1
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Choi UY, Choi YJ, Lee SA, Yoo JS. Cisd2 deficiency impairs neutrophil function by regulating calcium homeostasis via Calnexin and SERCA. BMB Rep 2024; 57:256-261. [PMID: 38627949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In the context of aging, the susceptibility to infectious diseases increases, leading to heightened morbidity and mortality. This phenomenon, termed immunosenescence, is characterized by dysregulation in the aging immune system, including abnormal alterations in lymphocyte composition, elevated basal inflammation, and the accumulation of senescent T cells. Such changes contribute to increased autoimmune diseases, enhanced infection severity, and reduced responsiveness to vaccines. Utilizing aging animal models becomes imperative for a comprehensive understanding of immunosenescence, given the complexity of aging as a physiological process in living organisms. Our investigation focuses on Cisd2, a causative gene for Wolfram syndrome, to elucidate on immunosenescence. Cisd2 knockout (KO) mice, serving as a model for premature aging, exhibit a shortened lifespan with early onset of aging-related features, such as decreased bone density, hair loss, depigmentation, and optic nerve degeneration. Intriguingly, we found that the Cisd2 KO mice present a higher number of neutrophils in the blood; however, isolated neutrophils from these mice display functional defects. Through mass spectrometry analysis, we identified an interaction between Cisd2 and Calnexin, a protein known for its role in protein quality control. Beyond this function, Calnexin also regulates calcium homeostasis through interaction with sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium transport ATPase (SERCA). Our study proposes that Cisd2 modulates calcium homeostasis via its interaction with Calnexin and SERCA, consequently influencing neutrophil functions. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(5): 256-261].
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Affiliation(s)
- Un Yung Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju 07478; KU Open Innovation Center, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju 07478, Korea
| | - Youn Jung Choi
- Kao Autoimmunity Institute and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Shin-Ae Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ji-Seung Yoo
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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2
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Choi YJ, Yoo JS, Jung K, Rice L, Kim D, Zlojutro V, Frimel M, Madden E, Choi UY, Foo SS, Choi Y, Jiang Z, Johnson H, Kwak MJ, Kang S, Hong B, Seo GJ, Kim S, Lee SA, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Maazi H, Akbari O, Asosingh K, Jung JU. Lung-specific MCEMP1 functions as an adaptor for KIT to promote SCF-mediated mast cell proliferation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2045. [PMID: 37041174 PMCID: PMC10090139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37873-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung mast cells are important in host defense, and excessive proliferation or activation of these cells can cause chronic inflammatory disorders like asthma. Two parallel pathways induced by KIT-stem cell factor (SCF) and FcεRI-immunoglobulin E interactions are critical for the proliferation and activation of mast cells, respectively. Here, we report that mast cell-expressed membrane protein1 (MCEMP1), a lung-specific surface protein, functions as an adaptor for KIT, which promotes SCF-mediated mast cell proliferation. MCEMP1 elicits intracellular signaling through its cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif and forms a complex with KIT to enhance its autophosphorylation and activation. Consequently, MCEMP1 deficiency impairs SCF-induced peritoneal mast cell proliferation in vitro and lung mast cell expansion in vivo. Mcemp1-deficient mice exhibit reduced airway inflammation and lung impairment in chronic asthma mouse models. This study shows lung-specific MCEMP1 as an adaptor for KIT to facilitate SCF-mediated mast cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Jung Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Ji-Seung Yoo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Kyle Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Logan Rice
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Dokyun Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Violetta Zlojutro
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Matthew Frimel
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Evan Madden
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Un Yung Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Suan-Sin Foo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Younho Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, 34987, USA
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Holly Johnson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mi-Jeong Kwak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Seokmin Kang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Brian Hong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Gil Ju Seo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Stephanie Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Shin-Ae Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Samad Amini-Bavil-Olyaee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Biosafety Development Group, Cellular Sciences Department, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Hadi Maazi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Kewal Asosingh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, 34987, USA.
