establishing its effects are mediated via different pathways and the expression of miRNA. In this review, we summarize the available literature on chrysin and its effects on gastric cancer, focusing on the cellular mechanisms it targets.

Oxytocin Effect in Adult Patients with Autism: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

INTRODUCTION

The efficacy of oxytocin in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has not been fully characterized. This systematic review and meta-analysis study evaluated randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the treatment of intranasally administered oxytocin for autism.

METHODS

The study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement. Two authors searched Scopus, PubMed/ Medline, Google Scholar, and Web of Science search engines and databases from inception through December 2020. Quality assessment was carried out by with the "ROB-2, Cochrane collaboration's tool". The random-effects model was used for pooled analyses. I2 and Q tests were used to investigate study heterogeneity. The visual inspection of funnel plots along with Egger's regression asymmetry test was used to assess the potential sources of publication bias.

RESULTS

Ten RCTs were selected for the systematic review. No study corroborated the efficacy of oxytocin for the treatment of anxiety and repetitive behavior. One out of 4 studies reported clinical improvement in severity, and 1 out of 6 studies indicated improvement in social function. Our metaanalyses findings suggest that oxytocin shows no significant efficacy in the treatment of anxiety (SMD: -0.168, SE= 0.112; 95% CI: -0.387, 0.050, p = 0.132), repetitive behavior (SMD: -0.078, SE= 0.155; 95% CI: -0.382, 0.225, p = 0.614), social function (SMD: -0.018, SE= 0.133; 95% CI: -0.279, 0.242, p = 0.891) and severity (SMD: -0.084, SE= 132; 95% CI: -0.343, 0.175, p = 0.524) of autism. No significant heterogeneity nor publication bias were observed between studies.

CONCLUSION

Our findings failed to corroborate the efficacy of oxytocin in the treatment of ASD. Nonetheless, given the several limitations of our study, the results should be interpreted cautiously and stimulate future research on this timely topic.

Role of miRNAs in mediating organophosphate compounds induced toxicity

Organophosphate compounds (OPCs) are a diverse class of chemicals utilized in both industrial and agricultural settings. The exact molecular pathways that OPCs-induced toxicity is caused by are still being investigated, despite the fact that studies on this topic have been ongoing for a long time. As a result, it's important to identify innovative strategies to uncover these processes and further the understanding of the pathways involved in OPCs-induced toxicity. In this context, determining the role of microRNAs (miRs) in the toxicity caused by OPCs should be taken into consideration. Recent research on the regulation function of miRs presents key discoveries to identify any gaps in the toxicity mechanisms of OPCs. As diagnostic indicators for toxicity in people exposed to OPCs, various expression miRs can also be used. The results of experimental and human studies into the expression profiles of miRs in OPCs-induced toxicity have been compiled in this article.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Associated Potential Factors among the Elderly in the East of Iran

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

This cross-sectional study aimed to determine potential factors with a strong association with metabolic syndrome (MetS) among obesity and lipid-related parameters, and liver enzymes, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and blood pressure (BP) as well as some sociodemographic factors in elderly over 60 years old from a sample of Birjand Longitudinal Aging Study (BLAS).

METHODS

A total of 1366 elderly Birjand participants were enrolled and divided into non-MetS (n = 512) and MetS (n = 854) groups based on the status of MetS from January 2018 to October 2018. The anthropometric parameters, blood lipid profiles, liver enzymes, and disease history were evaluated and recorded.

RESULTS

62.5% of the participants from our sample of elderly Birjand have MetS (33.4% in males and 66.6% in females). The prevalence of MetS in females was significantly higher than in males (P < 0.001). The increasing trend in the number of MetS components (from 0 to 5) was observed in females (p < 0.001). Odds ratio showed a strong association between female gender [8.33 (5.88- 11.82)], obesity [8.00 (4.87-13.14)], and overweight [2.44 (1.76-3.40)] with MetS and acceptable association between TG/HDL [(1.85 (1.62-2.12)] with MetS.

