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Hirschhorn RM, Huggins RA, Kerr ZY, Mensch JM, Dompier TP, Rudisill C, Yeargin SW. Access to Athletic Trainers and Emergency Medical Services Activations for Sport-Related Injuries. J Athl Train 2023; 58:387-392. [PMID: 37523419 DOI: 10.4085/234.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Having athletic trainers (ATs) employed at secondary schools is associated with improved preparedness for sport-related emergencies. The use of emergency medical services (EMS) in settings with different access to athletic training services remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence of EMS activations for patients with sport-related injuries among zip codes with various levels of access to athletic training services. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Data were obtained from the National EMS Information System and the Athletic Training Location and Services Project. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Zip codes where 911 EMS activations for sport-related injuries among individuals 13 to 18 years old occurred. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Incidence of EMS activations, athletic training service level (no ATs employed [NONE], less than full-time employment [PARTIAL], all ATs employed full time [FULL]), and athletic training employment model (independent contractor [IC], medical or university facility [MUF], school district [SD], mixed employment models [MIX]) for each zip code. RESULTS The EMS activations were 2.8 ± 3.6 per zip code (range = 1-81, N = 4923). Among zip codes in which at least 1 AT was employed (n = 2228), 3.73% (n = 83) were IC, 38.20% (n = 851) were MUF, 27.24% (n = 607) were SD, and 30.83% (n = 687) were MIX. Compared with SD, MUF had a 10.8% lower incidence of EMS activations (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.892; 95% CI = 0.817, 0.974; P = .010). The IC (IRR = 0.920; 95% CI = 0.758, 1.118; P = .403) and MIX (IRR = 0.996; 95% CI = 0.909, 1.091; P = .932) employment models were not different from the SD model. Service level was calculated for 3834 zip codes, with 19.5% (n = 746) NONE, 46.2% (n = 1771) PARTIAL, and 34.4% (n = 1317) FULL. Compared with NONE, FULL (IRR = 1.416; 95% CI = 1.308, 1.532; P < .001) and PARTIAL (IRR = 1.368; 95% CI = 1.268, 1.476; P < .001) had higher incidences of EMS activations. CONCLUSIONS Local access to athletic training services was associated with an increased use of EMS for sport-related injuries among secondary school-aged individuals, possibly indicating improved identification and triage of sport-related emergencies in the area. The difference in EMS use among employment models may reflect different policies and procedures for sport-related emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - James M Mensch
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- School of Health Professions, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA
| | - Caroline Rudisill
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Susan W Yeargin
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia
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Hirschhorn RM, Yeargin SW, Mensch JM, Dompier TP. Injuries and Referral Patterns During Basic Combat Training: An Examination of Data From the Certified Athletic Trainer-Forward Program. Mil Med 2023; 188:e190-e197. [PMID: 33881151 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Injuries sustained during basic combat training (BCT) result in large economic costs to the U.S. Army. The inclusion of athletic trainers (ATs) in other military branches has reduced Troop Medical Clinic (TMC) referrals. However, the inclusion of ATs during BCT has yet to be studied. The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency and nature of sick call visits during BCT and determine how the presence of an AT affects referrals to the TMC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted at the Fort Jackson Army Training Center for one calendar year. Soldiers in BCT, aged 18-42, who reported to sick call were included. Independent variables collected included: Soldier demographics (sex and age), visit reason, and provider impression. Training battalions were placed in three conditions: control (CON), full-time medic (FTM), and part-time athletic trainer (PAT). The dependent variable was disposition (referred or returned to duty [RTD]). Frequencies and proportions were calculated. Logistic regression compared conditions while considering the other independent variables. Return on investment was calculated. RESULTS Fourteen thousand three hundred and four visits were documented. Most soldiers were female (n = 7,650; 53.5%) and under 20 years old (n = 5,328; 37.2%). Visits were most commonly due to physical injury (n = 7,926; 55.4%), injuries affecting the knee (n = 2,264; 15.8%) and chronic/overuse conditions (n = 2,031; 14.2%). By condition, the FTM and PAT conditions resulted in 1.303 (95%CI: 1.187, 1.430; P < .001) and 1.219 (95%CI: 1.103, 1.348; P < .001), or 30.3% and 21.9% higher, odds of being RTD compared to the CON condition, respectively. Return on investment was $23,363,596 overall and $2,423,306 for musculoskeletal-related cases. CONCLUSIONS Injuries were common in BCT, particularly in females. Soldiers in both the PAT and FTM conditions were more likely to be RTD compared to those in the CON condition. Athletic trainers (ATs) are effective at reducing potentially unnecessary referrals, demonstrating their value as healthcare providers in the BCT environment. Understanding variables associated with recruit disposition may aid medics and ATs in the development of triage protocols and further reduction of potentially unnecessary soldier referrals. The Certified Athletic Trainer-Forward Program resulted in significant return on investment, further supporting the inclusion of ATs in BCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Hirschhorn
- Warrior Research Center, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Susan W Yeargin
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - James M Mensch
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA 17003, USA
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Hirschhorn RM, Huggins RA, Kerr ZY, Mensch JM, Dompier TP, Rudisill C, Yeargin SW. The Association Between Access to Athletic Trainers and Emergency Medical Services Activations for Sport-Related Injuries. J Athl Train 2022:487273. [PMID: 36260700 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0234.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Having athletic trainers (ATs) employed at secondary schools is associated with improved preparedness for sport-related emergencies. Utilization of emergency medical services (EMS) with different access to athletic training services remains unknown. OBJECTIVE Compare the incidence of EMS activations for sport-related injuries between zip-codes with varying access to athletic training services. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Data were obtained from the National EMS Information System and the Athletic Training Location and Services Project. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Zip-codes where 9-1-1 EMS activations for sport-related injuries among individuals 13-18 years old occurred. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Incidence of EMS activations, athletic training service level (NONE, PART, FULL), athletic training employment model (independent contractor, IC; medical or university facility, MUF; school district, SD; mixed employment models, MIX) for each zip-code. RESULTS There were 2.8±3.5 EMS activations per zip-code (range 1-81, n=4,923). Among zip-codes where at least 1 AT was employed (n=2,228), 3.73% (n=83) were IC, 30.83% (n=687) were MIX, 27.24% (n=607) were SD, and 38.20% (n=851) were MUF. Compared to SD, MUF had a 10.8% lower incidence of EMS activations (95%CI: 0.817, 0.974, p=0.010). IC (IRR: 0.920, 95%CI: 0.758, 1.118, p=0.403) and MIX (IRR: 0.996, 95% CI: 0.909, 1.091, p=0.932) were not significantly different from SD. Service level was calculated for 3,834 zip-codes, with 19.5% (n=746) NONE, 46.2% (n=1,771) PART, and 34.4% (n=1,317) FULL. Compared to NONE, FULL (IRR: 1.416, 95%CI: 1.308, 1.532, p<0.001) and PART (IRR: 1.368, 95%CI: 1.268, 1.476, p<0.001) had higher incidences of EMS activations. CONCLUSIONS Local access to athletic training services is associated with an increased utilization of EMS for sport-related injuries among secondary school aged individuals, potentially indicative of improved identification and triage of sport-related emergencies the area. The difference in EMS utilization between employment models may represent the presence of different policies and procedures for sport-related emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
| | - James M Mensch
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina,
| | | | - Caroline Rudisill
- Arnold School of Public Health, Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina,
| | - Susan W Yeargin
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina,
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Shultz SJ, Cruz MR, Casey E, Dompier TP, Ford KR, Pietrosimone B, Schmitz RJ, Taylor JB. Sex-Specific Changes in Physical Risk Factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury by Chronological Age and Stages of Growth and Maturation From 8 to 18 Years of Age. J Athl Train 2022; 57:830-876. [PMID: 36638346 PMCID: PMC9842121 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0038.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To critically assess the literature focused on sex-specific trajectories in physical characteristics associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk by age and maturational stage. DATA SOURCES PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched through December 2021. STUDY SELECTION Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of healthy 8- to 18-year-olds, stratified by sex and age or maturation on ≥1 measure of body composition, lower extremity strength, ACL size, joint laxity, knee-joint geometry, lower extremity alignment, balance, or lower extremity biomechanics were included. DATA EXTRACTION Extracted data included study design, participant characteristics, maturational metrics, and outcome measures. We used random-effects meta-analyses to examine sex differences in trajectory over time. For each variable, standardized differences in means between sexes were calculated. DATA SYNTHESIS The search yielded 216 primary and 22 secondary articles. Less fat-free mass, leg strength, and power and greater general joint laxity were evident in girls by 8 to 10 years of age and Tanner stage I. Sex differences in body composition, strength, power, general joint laxity, and balance were more evident by 11 to 13 years of age and when transitioning from the prepubertal to pubertal stages. Sex differences in ACL size (smaller in girls), anterior knee laxity and tibiofemoral angle (greater in girls), and higher-risk biomechanics (in girls) were observed at later ages and when transitioning from the pubertal to postpubertal stages. Inconsistent study designs and data reporting limited the number of included studies. CONCLUSIONS Critical gaps remain in our knowledge and highlight the need to improve our understanding of the relative timing and tempo of ACL risk factor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J. Shultz
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro
| | | | | | | | | | - Brian Pietrosimone
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Randy J. Schmitz
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro
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Hirschhorn RM, Kerr ZY, Mensch JM, Huggins RA, Dompier TP, Rudisill C, Yeargin SW. Epidemiology of Emergency Medical Services Activations for Sport-Related Injuries in the United States. Cureus 2022; 14:e27403. [PMID: 36046296 PMCID: PMC9419755 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Literature examining emergency medical services (EMS) activations for sport-related injuries is limited to the pediatric, high school, and collegiate student-athlete populations, excluding older individuals and recreational athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine EMS activations for sport-related injuries using the National EMS Information System Database from 2017-2018. Methods Data were obtained using the National EMS Information System Database from 2017-2018. EMS activations were limited to 9-1-1 responses for individuals aged 3-99 who sustained a sports-related injury. Independent variables included patient age group: pediatric (<18 years old) vs. adult (≥18 years old). Dependent variables were patient age, gender, and chief complaint anatomic location. Frequencies and proportions were calculated for each variable. Injury proportion ratios (IPRs) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to compare chief complaint anatomic location by age group. Results There were 71,322 sport-related injuries. Patients were 36.6±22.9 years and most (58.1%, n=41,132) were male. Adults had higher proportions of injuries affecting the abdomen (IPR: 2.05, 95%CI: 1.83, 2.31), chest (IPR: 1.90, 95%CI: 1.75, 2.05), general/global (IPR: 1.54, 95%CI: 1.50, 1.58), and genitalia (IPR: 2.40, 95%CI: 1.39, 4.15), and lower proportions of injuries affecting the back (IPR: 0.55, 95%CI: 0.50, 0.60), lower extremity (IPR: 0.63, 95%CI: 0.60, 0.65), upper extremity (IPR: 0.50, 95%CI: 0.47, 0.53), head (IPR: 0.73, 95%CI: 0.70, 0.77), and neck (IPR: 0.18, 95%CI: 0.16, 0.20) compared to pediatric patients. Conclusion Injuries sustained differed between adult and pediatric patients, indicating sport-related emergencies may change across the lifespan. General/global chief complaints likely indicate sport-related injuries affecting multiple anatomic locations and organ systems. Stakeholders planning large or high-risk athletic events should consider arranging standby or dedicated advanced life support units for their events.