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3
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Foo SS, Chen W, Jung KL, Azamor T, Choi UY, Zhang P, Comhair SA, Erzurum SC, Jehi L, Jung JU. Immunometabolic rewiring in long COVID patients with chronic headache. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.06.531302. [PMID: 36945569 PMCID: PMC10028820 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.06.531302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Almost 20% of patients with COVID-19 experience long-term effects, known as post-COVID condition or long COVID. Among many lingering neurologic symptoms, chronic headache is the most common. Despite this health concern, the etiology of long COVID headache is still not well characterized. Here, we present a longitudinal multi-omics analysis of blood leukocyte transcriptomics, plasma proteomics and metabolomics of long COVID patients with chronic headache. Long COVID patients experienced a state of hyper-inflammation prior to chronic headache onset and maintained persistent inflammatory activation throughout the progression of chronic headache. Metabolomic analysis also revealed augmented arginine and lipid metabolisms, skewing towards a nitric oxide-based pro-inflammation. Furthermore, metabolisms of neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, and GABA were markedly dysregulated during the progression of long COVID headache. Overall, these findings illustrate the immuno-metabolomics landscape of long COVID patients with chronic headache, which may provide insights to potential therapeutic interventions.
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4
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Lee SA, Chang LC, Jung W, Bowman JW, Kim D, Chen W, Foo SS, Choi YJ, Choi UY, Bowling A, Yoo JS, Jung JU. OASL phase condensation induces amyloid-like fibrillation of RIPK3 to promote virus-induced necroptosis. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:92-107. [PMID: 36604592 PMCID: PMC9859756 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RIPK3-ZBP1-MLKL-mediated necroptosis is a proinflammatory cell death process that is crucial for antiviral host defence. RIPK3 self-oligomerization and autophosphorylation are prerequisites for executing necroptosis, yet the underlying mechanism of virus-induced RIPK3 activation remains elusive. Interferon-inducible 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase-like (OASL) protein is devoid of enzymatic function but displays potent antiviral activity. Here we describe a role of OASL as a virus-induced necroptosis promoter that scaffolds the RIPK3-ZBP1 non-canonical necrosome via liquid-like phase condensation. This liquid-like platform of OASL recruits RIPK3 and ZBP1 via protein-protein interactions to provide spatial segregation for RIPK3 nucleation. This process facilitates the amyloid-like fibril formation and activation of RIPK3 and thereby MLKL phosphorylation for necroptosis. Mice deficient in Oasl1 exhibit severely impaired necroptosis and attenuated inflammation after viral infection, resulting in uncontrolled viral dissemination and lethality. Our study demonstrates an interferon-induced innate response whereby OASL scaffolds RIPK3-ZBP1 assembly via its phase-separated liquid droplets to facilitate necroptosis-mediated antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ae Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Lin-Chun Chang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Immunology Program of the Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - WooRam Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James W Bowman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dokyun Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Suan-Sin Foo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Youn Jung Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Un Yung Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna Bowling
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ji-Seung Yoo
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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5
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Choi UY, Lee JJ, Park A, Jung KL, Lee SA, Choi YJ, Lee HR, Lai CJ, Eoh H, Jung JU. Herpesvirus-induced spermidine synthesis and eIF5A hypusination for viral episomal maintenance. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111234. [PMID: 35977517 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermidine is essential for cellular growth and acts as a prerequisite of hypusination, a post-translational modification of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), allowing the translation of polyproline-containing proteins. Here, we show that oncogenic Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) increases spermidine synthesis and eIF5A hypusination to enhance expression of polyproline-containing latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) for viral episomal maintenance. KSHV upregulates intracellular spermidine levels by dysregulating polyamine metabolic pathways in three-dimensional (3D) culture and 2D de novo infection conditions. Increased intracellular spermidine leads to increased eIF5A hypusination, ultimately enhancing LANA expression. In contrast, inhibition of spermidine synthesis or eIF5A hypusination alleviates LANA expression, decreasing viral episomal maintenance and KSHV-infected cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, which is reversed by spermidine supplement. This demonstrates that KSHV hijacks spermidine synthesis and eIF5A hypusination pathways to enhance LANA expression for viral episomal maintenance, suggesting polyamine metabolism and eIF5A hypusination as therapeutic targets for KSHV-induced tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un Yung Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Jae Jin Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Angela Park
