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Banin LF, Raine EH, Rowland LM, Chazdon RL, Smith SW, Rahman NEB, Butler A, Philipson C, Applegate GG, Axelsson EP, Budiharta S, Chua SC, Cutler MEJ, Elliott S, Gemita E, Godoong E, Graham LLB, Hayward RM, Hector A, Ilstedt U, Jensen J, Kasinathan S, Kettle CJ, Lussetti D, Manohan B, Maycock C, Ngo KM, O'Brien MJ, Osuri AM, Reynolds G, Sauwai Y, Scheu S, Silalahi M, Slade EM, Swinfield T, Wardle DA, Wheeler C, Yeong KL, Burslem DFRP. The road to recovery: a synthesis of outcomes from ecosystem restoration in tropical and sub-tropical Asian forests. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210090. [PMID: 36373930 PMCID: PMC9661948 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current policy is driving renewed impetus to restore forests to return ecological function, protect species, sequester carbon and secure livelihoods. Here we assess the contribution of tree planting to ecosystem restoration in tropical and sub-tropical Asia; we synthesize evidence on mortality and growth of planted trees at 176 sites and assess structural and biodiversity recovery of co-located actively restored and naturally regenerating forest plots. Mean mortality of planted trees was 18% 1 year after planting, increasing to 44% after 5 years. Mortality varied strongly by site and was typically ca 20% higher in open areas than degraded forest, with height at planting positively affecting survival. Size-standardized growth rates were negatively related to species-level wood density in degraded forest and plantations enrichment settings. Based on community-level data from 11 landscapes, active restoration resulted in faster accumulation of tree basal area and structural properties were closer to old-growth reference sites, relative to natural regeneration, but tree species richness did not differ. High variability in outcomes across sites indicates that planting for restoration is potentially rewarding but risky and context-dependent. Restoration projects must prepare for and manage commonly occurring challenges and align with efforts to protect and reconnect remaining forest areas. The abstract of this article is available in Bahasa Indonesia in the electronic supplementary material. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay F. Banin
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Elizabeth H. Raine
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Lucy M. Rowland
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Robin L. Chazdon
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, Forest Research Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, 4556, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart W. Smith
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research and Enterprise Group, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Nur Estya Binte Rahman
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Adam Butler
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, JCMB, The King's Buildings, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Christopher Philipson
- Permian Global Research Limited, Savoy Hill House, 7–10 Savoy Hill, London WC2R 0BU, UK
| | - Grahame G. Applegate
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, Forest Research Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, 4556, Queensland, Australia
| | - E. Petter Axelsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, Umeå 907 36, Sweden
| | - Sugeng Budiharta
- Research Centre for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Agency for Research and Innovation (BRIN), Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java 16911, Indonesia
| | - Siew Chin Chua
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Block S3 #05-01 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | | | - Stephen Elliott
- Environmental Science Research Centre, Science Faculty and Forest Restoration Research Unit, Biology Department, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Elva Gemita
- PT Restorasi Ekosistem Indonesia, Jl. Dadali No. 32, Bogor 16161, Indonesia
| | - Elia Godoong
- Faculty of Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
| | - Laura L. B. Graham
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, Forest Research Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, 4556, Queensland, Australia
- Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation, BOSF Mawas Program, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 73111, Indonesia
| | - Robin M. Hayward
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ulrik Ilstedt
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, Umeå 907 36, Sweden
| | - Joel Jensen
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, Umeå 907 36, Sweden
| | - Srinivasan Kasinathan
- Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, ‘Amritha’, 12th Main, Vijayanagar 1st Stage, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 017, India
| | - Christopher J. Kettle
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
- Bioversity International, Via di San Domenico, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Lussetti