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Watts M, Bobo L, Whitehead MT, Dompier TP, Oliver GD. Characteristics of Injury in Collegiate Rodeo. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:e145-e150. [PMID: 33852439 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate injury occurrence sustained by collegiate rodeo athletes during practice and competition. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology. SETTING Eleven National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association member institutions across the United States. PARTICIPANTS Participants included 264 male and female college rodeo athletes. Athletic trainers (ATs) from each institution reported injury and exposure data using the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program. INTERVENTIONS Institutional ATs reported athlete exposures (AEs) and injuries that occurred from collegiate rodeo practices and competitions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Injury and AEs from practices and competitions for one college rodeo season were analyzed. Injury rates and ratios were calculated for non-time loss (NTL) and time loss (TL) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Data revealed a higher proportion of TL than NTL injuries [2.47 vs 1.77 per 1000 AE; injury rate ratios (IRRs) = 1.39; 95% CI: 0.93-2.08]. There was a higher injury rate during competition as compared with practice (10.98 vs 3.09 per 1000 AE; IRR = 3.56; 95% CI: 2.36-5.35), but more injuries were reported in practice (62.2%). CONCLUSIONS Although the injury rate during rodeo competition was significantly higher than during practice in this study, a greater number of injuries were reported during practice. This indicates all college rodeo athletes can potentially benefit from available medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Watts
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas
| | - Linda Bobo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas
| | - Malcolm T Whitehead
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Gretchen D Oliver
- Sports Medicine & Movement Lab, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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7
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Snyder Valier AR, Bliven KCH, Gibson A, Simon J, Dompier TP, Wasserman EB, Rynard KL, Kerr ZY. Non-Time-Loss and Time-Loss Softball Injuries in Secondary School Athletes: A Report From the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION). J Athl Train 2020; 55:188-194. [PMID: 31913657 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-105-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Most studies of injury trends associated with softball focus on injuries requiring at least 24 hours of missed participation time (time-loss [TL] injuries), with little focus on those that do not (non-time-loss [NTL] injuries). A better understanding of injury trends associated with softball will improve athlete care. OBJECTIVE To describe NTL and TL injuries experienced by secondary school girls' softball players. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Secondary school athletic training clinics. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Secondary school girls' softball players. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Aggregate data were collected from schools participating in the National Athletic Treatment, Injury, and Outcomes Network surveillance program during the 2011-2012 through 2013-2014 academic years. Frequencies and rates of injuries (NTL and TL) according to time of season, event type, body part injured, and diagnosis were analyzed. RESULTS In total, 1059 injuries were reported during 140 073 athlete-exposures (AEs): overall injury rate = 7.56/1000 AEs. Of these injuries, 885 (83.6%) were NTL (NTL rate = 6.32/1000 AEs) and 174 (16.4%) were TL (TL rate = 1.24/1000 AEs). Of the NTL and TL injuries, the largest numbers occurred during the regular season (NTL: n = 443 [50.1%]; TL: n = 131 [75.3%]). Injuries sustained during practices accounted for the majority of NTL and TL injuries (NTL: n = 631 [71.3%]; TL: n = 104 [59.8%]). The NTL injuries occurred most often at the shoulder (n = 134 [15.1%]) and hand/fingers (n = 109 [12.3%]) and were diagnosed as contusions (n = 316 [35.7%]), strains (n = 157 [17.7%]), and abrasions (n = 151 [17.1%]). The largest numbers of TL injuries were to the head/face (n = 71 [40.8%]) and diagnosed as concussions (n = 50 [28.7%]) and strains (n = 28 [16.1%]). CONCLUSIONS Secondary school softball players sustained a larger proportion of NTL injuries than TL injuries. Although NTL injuries may be less severe, they are numerous. Efforts are needed to ensure that injury-prevention programs are incorporated into the care of softball athletes to promote health and reduce injury occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison R Snyder Valier
- Athletic Training Programs, A.T. Still University, Mesa.,Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa.,School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona and Research Support, A.T. Still University, Mesa
| | - Kellie C Huxel Bliven
- Athletic Training Programs, A.T. Still University, Mesa.,Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa
| | - Amy Gibson
- Athletic Training Programs, A.T. Still University, Mesa.,Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa
| | - Janet Simon
- Department of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA
| | - Erin B Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Kelsi L Rynard
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Allen AN, Wasserman EB, Williams RM, Simon JE, Dompier TP, Kerr ZY, Valier ARS. Epidemiology of Secondary School Boys' and Girls' Basketball Injuries: National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network. J Athl Train 2019; 54:1179-1186. [PMID: 31580704 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-330-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Little is known about non-time-loss (NTL) injury patterns in basketball athletes. Knowledge of these patterns may aid in the development of prevention and management strategies for patients with these injuries. OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of time-loss (TL) and NTL injuries sustained by secondary school boys' and girls' basketball athletes. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Eighty-six unique schools provided data, with 84 and 83 contributing to boys' and girls' basketball, respectively. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Athletes participating in secondary school-sponsored boys' and girls' basketball. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Boys' and girls' basketball data from the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION) injury-surveillance program (2011-2012 through 2013-2014 years) were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and rate ratios (IRRs) were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The NATION captured 2653 injuries over 364 355 athlete-exposures (AEs) for boys' basketball and 2394 injuries over 288 286 AE for girls' basketball, producing rates of 7.28/1000 AEs (95% CI = 7.00, 7.56) for boys and 8.30/1000 AEs (95% CI = 7.97, 8.64) for girls. The overall injury rates were slightly lower for boys (IRR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.83, 0.93). For boys, 559 (21.1%) injuries were TL and 2094 (78.9%) were NTL, producing a TL injury rate of 1.53/1000 AEs (95% CI = 1.40, 1.66) and an NTL injury rate of 5.75/1000 AEs (95% CI = 5.50, 5.99). For girls, 499 (20.8%) injuries were TL and 1895 (79.2%) were NTL, producing a TL injury rate of 1.73/1000 AEs (95% CI = 1.58, 1.88) and an NTL injury rate of 6.57/1000 AEs (95% CI = 6.28, 6.87). Rates of TL injuries were similar between boys' and girls' basketball (IRR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.79, 1.00); NTL injury rates were lower for boys (IRR = 0.87; 95% CI = 0.82, 0.93). CONCLUSIONS When NTL injuries were included, the rates of injury in boys' and girls' secondary school basketball were higher than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex N Allen
- Athletic Training Programs, Department of Interdisciplinary Heath Sciences, Still University, Mesa
| | - Erin B Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | | | | | - Alison R Snyder Valier
- Athletic Training Programs, Department of Interdisciplinary Heath Sciences, Still University, Mesa.,Research Support, Still University, Mesa.,School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, A.T. Still University, Mesa
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9
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Pierpoint LA, Caswell SV, Walker N, Lincoln AE, Currie DW, Knowles SB, Wasserman EB, Dompier TP, Comstock RD, Marshall SW, Kerr ZY. The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Girls' Lacrosse (2008-2009 Through 2013-2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Lacrosse (2004-2005 Through 2013-2014). J Athl Train 2019; 54:42-54. [PMID: 30848952 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-201-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online (HS RIO) system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program (NCAA-ISP) has aided the acquisition of girls' and women's lacrosse injury data. OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school girls' lacrosse in the 2008-2009 through 2013-2014 academic years and collegiate women's lacrosse in the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014-academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Online injury surveillance from high school girls' (annual average = 55) and collegiate women's (annual average = 19) lacrosse teams. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Female lacrosse players who participated in practices or competitions during the 2008-2009 through 2013-2014 academic years for high school or the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years for college. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Athletic trainers collected time-loss injury (≥24 hours) and exposure data. We calculated injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and injury proportions by body site and diagnosis. RESULTS High school RIO documented 700 time-loss injuries during 481 687 AEs; the NCAA-ISP documented 1027 time-loss injuries during 287 856 AEs. The total injury rate during 2008-2009 through 2013-2014 was higher in college than in high school (2.55 versus 1.45/1000 AEs; IRR = 1.75; 95% CI = 1.54, 1.99). Most injuries occurred during competitions in high school (51.1%) and practices in college (63.8%). Rates were higher during competitions compared with practices in high school (IRR = 2.32; 95% CI = 2.00, 2.69) and college (IRR = 2.38; 95% CI = 2.09, 2.70). Concussion was the most common diagnosis among all high school and most collegiate player positions, and the main mechanism of contact was with a playing apparatus (eg, stick, ball). Ligament sprains were also common (HS RIO practices = 22.2%, competitions = 30.3%; NCAA-ISP practices = 25.5%, competitions = 30.9%). CONCLUSIONS Rates of injury were higher in college versus high school female lacrosse players and in competitions versus practices. Injury-prevention strategies are essential to decrease the incidence and severity of concussions and ligament sprains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Pierpoint
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | - Shane V Caswell
- Sports Medicine Assessment, Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, VA
| | - Nina Walker
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Dustin W Currie
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | | | - Erin B Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA
| | - R Dawn Comstock
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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10
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Pierpoint LA, Lincoln AE, Walker N, Caswell SV, Currie DW, Knowles SB, Wasserman EB, Dompier TP, Comstock RD, Marshall SW, Kerr ZY. The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Boys' Lacrosse (2008-2009 Through 2013-2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Lacrosse (2004-2005 Through 2013-2014). J Athl Train 2019; 54:30-41. [PMID: 30848953 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-200-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of boys' and men's lacrosse injury data. OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school boys' lacrosse in the 2008-2009 through 2013-2014 academic years and collegiate men's lacrosse in the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Online injury surveillance from lacrosse teams of high school boys (annual average = 55) and collegiate men (annual average = 14). PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Boys' and men's lacrosse players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2008-2009 through 2013-2014 academic years in high school or the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years in college. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Athletic trainers collected time-loss (≥24 hours) injury and exposure data. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and injury proportions by body site and diagnosis were calculated. RESULTS High School Reporting Information Online documented 1407 time-loss injuries during 662 960 AEs. The National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 1882 time-loss injuries during 390 029 AEs. The total injury rate from 2008-2009 through 2013-2014 was higher in college than in high school (3.77 versus 2.12/1000 AEs; IRR = 1.78; 95% CI = 1.63, 1.94). Most injuries occurred during competitions in high school (61.4%) and practices in college (61.4%). Injury rates were higher in competitions compared with practices in high school (IRR = 3.59; 95% CI = 3.23, 4.00) and college (IRR = 3.38; 95% CI = 3.08, 3.71). Lower limb injuries, muscle strains, and ligament sprains were common at both levels. Concussion was the most frequent competition diagnosis for all high school player positions. CONCLUSIONS Rates of time-loss injury were higher in college versus high school and in competitions versus practices. Attention to preventing common lower leg injuries and concussions, especially at the high school level, is essential to decrease their incidence and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Pierpoint
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | | | - Nina Walker
- Carolina Athletics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Shane V Caswell
- Sports Medicine Assessment, Research and Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, VA
| | - Dustin W Currie
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | | | - Erin B Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA
| | - R Dawn Comstock
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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11
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Kerr ZY, Roos KG, Lincoln AE, Morris S, Yeargin SW, Grant J, Covassin T, Dodge T, Nittoli VC, Mensch J, Quetant SL, Wasserman EB, Dompier TP, Caswell SV. Injury Incidence in Youth, High School, and NCAA Men's Lacrosse. Pediatrics 2019; 143:peds.2018-3482. [PMID: 31076542 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-3482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared injury incidence and mechanisms among youth, high school (HS), and National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) boys' and men's lacrosse athletes for the 2014-2015 to 2016-2017 lacrosse seasons. METHODS Multiple injury surveillance systems were used to capture 21 youth boys', 22 HS boys', and 20 NCAA men's lacrosse team-seasons of data during the 2014-2015 to 2016-2017 seasons. Athletic trainers reported game and practice injuries and athlete exposures (AEs). Injuries included those occurring during a game and/or practice and requiring evaluation from an athletic trainer and/or physician. Injury counts, rates per 1000 AEs, and injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS The injury rate in youth was higher than those reported in HS (10.3 vs 5.3 per 1000 AEs; IRR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.6-2.4) and the NCAA (10.3 vs 4.7 per 1000 AEs; IRR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.9-2.5). When considering time loss injuries only (restricted participation of ≥24 hours), the injury rate in youth was lower than those reported in HS (2.0 vs 2.9 per 1000 AEs; IRR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5-0.95) and the NCAA (2.0 vs 3.3 per 1000 AEs; IRR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4-0.8). The concussion rate in youth was higher than those in HS (0.7 vs 0.3 per 1000 AEs; IRR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.1-5.2) and the NCAA (0.7 vs 0.3 per 1000 AEs; IRR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2-3.7). Injuries at the youth, HS, and NCAA levels were most commonly associated with stick contact, inflammatory conditions (including bursitis, tendonitis, and other unspecified inflammation), and noncontact mechanisms, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although the time loss injury rate was lowest in youth boys' lacrosse, the concussion rate was the highest. Injury prevention approaches should be specific to the mechanisms associated with each level of play (eg, equipment skill development in youth).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;
| | - Karen G Roos
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California
| | - Andrew E Lincoln
- MedStar Sports Medicine Health Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah Morris
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Susan W Yeargin
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Jon Grant
- St Vincent Sports Performance, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tracey Covassin
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | | | - James Mensch
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Sara L Quetant
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Erin B Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Lebanon, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Shane V Caswell