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kyle L Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Shin-Ae Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Youn Jung Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Hye-Ra Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Chih-Jen Lai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Hyungjin Eoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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6
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Jung KL, Choi UY, Park A, Foo SS, Kim S, Lee SA, Jung JU. Single-cell analysis of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection in three-dimensional air-liquid interface culture model. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010775. [PMID: 35976902 PMCID: PMC9385030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is the major site for transmission of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), but how KSHV establishes infection and replication in the oral epithelia remains unclear. Here, we report a KSHV spontaneous lytic replication model using fully differentiated, three-dimensional (3D) oral epithelial organoids at an air-liquid interface (ALI). This model revealed that KSHV infected the oral epithelia when the basal epithelial cells were exposed by damage. Unlike two-dimensional (2D) cell culture, 3D oral epithelial organoid ALI culture allowed high levels of spontaneous KSHV lytic replication, where lytically replicating cells were enriched at the superficial layer of epithelial organoid. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) showed that KSHV infection induced drastic changes of host gene expression in infected as well as uninfected cells at the different epithelial layers, resulting in altered keratinocyte differentiation and cell death. Moreover, we identified a unique population of infected cells containing lytic gene expression at the KSHV K2-K5 gene locus and distinct host gene expression compared to latent or lytic infected cells. This study demonstrates an in vitro 3D epithelial organoid ALI culture model that recapitulates KSHV infection in the oral cavity, where KSHV undergoes the epithelial differentiation-dependent spontaneous lytic replication with a unique cell population carrying distinct viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Un Yung Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Angela Park
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Suan-Sin Foo
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shin-Ae Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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7
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Park A, Oh S, Jung KL, Choi UY, Lee HR, Rosenfeld MG, Jung JU. Global epigenomic analysis of KSHV-infected primary effusion lymphoma identifies functional MYC superenhancers and enhancer RNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21618-21627. [PMID: 32817485 PMCID: PMC7474655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922216117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancers play indispensable roles in cell proliferation and survival through spatiotemporally regulating gene transcription. Active enhancers and superenhancers often produce noncoding enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) that precisely control RNA polymerase II activity. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human oncogenic gamma-2 herpesvirus that causes Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). It is well characterized that KSHV utilizes host epigenetic machineries to control the switch between two lifecycles, latency and lytic replication. However, how KSHV impacts host epigenome at different stages of viral lifecycle is not well understood. Using global run-on sequencing (GRO-seq) and chromatin-immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), we profiled the dynamics of host transcriptional regulatory elements during latency and lytic replication of KSHV-infected PEL cells. This revealed that a number of critical host genes for KSHV latency, including MYC proto-oncogene, were under the control of superenhancers whose activities were globally repressed upon viral reactivation. The eRNA-expressing MYC superenhancers were located downstream of the MYC gene in KSHV-infected PELs and played a key role in MYC expression. RNAi-mediated depletion or dCas9-KRAB CRISPR inhibition of eRNA expression significantly reduced MYC mRNA level in PELs, as did the treatment of an epigenomic drug that globally blocks superenhancer function. Finally, while cellular IRF4 acted upon eRNA expression and superenhancer function for MYC expression during latency, KSHV viral IRF4 repressed cellular IRF4 expression, decreasing MYC expression and thereby, facilitating lytic replication. These results indicate that KSHV acts as an epigenomic driver that modifies host epigenomic status upon reactivation by effectively regulating host enhancer function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Park
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Soohwan Oh
- Graduate Program of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- HHMI, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Kyle L Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Un Yung Choi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Hye-Ra Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, 30019 Sejong, South Korea
| | - Michael G Rosenfeld
- HHMI, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033;
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8
