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Boertien D, Perales F, Pessin L. Does intergenerational educational mobility vary by sexual identity? A comparative analysis of five OECD countries. Eur Sociol Rev 2024; 40:226-241. [PMID: 38567380 PMCID: PMC10984377 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcad062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Lesbian, gay and bisexual people are disadvantaged in terms of health and socio-economic status compared with heterosexual people, yet findings pertaining to educational outcomes vary depending on the specific identity and gender considered. This study delves into these unexplained findings by applying a social-stratification lens, thereby providing an account of how intergenerational educational mobility varies by sexual identity. To accomplish this, we use representative data from five OECD countries and a regression-based empirical specification relying on coarsened exact matching. We find that gay and lesbian people have higher educational attainment than heterosexual people in all five countries and that these higher levels of education stem from greater rates of upward educational mobility among gay/lesbian people. There were, however, few differences between heterosexual and bisexual people. Variation across countries emerged when analyses were stratified by gender, with higher rates of upward mobility observed for gay men in Australia, Chile, the United Kingdom, and the United States and lesbian women in Australia and Germany. Overall, our results align with previous claims that education can be a strategy for gay/lesbian people to avoid actual or anticipated discrimination. However, variation in these patterns across groups suggests that other mechanisms may also be at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diederik Boertien
- Centre d’Estudis Demogràfics (CED-CERCA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Perales
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Léa Pessin
- Center for Research in Economics and Statistics (CREST), GENES, ENSAE Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
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Botha F, Morris RW, Butterworth P, Glozier N. Generational differences in mental health trends in the twenty-first century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303781120. [PMID: 38011547 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303781120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the observed deterioration in mental health among Australians over the past decade, this study investigates to what extent this differs in people born in different decades-i.e., possible birth cohort differences in the mental health of Australians. Using 20 y of data from a large, nationally representative panel survey (N = 27,572), we find strong evidence that cohort effects are driving the increase in population-level mental ill-health. Deteriorating mental health is particularly pronounced among people born in the 1990s and seen to a lesser extent among the 1980s cohort. There is little evidence that mental health is worsening with age for people born prior to the 1980s. The findings from this study highlight that it is the poorer mental health of Millennials that is driving the apparent deterioration in population-level mental health. Understanding the context and changes in society that have differentially affected younger people may inform efforts to ameliorate this trend and prevent it continuing for emerging cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdi Botha
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4068, Australia
- Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Richard W Morris
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4068, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter Butterworth
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Nick Glozier
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4068, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Dhamrait G, O’Donnell M, Christian H, Pereira G. Is early childhood development impeded by the birth timing of the younger sibling? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268325. [PMID: 35536788 PMCID: PMC9089893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated whether the timing of birth of the younger siblings was associated with the risk of the older siblings’ developmental vulnerability in early childhood. Methods Linkage of population-level birth registration, hospital, and perinatal datasets to Australian Early Development Census (AEDC) records (2009–2015), enabled follow-up of a cohort of 32,324 Western Australia born singletons. Children with scores <10th percentile on an individual AEDC domain (Physical Health and Wellbeing; Social Competence; Emotional Maturity; Language and Cognitive Skills (school-based); and Communication Skills and General Knowledge) were classified as developmentally vulnerable. Modified Poisson Regression was used to estimate relative risks (RR) for associations between post-birth interpregnancy intervals (IPIs) and developmental vulnerability. Results Relative to post-birth IPIs of 18–23 months, post-birth IPIs of <6 and 6–11 months were associated with an increased risk of children being classified as DV1 (aRR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.11–1.31) and DV2 (aRR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.15–1.49); and DV1 (aRR 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03–1.17) and DV2 (aRR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.09–1.34), respectively. Post-birth IPIs of <6 months were associated with an increased risk on four of the five AEDC domains. Post-birth IPIs of 48–60 months were associated with an increased risk of developmental vulnerability; however, the risk was statistically significant for DV1, DV2 and the domains of Emotional Maturity and Language and Cognitive Skills (school-based). Conclusions Developmental vulnerability was associated with having a closely spaced younger sibling (<12 months post-birth IPIs). Optimising birth spacing should be further investigated as a potential means for improving child development outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursimran Dhamrait
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Health and Society, The University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Melissa O’Donnell
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Centre for Child Protection, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hayley Christian
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gavin Pereira