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research and Testing Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
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12
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Nedimyer AK, Chandran A, Lincoln AE, Caswell SV, Dompier TP, Wikstrom EA, Kerr ZY. The Epidemiology Of Ankle Sprains In Youth, High School, And College Lacrosse. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000562618.02598.5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Cooper L, Harper R, Wham GS, Cates J, Chafin SJ, Cohen RP, Dompier TP, Huggins RA, Newman D, Peterson B, McLeod TCV. Appropriate Medical Care Standards for Organizations Sponsoring Athletic Activity for the Secondary School-Aged Athlete: A Summary Statement. J Athl Train 2019; 54:741-748. [PMID: 31135211 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-544-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the appropriate medical care standards for organizations that sponsor athletic activities for secondary school-aged athletes. DATA SOURCES To develop the current standards and identify current best-practices evidence, the task force used a multistep process that included reviewing the existing 2004 Appropriate Medical Care for Secondary School-Aged Athletes consensus points and cross-referencing of National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) statements and official documents from the strategic alliance (the NATA, NATA Foundation, Board of Certification, and Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education). Gaps in the recommendations from the 2004 Appropriate Medical Care for Secondary School-Aged Athletes document were identified by the task force, and the new appropriate medical care standards were developed and refined. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Twelve standards, with supporting substandards, were developed that encompassed readiness to participate in activity; facilities; equipment; protective materials; environmental policies; nutrition, hydration, and dietary supplementation; wellness and long-term health; comprehensive emergency action plans; on-site immediate care; on-site therapeutic interventions; psychological concerns; and athletic health care administration. Collectively, these standards describe a comprehensive approach to providing appropriate health care to secondary school-aged athletes and should serve as a framework with which organizations can evaluate and improve the medical care supplied to adolescent athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Scott J Chafin
- Gregorio, Chafin, Johnson, Poolson, & Tabor, LLC, Shreveport, LA
| | - Randy P Cohen
- Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA
| | - Robert A Huggins
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs
| | - Dan Newman
- Department of Athletics, Union High School, Tulsa, OK
| | | | - Tamara C Valovich McLeod
- Athletic Training Programs and School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, A.T. Still University, Mesa
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14
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Kroshus E, Utter AC, Pierpoint LA, Currie DW, Knowles SB, Wasserman EB, Dompier TP, Marshall SW, Comstock RD, Kerr ZY. The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Boys' Wrestling (2005-2006 Through 2013-2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Wrestling (2004-2005 Through 2013-2014). J Athl Train 2019; 53:1143-1155. [PMID: 30721631 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-154-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of wrestling injury data. OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school boys' wrestling in the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years and collegiate men's wrestling in the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Online injury surveillance from wrestling teams of high school boys (annual average = 100) and collegiate men (annual average = 11). PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Male wrestlers who participated in practices and competitions during the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years in high school or the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years in college. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Athletic trainers collected time-loss (≥24 hours) injuries and exposure data during this time period. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals, and injury proportions by body site and diagnosis were calculated. RESULTS The High School Reporting Information Online documented 3376 time-loss injuries during 1 416 314 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 2387 time-loss injuries during 257 297 AEs. The total injury rate was higher in college than in high school (9.28 versus 2.38/1000 AEs; injury rate ratio = 3.89; 95% confidence interval = 3.69, 4.10). In high school, the most commonly injured body parts for both practices and competitions were the head/face (practices = 19.9%, competitions = 21.4%) and shoulder/clavicle (practices = 14.1%, competitions = 21.0%). In college, the most frequently injured body parts for both practices and competitions were the knee (practices = 16.7%, competitions = 30.4%) and head/face (practices = 12.1%, competitions = 14.6%). CONCLUSIONS Injury rates were higher in collegiate than in high school players, and the types of injuries sustained most often differed. Based on these results, continued study of primary and secondary prevention of injury in wrestlers across levels of competition is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kroshus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle.,Seattle Children's Research Institute.,Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Alan C Utter
- Academic Affairs, Texas Woman's University, Denton
| | - Lauren A Pierpoint
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | - Dustin W Currie
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | | | - Erin B Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - R Dawn Comstock
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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15
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Lynall RC, Mihalik JP, Pierpoint LA, Currie DW, Knowles SB, Wasserman EB, Dompier TP, Comstock RD, Marshall SW, Kerr ZY. The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Boys' Ice Hockey (2008-2009 Through 2013-2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's and Women's Ice Hockey (2004-2005 Through 2013-2014). J Athl Train 2019; 53:1129-1142. [PMID: 30721630 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-176-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided efforts to collect data on ice hockey injuries. OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school boy's ice hockey in the 2008-2009 through 2013-2014 academic years and collegiate men's and women's ice hockey in the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years using Web-based surveillance. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Online injury surveillance of ice hockey teams of high school boys (annual average = 34), collegiate men (annual average = 20), and collegiate women (annual average = 11). PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Boys', men's, and women's ice hockey players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2008-2009 through 2013-2014 high school academic years or the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 collegiate academic years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Athletic trainers collected time-loss (≥24 hours) injury and exposure data. We calculated injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and injury proportions by body site and diagnosis. RESULTS The High School Reporting Information Online system documented 831 boys' ice hockey time-loss injuries during 356 997 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 2611 men's ice hockey time-loss injuries during 552 642 AEs and 752 women's ice hockey injuries during 232 051 AEs. Injury rates were higher in collegiate men than in high school boys during 2008-2009 through 2013-2014 (4.38 versus 2.33/1000 AEs; IRR = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.73, 2.05) and collegiate women during 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 (IRR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.34, 1.58). Most injuries occurred during competitions (boys = 80.0%, men = 66.9%, women = 55.3%); injury rates were higher in competitions than in practices for boys (IRR = 8.14; 95% CI = 6.87, 9.65), men (IRR = 6.58; 95% CI = 6.06, 7.13), and women (IRR = 3.63; 95% CI = 3.14, 4.19). At all levels, most injuries occurred to the head/face and shoulder/clavicle and resulted in concussions, contusions, or ligament sprains. CONCLUSIONS Injury rates varied across sports but were consistently higher in competitions than in practices. In competitions, concussions were common injuries, highlighting the need for continued development of injury-prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason P Mihalik
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Lauren A Pierpoint
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | - Dustin W Currie
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | | | - Erin B Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA
| | - R Dawn Comstock
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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16
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Clifton DR, Hertel J, Onate JA, Currie DW, Pierpoint LA, Wasserman EB, Knowles SB, Dompier TP, Comstock RD, Marshall SW, Kerr ZY. The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Girls' Basketball (2005-2006 Through 2013-2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Basketball (2004-2005 Through 2013-2014). J Athl Train 2019; 53:1037-1048. [PMID: 30715913 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-150-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of girls' and women's basketball injury data. OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school girls' basketball in the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years and collegiate women's basketball in the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Online injury surveillance from basketball teams in high school girls (annual average = 100) and collegiate women (annual average = 57). PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Girls' and women's basketball players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years in high school or the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years in college. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Certified athletic trainers collected time-loss (≥24 hours) injury and exposure data. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) were calculated. Injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to compare injury rates by school size or division, time in season, event type, and competition level. RESULTS The High School Reporting Information Online system documented 2930 time-loss injuries during 1 609 733 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 3887 time-loss injuries during 783 600 AEs. The injury rate was higher in college than in high school (4.96 versus 1.82/1000 AEs; IRR = 2.73; 95% CI = 2.60, 2.86). The injury rate was higher in competitions than in practices for both high school (IRR = 3.03; 95% CI = 2.82, 3.26) and collegiate (IRR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.86, 2.12) players. The most common injuries at both levels were ligament sprains, concussions, and muscle/tendon strains; the majority of injuries affected the ankle, knee, and head/face. These injuries were often caused by contact with another player or a noncontact mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Injury rates were higher in collegiate than in high school athletes and in competitions than in practices. Similarities in distributions of injuries by body parts, specific diagnoses, and mechanisms of injury suggest that both levels may benefit from similar injury-prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Clifton
- Division of Athletic Training, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Jay Hertel
- Department of Kinesiology and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - James A Onate
- Division of Athletic Training, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus.,Jameson Crane Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Dustin W Currie
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora
| | - Lauren A Pierpoint
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora
| | - Erin B Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | - R Dawn Comstock
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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17
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Clifton DR, Onate JA, Hertel J, Pierpoint LA, Currie DW, Wasserman EB, Knowles SB, Dompier TP, Marshall SW, Comstock RD, Kerr ZY. The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Boys' Basketball (2005-2006 Through 2013-2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Basketball (2004-2005 Through 2013-2014). J Athl Train 2019; 53:1025-1036. [PMID: 30715912 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-148-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of boys' and men's basketball injury data. OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school boys' basketball in the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years and collegiate men's basketball in the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Online injury surveillance from basketball teams of high school boys (annual average = 100) and collegiate men (annual average = 55). PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Boys' and men's basketball players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years in high school or the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years in college. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Athletic trainers collected time-loss (≥24 hours) injury and exposure data. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) were calculated. Injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) compared injury rates by school size or division, time in season, event type, and competition level. RESULTS The High School Reporting Information Online system documented 3056 time-loss injuries during 1 977 480 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 4607 time-loss injuries during 868 631 AEs. The injury rate was higher for college than for high school (5.30 versus 1.55/1000 AE; IRR = 3.43; 95% CI = 3.28, 3.59). The injury rate was higher for competitions than for practices in both high school (IRR = 2.38; 95% CI = 2.22, 2.56) and college (IRR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.90, 2.14). The most common injuries at both levels were ligament sprains, muscle/tendon strains, and concussions; most injuries affected the ankle, knee, and head/face. Injuries were most often caused by contact with another player or noncontact mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Injury rates were greater among collegiate players compared with high school players and were greater during competitions than practices at both levels. Distributions of injuries by body part, diagnoses, and mechanisms of injury were similar, suggesting that athletes at both levels may benefit from similar injury-prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Clifton
- Division of Athletic Training, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - James A Onate
- Division of Athletic Training, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus.,Jameson Crane Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Jay Hertel
- Department of Kinesiology and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Lauren A Pierpoint
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | - Dustin W Currie
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | - Erin B Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Thomas P Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - R Dawn Comstock
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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18
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Wasserman EB, Register-Mihalik JK, Sauers EL, Currie DW, Pierpoint LA, Knowles SB, Dompier TP, Comstock RD, Marshall SW, Kerr ZY. The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Girls' Softball (2005-2006 Through 2013-2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Softball (2004-2005 Through 2013-2014). J Athl Train 2019; 54:212-225. [PMID: 30951383 PMCID: PMC6464304 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-206-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of girls' and women's softball injury data. OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school girls' softball in the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years and collegiate women's softball in the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Online injury surveillance from softball teams in high school girls (annual average = 100) and collegiate women (annual average = 41). PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Girls' or women's softball players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years in high school and the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years in college. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Athletic trainers collected time-loss injury and exposure data. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) were calculated. Injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) compared injury rates by competition level, school size or division, event type, and time in season. RESULTS The High School Reporting Information Online system documented 1357 time-loss injuries during 1 173 722 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 1848 time-loss injuries during 579 553 AEs. The injury rate was higher in college than in high school (3.19 versus 1.16/1000 AEs; IRR = 2.76; 95% CI = 2.57, 2.96). The competition injury rate was higher than the practice injury rate in high school (IRR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.82, 2.25) and in college (IRR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.27, 1.52). Softball players at both levels sustained a variety of injuries, with the most common being ankle sprains and concussions. Many injuries also occurred while fielding or running bases. CONCLUSIONS Injury rates were greater in collegiate versus high school softball and in competitions versus practices. These findings highlight the need for injury-prevention interventions, including strength-training and prevention programs to reduce ankle sprains and provide protection for batters from pitches and fielders from batted balls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B. Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Johna K. Register-Mihalik