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, Umeå 907 36, Sweden
| | - Benjapan Manohan
- Environmental Science Research Centre, Science Faculty and Forest Restoration Research Unit, Biology Department, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Colin Maycock
- Forever Sabah, Jalan Penampang, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88300, Malaysia
| | - Kang Min Ngo
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Michael J. O'Brien
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n., E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, 28933, Spain
| | - Anand M. Osuri
- Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, ‘Amritha’, 12th Main, Vijayanagar 1st Stage, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 017, India
| | - Glen Reynolds
- South East Asia Rainforest Research Partnership, Danum Valley Field Centre, PO Box 60282, Lahad Datu, Sabah 91112, Malaysia
| | - Yap Sauwai
- Conservation & Environmental Management Division, Yayasan Sabah Group, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88817, Malaysia
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen 37073, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mangarah Silalahi
- PT Restorasi Ekosistem Indonesia, Jl. Dadali No. 32, Bogor 16161, Indonesia
| | - Eleanor M. Slade
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Tom Swinfield
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Charlotte Wheeler
- Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan CIFOR, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
| | - Kok Loong Yeong
- South East Asia Rainforest Research Partnership, Danum Valley Field Centre, PO Box 60282, Lahad Datu, Sabah 91112, Malaysia
- Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David F. R. P. Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, Scotland AB24 3UU, UK
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8
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Schepaschenko D, Chave J, Phillips OL, Lewis SL, Davies SJ, Réjou-Méchain M, Sist P, Scipal K, Perger C, Herault B, Labrière N, Hofhansl F, Affum-Baffoe K, Aleinikov A, Alonso A, Amani C, Araujo-Murakami A, Armston J, Arroyo L, Ascarrunz N, Azevedo C, Baker T, Bałazy R, Bedeau C, Berry N, Bilous AM, Bilous SY, Bissiengou P, Blanc L, Bobkova KS, Braslavskaya T, Brienen R, Burslem DFRP, Condit R, Cuni-Sanchez A, Danilina D, Del Castillo Torres D, Derroire G, Descroix L, Sotta ED, d'Oliveira MVN, Dresel C, Erwin T, Evdokimenko MD, Falck J, Feldpausch TR, Foli EG, Foster R, Fritz S, Garcia-Abril AD, Gornov A, Gornova M, Gothard-Bassébé E, Gourlet-Fleury S, Guedes M, Hamer KC, Susanty FH, Higuchi N, Coronado ENH, Hubau W, Hubbell S, Ilstedt U, Ivanov VV, Kanashiro M, Karlsson A, Karminov VN, Killeen T, Koffi JCK, Konovalova M, Kraxner F, Krejza J, Krisnawati H, Krivobokov LV, Kuznetsov MA, Lakyda I, Lakyda PI, Licona JC, Lucas RM, Lukina N, Lussetti D, Malhi Y, Manzanera JA, Marimon B, Junior BHM, Martinez RV, Martynenko OV, Matsala M, Matyashuk RK, Mazzei L, Memiaghe H, Mendoza C, Mendoza AM, Moroziuk OV, Mukhortova L, Musa S, Nazimova DI, Okuda T, Oliveira LC, Ontikov PV, Osipov AF, Pietsch S, Playfair M, Poulsen J, Radchenko VG, Rodney K, Rozak AH, Ruschel A, Rutishauser E, See L, Shchepashchenko M, Shevchenko N, Shvidenko A, Silveira M, Singh J, Sonké B, Souza C, Stereńczak K, Stonozhenko L, Sullivan MJP, Szatniewska J, Taedoumg H, Ter Steege H, Tikhonova E, Toledo M, Trefilova OV, Valbuena R, Gamarra LV, Vasiliev S, Vedrova EF, Verhovets SV, Vidal E, Vladimirova NA, Vleminckx J, Vos VA, Vozmitel FK, Wanek W, West TAP, Woell H, Woods JT, Wortel V, Yamada T, Nur Hajar ZS, Zo-Bi IC. The Forest Observation System, building a global reference dataset for remote sensing of forest biomass. Sci Data 2019; 6:198. [PMID: 31601817 PMCID: PMC6787017 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest biomass is an essential indicator for monitoring the Earth's ecosystems and climate. It is a critical input to greenhouse gas accounting, estimation of carbon losses and forest degradation, assessment of renewable energy potential, and for developing climate change mitigation policies such as REDD+, among others. Wall-to-wall mapping of aboveground biomass (AGB) is now possible with satellite remote sensing (RS). However, RS methods require extant, up-to-date, reliable, representative and comparable in situ data for calibration and validation. Here, we present the Forest Observation System (FOS) initiative, an international cooperation to establish and maintain a global in situ forest biomass database. AGB and canopy height estimates with their associated uncertainties are derived at a 0.25 ha scale from field measurements made in permanent research plots across the world's forests. All plot estimates are geolocated and have a size that allows for direct comparison with many RS measurements. The FOS offers the potential to improve the accuracy of RS-based biomass products while developing new synergies between the RS and ground-based ecosystem research communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Schepaschenko
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, A-2361, Austria.