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Fertility and Health (CeFH), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Hassink WHJ, Kalb G, Meekes J. Regional Coronavirus Hotspots During the COVID-19 Outbreak in the Netherlands. Economist (Leiden) 2021; 169:127-140. [PMID: 33896962 PMCID: PMC8058497 DOI: 10.1007/s10645-021-09383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We explore the impact of COVID-19 hotspots and regional lockdowns on the Dutch labour market during the outbreak of COVID-19. Using weekly administrative panel microdata for 50 per cent of Dutch employees until the end of March 2020, we study whether individual labour market outcomes, as measured by employment, working hours and hourly wages, were more strongly affected in provinces where COVID-19 confirmed cases, hospitalizations and mortality were relatively high. The evidence suggests that labour market outcomes were negatively affected in all regions and local higher virus case numbers did not reinforce this decline. This suggests that preventive health measures should be at the regional level, isolating hotspots from low-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolter H. J. Hassink
- Utrecht University School of Economics, Utrecht University, Kriekenpitplein 21-22, 3584 EC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- IZA–Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany
| | - Guyonne Kalb
- Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- IZA–Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany
- LCC–The ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jordy Meekes
- Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- IZA–Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany
- LCC–The ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, Melbourne, Australia
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Dhamrait GK, Taylor CL, Pereira G. Interpregnancy intervals and child development at age 5: a population data linkage study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e045319. [PMID: 33757954 PMCID: PMC7993213 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations between interpregnancy intervals (IPIs) and developmental vulnerability in children's first year of full-time school (age 5). DESIGN Retrospective cohort study using logistic regression. ORs were estimated for associations with IPIs with adjustment for child, parent and community sociodemographic variables. SETTING Western Australia (WA), 2002-2015. PARTICIPANTS 34 574 WA born singletons with a 2009, 2012 or 2015 Australian Early Development Census (AEDC) record. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The AEDC measures child development across five domains; Physical Health and Wellbeing, Social Competence, Emotional Maturity, Language and Cognitive Skills (school-based) and Communication Skills and General Knowledge. Children with scores <10th percentile were classified as developmentally vulnerable on, one or more domains (DV1), or two or more domains (DV2). RESULTS 22.8% and 11.5% of children were classified as DV1 and DV2, respectively. In the adjusted models (relative to the reference category, IPIs of 18-23 months), IPIs of <6 months were associated with an increased risk of children being classified as DV1 (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.17, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.34), DV2 (aOR 1.31, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.54) and an increased risk of developmental vulnerability for the domains of Physical Health and Wellbeing (aOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.48) and Emotional Maturity (aOR 1.36, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.66). All IPIs longer than the reference category were associated with and increased risk of children being classified as DV1 and DV2 (aOR >1.15). IPIs of 60-119 months and ≥120 months, were associated with an increased risk of developmental vulnerability on each of the five AEDC domains, with greater odds for each domain for the longer IPI category. CONCLUSIONS IPIs showed independent J-shaped relationships with developmental vulnerability, with short (<6 months) and longer (≥24 months) associated with increased risks of developmental vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursimran Kaur Dhamrait
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine Louise Taylor
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gavin Pereira
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Fertility and Health (CeFH), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Cave L, Cooper MN, Zubrick SR, Shepherd CCJ. Racial discrimination and allostatic load among First Nations Australians: a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1881. [PMID: 33287764 PMCID: PMC7720631 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09978-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased allostatic load is linked with racial discrimination exposure, providing a mechanism for the biological embedding of racism as a psychosocial stressor. We undertook an examination of how racial discrimination interacts with socioecological, environmental, and health conditions to affect multisystem dysregulation in a First Nations population. METHODS We conducted latent class analysis (LCA) using indicators of life stress, socioeconomic background, and physical and mental health from a nationally representative sample of Australian Aboriginal adults (N = 2056). We used LCA with distal outcomes to estimate the effect of the latent class variable on our derived allostatic load index and conducted a stratified analysis to test whether allostatic load varied based on exposure to racial discrimination across latent classes. RESULTS Our psychosocial, environmental, and health measures informed a four-class structure; 'Low risk', 'Challenged but healthy', 'Mental health risk' and 'Multiple challenges'. Mean allostatic load was highest in 'Multiple challenges' compared to all other classes, both in those exposed (4.5; 95% CI: 3.9, 5.0) and not exposed (3.9; 95% CI: 3.7, 4.2) to racial discrimination. Allostatic load was significantly higher for those with exposure to racial discrimination in the 'Multiple challenges' class (t = 1.74, p = .04) and significantly lower in the 'Mental health risk' class (t = - 1.67, p = .05). CONCLUSIONS Racial discrimination may not always modify physiological vulnerability to disease. Social and economic contexts must be considered when addressing the impact of racism, with a focus on individuals and sub-populations experiencing co-occurring life challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cave
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia, 6872, Australia.