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Eric L. Sauers
- Athletic Training Program, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Arizona School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa
| | - Dustin W. Currie
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | - Lauren A. Pierpoint
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | | | | | - R. Dawn Comstock
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Stephen W. Marshall
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Zachary Y. Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Wasserman EB, Sauers EL, Register-Mihalik JK, Pierpoint LA, Currie DW, Knowles SB, Dompier TP, Comstock RD, Marshall SW, Kerr ZY. The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Boys' Baseball (2005-2006 Through 2013-2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Baseball (2004-2005 Through 2013-2014). J Athl Train 2019; 54:198-211. [PMID: 30951387 PMCID: PMC6464305 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-239-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of boys' and men's baseball injury data. OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school boys' baseball in the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years and collegiate men's baseball in the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Online injury surveillance from baseball teams in high school boys (annual average = 100) and collegiate men (annual average = 34). PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Boys' or men's baseball players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years in high school or the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years in college, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Athletic trainers collected time-loss injury and exposure data. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) were calculated. Injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) compared injury rates by school size or division, time in season, event type, and competition level. RESULTS The High School Reporting Information Online system documented 1537 time-loss injuries during 1 573 257 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 2574 time-loss injuries during 804 737 AEs. The injury rate was higher in college than in high school (3.20 versus 0.98/1000 AEs; IRR = 3.27; 95% CI = 3.07, 3.49). The competition injury rate was higher than the practice injury rate in high school (IRR = 2.27; 95% CI = 2.05, 2.51) and college (IRR = 2.32; 95% CI = 2.15, 2.51). Baseball players at the high school and collegiate levels sustained a variety of injuries across the body, with the most common injuries reported to the upper extremity. Many injuries also occurred while fielding or pitching. CONCLUSIONS Injury rates were greater in collegiate versus high school baseball and in competition versus practice. These findings highlight the need for injury-prevention interventions focused on reducing the incidence of upper extremity injuries and protecting batters from pitches and fielders from batted balls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B. Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Eric L. Sauers
- Athletic Training Program, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Arizona School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa
| | - Johna K. Register-Mihalik
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | - Lauren A. Pierpoint
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | - Dustin W. Currie
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | | | | | - R. Dawn Comstock
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Stephen W. Marshall
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Zachary Y. Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
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20
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Kerr ZY, Gregory AJ, Wosmek J, Pierpoint LA, Currie DW, Knowles SB, Wasserman EB, Dompier TP, Comstock RD, Marshall SW. The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Girls' Volleyball (2005-2006 Through 2013-2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Volleyball (2004-2005 Through 2013-2014). J Athl Train 2019; 53:926-937. [PMID: 30485148 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-162-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT: The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided in the acquisition of girls' and women's volleyball injury data. OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school girls' volleyball in the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years and collegiate women's volleyball in the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING: Online injury surveillance from high school girls' (annual average = 100) and collegiate women's (annual average = 50) volleyball teams. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Girls' and women's volleyball players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years in high school and the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years in college. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Athletic trainers collected time-loss (≥24 hours) injury and exposure data. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and injury proportions by body site and diagnosis were calculated. RESULTS: The High School Reporting Information Online system documented 1634 time-loss injuries during 1 471 872 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 2149 time-loss injuries during 563 845 AEs. The injury rate was higher in college than in high school (3.81/1000 versus 1.11/1000 AEs; IRR = 3.43; 95% CI = 3.22, 3.66), and higher in high schools with ≤1000 students than in those with >1000 students (IRR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.23, 1.49). Injury rates did not vary by collegiate division. The injury rate was higher during competitions than practices for high school (IRR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.12, 1.36) but not for college (IRR = 1.01; 95% CI = 0.92, 1.10). Ankle sprains were common in both the high school and collegiate setting. However, liberos had a high incidence of concussion. CONCLUSIONS: Injury rates were higher among collegiate than high school players. However, injury rates differed by event type in high school, unlike college. Concussion injury patterns among liberos varied from those for other positions. These findings highlight the need for injury-prevention interventions specific to setting and position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | - Lauren A Pierpoint
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Dustin W Currie
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | | | - Erin B Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA
| | - R Dawn Comstock
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Simon JE, Valier ARS, Kerr ZY, Djoko A, Marshall SW, Dompier TP. Changes in Patient-Reported Outcome Measures From the Time of Injury to Return to Play in Adolescent Athletes at Secondary Schools With an Athletic Trainer. J Athl Train 2019; 54:170-176. [PMID: 30668134 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-553-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Typically, athletic trainers rely on clinician-centered measures to evaluate athletes' return-to-play status. However, clinician-centered measures do not provide information regarding patients' perceptions. OBJECTIVE To determine whether clinically important changes in patient-reported outcomes were observed from the time of lower extremity injury to the time of return to play in adolescent athletes. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING The National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION) program has captured injury and treatment data in 31 sports from 147 secondary schools across 26 states. A subsample of 24 schools participated in the outcomes study arm during the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 academic years. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS To be included in this report, student-athletes must have sustained a knee, lower leg, ankle, or foot injury that restricted participation from sport for at least 3 days. A total of 76 initial assessments were started by athletes; for 69 of those, return-to-play surveys were completed and analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) All student-athletes completed generic patient-reported outcome measures (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System [PROMIS] survey, Global Rating of Change scale, and Numeric Pain Rating Scale) and, depending on body region, completed an additional region-specific measure (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score or Foot and Ankle Ability Measure). All applicable surveys were completed at both the initial and return-to-play time points. Means and standard deviations for the total scores of each patient-reported outcome measure at each time point were calculated. Change scores that reflected the difference from the initial to the return-to-play time points were calculated for each participant and compared with established benchmarks for change. RESULTS The greatest improvement in patient-reported outcomes was in the region-specific forms, with scores ranging from 9.92 to 37.73 on the different region-specific subscales (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score or Foot and Ankle Ability Measure; scores range from 0-100). The region-specific subscales on average still showed a 21.8- to 37.5-point deficit in reported health at return to play. The PROMIS Lower Extremity score increased on average by 13 points; all other PROMIS scales were within normative values after injury. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent athletes who were injured at a high school with an athletic trainer may have shown improvement in patient-reported outcomes over time, but when they returned to play, their outcome scores remained lower than norms from comparable athlete groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Simon
- School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens
| | - Alison R Snyder Valier
- Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences-Research Support, Arizona School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa
| | | | - Aristarque Djoko
- The Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
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Dompier TP, Kucera KL, Drezner JA, Casa DJ, Register-Mihalik JK, Guskiewicz KM. Sudden Death and Catastrophic Injury Reporting: A Call to Action for Athletic Trainers. J Athl Train 2019; 54:122-123. [PMID: 30668135 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-77-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Yeargin SW, Dompier TP, Casa DJ, Hirschhorn RM, Kerr ZY. Epidemiology of Exertional Heat Illnesses in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes During the 2009-2010 Through 2014-2015 Academic Years. J Athl Train 2019; 54:55-63. [PMID: 30668925 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-504-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Exertional heat illnesses (EHIs) among football athletes have been widely researched, but data examining all collegiate sports are limited. OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of EHI in 25 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sports. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING The NCAA Injury Surveillance Program during the 2009-2010 through 2014-2015 academic years. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A voluntary sample of 166 NCAA institutions over 2048 team-seasons. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Athletic trainers reported EHIs to the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program. Only EHIs sustained during a sanctioned practice or competition were included. The EHI rate, specific diagnoses, and number of emergency transports were measured. RESULTS Overall, 232 EHI events were reported (0.47/10 000 athlete-exposures [AEs]; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.41, 0.53). Football comprised 75% of all EHI events and had the largest rate (1.55/10 000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.32, 1.78). The overall EHI rate was higher in preseason practices (1.16/10 000 AEs) than all other time periods (regular and postseason practices and all competitions; 0.23/10 000 AEs, injury rate ratio [IRR] = 4.96; 95% CI = 3.79, 6.50). This result was retained when examining the individual sports of football (3.65/10 000 versus 0.63/10 000 AEs, IRR = 5.82; 95% CI = 4.18, 8.10), men's soccer (1.11/10 000 versus 0.07/10 000 AEs, IRR = 16.819; 95% CI = 1.89, 138.55), and women's soccer (1.10/10 000 versus 0.05/10 000 AEs, IRR = 22.52; 95% CI = 2.77, 183.05). The EHI rates were highest in states with elevated annual temperatures (1.05/10 000 AEs). Heat cramps (39%), heat exhaustion (27%), and dehydration (29%) were the most common types of EHI. Nineteen athletes with EHI (8%) required emergency transport. CONCLUSIONS Football players continue to experience the most EHIs; however, EHIs can potentially occur in all NCAA sports. Continued emphasis on preseason EHI policies and institution-specific environmental guidelines is needed to address EHI rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan W Yeargin
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA
| | - Douglas J Casa
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs
| | | | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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24
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Kerr ZY, Putukian M, Chang CJ, DiStefano LJ, Currie DW, Pierpoint LA, Knowles SB, Wasserman EB, Dompier TP, Comstock RD, Marshall SW. The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Boys' Soccer (2005-2006 Through 2013-2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Soccer (2004-2005 Through 2013-2014). J Athl Train 2019; 53:893-905. [PMID: 30372638 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-166-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT: The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of boys' and men's soccer injury data. OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school boys' soccer in the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years and collegiate men's soccer in the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING: Online injury surveillance from soccer teams of high school boys (annual average = 100) and collegiate men (annual average = 41). PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Boys' or men's soccer players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years in high school and the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years in college, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Athletic trainers collected time-loss (≥24 hours) injury and exposure data. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and injury proportions by body site and diagnosis were calculated. RESULTS: High School Reporting Information Online documented 2912 time-loss injuries during 1 592 238 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 4765 time-loss injuries during 686 918 AEs. The injury rate was higher in college than in high school (6.94 versus 1.83/1000 AEs; IRR = 3.79; 95% CI = 3.62, 3.97). Injury rates increased with smaller school size for high schools and were higher in Division I than in Divisions II and III. The injury rate was higher during competitions than during practices in both high school (IRR = 3.55; 95% CI = 3.30, 3.83) and college (IRR = 3.45; 95% CI = 3.26, 3.65). Most injuries were to the lower extremity. However, concussion was a common injury, particularly in collegiate goalkeepers and at all positions for high school players. Concussions accounted for more than one-fifth of injuries in high school games. CONCLUSIONS: Injury-prevention interventions should be tailored to reflect variations in the incidence and type of injury by level of competition, event type, and position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Margot Putukian
- University Health Services, Princeton University, NJ.,Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Cindy J Chang
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Family & Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Dustin W Currie
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | - Lauren A Pierpoint
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | | | - Erin B Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA
| | - R Dawn Comstock
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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25