CONCLUSION

This study indicated that the female sex, overweight and obesity have a strong association with MetS and TG/HDL has an acceptable association found in the sample of the elderly Birjand population. However, due to the obvious limitations of our study including the homogeneous sex and race of population, and no adjustment for several important confounding factors including sex, different ages, stage in the elderly, alcohol consumption, smoking, married status, physical activity, diet, and family history of CVD, more epidemiological investigations are needed to address this question.

The Protective Role of Grape Seed in Obesity and Lipid Profile: An Updated Narrative Overview of Preclinical and Clinical Studies

Obesity and dyslipidemia are common disorders universally. According to the acquired outcomes of recent studies, dietary supplementations which have great content of phenolic compounds exert protective effects against obesity and dyslipidemia. Grape [Vitis vinifera] seeds are considered attractive sources of phenolic compounds with anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects. There are also various experimental studies describing hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-aging, cardioprotective, and anti-carcinogenic effects of polyphenols isolated from grape seed, highlighting the therapeutic and biological aspects of proanthocyanidins. The present review article first discusses pharmacological, botanical, toxicological, and phytochemical characteristics of Vitis vinifera seeds and afterward designates the protective properties which are attributed to the intake of grape seeds in obesity and hyperlipidemia. Overall valuable and updated findings of this study display that polyphenol of grape seeds has meaningful impacts on the regulation of lipid profile levels and management of obesity.

Glyphosate effects on the female reproductive systems: a systematic review

Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are organophosphate pesticides, which interrupt the chemicals involved in the endocrine system and cause lifelong disorders in women's reproductive system. The current study was designed to systematically evaluate the association between GBH exposure and the female reproductive tract. According to PRISMA Guidelines, the systematic review was performed, searching online databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, throughout April 2020. Studies with Rodent, lamb, and fish or exposed to GBH to affect the female reproductive system were selected. All studies were in the English language. Two investigators independently assessed the articles. The first author's name, publication date, animal model, age, sample size, gender, dose, duration, and route of exposure and outcomes were extracted from each publication. The present review summarizes 14 publications on uterus alterations and oocytes, histological changes ovary, and assessed mRNA expression, protein expression, serum levels progesterone, and estrogen and intracellular Reaction Oxygen Species (ROS) in rodents, fish, and lamb exposed to GHB exposure. Most of the studies reported histological changes in ovarian and uterus tissue, alterations in serum levels, and increased oxidative stress level following exposure to GBH. Additionally, due to alterations in the reproductive systems (e.g., histomorphological changes, reduction of the mature follicles, higher atretic follicles, and interstitial fibrosis), it seems the GBH-induced female these alterations are both dose- and time-dependent. The present findings support an association between GBH exposure and female reproductive system diseases. However, more studies are needed to identify the mechanisms disrupting the effects of GBH and their underlying mechanisms. Considering the current literature, it is recommended that further investigations be focused on the possible effects of various pesticides on the human reproductive system.

Curcumin and blood lipid levels: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials

The present study was designed to indicate the protective effects of curcumin on dyslipidemia. Main databases were searched to recognise randomised clinical trials evaluating the effect of curcumin on blood lipid profiles. The pooled odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to evaluate the effect of curcumin on blood lipid parameters. HDL-C levels in the curcumin group were 0.04-fold lower than placebo (95% CI:-0.36-0.29; Z = 0.23; p = .82). LDL-C levels in the curcumin group reduced by 0.17 versus the placebo group (95% CI: -0.43-0.09; Z = 1.27; p = .2). TC levels in the curcumin group were 0.21 lower versus the placebo group (95% CI: -0.55-0.13; Z = 1.22; p = .22). TG level in the curcumin group were 0.05 lower versus the placebo (95% CI: -0.20-0.11; Z = 0.58; p = .56). This study suggests that curcumin may reduce blood lipid levels and can be used as a hypolipidemic agent.

