1
|
Jahnel T, Ferguson SG, Partos T, Brose LS. Socioeconomic differences in the motivation to stop using e-cigarettes and attempts to do so. Addict Behav Rep 2020; 11:100247. [PMID: 32467836 PMCID: PMC7244924 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In England, the use of electronic cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid has become more popular than any other aid. Previous research suggests that ex-smokers from lower social groups are more likely to use e-cigarettes compared to ex-smokers from more socially advantaged groups. The present study aimed to assess the association between baseline education, income and employment status and (1) baseline motivation to stop using e-cigarettes (2) attempts to stop using e-cigarettes during follow-up among current smokers, recent ex-smokers and long-term ex-smokers who use e-cigarettes. Methods UK online longitudinal survey of smokers, ex-smokers and e-cigarette users, May/June 2016 (baseline) and September 2017 (follow-up). In logistic regression models, motivation to stop using e-cigarettes at baseline (n = 994) and attempts to stop using e-cigarettes at follow-up (n = 416) among current smokers and ex-smokers were regressed onto baseline educational attainment, income, employment status while adjusting for baseline demographics, vaping status, smoking and e-cigarette dependence. Results (1) Respondents with higher education (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.06-1.74) or higher income (OR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.17-1.98) were more likely to be motivated to stop using e-cigarettes, but only in unadjusted analysis. (2) Again, in unadjusted analysis only, employment was associated with reduced odds of attempting to stop using e-cigarette (OR = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.32-0.79). Conclusion Higher socio-economic status may be associated with higher motivation to stop vaping but with lower likelihood of trying to do so.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Jahnel
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Stuart G Ferguson
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Timea Partos
- Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Leonie S Brose
- Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee HS, Wilson S, Partos T, McNeill A, Brose LS. Awareness of Changes in E-cigarette Regulations and Behavior Before and After Implementation: A Longitudinal Survey of Smokers, Ex-smokers, and Vapers in the United Kingdom. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:705-712. [PMID: 30690624 PMCID: PMC7171274 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In line with the European Union's Tobacco Products Directive (TPD), new regulations for electronic cigarettes implemented in the United Kingdom between May 2016 and May 2017 included limiting refills to 10 mL, tank and cartridge sizes to 2 mL, and nicotine concentrations to 20 mg/mL. AIMS To investigate the (1) awareness of new regulations, (2) product use before and after implementation, and (3) association between use of compliant products and subsequent smoking. METHODS A UK online longitudinal survey of smokers, ex-smokers, and vapers was conducted between May and June 2016 (wave 4) and September 2017 (wave 5).The following methods were used: (1) to assess awareness of changes, proportions were calculated by smoking and vaping status (n = 1606). (2) Comparison of refill volume, tank and cartridge volumes, nicotine concentration at waves 4 and 5 (n = 199-388) was conducted. (3) Association was studied between number of TPD-compliant products used at wave 4 and smoking at wave 5, adjusted for wave 4 vaping status, age, gender, income, urges to smoke, and device type (n = 480). RESULTS Awareness of regulations was highest for refill volume (10.1%; 37.4% among exclusive vapers) and nicotine concentration (9.5%; 27.3%). Higher proportions used TPD-compliant refill volumes (60.0%-73.7%, χ2(1) = 10.9, p = .001) and nicotine concentrations (89.2%-93.9%, χ2(1) = 7.41, p = .007) in wave 5 than wave 4, with little change for tank or cartridge volumes (77.1-75.5%, χ2(1) = 0.38, p = .540). The likelihood of smoking was similar for those using no or one TPD-compliant products as it was for those using two (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.47-2.59) or three (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 0.69-3.55). CONCLUSION Several months after full implementation, awareness of new regulations was low and most vapers used TPD-compliant products. Use of compliant products was not associated with subsequent smoking. IMPLICATIONS Using a longitudinal survey at the beginning and a few months after the end of the transition period for implementation of new regulation on electronic cigarettes, this is the first study to assess awareness of regulation and use of compliant products. After full implementation, awareness of changes was low overall (smokers, ex-smokers, and vapers combined) although higher among those who vaped. Nevertheless, most vapers (74%-94%) used products that were compliant with the new regulations and the use of products compliant with incoming regulations did not predict whether they were smoking cigarettes after implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun S Lee