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Kerr ZY, Lincoln AE, Dodge T, Yeargin SW, Covassin TM, Nittoli VC, Mensch J, Roos KG, Dompier TP, Caswell SV. Epidemiology of Youth Boys' and Girls' Lacrosse Injuries in the 2015 to 2016 Seasons. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:284-291. [PMID: 28902125 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Examinations of injury among younger populations of lacrosse players that are beginning their development is limited. This study describes the epidemiology of youth boys' and girls' lacrosse injuries during the 2015 to 2016 seasons. METHODS Surveillance data originated from a convenience sample of 10 leagues in five states with 1090 boy lacrosse players and 408 girl lacrosse players from the U9-U15 divisions. Athletic trainers reported injury and exposure data at games and practices. Time loss (TL) injuries were defined as resulting in ≥24 h of participation restriction time. Injury counts and rates per 1000 athlete games/practices were calculated. Injury rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) compared rates by sex and age division. RESULTS Overall, 241 and 59 injuries were reported in boys' and girls' youth lacrosse, respectively, of which 17.0% and 18.6% were TL. Compared with girls, boys had a higher overall injury rate (12.7 vs 8.7/1000 athlete games/practices; IRR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9). U13/U15 boys had a higher TL injury rate than U9/U11 boys (2.6 vs 1.0/1000 athlete game/practices; IRR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1-6.1). Most injuries were diagnosed as contusions (boys, 53.7%; girls, 47.2%) and resulted from stick contact (boys, 34.1%; girls, 30.6%) and ball contact (boys, 17.1%; girls, 25.0%). Among girls, ball contact contributed to 75.0% (n = 9) of all head/face injuries. Among the 14 concussions reported in boys, player contact was the most common injury mechanism (50.0%, n = 7), followed by stick contact (35.7%, n = 5). CONCLUSIONS Boys' lacrosse has a higher injury incidence than girls' lacrosse, reflecting the contact nature of the boys' game. The high incidence of stick- and ball-related injuries suggests the need for youth-specific rules to better protect youth players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Andrew E Lincoln
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Thomas Dodge
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Susan W Yeargin
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Tracey M Covassin
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Vincent C Nittoli
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - James Mensch
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Karen G Roos
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Shane V Caswell
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Abstract
CONTEXT Participation in high school athletics carries a substantial risk of musculoskeletal injury, particularly to the knee. However, limited information is available on the care being provided by athletic trainers (ATs) for athletes with these injuries. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Data on athletic training facility visits and AT services were collected from 147 high schools in 26 states. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS High school student-athletes who participated in 13 boys' sports and 14 girls' sports and sustained a diagnosed knee injury during the 2011-2012 through 2013-2014 academic years. The ATs documented 6797 knee injuries, with 4242 sustained in boys' sports and 2555 sustained in girls' sports. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The number of athletic training facility visits and individual AT services as well as the average, median, and interquartile range of athletic training facility visits (per injury) and AT services (per injury) were calculated by sport and for time-loss (TL; participation restricted for ≥24 hours) and non-time-loss (NTL; participation restricted for <24 hours) injuries. RESULTS In total, 28 788 athletic training facility visits were reported, with an overall average of 4 athletic training facility visits per knee injury over the 3-year period. Most athletic training facility visits (72.6%) were associated with NTL injuries, but the majority of AT services (68.6%) were associated with TL injuries. A total of 81 245 AT services were provided for all knee injuries. Therapeutic activities or exercise were the most common type of AT service (52.5%). Overall, an average of 12 AT services were reported per knee injury. Compared with NTL injuries, TL injuries had a larger average number of AT services per injury (34 versus 9; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Knee injuries at the high school level are a considerable health care burden. This report demonstrates a high proportion of AT attention to the evaluation and treatment of these injuries. This study confirms the recommended management of knee injuries, with neuromuscular and therapeutic activities being the primary services after knee injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Grooms
- College of Health Sciences and Professions, School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Division of Athletic Training, Ohio University, Athens
| | - Janet E Simon
- College of Health Sciences and Professions, School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Division of Athletic Training, Ohio University, Athens
| | - Sara L Dalton
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science and Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Hirschhorn RM, Kerr ZY, Wasserman EB, Kay MC, Clifton DR, Dompier TP, Yeargin SW. Epidemiology of Injuries Requiring Emergency Transport Among Collegiate and High School Student-Athletes. J Athl Train 2018; 53:906-914. [PMID: 30284458 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-340-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT: Data regarding the epidemiology of emergency-transport incidents (ETIs) of patients with sport-related injuries are lacking. Understanding the use of emergency services by athletic trainers can help improve emergency preparedness and prehospital care for injured student-athletes. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequencies and types of ETIs resulting from athletic participation. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING: Participating colleges and high schools during 2009-2010 to 2014-2015 and 2011-2012 to 2013-2014, respectively. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Student-athletes in 23 high school and 25 intercollegiate sports. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Data on injuries requiring emergency transport were collected by each team's athletic trainer via their respective online injury-tracking software. Athletic trainers also collected data on athlete-exposures (AEs). Emergency-transport incident frequencies and injury rates per 10 000 AEs with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. For each ETI, the sport, body part, injury mechanism, and final diagnosis were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 339 and 146 ETIs were reported in collegiate and high school players, respectively. Collegiate women's ice hockey had the highest ETI rate (1.28/10 000 AEs; 95% CI = 0.71, 1.86). In high school, football had the highest rate at 0.80 per 10 000 AEs (95% CI = 0.64, 0.97). Athletes with head or face injuries required the most transports in college (n = 71, 20.9%) and high school (n = 33, 22.6%) across all sports. Strains (n = 50, 14.7%) and fractures (n = 35, 24.0%) were the leading diagnoses for patients undergoing transport in college and high school, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Athletic trainers should maintain a high level of emergency preparedness when working with sports that have high rates and numbers of ETIs. Athletes with injuries to the head/face required the most frequent transport across competition levels. Athletic trainers should have the appropriate equipment and protocols in place to handle these patients. Future researchers should examine the differences between field and hospital diagnoses to help improve prehospital care and decrease the likelihood of unnecessary emergency transports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science and Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Erin B Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Melissa C Kay
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Daniel R Clifton
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | | | - Susan W Yeargin
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
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DiStefano LJ, Dann CL, Chang CJ, Putukian M, Pierpoint LA, Currie DW, Knowles SB, Wasserman EB, Dompier TP, Comstock RD, Marshall SW, Kerr ZY. The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Girls' Soccer (2005-2006 Through 2013-2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Soccer (2004-2005 Through 2013-2014). J Athl Train 2018; 53:880-892. [PMID: 30372637 PMCID: PMC6208306 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-156-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT: The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of girls' and women's soccer injury data. OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school girls' soccer in the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years and collegiate women's soccer in the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING: Online injury surveillance from soccer teams in high school girls (annual average = 100) and collegiate women (annual average = 52). PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Female high school and collegiate soccer players who participated in practices or competitions during the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Athletic trainers collected time-loss (≥24 hours) injury and exposure data. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), injury proportions by body site, and diagnoses were calculated. RESULTS: The High School Reporting Information Online system documented 3242 time-loss injuries during 1 393 753 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 5092 time-loss injuries during 772 048 AEs. Injury rates were higher in college than in high school (6.60 versus 2.33/1000 AEs; IRR = 2.84; 95% CI = 2.71, 2.96), and during competitions than during practices in high school (IRR = 4.88; 95% CI = 4.54, 5.26) and college (IRR = 2.93; 95% CI = 2.77, 3.10). Most injuries at both levels affected the lower extremity and were ligament sprains or muscle/tendon strains. Concussions accounted for 24.5% of competition injuries in high school but 14.6% of competition injuries in college. More than one-third of competition injuries to high school goalkeepers were concussions. CONCLUSIONS: Injury rates were higher in college versus high school and during competitions versus practices. These differences may be attributable to differences in reporting, activity intensity, and game-play skill level. The high incidence of lower extremity injuries and concussions in girls' and women's soccer, particularly concussions in high school goalkeepers, merits further exploration and identification of prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catie L. Dann
- Athletics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs
| | - Cindy J. Chang
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Family & Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Lauren A. Pierpoint
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | - Dustin W. Currie
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | | | - Erin B. Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas P. Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA
| | - R. Dawn Comstock
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Stephen W. Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Zachary Y. Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Kerr ZY, Comstock RD, Dompier TP, Marshall SW. The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance (2004-2005 Through 2013-2014): Methods of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program and High School Reporting Information Online. J Athl Train 2018; 53:729-737. [PMID: 30024769 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-143-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe the methods of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) and High School Reporting Information Online (HS RIO) system as a complement to the sport-specific manuscripts that will follow. BACKGROUND: The NCAA-ISP and HS RIO collect injury and exposure data from samples of collegiate and high school sports programs, respectively. The NCAA-ISP, which the NCAA has maintained since 1982, was relaunched as a Web-based platform at the beginning of the 2004-2005 academic year. In 2005, the HS RIO was introduced to capture data on high school athletes and modeled after the NCAA-ISP. Relevant data are shared with the NCAA and high school sport and policy committees to develop evidence-based rules and programs that help protect the health and safety of student-athletes. DESCRIPTION: The NCAA-ISP and HS RIO monitor participation in school-sanctioned competitions and practices that occur from the first preseason practice to the final postseason contest for more than 25 sports. For this series of publications in the Journal of Athletic Training, injury information on 13 sports at the collegiate level during the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years and the high school level during the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years was evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Athletic trainers have been a vital source of data collection over the past decade to help produce the largest datasets of collegiate and high school sports injuries. Such data have helped various sport and policy committees advance protocols that aim to increase sports safety. This series of publications will aid by continuing to provide data to stakeholders in the sports community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science.,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - R Dawn Comstock
- Department of Epidemiology, Program for Injury Prevention, Education and Research, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Kerr ZY, Wilkerson GB, Caswell SV, Currie DW, Pierpoint LA, Wasserman EB, Knowles SB, Dompier TP, Comstock RD, Marshall SW. The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in United States High School Football (2005-2006 Through 2013-2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Football (2004-2005 Through 2013-2014). J Athl Train 2018; 53:738-751. [PMID: 30138047 PMCID: PMC6188086 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-144-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT: The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of football injury data. OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school football in the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years and collegiate football in the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING: Online injury surveillance from football teams of high school boys (annual average = 100) and collegiate men (annual average = 43). PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Football players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years in high school or the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years in college. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Athletic trainers collected time-loss injury (≥24 hours) and exposure data. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and injury proportions by body site and diagnosis were calculated. RESULTS: The High School Reporting Information Online system documented 18 189 time-loss injuries during 4 539 636 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 22 766 time-loss injuries during 3 121 476 AEs. The injury rate was higher among collegiate than high school (7.29 versus 4.01/1000 AEs; IRR = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.79, 1.86) athletes. Most injuries occurred during competitions in high school (53.2%) and practices in college (60.9%). The competition injury rate was higher than the practice injury rate among both high school (IRR = 5.62; 95% CI = 5.46, 5.78) and collegiate (IRR = 6.59; 95% CI = 6.41, 6.76) players. Most injuries at both levels affected the lower extremity and the shoulder/clavicle and were diagnosed as ligament sprains and muscle/tendon strains. However, concussion was a common injury during competitions among most positions. CONCLUSIONS: Injury rates were higher in college than in high school and higher for competitions than for practices. Concussion was a frequent injury sustained during competitions, which confirms the need to develop interventions to mitigate its incidence and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Y. Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Gary B. Wilkerson
- Graduate Athletic Training Education Program, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
| | - Shane V. Caswell
- Sports Medicine Assessment, Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, VA
| | - Dustin W. Currie
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | | | - Erin B. Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Thomas P. Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA
| | - R. Dawn Comstock
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Stephen W. Marshall
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Kerr ZY, Zuckerman SL, Register-Mihalik JK, Wasserman EB, Valovich McLeod TC, Dompier TP, Comstock RD, Marshall SW. Estimating Concussion Incidence Using Sports Injury Surveillance Systems: Complexities and Potential Pitfalls. Neurol Clin 2018; 35:409-434. [PMID: 28673407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Numerous sports injury surveillance systems exist with the capability of tracking concussion incidence data. It is important for the consumers of sport-related concussion data, be they researchers or the public, to have a comprehensive understanding of the strengths and limitations of sports injury surveillance systems. This article discusses issues of system design and analysis that affect the interpretation and understanding of sport-related concussion incidence data from sports injury surveillance systems. Such understanding will help inform the design of sports injury surveillance systems and research studies that aim to identify risk factors, develop prevention strategies, and evaluate prevention mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Woollen 313, CB#8700, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8700, USA.