- Forestry faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, 141005, Russia.
| | - Jérôme Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Stuart J Davies
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 37012, Washington 20013, USA
| | | | - Plinio Sist
- CIRAD, Forêts et Sociétés, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- Forêts et Sociétés, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Klaus Scipal
- European Space Agency, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Perger
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, A-2361, Austria
- Spatial Focus GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno Herault
- CIRAD, Forêts et Sociétés, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- Forêts et Sociétés, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- Department Foresterie et Environnement (DFR FOREN), Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, INP-HB, Yamoussoukro, BP 2661, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Nicolas Labrière
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Florian Hofhansl
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, A-2361, Austria
| | - Kofi Affum-Baffoe
- Mensuration Unit, Forestry Commission of Ghana, 4 Third Avenue Ridge, Kumasi, POB M434, Ghana
| | - Alexei Aleinikov
- Center of Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 84/32/14, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Alfonso Alonso
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr SW, Suite 3123, Washington, DC, 20560-0705, USA
| | - Christian Amani
- Centre for International Forestry Research, CIFOR, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia
| | | | - John Armston
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, 2181 Lefrak Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Joint Remote Sensing Research Program, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Chamberlain Building (35), Campbell Road, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno Av. Irala 565 - casilla, 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Nataly Ascarrunz
- IBIF, Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Av. 6 de agosto # 28, Km 14 doble via La Guardia, Santa Cruz, Casilla, 6204, Bolivia
| | - Celso Azevedo
- Embrapa, Rodovia AM 10, km 29, Manaus, AM, 69010-970, Brazil
| | - Timothy Baker
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Radomir Bałazy
- Forest Research Institute, Department of Geomatics, Braci Leśnej 3, Sękocin Stary, Raszyn, 05-090, Poland
| | - Caroline Bedeau
- ONF, ONF-Réserve de Montabo Cayenne Cedex, Cayenne, BP 7002; 97307, French Guiana
| | - Nicholas Berry
- The Landscapes and Livelihoods Group, 20 Chambers St, Edinburgh, EH1 1JZ, UK
| | - Andrii M Bilous
- National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, General Rodimtsev 19, Kyiv, 3041, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Yu Bilous
- National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, General Rodimtsev 19, Kyiv, 3041, Ukraine
| | | | - Lilian Blanc
- CIRAD, Forêts et Sociétés, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- Forêts et Sociétés, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Kapitolina S Bobkova
- Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Center, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kommunisticheskaya 28, Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia
| | - Tatyana Braslavskaya
- Center of Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 84/32/14, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David F R P Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Richard Condit
- Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rte. 53, Lisle, 60532, IL, USA
| | - Aida Cuni-Sanchez
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Dilshad Danilina
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Academgorodok 50(28), Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Dennis Del Castillo Torres
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Av. Abelardo Quiñones km 2.5, Iquitos, Apartado Postal 784, Peru
| | - Géraldine Derroire
- CIRAD, UMR EcoFoG, Campus Agronomique - BP 701, Kourou, 97387, France, French Guiana
| | - Laurent Descroix
- ONF, ONF-Réserve de Montabo Cayenne Cedex, Cayenne, BP 7002; 97307, French Guiana
| | - Eleneide Doff Sotta
- Embrapa, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitscheck, Km 5, no 2.600, Macapa, Caixa Postal 10, CEP: 68903-419, Brazil
| | | | - Christopher Dresel
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, A-2361, Austria
- Spatial Focus GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Terry Erwin
- SI Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 187, Washington, DC, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Mikhail D Evdokimenko
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Academgorodok 50(28), Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Jan Falck
- Department Forest Ecology and Management, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter,Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Ernest G Foli
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, UP Box 63, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Robin Foster
- The Field Musium, 1400S Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Steffen Fritz
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, A-2361, Austria
| | | | - Aleksey Gornov
- Center of Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 84/32/14, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Maria Gornova