- GKT School of Medical Education, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Samara Wilson
- Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Timea Partos
- Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ann McNeill
- Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Leonie S Brose
- Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kuipers MA, Partos T, McNeill A, Beard E, Gilmore AB, West R, Brown J. Smokers' strategies across social grades to minimise the cost of smoking in a period with annual tax increases: evidence from a national survey in England. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026320. [PMID: 31243031 PMCID: PMC6597620 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess associations between smokers' strategies to minimise how much their smoking costs and cost of smoking among smokers across three social grades during a period of annual tax increases in England. DESIGN Repeat cross-sectional. SETTING England, May 2012-December 2016. PARTICIPANTS 16 967 adult smokers in 56 monthly surveys with nationally representative samples. MEASURES AND ANALYSIS Weighted generalised additive models assessed associations between four cost-minimising strategies (factory-made and roll-your-own (RYO) cigarette consumption levels, illicit and cross-border purchases) and cost of smoking (£/week). We adjusted for inflation rate, age, gender and secular and seasonal trends. RESULTS Cost of smoking did not increase above the rate of inflation. Factory-made cigarette consumption decreased, while proportion of RYO and, to a much lesser extent, illicit and cross-border purchases increased. These trends were only evident in lowest social grade. Cost of smoking was 12.99% lower with consumption of 10 fewer factory-made cigarettes (95% CI -13.18 to -12.80) and 5.86% lower with consumption of 10 fewer RYO cigarettes (95% CI -5.66 to -6.06). Consumption levels accounted for 60% of variance in cost. Cross-border and illicit tobacco purchases were associated with 9.64% (95% CI -12.94 to -6.33) and 9.47% (95% CI -12.74 to -6.20) lower costs, respectively, but due to low prevalence, accounted for only 0.2% of variation. Associations were similar across social grades, although weaker for illicit and cross-border purchases and stronger for consumption in higher social grades compared with lower social grades. CONCLUSION During a period of annual tax increases, the weekly cost of smoking did not increase above inflation. Cost-minimising strategies increased, especially among more disadvantaged smokers. Reducing cigarette consumption and switching to RYO tobacco explained a large part of cost variation, while use of illicit and cross-border purchasing played only a minor role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirte Ag Kuipers
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Timea Partos
- Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ann McNeill
- Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Beard
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna B Gilmore
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Robert West
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jamie Brown
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wilson S, Partos T, McNeill A, Brose LS. Harm perceptions of e-cigarettes and other nicotine products in a UK sample. Addiction 2019; 114:879-888. [PMID: 30609154 PMCID: PMC6491935 DOI: 10.1111/add.14502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS E-cigarettes (EC) and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) are less harmful than smoking, but misperceptions of relative harm are common. Aims were to (1) assess nicotine knowledge and perceptions of: harm of EC and NRT relative to smoking, addictiveness of EC relative to smoking, and change in harm to user if smoking replaced with EC; (2) define associations of these perceptions with respondent characteristics including nicotine knowledge; and (3) explore perceived main harms of EC and whether these differ by vaping status. DESIGN Analyses were: (1) frequencies; (2) logistic regressions of perceptions of relative harm, addictiveness and change in harm onto demographics, smoking and vaping status and nicotine knowledge (attributing cancer or health risks of smoking to nicotine); and (3) frequencies and χ2 statistics. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Participants were smokers and recent ex-smokers from one wave (September 2017) of a longitudinal online survey in the United Kingdom (n = 1720). MEASUREMENTS Demographics included gender, age, smoking status, vaping status and income. Survey questions collected data on nicotine knowledge and harm perceptions of different products; the relative harm perceptions of NRT, EC and tobacco cigarettes; and perceived main harms of EC. FINDINGS Relative to smoking, 57.3% perceived EC and 63.4% NRT to be less harmful; 25.4% perceived EC to be less addictive; and 32.2% thought replacing smoking with EC reduced health harms a great deal. Participants were less likely to endorse these beliefs if they had never vaped, and participants who had inaccurate nicotine knowledge were less likely to endorse all these beliefs apart from the addictiveness of EC. The main concerns about EC were a lack of research (48.3%), regulation or quality control (37.8%) and harmfulness of chemicals (41.6%). CONCLUSIONS Large proportions of UK smokers and ex-smokers overestimate the relative harmfulness of e-cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapy compared with smoking; misattributing smoking harms to nicotine is associated with increased misperceptions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samara Wilson