| | - Scott L Zuckerman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Medical Center North T-4224, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Johna K Register-Mihalik
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Fetzer 125, CB#8700, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8700, USA
| | - Erin B Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, 401 West Michigan Street, Suite 500, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Tamara C Valovich McLeod
- Athletic Training Programs, School of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, 5850 East Still Circle, Mesa, AZ 85206, USA
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, 401 West Michigan Street, Suite 500, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - R Dawn Comstock
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz, Mail Stop B119, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Suite 500, Bank of America Building, CB#7505, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7505, USA
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Lynall RC, Gardner EC, Paolucci J, Currie DW, Knowles SB, Pierpoint LA, Wasserman EB, Dompier TP, Comstock RD, Marshall SW, Kerr ZY. The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Girls' Field Hockey (2008-2009 Through 2013-2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Field Hockey (2004-2005 Through 2013-2014). J Athl Train 2018; 53:938-949. [PMID: 29995460 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-173-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT: The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of data for girls' and women's field hockey injuries. OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school girls' field hockey in the 2008-2009 through 2013-2014 academic years and collegiate women's field hockey in the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING: Online injury surveillance from field hockey teams in high school girls (annual average = 61) and collegiate women (annual average = 14). PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Girls' and women's field hockey players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2008-2009 through 2013-2014 high school academic years and the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 collegiate academic years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Athletic trainers collected time-loss (≥24 hours) injury and exposure data. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and injury proportions by body site and diagnosis were calculated. RESULTS: The High School Reporting Information Online system documented 983 time-loss injuries during 569 551 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 996 time-loss injuries during 185 984 AEs. The injury rate from 2008-2009 through 2013-2014 was higher in college than in high school (3.25 versus 1.73/1000 AEs; IRR = 1.89; 95% CI = 1.63, 2.18). Most injuries occurred during practices in high school (52.0%) and college (60.7%). Injury rates were higher during competitions than practices in high school (IRR = 2.00; 95% CI = 1.76, 2.26) and college (IRR = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.73, 2.23). At both levels, injuries most commonly occurred to the lower extremity and head/face and resulted in muscle/tendon strains and contusions. However, injury patterns varied between practices and competitions. CONCLUSIONS: Injury rates and patterns varied across age groups and between practices and competitions, highlighting the need for development of targeted injury-prevention strategies at both levels of play.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth C Gardner
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Dustin W Currie
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | | | - Lauren A Pierpoint
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora
| | - Erin B Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA
| | - R Dawn Comstock
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Kerr ZY, Zuckerman SL, Wasserman EB, Vander Vegt CB, Yengo-Kahn A, Buckley TA, Solomon GS, Sills AK, Dompier TP. Factors associated with post-concussion syndrome in high school student-athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:447-452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Simon JE, Wikstrom EA, Grooms DR, Docherty CL, Dompier TP, Kerr ZY. Athletic Training Service Characteristics for Patients With Ankle Sprains Sustained During High School Athletics. J Athl Train 2018; 54:676-683. [PMID: 29373057 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-449-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Limited information exists on the amount and type of care provided by athletic trainers (ATs) treating athletes who sustained ankle sprains in the high school setting. OBJECTIVE To describe AT services provided for patients with ankle sprains injured in high school athletics. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Athletic training facility (ATF) visits and AT services collected from 147 high schools in 26 states. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS High school student-athletes participating in 13 boys' and 14 girls' sports who sustained a diagnosed ankle sprain during the 2011-2012 through 2013-2014 academic years. The ATs documented 3213 ankle sprains. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Number of ATF visits and individual AT services and mean ATF visits (per injury) and AT services (per injury) were calculated by sport and for time-loss injuries (participation-restriction time of at least 24 hours) and non-time-loss injuries (participation-restriction time <24 hours). RESULTS During the 3-year period, 19 925 ATF visits were reported, with an average of 6 (interquartile range = 1-7) ATF visits per ankle sprain. Most ATF visits were for non-time-loss injuries (65.1%). Football accounted for the largest proportions of ankle sprains (27.3%) and ATF visits (35.0%). In total, 71 404 AT services were provided for ankle sprains. Therapeutic activities or exercise were the most common AT services (47.4%), followed by neuromuscular reeducation (16.6%), strapping (14.2%), and modalities (11.5%). An average of 22 (interquartile range = 4-28) AT services were reported per ankle sprain. The average number of AT services per injury was higher among patients with time-loss than non-time-loss injuries (35 versus 19; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The ATs provided a variety of services to treat high school athletes who had sustained ankle sprains, including therapeutic exercises and neuromuscular reeducation, which were supported by research. However, ATs should consider using manual therapy (use supported by grade B evidence) and therapeutic exercise more (use supported by grade A evidence).
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Lynall RC, Mauntel TC, Pohlig RT, Kerr ZY, Dompier TP, Hall EE, Buckley TA. Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Injury Risk After Concussion Recovery in High School Athletes. J Athl Train 2017; 52:1028-1034. [PMID: 29140128 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-52.11.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although an association between concussion and musculoskeletal injury has been described in collegiate and professional athletes, no researchers have investigated an association in younger athletes. OBJECTIVE To determine if concussion in high school athletes increased the risk for lower extremity musculoskeletal injury after return to activity. DESIGN Observational cohort study. SETTING One hundred ninety-six high schools across 26 states. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS We used data from the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network surveillance system. Athletic trainers provided information about sport-related concussions and musculoskeletal injuries in athletes in 27 sports, along with missed activity time due to these injuries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Three general estimating equations were modeled to predict the odds of sustaining (1) any lower extremity injury, (2) a time-loss lower extremity injury, or (3) a non-time-loss lower extremity injury after concussion. Predictors were the total number of previous injuries, number of previous concussions, number of previous lower extremity injuries, number of previous upper extremity injuries, and sport contact classification. RESULTS The initial dataset contained data from 18 216 athletes (females = 39%, n = 6887) and 46 217 injuries. Lower extremity injuries accounted for most injuries (56.3%), and concussions for 4.3% of total injuries. For every previous concussion, the odds of sustaining a subsequent time-loss lower extremity injury increased 34% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13, 1.60). The number of previous concussions had no effect on the odds of sustaining any subsequent lower extremity injury (OR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.89, 1.05) or a non-time-loss injury (OR = 1.01; 95% CI = 0.92, 1.10). CONCLUSIONS Among high school athletes, concussion increased the odds of sustaining subsequent time-loss lower extremity injuries but not non-time-loss injuries. By definition, time-loss injuries may be considered more severe than non-time-loss injuries. The exact mechanism underlying the increased risk of lower extremity injury after concussion remains elusive and should be further explored in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Lynall
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Timothy C Mauntel
- Department of Orthopaedics, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ryan T Pohlig
- Biostatistics Core Facility, University of Delaware, Newark
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Eric E Hall
- Department of Exercise Science, Elon University, NC
| | - Thomas A Buckley
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology and Interdisciplinary Program in Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark
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Abstract
Our study describes youth football (YFB) environmental conditions and the associated heat index (HI) risk category. An observational research design was utilized. Independent variables included month, time, event, and geographic location. Main outcome variables were frequency of events, average HI, and corresponding risk categorization. The HI was recorded with the day and time for each YFB event across 2 YFB seasons. Nearly half (49.8%) of events were in a high HI risk category and 20.0% should have been cancelled. The hottest HI values were recorded in July and August (83.2 ± 9.4°F to 87.2 ± 10.9°F; 24.0% of YFB events). The 7 to 10 am time frame was cooler (67.7 ± 14.5°F; 6.3% of YFB events) than other time frames ( P < .001). Hotter HI values were recorded in practices versus games (75.9 ± 14.1°F vs 70.6 ± 14.6°F; t = -6.426, P < .001). Starting the YFB season in September and holding weekend events in the early morning hours can decrease exposure to environmental heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Cahoon
- 1 University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas P Dompier
- 3 Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Baugh CM, Weintraub GS, Gregory AJ, Djoko A, Dompier TP, Kerr ZY. Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries Sustained in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men’s and Women’s Volleyball, 2013-2014 to 2014-2015. Sports Health 2017; 10:60-69. [PMID: 28985702 PMCID: PMC5753967 DOI: 10.1177/1941738117733685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There were 18,844 volleyball players in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in the 2014-2015 academic year. Little research has examined sex-based differences among these athletes. Purpose: To examine injury epidemiology in NCAA men’s and women’s volleyball athletes. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Injury surveillance data from the 2013-2014 through 2014-2015 academic years were obtained from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program for 6 men’s and 33 women’s collegiate volleyball teams. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) and injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% CIs were calculated. Time-loss (TL) injuries resulted in participation restriction for at least 24 hours, and non-time-loss (NTL) injuries resulted in participation restriction of less than 24 hours. Results: Overall, 83 and 510 injuries were reported in men and women, respectively, leading to injury rates of 4.69 and 7.07 per 1000 AEs. The injury rate was greater in women than men (IRR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.19-1.90). TL injury rates were 1.75 and 2.62 per 1000 AEs for men and women, respectively. The ankle was the most commonly injured body part among TL injuries (men, 25.8%; women, 24.3%); the knee was the most commonly injured body part among NTL injuries (men, 25.5%; women, 16.3%). Among TL injuries, common diagnoses included sprains (men, 25.8%; women, 31.2%) and concussions (men, 19.4%; women, 14.8%). Most TL concussions were due to ball contact (men, 83.3%; women, 53.6%). Compared with men, women had a greater NTL overuse injury rate (IRR, 3.47; 95% CI, 1.61-7.46). Compared with women, men had a greater TL injury rate associated with ball contact (IRR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.07-4.68). Conclusion: There are differences in injury patterns and rates between male and female intercollegiate volleyball players. Although a limited-contact sport, a notable number of concussions were sustained, mostly from ball contact. Clinical Relevance: Understanding injury patterns may aid clinicians in injury diagnosis, management, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Baugh
- Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Aristarque Djoko
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Thomas P. Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, Pennsylvania