- Center of Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 84/32/14, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Ernest Gothard-Bassébé
- Institut Centrafricain de Recherche Agronomique, ICRA, BP 122, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury
- CIRAD, Forêts et Sociétés, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- Forêts et Sociétés, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Marcelino Guedes
- Embrapa, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitscheck, Km 5, no 2.600, Macapa, Caixa Postal 10, CEP: 68903-419, Brazil
| | - Keith C Hamer
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Farida Herry Susanty
- FOERDIA, Forestry and Environment Research Development and Innovation Agency, Jalan Gunung Batu No 5, Bogor, 16610, Indonesia
| | - Niro Higuchi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - Coordenação de Pesquisas em Silvicultura Tropical, Manaus, 69060-001, Brazil
| | - Eurídice N Honorio Coronado
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Av. Abelardo Quiñones km 2.5, Iquitos, Apartado Postal 784, Peru
| | - Wannes Hubau
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- U Gent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Stephen Hubbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA
| | - Ulrik Ilstedt
- Department Forest Ecology and Management, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Viktor V Ivanov
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Academgorodok 50(28), Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Milton Kanashiro
- Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, Travessa Doutor Enéas Pinheiro, Belém, PA, 66095-903, Brazil
| | - Anders Karlsson
- Department Forest Ecology and Management, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Viktor N Karminov
- Center of Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 84/32/14, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Timothy Killeen
- World Wildlife Fund, Calle Diego de Mendoza 299, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | | | - Maria Konovalova
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Academgorodok 50(28), Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Florian Kraxner
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, A-2361, Austria
| | - Jan Krejza
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, Brno, 603 00, Czech Republic
| | - Haruni Krisnawati
- FOERDIA, Forestry and Environment Research Development and Innovation Agency, Jalan Gunung Batu No 5, Bogor, 16610, Indonesia
| | - Leonid V Krivobokov
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Academgorodok 50(28), Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Kuznetsov
- Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Center, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kommunisticheskaya 28, Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia
| | - Ivan Lakyda
- National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, General Rodimtsev 19, Kyiv, 3041, Ukraine
| | - Petro I Lakyda
- National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, General Rodimtsev 19, Kyiv, 3041, Ukraine
| | - Juan Carlos Licona
- IBIF, Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Av. 6 de agosto # 28, Km 14 doble via La Guardia, Santa Cruz, Casilla, 6204, Bolivia
| | - Richard M Lucas
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DB, UK
| | - Natalia Lukina
- Center of Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 84/32/14, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Daniel Lussetti
- Department Forest Ecology and Management, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | | | - Beatriz Marimon
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, UNEMAT, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, 78.690-000, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon Junior
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, UNEMAT, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, 78.690-000, Brazil
| | | | - Olga V Martynenko
- Russian Institute of Continuous Education in Forestry, Institutskaya 17, Pushkino, 141200, Russia
| | - Maksym Matsala
- National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, General Rodimtsev 19, Kyiv, 3041, Ukraine
| | - Raisa K Matyashuk
- Institute for Evolutionary Ecology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lebedev 37, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
| | - Lucas Mazzei
- Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, Travessa Doutor Enéas Pinheiro, Belém, PA, 66095-903, Brazil
| | - Hervé Memiaghe
- University of Oregon, 1585 E 13th Ave, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | | | - Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri; Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Oxapampa, Peru
| | - Olga V Moroziuk
- National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, General Rodimtsev 19, Kyiv, 3041, Ukraine
| | - Liudmila Mukhortova
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Academgorodok 50(28), Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Samsudin Musa
- FRIM Forest Reserach Institute of Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dina I Nazimova
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Academgorodok 50(28), Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Toshinori Okuda
- Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | | | - Petr V Ontikov
- Forestry faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, 141005, Russia