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Timea Partos
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ann McNeill
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol StudiesUK
| | - Leonie S. Brose
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol StudiesUK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yong HH, Borland R, Cummings KM, Partos T. Do predictors of smoking relapse change as a function of duration of abstinence? Findings from the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia. Addiction 2018; 113:1295-1304. [PMID: 29405520 PMCID: PMC5993599 DOI: 10.1111/add.14182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate predictors of time to smoking relapse and test if prediction varied by quit duration. DESIGN Longitudinal cohort data from the International Tobacco Control Four-Country survey with annual follow up collected between 2002 and 2015. SETTING Canada, United States, United Kingdom and Australia. PARTICIPANTS A total of 9171 eligible adult smokers who had made at least one quit attempt during the study period. MEASUREMENTS Time to relapse was the main outcome. Predictor variables included pre-quit baseline measures of nicotine dependence, smoking and quitting-related motivations, quitting capacity and social influence, and also two post-quit measures, use of stop-smoking medications and quit duration (1-7 days, 8-14 days, 15-31 days, 1-3 months, 3-6 months, 6-12 months, 1-2 years and 2+ years), along with socio-demographics. FINDINGS All factors were predictive of relapse within the first 6 months of quitting but only wanting to quit, quit intentions and number of friends who smoke were still predictive of relapse in the 6-12-month period of quitting [hazard ratios (HR) = 1.20, P < 0.05; 1.13, P < 0.05; and 1.21, P < 0.001, respectively]. Number of friends smoking was the only remaining predictor of relapse in the 1-2 years quit period (HR = 1.19, P = 0.001) with none predictive beyond the 2-year quit period. Use of stop-smoking medications during quit attempts was related negatively to relapse during the first 2 weeks of quitting (HR = 0.71-0.84), but related positively to relapse in the 1-6-month quit period (HR = 1.29-1.54). Predictive effects of all factors showed significant interaction with quit duration except for perceiving smoking as an important part of life, prematurely stubbing out a cigarette and wanting to quit. CONCLUSIONS Among adult smokers in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia, factors associated with smoking relapse differ between the early and later stages of a quit attempt, suggesting that the determinants of relapse change as a function of abstinence duration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Hie Yong
- Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ron Borland
- Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - K. Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Timea Partos
- Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gilmore A, Hiscock R, Branston R, Partos T, Hitchman S, Mcneill A. Tobacco industry strategies to keep tobacco prices low: evidence from industry data. Tob Induc Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.18332/tid/84000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
7
|
Kasza KA, Hyland AJ, Borland R, McNeill A, Fong GT, Carpenter MJ, Partos T, Cummings KM. Cross-country comparison of smokers' reasons for thinking about quitting over time: findings from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey (ITC-4C), 2002-2015. Tob Control 2016; 26:641-648. [PMID: 27798323 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore between-country differences and within-country trends over time in smokers' reasons for thinking about quitting and the relationship between reasons and making a quit attempt. METHODS Participants were nationally representative samples of adult smokers from the UK (N=4717), Canada (N=4884), the USA (N=6703) and Australia (N=4482), surveyed as part of the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey between 2002 and 2015. Generalised estimating equations were used to evaluate differences among countries in smokers' reasons for thinking about quitting and their association with making a quit attempt at follow-up wave. RESULTS Smokers' concern for personal health was consistently the most frequently endorsed reason for thinking about quitting in each country and across waves, and was most strongly associated