Withdrawal Notice: The Performance of Interferon-gamma Release Assays and Tuberculin Skin Tests in the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection among Immune-mediated Inflammatory Diseases: A Meta-analysis Study

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Oxidative stress and apoptotic index modifications in the hippocampus of rat pups born to mothers exposed to buprenorphine during lactation

Background

The effect of opioids administration during lactation on nervous system has not fully understood.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the buprenorphine (BUP) impact on oxidative stress indexes and apoptotic gene expression in the hippocampus of neonates exposed to this drug through breastfeeding.

Methods

Lactating female rats were subcutaneously injected with BUP (1 or 0.5 mg/kg). After 28 days, the pups were anesthetized, then their hippocampus were obtained for measurement of oxidative stress parameters [glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] and gene expression of apoptotic indices (Bcl2, Bax and caspase 3).

Results

This study showed that BUP (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) could not markedly change oxidative stress indices levels and apoptotic markers expression in the hippocampus of pups versus controls.

Conclusion

This study did not find BUP effect on the apoptosis and oxidative stress indices in the hippocampus of pups born to mothers exposed to this drug during lactation.

Protective effect of chrysin against chlorpyrifos-induced hepatotoxicity in rat: biochemical and histopathological approaches in a sub-chronic study

Background:

Chrysin (CH) is one of the important natural flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to assess the protective effects of CH on biochemical indexes and histopathological changes in the liver of male Wistar rats exposed to chlorpyrifos (CPF).

Methods:

We induced sub-chronic toxicity in rats using CPF (10 mg/kg/day, orally) and administrated CH at 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day for 45 days.

Results:

In this study, CPF increased the liver enzymes activities compared with the control group (p < 0.05), and co-treated CH with CPF reduced them compared with the non-treated CPF group (p < 0.05). A significant reduction in the liver GSH concentration along with a significant elevation in the concentrations of MDA and NO in the CPF group was observed compared with the control group (p < 0.001). However, CH at a dose of 50 mg could reverse them nearly to the control group (p < 0.001). In the CPF, CPF + CH1, and CPF + CH2 groups, a marked (p < 0.05) increase was found in the serum concentration of IL-6 compared with the control animals. No significant changes were found in the IL-6 concentration of the CPF + CH3 compared with the controls. Moreover, the co-administration of CH plus CPF induced the histopathological alterations in liver.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that CH attenuates hepatic enzymes and histopathological alterations induced by CPF via modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory indices in rats.

Mechanistic Features and Therapeutic Implications related to the MiRNAs and Wnt Signaling Regulatory in Breast Cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is accountable for a large number of female-related malignancies that lead to lethality worldwide. Various factors are considered in the occurrence of BC, including deregulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Genetic factors such as microRNAs (miRs) are crucially responsible for BC progression and aggressiveness. Hence, the association of miRs and EMT regulators (e.g., Wnt signaling pathway) is of importance. In the present review, we accurately discussed this interplay (interaction between Wnt and miRs) concerning cell -invasion, -migration, -differentiation, -chemoresistance, survival, and -proliferation, and BC prognosis. The putative therapeutic agents, multidrug resistance (MDR) evade, and possible molecular targets are described as well.

Trace element concentration and cognitive dysfunction in elderly residents in Birjand

Trace elements were suggested to have a main role in modulating cognitive function. However, there are several controversial findings regarding the association between serum trace element concentration and cognitive function in patients with cognitive disorders. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the changes in serum trace element concentrations in elderly with cognitive dysfunction versus the participants with normal cognitive function. This cross-sectional study included 191 older adults over 60 years from Birjand County, Iran. Participants were assessed for cognitive performance and serum trace elements concentration including aluminum (AL), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), Chrome (Cr), copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn). Our findings showed no significant difference in the serum concentration of AL, Co, Cr, Zn, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Se of elderly with cognitive dysfunction versus the subjects with normal cognitive function. However, the concentration of Cu significantly increased in the serum of the elderly with cognitive dysfunction versus participants with normal function. In conclusion, our study indicated an increase in the serum concentration of Cu in the elderly with cognitive dysfunction in the sample of the Birjand Longitudinal Aging Study. However, due to the main limitations of our study including low sample size and cross-section design, these findings should be interpreted with caution.