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Choi UY, Lee JJ, Park A, Zhu W, Lee HR, Choi YJ, Yoo JS, Yu C, Feng P, Gao SJ, Chen S, Eoh H, Jung JU. Oncogenic human herpesvirus hijacks proline metabolism for tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8083-8093. [PMID: 32213586 PMCID: PMC7149499 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918607117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture is well documented to regain intrinsic metabolic properties and to better mimic the in vivo situation than two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. Particularly, proline metabolism is critical for tumorigenesis since pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) reductase (PYCR/P5CR) is highly expressed in various tumors and its enzymatic activity is essential for in vitro 3D tumor cell growth and in vivo tumorigenesis. PYCR converts the P5C intermediate to proline as a biosynthesis pathway, whereas proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) breaks down proline to P5C as a degradation pathway. Intriguingly, expressions of proline biosynthesis PYCR gene and proline degradation PRODH gene are up-regulated directly by c-Myc oncoprotein and p53 tumor suppressor, respectively, suggesting that the proline-P5C metabolic axis is a key checkpoint for tumor cell growth. Here, we report a metabolic reprogramming of 3D tumor cell growth by oncogenic Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), an etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma. Metabolomic analyses revealed that KSHV infection increased nonessential amino acid metabolites, specifically proline, in 3D culture, not in 2D culture. Strikingly, the KSHV K1 oncoprotein interacted with and activated PYCR enzyme, increasing intracellular proline concentration. Consequently, the K1-PYCR interaction promoted tumor cell growth in 3D spheroid culture and tumorigenesis in nude mice. In contrast, depletion of PYCR expression markedly abrogated K1-induced tumor cell growth in 3D culture, not in 2D culture. This study demonstrates that an increase of proline biosynthesis induced by K1-PYCR interaction is critical for KSHV-mediated transformation in in vitro 3D culture condition and in vivo tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un Yung Choi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Jae Jin Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Angela Park
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Hye-Ra Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, 30019 Sejong, South Korea
| | - Youn Jung Choi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Ji-Seung Yoo
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Claire Yu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, 515041 Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaochen Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Hyungjin Eoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033;
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033;
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9
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Lee HR, Choi UY, Hwang SW, Kim S, Jung JU. Viral Inhibition of PRR-Mediated Innate Immune Response: Learning from KSHV Evasion Strategies. Mol Cells 2016; 39:777-782. [PMID: 27871174 PMCID: PMC5125932 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system has evolved to detect and destroy invading pathogens before they can establish systemic infection. To successfully eradicate pathogens, including viruses, host innate immunity is activated through diverse pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which detect conserved viral signatures and trigger the production of type I interferon (IFN) and pro-inflammatory cytokines to mediate viral clearance. Viral persistence requires that viruses co-opt cellular pathways and activities for their benefit. In particular, due to the potent antiviral activities of IFN and cytokines, viruses have developed various strategies to meticulously modulate intracellular innate immune sensing mechanisms to facilitate efficient viral replication and persistence. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the study of viral immune evasion strategies with a specific focus on how Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) effectively targets host PRR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ra Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019,
Korea
| | - Un Yung Choi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Harlyne J. Norris Cancer Research Tower, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, California 90033,
USA
| | - Sung-Woo Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019,
Korea
| | - Stephanie Kim
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Harlyne J. Norris Cancer Research Tower, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, California 90033,
USA
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Harlyne J. Norris Cancer Research Tower, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, California 90033,
USA
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10
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Lee WB, Kang JS, Choi WY, Zhang Q, Kim CH, Choi UY, Kim-Ha J, Kim YJ. Mincle-mediated translational regulation is required for strong nitric oxide production and inflammation resolution. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11322. [PMID: 27089465 PMCID: PMC4837483 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to persistent mycobacteria infection, the host induces a granuloma, which often fails to eradicate bacteria and results in tissue damage. Diverse host receptors are required to control the formation and resolution of granuloma, but little is known concerning their regulatory interactions. Here we show that Mincle, the inducible receptor for mycobacterial cord factor, is the key switch for the transition of macrophages from cytokine expression to high nitric oxide production. In addition to its stimulatory role on TLR-mediated transcription, Mincle enhanced the translation of key genes required for nitric oxide synthesis through p38 and eIF5A hypusination, leading to granuloma resolution. Thus, Mincle has dual functions in the promotion and subsequent resolution of inflammation during anti-mycobacterial defence using both transcriptional and translational controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook-Bin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Young Choi