| | - Andrey F Osipov
- Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Center, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kommunisticheskaya 28, Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia
| | - Stephan Pietsch
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, A-2361, Austria
| | - Maureen Playfair
- Center for Agricultural research in Suriname, CELOS, 1914, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - John Poulsen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, P.O. Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Vladimir G Radchenko
- Institute for Evolutionary Ecology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lebedev 37, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
| | - Kenneth Rodney
- IIC, The Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development, 77 High Street, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Andes H Rozak
- Cibodas Botanic Gardens - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jl. Kebun Raya Cibodas, Cipanas, Cianjur, 43253, Indonesia
| | - Ademir Ruschel
- Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, Travessa Doutor Enéas Pinheiro, Belém, PA, 66095-903, Brazil
| | - Ervan Rutishauser
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama 3092, Panama
| | - Linda See
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, A-2361, Austria
| | - Maria Shchepashchenko
- Russian Institute of Continuous Education in Forestry, Institutskaya 17, Pushkino, 141200, Russia
| | - Nikolay Shevchenko
- Center of Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 84/32/14, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Anatoly Shvidenko
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, A-2361, Austria
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Academgorodok 50(28), Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Museu Universitário, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR 364, Km 04 - Distrito Industrial, Rio Branco, 69915-559, Brazil
| | - James Singh
- Guyana Forestry Commission, 1 Water Street, Kingston Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 047, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Cintia Souza
- Embrapa, Rodovia AM 10, km 29, Manaus, AM, 69010-970, Brazil
| | - Krzysztof Stereńczak
- Forest Research Institute, Department of Geomatics, Braci Leśnej 3, Sękocin Stary, Raszyn, 05-090, Poland
| | - Leonid Stonozhenko
- Russian Institute of Continuous Education in Forestry, Institutskaya 17, Pushkino, 141200, Russia
| | | | - Justyna Szatniewska
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, Brno, 603 00, Czech Republic
| | - Hermann Taedoumg
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 047, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Bioversity international, P.O. Box 2008, Messa, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | | | - Elena Tikhonova
- Center of Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 84/32/14, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Marisol Toledo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno Av. Irala 565 - casilla, 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Olga V Trefilova
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Academgorodok 50(28), Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Ruben Valbuena
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Thoday Building. Deiniol Rd, Bangor, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Valenzuela Gamarra
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri; Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Oxapampa, Peru
| | - Sergey Vasiliev
- Forestry faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, 141005, Russia
| | - Estella F Vedrova
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Academgorodok 50(28), Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Sergey V Verhovets
- Siberian Federal University, Svobodnyy Ave, 79, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
- Reshetnev Siberian state university of science and technology, pr. Mira 82, Krasnoyarsk, 660049, Russia
| | - Edson Vidal
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paolo, PO Box 9, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Nadezhda A Vladimirova
- State Nature Reserve Denezhkin Kamen, Lenina, 6, Sverdlovsk reg, Severouralsk, 624480, Russia
| | - Jason Vleminckx
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 S.W. 8th Street, Miami, 33199, FL, USA
| | | | - Foma K Vozmitel
- Forestry faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, 141005, Russia
| | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Thales A P West
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion) Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, 49 Sala Street, Rotorua, 3046, New Zealand
| | - Hannsjorg Woell
- Unaffiliated (retired), Sommersbergseestrasse 291, Bad Aussee, 8990, Austria
| | - John T Woods
- W.R.T College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Liberia, Capitol Hill, Monrovia, 9020, Liberia
| | - Verginia Wortel
- Center for Agricultural research in Suriname, CELOS, 1914, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Toshihiro Yamada
- Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Zamah Shari Nur Hajar
- FRIM Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Irié Casimir Zo-Bi
- Department Foresterie et Environnement (DFR FOREN), Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, INP-HB, Yamoussoukro, BP 2661, Côte d'Ivoire
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