Curcumin Combats Against Organophosphate Pesticides Toxicity: A Review of the Current Evidence and Molecular Pathways

Organophosphate compounds are regarded as a class of pesticides that are used in farming. Their extensive use, especially in developing countries, is a serious public health problem. Numerous studies have shown the effects of these toxins on various parts of the human and other vertebrates' bodies, including the cardiovascular, hepatobiliary, renal, and reproductive systems. Curcumin is a polyphenol compound obtained from the rhizome of the Curcuma longa. Curcumin has been known as a dietary spice, food additive, and traditional medicine since many years ago. In recent decades, the medicinal characteristics, clinical aspects, and biological activity of Curcumin have been extensively examined. The most examined positive characteristics of Curcumin are its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant qualities. This review will deal with the pharmacological properties of Curcumin as well as an update of currently available studies in terms of Curcumin's uses and function against organophosphate pesticides-induced toxicity on different human organs.

Role of Nrf2 in bisphenol effects: a review study

Bisphenols (BPs), the main endocrine-disrupting chemicals used in polycarbonate plastics, epoxy-phenol resins, and some other manufacturers, have been interestingly focused to find their toxic effects in recent years. Due to the strong relation between bisphenols and some crucial receptors such as ERs, AR, glucocorticoid receptor, THRs, ERRs, hPXR, AhR, and etcetera, the disrupting and oncogenic role of these chemicals on reproductive, respiratory, and circulatory systems and a broad group of body tissues have been investigated. BPs induce oxidant enzymes, exert antioxidant enzymes from body cells, and result in the expression of proinflammatory genes, leading to cell apoptosis and inflammation. To maintain the homeostasis of human body cells, Nrf2, the key regulator of oxidative stress (Ashrafizadeh et al., 2020a; Ashrafizadeh et al., 2020c; Boroumand et al., 2018), confronts BP-induced ROS and RNS through the activation of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD1/2, CAT, GSH, GPX, HO-1, and etcetera. Chemicals and drugs such as LUT, NAC, GEN, L-NMMA, Ph₂Se₂, and GE can regulate the interactions between BPs and Nrf2. Despite the vital role of controlled levels of Nrf2 as an anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic element, the uncontrolled activity of this transcription factor could lead to cell proliferation and tumorigenesis through NQO1, SLC7a11, Gclm, HMOX1, NQO1 gene activation, and some other genes. To avoid the excessive activity of Nrf2, some protein complexes like CUL3-RBX1-Keap1 (as the primary regulator), β-TrCP, and WDR23 regulate Nrf2's function. It is necessary to note that BPA, as the most famous member, is further reviewed due to its resemblance to the bisphenol family to each other.

Environmental arsenic exposure and its toxicological effect on thyroid function: a systematic review

OBJECTIVES

This study was performed to review epidemiological evidence related to Arsenic (As) effects on the thyroid function by focusing on the serum thyroid hormone concentration.

CONTENT

As, one of the main pollutants, has been recognized as an endocrine-disrupting agent that may affect the function of thyroid as shown by experimental studies.

SUMMARY

This systematic study indicates the association between As exposure and thyroid dysfunction. The studies have shown an association between serum and urine concentration of arsenic and thyroid dysfunction. Most of them reported the association between increase in the serum or urine As levels and decrease in the triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), and also elevation in the thyrotropic hormone (TSH) levels.

OUTLOOK

Our findings related to the effects of As on the function of thyroid in humans are still limited and future studies should be done to address this question.