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Quanri Zhang
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Han Kim
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Yung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsil Kim-Ha
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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11
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Choi UY, Choi WY, Hur JY, Kim YJ. Polyubiquitin chain-dependent protein degradation in TRIM30 cytoplasmic bodies. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e159. [PMID: 25882191 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection induces numerous tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins to control antiviral immune signaling and viral replication. Particularly, SPRY-containing TRIM proteins are found only in vertebrates and they control target protein degradation by their RING-finger and SPRY domains, and proper cytoplasmic localization. To understand TRIM30 function, we analyzed its localization pattern and putative roles of its RING-finger and SPRY domains. We found that TRIM30 is located in actin-mediated cytoplasmic bodies and produces colocalized ubiquitin chains in SPRY domain- and RING-finger domain-dependent ways that are degraded by autophagy and the proteasome. These results suggest a TRIM protein-dependent degradation mechanism by cytoplasmic body formation with actin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un Yung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Young Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Hur
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea [3] Center for Cellular and Structural Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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12
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Choi UY, Hur JY, Lee MS, Zhang Q, Choi WY, Kim LK, Lee WB, Oh GT, Kim YJ. Tripartite motif-containing protein 30 modulates TCR-activated proliferation and effector functions in CD4+ T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95805. [PMID: 24756037 PMCID: PMC3995923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To avoid excessive activation, immune signals are tightly controlled by diverse inhibitory proteins. TRIM30, a tripartite motif (TRIM)-containing protein is one of such inhibitors known to function in macrophages. To define the roles of TRIM30, we generated Trim30 knockout (Trim30−/−) mice. Trim30 deletion caused no major developmental defects in any organs, nor showed any discernable defect in the activation of macrophages. But, Trim30−/− mice showed increased CD4/CD8 ratio when aged and Trim30−/− CD4+ T cells exhibited an abnormal response upon TCR activation, in particular in the absence of a costimulatory signal. Adoptive transfer of wild-type and Trim30−/− CD4+ T cells together into lymphopenic hosts confirmed higher proliferation of the Trim30−/− CD4+ T cells in vivo. Despite the enhanced proliferation, Trim30−/− T cells showed decreased levels of NF-κB activation and IL-2 production compared to wild-type cells. These results indicate a distinct requirement for TRIM30 in modulation of NF-κB activation and cell proliferation induced by TCR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un Yung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Hur
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeong Sup Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Quanri Zhang
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Young Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lark Kyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wook-Bin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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13
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Lee MS, Kim B, Lee SM, Cho WC, Lee WB, Kang JS, Choi UY, Lyu J, Kim YJ. Genome-wide profiling of in vivo LPS-responsive genes in splenic myeloid cells. Mol Cells 2013; 35:498-513. [PMID: 23666259 PMCID: PMC3887871 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-2349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major causative agent of bacterial sepsis, has been used by many laboratories in genome-wide expression profiling of the LPS response. However, these studies have predominantly used in vitro cultured macrophages (Macs), which may not accurately reflect the LPS response of these innate immune cells in vivo. To overcome this limitation and to identify inflammatory genes in vivo, we have profiled genome-wide expression patterns in non-lymphoid, splenic myeloid cells extracted directly from LPS-treated mice. Genes encoding factors known to be involved in mediating or regulating inflammatory processes, such as cytokines and chemokines, as well as many genes whose immunological functions are not well known, were strongly induced by LPS after 3 h or 8 h of treatment. Most of the highly LPS-responsive genes that we randomly selected from the microarray data were independently confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR, implying that our microarray data are quite reliable. When our in vivo data were compared to previously