| | - Zachary Y. Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Eckard TG, Padua DA, Dompier TP, Dalton SL, Thorborg K, Kerr ZY. Epidemiology of Hip Flexor and Hip Adductor Strains in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes, 2009/2010-2014/2015. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:2713-2722. [PMID: 28745561 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517716179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little research has examined the rates and patterns of hip flexor or hip adductor strains in student-athletes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). PURPOSE To describe the epidemiology of hip flexor and adductor strains in NCAA athletes during the 2009/2010-2014/2015 academic years. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS Rates and patterns of hip flexor and adductor strains in collegiate sports were examined in a convenience sample of NCAA varsity teams from 25 sports. Rates and distributions of strains by mechanism, recurrence, and participation restriction time were examined. Injury rate ratios (IRRs) and proportion ratios were calculated to compare rates within and between sports by event type, sex, mechanism, recurrence, and participation restriction time. RESULTS A total of 770 hip flexor and 621 hip adductor strains were reported, resulting in overall injury rates of 1.60 and 1.29 per 10,000 athlete-exposures (AEs), respectively. In men, the rate of hip flexor strains was 1.81 per 10,000 AEs, and that for hip adductor strains was 1.71 per 10,000 AEs. In women, the rate of hip flexor strains was 1.59 per 10,000 AEs, and the rate of hip adductor strains was 1.15 per 10,000 AEs. The highest rates of strains were found in men's soccer and men's ice hockey (range, 2.47-3.77 per 10,000 AEs). Most hip flexor and hip adductor strains occurred in practice, but both had higher rates in competition. In sex-comparable sports, hip flexor strain rates did not differ between the sexes (IRR = 1.14; 95% CI, 0.96-1.36), but the rate of hip adductor strains was higher in men than women (IRR = 1.49; 95% CI, 1.22-1.81). Noncontact was the most common mechanism for both types of strains (hip flexor strains, 59.4%; hip adductor strains, 62.5%); 10.1% of hip flexor strains and 11.1% of hip adductor strains were recurrent. The highest rates of recurrence of both types of strain were found in men's and women's ice hockey (range, 16.0%-30.6%). Most hip flexor and hip adductor strains resulted in <1 week of participation restriction (hip flexor strains, 83.8%; hip adductor strains, 82.9%). CONCLUSION The NCAA sports with the highest rates of hip flexor and hip adductor strains were men's soccer and men's ice hockey. In sex-comparable sports, men had a higher rate of hip adductor, but not hip flexor, strains. Recurrence rates were remarkably high in ice hockey. Male sports teams, especially soccer and ice hockey, should place an emphasis on prevention programs for hip adductor strains. Secondary prevention programs involving thorough rehabilitation and strict return-to-play criteria should be developed and implemented to curb the high recurrence rate of these injuries, particularly in ice hockey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Eckard
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Darin A Padua
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sara L Dalton
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kristian Thorborg
- Sports Orthopaedic Research Centre-Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager-Hvidovre, Denmark.,Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research-Copenhagen, Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Clinical Research Center, Amager-Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Lynall RC, Campbell KR, Wasserman EB, Dompier TP, Kerr ZY. Concussion Mechanisms and Activities in Youth, High School, and College Football. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2684-2690. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Lynall
- UGA Concussion Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kody R. Campbell
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Erin B. Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Thomas P. Dompier
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Zachary Y. Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Morris K, Simon JE, Grooms DR, Starkey C, Dompier TP, Kerr ZY. The Epidemiology of Overuse Conditions in Youth Football and High School Football Players. J Athl Train 2017; 52:976-981. [PMID: 28949247 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-52.10.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT High-intensity sport training at the youth level has led to increased concern for overuse conditions. Few researchers have examined overuse conditions in youth sports. OBJECTIVE To examine the rates, risks, and distributions of overuse conditions between youth and high school football players. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiologic study. SETTING Youth and high school football teams. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS The Youth Football Safety Study (YFSS) investigated youth football athletes from age 5 to 14 years. The National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION) focused on high school football athletes 14 to 18 years old. The YFSS data consisted of 210 team-seasons, and the NATION data consisted of 138 team-seasons. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Athletic trainers collected football injury and exposure data during the 2012 and 2013 seasons. Injury rates, risks, and distributions were calculated, with injury rate ratios, risk ratios, and injury proportion ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing youth and high school football players. RESULTS The YFSS reported 1488 injuries, of which 53 (3.6%) were overuse conditions. The NATION reported 12 013 injuries, of which 339 (2.8%) were overuse conditions. The overuse condition rate did not differ between high school and youth football (3.93 versus 3.72/10 000 athlete-exposures; injury rate ratio = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.79, 1.41). However, the 1-season risk of overuse condition was higher in high school than in youth football players (2.66% versus 1.05%; risk ratio = 2.53; 95% CI = 1.84, 3.47). Compared with high school football players, youth football players had greater proportions of overuse conditions that were nontime loss (ie, <24 hours participation-restriction time; 83.0% versus 67.0%; injury proportion ratio = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.43) and affecting the lower extremity (92.5% versus 62.5%; injury proportion ratio = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.32, 1.65). CONCLUSIONS Overuse conditions may not present a primary concern in youth and high school football players. However, differences existed between the 2 levels of competition. Although additional research on the incidence of overuse conditions across all youth and high school sports is needed, these findings may highlight the need for programming that is specific to competition level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Morris
- Achieve Orthopaedic Rehab Institute, Burr Ridge, IL
| | - Janet E Simon
- School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens
| | - Dustin R Grooms
- School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens
| | - Chad Starkey
- School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
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Rizzone KH, Ackerman KE, Roos KG, Dompier TP, Kerr ZY. The Epidemiology of Stress Fractures in Collegiate Student-Athletes, 2004-2005 Through 2013-2014 Academic Years. J Athl Train 2017; 52:966-975. [PMID: 28937802 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-52.8.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Stress fractures are injuries caused by cumulative, repetitive stress that leads to abnormal bone remodeling. Specific populations, including female athletes and endurance athletes, are at higher risk than the general athletic population. Whereas more than 460 000 individuals participate in collegiate athletics in the United States, no large study has been conducted to determine the incidence of stress fractures in collegiate athletes. OBJECTIVE To assess the incidence of stress fractures in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes and investigate rates and patterns overall and by sport. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING National Collegiate Athletic Association institutions. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Data were analyzed from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program for the academic years 2004-2005 through 2013-2014. We calculated rates and rate ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS A total of 671 stress fractures were reported over 11 778 145 athlete-exposures (AEs) for an overall injury rate of 5.70 per 100 000 AEs. The sports with the highest rates of stress fractures were women's cross-country ( 28.59/100 000 AEs), women's gymnastics ( 25.58/100 000 AEs), and women's outdoor track ( 22.26/100 000 AEs). Among sex-comparable sports (baseball/softball, basketball, cross-country, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, swimming and diving, tennis, indoor track, and outdoor track), stress fracture rates were higher in women (9.13/100 000 AEs) than in men (4.44/100 000 AEs; RR = 2.06; 95% CI = 1.71, 2.47). Overall, stress fracture rates for these NCAA athletes were higher in the preseason (7.30/100 000 AEs) than in the regular season (5.12/100 000 AEs; RR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.22, 1.67). The metatarsals (n = 254, 37.9%), tibia (n = 147, 21.9%), and lower back/lumbar spine/pelvis (n = 81, 12.1%) were the most common locations of injury. Overall, 21.5% (n = 144) of stress fractures were recurrent injuries, and 20.7% (n = 139) were season-ending injuries. CONCLUSIONS Women experienced stress fractures at higher rates than men, more often in the preseason, and predominantly in the foot and lower leg. Researchers should continue to investigate biological and biomechanical risk factors for these injuries as well as prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Rizzone
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY
| | | | - Karen G Roos
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Long Beach
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Department of Athletic Training, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
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Abstract
CONTEXT Whereas researchers have provided estimates for the number of head impacts sustained within a youth football season, less is known about the number of plays across which such impact exposure occurs. OBJECTIVE To estimate the number of plays in which youth football players participated during the 2013 season and to estimate injury incidence through play-based injury rates. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Youth football. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Youth football players (N = 2098; age range, 5-15 years) from 105 teams in 12 recreational leagues across 6 states. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We calculated the average number of athlete-plays per season and per game using independent-samples t tests to compare age groups (5-10 years old versus 11-15 years old) and squad sizes (<20 versus ≥20 players); game injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) and per 10 000 athlete-plays; and injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to compare age groups. RESULTS On average, youth football players participated in 333.9 ± 178.5 plays per season and 43.9 ± 24.0 plays per game. Age groups (5- to 10-year-olds versus 11- to 15-year-olds) did not differ in the average number of plays per season (335.8 versus 332.3, respectively; t2086.4 = 0.45, P = .65) or per game (44.1 versus 43.7, respectively; t2092.3 = 0.38, P = .71). However, players from smaller teams participated in more plays per season (373.7 versus 308.0; t1611.4 = 8.15, P < .001) and per game (47.7 versus 41.4; t1523.5 = 5.67, P < .001). Older players had a greater game injury rate than younger players when injury rates were calculated per 1000 AEs (23.03 versus 17.86/1000 AEs; IRR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.04, 1.60) or per 10 000 athlete-plays (5.30 versus 4.18/10 000 athlete-plays; IRR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.57). CONCLUSIONS A larger squad size was associated with a lower average number of plays per season and per game. Increasing youth football squad sizes may help reduce head-impact exposure for individual players. The AE-based injury rates yielded effect estimates similar to those of play-based injury rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Susan W Yeargin
- Athletic Training Education Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Aristarque Djoko
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sara L Dalton
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Melissa M Baker
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
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Zupon AB, Kerr ZY, Dalton SL, Dompier TP, Gardner EC. The epidemiology of back/neck/spine injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's ice hockey, 2009/2010 to 2014/2015. Res Sports Med 2017; 26:13-26. [PMID: 28869402 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2017.1365295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the epidemiology of back/neck/spine injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) men's and women's ice hockey. Data from 66 NCAA men's and 29 women's ice hockey programmes (total of 147 and 67 team-seasons, respectively) were analysed from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program during the 2009/2010-2014/2015 academic years. In the study period, 226 and 97 back/neck/spine injuries were reported in men and women, respectively, for injury rates of 0.56 and 0.65/1000 athlete exposures. Injury rates were higher in competitions than practices in men (injury rate ratio [IRR] = 4.22; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.24-5.49) and women (IRR = 2.49; 95% CI: 1.67-3.70). Most injuries occurred in the lower back/lumbar spine (men: 52.2%; women: 48.5%). There were notably low rates of fractures and severe spinal injuries for both sexes. This study enhances our understanding of the incidence, mechanisms and factors influencing these injuries and can ultimately lead to more effective injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Zupon
- a Yale School of Medicine , Yale University , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- b Department of Exercise and Sport Science , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Sara L Dalton
- c Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc. , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- d Department of Athletic Training , Lebanon Valley College , Annville , PA , USA