Metabolic impact of saffron and crocin: an updated systematic and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials

The present systematic and meta-analysis study was designed to show the protective impact of saffron and crocin supplementation on hyperlipidaemia and hyperglycaemia in randomised and clinical trials (RCTs). A pooled analysis using a model for random-effects showed that HDL-C levels were 0.21 fold higher in the saffron and 0.01 fold higher in the crocin group than placebo. LDL-C levels in the saffron group reduced by 0.51 and 0.04 fold in the crocin group versus the placebo. Moreover, TC levels in the saffron group were 0.19 lower and 0.11 fold lower in crocin group than in the placebo group. TG level in saffron group was 0.04 lower and 0.02 fold lower in crocin than the control group. The blood glucose levels did not significantly differ from the control group. This study suggests that saffron and crocin may modulate the serum lipid profile in patient with metabolic disorders.

The association between environmental cadmium exposure, blood pressure, and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis

We performed a systematic and meta-analysis study to find the association between cadmium (Cd) exposure and blood pressure (BP)/hypertension (HTN) in exposed general populations. We searched main databases for literature published between year 2000 and April 15, 2021. Quality assessment was performed with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools. Heterogeneity between studies was determined by I-squared (I²) statistic. The random effects model was used to determine the association between blood and urine Cd levels with hypertension. The overall standard differences in mean for Cd level in hypertensive and control groups were 3.34, 1.79, and 8.09 based on samples from blood, urine, and hair, respectively. The overall standard differences in mean for Cd level in the low and high exposure groups were - 0.795 and - 1.036 based on blood and urinary samples, respectively. Our findings indicate a positive relationship between blood and hair Cd levels and hypertension. We also found that hair is the optimal biological sample to find the relationship between Cd exposure and hypertension for both genders. However, more studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Effect of Magnesium Status on Microalbuminuria in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

BACKGROUND

There are several controversies regarding the association between serum magnesium depletion and microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients.

OBJECTIVE

Therefore, this study aimed to assess serum magnesium concentrations in Type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria and normoalbuminuria in Birjand, Iran, in 2019.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, 25 type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria were enrolled as the case group and 25 type 2 diabetes patients with normoalbuminuria as the control group. Both groups were matched for age, sex, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Blood samples were obtained for serum magnesium measurement.

RESULTS

Our findings showed no significant difference between serum magnesium concentration in the case and control groups (mean serum magnesium concentration for case group: 2.34 ± 0.35 mg/dl and control group: 2.27 ± 0.33 mg/dl). Pearson correlation coefficient analysis did not show any correlation between serum magnesium levels and urine albumin levels in patients with microalbuminuria versus patients with normoalbuminuria (r = 0.06, p = 0.67).

CONCLUSION

This study did not indicate a correlation between serum magnesium concentrations and microalbuminuria in Type 2 diabetic patients.

A systematic review on the metabolic effects of chlorpyrifos

Organophosphate (OP) pesticides, including chlorpyrifos (CPF), can alter metabolic hemostasis. The current systematic study investigated blood glucose, lipid profiles, and body weight alterations in rodents and fish exposed to CPF. The systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Guidelines, querying online databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus and also search engine including Google Scholar, through January 2021. Studies on rodent and fish exposed to CPF assessing metabolic functions were selected. All studies were in the English language, with other languages being excluded from the review. Two investigators independently assessed each of the articles. The first author's name, publication date, animal model, age, sample size, gender, dose, duration, and route of exposure and outcomes were extracted from each publication. The present review summarizes findings from 61 publications on glycemic, lipid profile, insulin, and body weight changes in rodents and fish exposed to CPF exposure. Most of the studies reported hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and decreased insulin levels and body weight following exposure to CPF. Additionally, we confirmed that the CPF-induced metabolic alterations were both dose- and time-dependent. Our findings support an association between CPF exposure and metabolic diseases. However, more studies are needed to identify the metabolic-disrupting effects of CPF and their underlying mechanisms.