reported microarray data for in vitro LPS-treated Macs, a significant proportion (∼20%) of the in vivo LPS-responsive genes defined in this study were specific to cells exposed to LPS in vivo, but a larger proportion of them (∼60%) were influenced by LPS in both in vitro and in vivo settings. This result indicates that our in vivo LPS-responsive gene set includes not only previously identified in vitro LPS-responsive genes but also novel LPS-responsive genes. Both types of genes would be a valuable resource in the future for understanding inflammatory responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Sup Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Byungil Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Sun-Min Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Woo-Cheul Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Wook-Bin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Un Yung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Jaemyun Lyu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Sciences, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
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14
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Kim LK, Choi UY, Cho HS, Lee JS, Lee WB, Kim J, Jeong K, Shim J, Kim-Ha J, Kim YJ. Down-regulation of NF-kappaB target genes by the AP-1 and STAT complex during the innate immune response in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2007; 5:e238. [PMID: 17803358 PMCID: PMC1964775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of several transcription factors is required for the elimination of infectious pathogens via the innate immune response. The transcription factors NF-κB, AP-1, and STAT play major roles in the synthesis of immune effector molecules during innate immune responses. However, the fact that these immune responses can have cytotoxic effects requires their tight regulation to achieve restricted and transient activation, and mis-regulation of the damping process has pathological consequences. Here we show that AP-1 and STAT are themselves the major inhibitors responsible for damping NF-κB–mediated transcriptional activation during the innate immune response in Drosophila. As the levels of dAP-1 and Stat92E increase due to continuous immune signaling, they play a repressive role by forming a repressosome complex with the Drosophila HMG protein, Dsp1. The dAP-1–, Stat92E-, and Dsp1-containing complexes replace Relish at the promoters of diverse immune effector genes by binding to evolutionarily conserved cis-elements, and they recruit histone deacetylase to inhibit transcription. Reduction by mutation of dAP-1, Stat92E, or Dsp1 results in hyperactivation of Relish target genes and reduces the viability of bacterially infected flies despite more efficient pathogen clearance. These defects are rescued by reducing the Relish copy number, thus confirming that mis-regulation of Relish, not inadequate activation of dAP-1, Stat92E, or Dsp1 target genes, is responsible for the reduced survival of the mutants. We conclude that an inhibitory effect of AP-1 and STAT on NF-κB is required for properly balanced immune responses and appears to be evolutionarily conserved. The immune response is designed to target foreign infectious elements, not self, but it can become destructive when it fails to discriminate self from nonself. Therefore, it is important to restrain the magnitude and duration of the immune response by several mechanisms including receptor down-regulation and inhibitor synthesis. Here, focusing on the immune system of Drosophila, we present a mechanism of control that relies on the transcription factors AP-1 and STAT to prevent the excessive activation of the NF-κB–mediated immune response. Thus, AP-1 and STAT, renowned for their role in activating the NF-κB–mediated immune response, appear also to participate in its attenuation. In their role as negative regulators, AP-1 and STAT form a complex with HMG protein and HDAC. This complex is then recruited to the promoter regions of NF-κB target genes, causing the chromatin structure near the NF-κB target genes to contract and the expression of NF-κB target genes to shut down. Mis-regulation of this negative-feedback process, we found, increased the lethality of bacterial infection in Drosophila. A similar scenario has been noted in mammals with over-activated NF-κB–mediated immune responses, which has been implicated in autoimmune disease. Thus, feedback inhibition of NF-κB appears to be evolutionarily conserved to maintain properly balanced immune responses. After a role in initiating an NF-κB-mediated innate immune response to microbial challenge, AP-1 and STAT act to form part of a repressosome to down-regulate the transcription of antimicrobial peptides and thus to resolve the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lark Kyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Genome Regulation, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Un Yung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Genome Regulation, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwan Sung Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Genome Regulation, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Seon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Genome Regulation, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wook-bin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Genome Regulation, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoungsuk Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaewon Shim
- Department of Biochemistry, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Genome Regulation, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongsil Kim-Ha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Genome Regulation, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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15