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Rosene JM, Raksnis B, Silva B, Woefel T, Visich PS, Dompier TP, Kerr ZY. Comparison of Concussion Rates Between NCAA Division I and Division III Men's and Women's Ice Hockey Players. Am J Sports Med 2017. [PMID: 28622025 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517710005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Examinations related to divisional differences in the incidence of sports-related concussions (SRC) in collegiate ice hockey are limited. PURPOSE To compare the epidemiologic patterns of concussion in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) ice hockey by sex and division. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS A convenience sample of men's and women's ice hockey teams in Divisions I and III provided SRC data via the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program during the 2009-2010 to 2014-2015 academic years. Concussion counts, rates, and distributions were examined by factors including injury activity and position. Injury rate ratios (IRRs) and injury proportion ratios (IPRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to compare concussion rates and distributions, respectively. RESULTS Overall, 415 concussions were reported for men's and women's ice hockey combined. The highest concussion rate was found in Division I men (0.83 per 1000 athlete-exposures [AEs]), followed by Division III women (0.78/1000 AEs), Division I women (0.65/1000 AEs), and Division III men (0.64/1000 AEs). However, the only significant IRR was that the concussion rate was higher in Division I men than Division III men (IRR = 1.29; 95% CI, 1.02-1.65). The proportion of concussions from checking was higher in men than women (28.5% vs 9.4%; IPR = 3.02; 95% CI, 1.63-5.59); however, this proportion was higher in Division I women than Division III women (18.4% vs 1.8%; IPR = 10.47; 95% CI, 1.37-79.75). The proportion of concussions sustained by goalkeepers was higher in women than men (14.2% vs 2.9%; IPR = 4.86; 95% CI, 2.19-10.77), with findings consistent within each division. CONCLUSION Concussion rates did not vary by sex but differed by division among men. Checking-related concussions were less common in women than men overall but more common in Division I women than Division III women. Findings highlight the need to better understand the reasons underlying divisional differences within men's and women's ice hockey and the need to develop concussion prevention strategies specific to each athlete population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Rosene
- University of New England, Department of Exercise and Sport Performance, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | - Bryan Raksnis
- University of New England, Department of Exercise and Sport Performance, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | - Brie Silva
- University of New England, Department of Exercise and Sport Performance, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | - Tyler Woefel
- University of New England, Department of Exercise and Sport Performance, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | - Paul S Visich
- University of New England, Department of Exercise and Sport Performance, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Heick JD, Bay C, Dompier TP, Valovich McLeod TC. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG COMMON VISION AND VESTIBULAR TESTS IN HEALTHY RECREATIONAL ATHLETES. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2017; 12:581-591. [PMID: 28900564 PMCID: PMC5534148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of the visual and vestibular systems is commonly observed following concussion. Researchers have explored the utility of screening tools to identify deficits in these systems in concussed patients, but it is unclear if these tests are measuring similar or distinct phenomena. PURPOSE To determine the relationships between common vestibular tests including the King-Devick (K-D) test, Sensory Organization Test (SOT), Head Shake-Sensory Organization Test (HS-SOT), and Dynamic Visual Acuity (DVA) test, when administered contiguously, to healthy recreational athletes aged 14 to 24 years. STUDY DESIGN This study used a prospective design to evaluate relationships between the K-D, SOT, HS-SOT, and DVA tests in 60 healthy individuals. METHODS Sixty participants (30 males, 30 females; mean age, 19.9 ± 3.74 years) completed the four tests in a single testing session. RESULTS Results did not support a relationship between any pair of the K-D, SOT, HS-SOT, and DVA tests. Pearson correlations between tests were poor, ranging from 0.14 to 0.20. As expected the relationship between condition 2 of the SOT and HS-SOT fixed was strong (ICC=0.81) as well as condition 5 of the SOT with HS-SOT sway (ICC=0.78). The test-retest reliability of all 4 tests was evaluated to ensure the relationships of the 4 tests were consistent between test trials and reliability was excellent with intraclass correlations ranging from 0.79 to 0.97. CONCLUSIONS The lack of relationships in these tests is clinically important because it suggests that the tests evaluate different aspects of visual and vestibular function. Further, these results suggest that a comprehensive assessment of visual and vestibular deficits following concussion may require a multifaceted approach. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b: Individual Cohort Study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Curt Bay
- A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas P. Dompier
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Mauntel TC, Wikstrom EA, Roos KG, Djoko A, Dompier TP, Kerr ZY. The Epidemiology of High Ankle Sprains in National Collegiate Athletic Association Sports. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:2156-2163. [PMID: 28423285 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517701428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankle sprains are among the most common injuries experienced by collegiate athletes. The type of ankle sprain is rarely differentiated in epidemiological studies. This differentiation is necessary, as each ankle sprain type has a unique injury mechanism and recovery period. High ankle sprains commonly result in long recovery periods. Thus, a further examination of the epidemiology of high ankle sprains is warranted. PURPOSE To describe the epidemiology of high ankle sprains in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sports during the 2009/2010-2014/2015 academic years. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS NCAA Injury Surveillance Program high ankle sprain data and athlete-exposures (AEs) from 25 sports were evaluated. Certified athletic trainers recorded sport-related injury, event, and AE data during team-sanctioned events. High ankle sprain injury rates per 10,000 AEs were calculated. Percentage distributions were calculated for the amount of time lost from sport and percentage of recurrent injuries. Injury rate ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs compared injury rates by event type, participation restriction time, and sex. 95% CIs not containing 1.00 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS The overall high ankle sprain injury rate was 1.00 per 10,000 AEs. Overall, 56.7% of high ankle sprain injuries occurred during competitions, and 9.8% of high ankle sprain injuries were recurrent. Men's football (2.42/10,000 AEs), wrestling (2.11/10,000 AEs), and ice hockey (1.19/10,000 AEs) had the highest high ankle sprain injury rates. In sex-comparable sports, men had higher injury rates (RR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.28-2.44). Player contact was the most common injury mechanism (60.4%), and 69.0% of injuries resulted in ≥1 day of participation restriction, with 47.1% resulting in ≥7 days of participation restriction and 15.8% resulting in >21 days of participation restriction. CONCLUSION High ankle sprains resulted in significant participation restriction time from sport participation. The majority of high ankle sprain injuries resulted from player contact and were observed in contact/collision sports. The large proportion of high ankle sprains resulting from player contact, specifically in male contact sports, is worthy of further investigation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The enhanced understanding of the epidemiology of high ankle sprains provided in our study will aid clinicians in developing targeted injury prevention strategies to mitigate the negative consequences of these injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Mauntel
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Erik A Wikstrom
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karen G Roos
- California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Aristarque Djoko
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Wasserman EB, Kerr ZY, Dompier TP. Epidemiology of athletic trainer services for concussions among us high school student-athletes. Br J Sports Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097270.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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O'Connor KL, Baker MM, Dalton SL, Dompier TP, Broglio SP, Kerr ZY. Epidemiology of Sport-Related Concussions in High School Athletes: National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION), 2011-2012 Through 2013-2014. J Athl Train 2017; 52:175-185. [PMID: 28387555 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-52.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sports participation is one of the leading causes of concussions among nearly 8 million US high school student-athletes. OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of sport-related concussion (SRC) in 27 high school sports during the 2011-2012 through 2013-2014 academic years. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Aggregate injury and exposure data from 27 sports in 147 high schools in the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION). PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Boy and girl high school athletes during the 2011-2012 through 2013-2014 academic years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Sport-related concussion counts, percentages, rates per 10 000 athlete-exposures (AEs), rate ratios (RRs), and injury proportion ratios (IPRs) were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Rate ratios and IPRs with 95% CIs not containing 1.0 were considered significant. RESULTS Overall, 2004 SRCs were reported among 27 high school sports, for a rate of 3.89 per 10 000 AEs. Football had the highest SRC rate (9.21/10 000 AEs), followed by boys' lacrosse (6.65/10 000 AEs) and girls' soccer (6.11/10 000 AEs). The SRC rate was higher in competition than in practice (RR = 3.30; 95% CI = 3.02, 3.60). Among sex-comparable sports, the SRC rate was higher in girls than in boys (RR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.34, 1.81); however, the proportion of SRCs due to player-to-player contact was higher in boys than in girls (IPR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.27, 1.73). Common symptoms reported among all athletes with SRCs were headache (94.7%), dizziness (74.8%), and difficulty concentrating (61.0%). Only 0.8% of players with SRCs returned to play within 24 hours. The majority of athletes with SRCs (65.8%) returned to play between 7 and 28 days. More players had symptoms resolve after 7 days (48.8%) than less than a week (40.7%). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide updated high school SRC incidence estimates and further evidence of sex differences in reported SRCs. Few athletes with SRCs returned to play within 24 hours or a week. Most injured players returned after 7 days, despite a smaller proportion having symptoms resolve within a week.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa M Baker
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sara L Dalton
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Steven P Broglio
- NeuroTrauma Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Wasserman EB, Register-Mihalik JK, Sauers E, Currie D, Pierpoint L, Dompier TP, Knowles S, Comstock RD, Marshall SW, Kerr ZY. Comparison Of High School Girls’ And College Women’s Softball Injury Incidence, 2004/05-2013/14. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000518025.77325.9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Clifton DR, Onate JA, Schussler E, Djoko A, Dompier TP, Kerr ZY. Epidemiology of Knee Sprains in Youth, High School, and Collegiate American Football Players. J Athl Train 2017; 52:464-473. [PMID: 28414917 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-52.3.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Variations in knee-sprain incidence among competition levels are unclear but may help inform prevention strategies in American football players. OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of knee sprains in youth, high school, and collegiate football players. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Injury and athlete-exposure (AE) data were collected from 3 injury-surveillance programs at the youth, high school, and collegiate competition levels. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Data from 310 youth, 184 high school, and 71 collegiate football team-seasons were collected during the 2012 through 2014 seasons. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Knee-sprain rates and risks were calculated for each competition level. Injury rate ratios (IRRs) and risk ratios (RRs) compared knee-sprain rates by competition level. Injury proportion ratios (IPRs) compared differences in surgery needs, recurrence, injury mechanism, and injury activity by competition level. RESULTS Knee-sprain rates in youth, high school, and collegiate football were 0.16/1000 AEs, 0.25/1000 AEs, and 0.69/1000 AEs, respectively. Knee-sprain rates increased as the competition level increased (high school versus youth: IRR = 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12, 2.30; collegiate versus high school: IRR = 2.73; 95% CI = 2.38, 3.96). Knee-sprain risk was highest in collegiate (4.3%), followed by high school (2.0%) and youth (0.5%) athletes. Knee-sprain risk increased as the competition level increased (high school versus youth: RR = 3.73; 95% CI = 2.60, 5.34; collegiate versus high school: RR = 2.14; 95% CI = 1.83, 2.51). Collegiate football had the lowest proportion of knee sprains that were noncontact injuries (collegiate versus youth: IPR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.31, 0.95; collegiate versus high school: IPR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.44, 0.79) and the lowest proportion that occurred while being tackled (collegiate versus youth: IPR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.26, 0.76; collegiate versus high school: IPR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.51, 0.98). CONCLUSIONS Knee-sprain incidence was highest in collegiate football. However, level-specific variations in the distributions of knee sprains by injury activity may highlight the need to develop level-specific policies and prevention strategies that ensure safe sports play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Clifton
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - James A Onate
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Eric Schussler
- School of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
| | - Aristarque Djoko
- The Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas P Dompier
- The Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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