with making a quit attempt. UK smokers were less likely than their counterparts to endorse health concerns, but were more likely to endorse medication and quitline availability reasons. Canadian smokers endorsed the most reasons, and smokers in the USA and Australia increased in number of reasons endorsed over the course of the study period. Endorsement of health warnings, and perhaps price, appears to peak in the year or so after the change is introduced, whereas other responses were not immediately linked to policy changes. CONCLUSIONS Differences in reasons for thinking about quitting exist among smokers in countries with different histories of tobacco control policies. Health concern is consistently the most common reason for quitting and the strongest predictor of future attempts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Kasza
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Andrew J Hyland
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ron Borland
- Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ann McNeill
- National Addiction Centre and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Geoffrey T Fong
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew J Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Timea Partos
- National Addiction Centre and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bennett D, Dluzniak A, Cropper SJ, Partos T, Sundram S, Carter O. Selective impairment of global motion integration, but not global form detection, in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Schizophr Res Cogn 2016; 3:11-14. [PMID: 28740802 PMCID: PMC5506721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that schizophrenia is associated with impaired processing of global visual motion, but intact processing of global visual form. This project assessed whether preserved visual form detection in schizophrenia extended beyond low-level pattern discrimination to a naturalistic form-detection task. We assessed both naturalistic form detection and global motion detection in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder, bipolar affective disorder, and healthy controls. Individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and bipolar affective disorder were impaired relative to healthy controls on the global motion task, but not the naturalistic form-detection task. Results indicate that preservation of visual form detection in these disorders extends beyond configural forms to naturalistic object processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bennett
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Amy Dluzniak
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Simon J. Cropper
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Timea Partos
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Suresh Sundram
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University and Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Olivia Carter
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cowie GA, Swift E, Partos T, Borland R. Unpicking causal possibilities: Authors' response to Caldwell. Aust N Z J Public Health 2015; 39:115. [DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve A. Cowie
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Victoria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cowie GA, Swift E, Partos T, Borland R. Quitting activity and tobacco brand switching: findings from the ITC-4 Country Survey. Aust N Z J Public Health 2015; 39:109-13. [PMID: 25827182 PMCID: PMC4506928 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among Australian smokers, to examine associations between cigarette brand switching, quitting activity and possible causal directions by lagging the relationships in different directions. METHODS Current smokers from nine waves (2002 to early 2012) of the ITC-4 Country Survey Australian dataset were surveyed. Measures were brand switching, both brand family and product type (roll-your-own versus factory-made cigarettes) reported in adjacent waves, interest in quitting, recent quit attempts, and one month sustained abstinence. RESULTS Switching at one interval was unrelated to concurrent quit interest. Quit interest predicted switching at the following interval, but the effect disappeared once subsequent quit attempts were controlled for. Recent quit attempts more strongly predicted switching at concurrent (OR 1.34, 95%CI=1.18-1.52, p<0.001) and subsequent intervals (OR 1.31, 95%CI=1.12-1.53, p=0.001) than switching predicted quit attempts, with greater asymmetry when both types of switching were combined. One month sustained abstinence and switching were unrelated in the same interval; however, after controlling for concurrent switching and excluding type switchers, sustained abstinence predicted lower chance of switching at the following interval (OR=0.66, 95%CI=0.47-0.93, p=0.016). CONCLUSIONS The asymmetry suggests brand switching does not affect subsequent quitting. IMPLICATIONS Brand switching does not appear to interfere with quitting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve A. Cowie
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|