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Choi SE, Kim KS, Kim KH, Choi UY, Kim HM, Yoon JW, Kang Y. Endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia viral (MuLV) envelope protein as a new autoantigen reactive with non-obese diabetic mice sera. J Autoimmun 2000; 15:347-57. [PMID: 11040075 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2000.0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of autoantigens associated with autoimmune IDDM (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) would help to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of this disease as well as to design antigen-based immunotherapy. Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice have been used as the best model for studying the pathogenesis of human IDDM. To identify new autoantigens associated with IDDM, the lambda gt11-cDNA library from MIN6N8a, NOD-derived pancreatic beta cell line, was constructed and then candidate autoantigen clones were screened with prediabetic NOD sera. Nine positive clones were selected from 2x10(5)phage plaques. The nucleotide sequencing and homology searching showed that six of the nine positive clones had part of the endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia viral (MuLV) envelope gene. Nested deletion of this envelope gene revealed that the leucine zipper region in the transmembrane domain of MuLV envelope protein was the target epitope(s) reactive with prediabetic NOD mice sera. The prevalence of MuLV envelope protein-positive antibody in NOD mice was around 46%, while the non-NOD mice strains including BALB/c, ICR, C57BL/6, and SJL/J mice did not produce this envelope protein-reactive antibody. The expression of endogenous ecotropic MuLV envelope gene in NOD mouse pancreas was distinct in those with severe insulitis. However, both prediabetic and diabetic NOD mice did not show the MHC class II-restrictive cellular autoimmunity against our purified recombinant envelope protein. In this study, we showed that the endogenous ecotropic MuLV envelope protein was a new autoantigen reactive with the activated NOD humoral immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Choi
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Institute for Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, Korea
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16
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Bonderman DP, Choi UY, Hetzler HL, Long KR. Statistical Examination of a Rapid Method for the Determination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Residues in Human Blood. J AOAC Int 1969. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/52.3.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
An orderly examination of the laboratory parameters involved in the recovery of the chlorinated hydrocarbon residue, p,p′-DDE, from human blood serum by the method of Dale, Curley, and Cueto is reported. The age of the serum, amount of hexane used for extraction, duration of mixing time, and temperature were varied; the results were examined statistically to discern the possible effects. All these factors had a statistically significant effect upon the results of the analytical quantitation performed by GLC. The aging time of these rum and the amount of hexane used for the extraction as well as the aging time and duration of mixing time were intercorrelated. Modification for use of the published procedures based upon these findings is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Bonderman
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| | - U Y Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| | - H L Hetzler
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| | - K R Long
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
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17
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Bonderman DP, Choi UY, Hetzler HL, Long KR. Statistical Examination of a Rapid Method for the Determination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Residues in Human Blood. J AOAC Int 1969. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/52.5.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
An orderly examination of the laboratory parameters involved in the recovery of the chlorinated hydrocarbon residue, p,p′-DDE, from human blood serum by the method of Dale, Curley, and Cueto is reported. The age of the serum, amount of hexane used for extraction, duration of mixing time, and temperature were varied; the results were examined statistically to discern the possible effects. All these factors had a statistically significant effect upon the results of the analytical quantitation performed by GLC. The aging time of these rum and the amount of hexane used for the extraction as well as the aging time and duration of mixing time were intercorrelated. Modification for use of the published procedures based upon these findings is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Bonderman
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| | - U Y Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| | - H L Hetzler
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| | - K R Long
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
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18
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Long KR, Beat VB, Gombart AK, Sheets RF, Hamilton HE, Falaballa F, Bonderman DP, Choi UY. The epidemiology of pesticides in a rural area. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1969; 30:298-304. [PMID: 4183304 DOI: 10.1080/00028896909343124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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