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
| | - Matthew N Cooper
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia, 6872, Australia
| | - Stephen R Zubrick
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia, 6872, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Carrington C J Shepherd
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia, 6872, Australia
- Ngangk Yira Research Centre for Aboriginal Health & Social Equity, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
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Dhamrait GK, Christensen D, Pereira G, Taylor CL. Associations between biological and sociodemographic risks for developmental vulnerability in twins at age 5: a population data linkage study in Western Australia. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e038846. [PMID: 33067288 PMCID: PMC7569973 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of, and associations between, prenatal and perinatal risk factors and developmental vulnerability in twins at age 5. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. SETTING Western Australia (WA), 2002-2015. PARTICIPANTS 828 twin pairs born in WA with an Australian Early Development Census (AEDC) record from 2009, 2012 or 2015. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The AEDC is a national measure of child development across five domains. Children with scores <10th percentile were classified as developmentally vulnerable on, one or more domains (DV1), or two or more domains (DV2). RESULTS In this population, 26.0% twins were classified as DV1 and 13.5% as DV2. In the multivariable model, risk factors for DV1 were maternal age <25 years (adjusted OR (aOR): 7.06, 95% CI: 2.29 to 21.76), child speaking a language other than English at home (aOR: 6.45, 95% CI: 2.17 to 19.17), male child (aOR: 5.08, 95% CI: 2.89 to 8.92), age younger than the reference category for the study sample (≥5 years 1 month to <5 years 10 months) at time of AEDC completion (aOR: 3.34, 95% CI: 1.55 to 7.22) and having a proportion of optimal birth weight (POBW) <15th percentile of the study sample (aOR: 2.06, 95% CI 1.07 to 3.98). Risk factors for DV2 were male child (aOR: 7.87, 95% CI: 3.45 to 17.97), maternal age <25 (aOR: 5.60, 95% CI: 1.30 to 24.10), age younger than the reference category (aOR: 5.36, 95% CI: 1.94 to 14.82), child speaking a language other than English at home (aOR: 4.65, 95% CI: 1.14 to 19.03), mother's marital status as not married at the time of twins' birth (aOR: 4.59, 95% CI: 1.13 to 18.55), maternal occupation status in the lowest quintile (aOR: 3.30, 95% CI: 1.11 to 9.81) and a POBW <15th percentile (aOR: 3.11, 95% CI: 1.26 to 7.64). CONCLUSION Both biological and sociodemographic risk factors are associated with developmental vulnerability in twins at 5 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursimran Kaur Dhamrait
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Gavin Pereira
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine Louise Taylor
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Taylor CL, Christensen D, Stafford J, Venn A, Preen D, Zubrick SR. Associations between clusters of early life risk factors and developmental vulnerability at age 5: a retrospective cohort study using population-wide linkage of administrative data in Tasmania, Australia. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e033795. [PMID: 32312726 PMCID: PMC7245408 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early childhood is a critical time to address risk factors associated with developmental vulnerability. This study investigated the associations between clusters of early life risk factors and developmental vulnerability in children's first year of full-time school at age 5. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study. SETTING Population-wide linkage of administrative data records for children born in Tasmania, Australia in 2008-2010. PARTICIPANTS The cohort comprised 5440 children born in Tasmania in 2008-2010, with a Tasmanian 2015 Australian Early Development Census (AEDC) record and a Tasmanian Perinatal Collection record. OUTCOME MEASURE The AEDC is a national measure of child development across five domains: physical health and well-being, social competence, emotional maturity, language and cognitive skills (school-based), and communication skills and general knowledge. Children who scored below the 10th percentile on one or more AEDC domains were classified as developmentally vulnerable. Children with special needs are not included in the AEDC results. RESULTS Latent class analysis identified five clusters of risk factors: low risks (65% of children), sociodemographic and health behaviour risks (24%), teenage mother and sociodemographic risks (6%), birth risks (3%), and birth, sociodemographic and health behaviour risks (2%). In this sample population, 20% of children were classified as developmentally vulnerable, but the proportion varied substantially by latent class. Logistic regression showed increased odds of developmental vulnerability associated with sociodemographic and health behaviour risks (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.91 to 2.68, p<0.001), teenage mother and sociodemographic risks (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.50 to 2.69, p<0.001), and birth, sociodemographic and health behaviour risks (OR 3.29, 95% CI 2.10 to 5.16. p<0.001), but not birth risks (OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.88 to 2.03, p=0.1649), relative to the reference group. CONCLUSIONS The patterning of risks across the five groups invites consideration of multisectoral policies and services to address complex clusters of risk factors associated with developmental vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Louise Taylor
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Joel Stafford
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alison Venn
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David Preen
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephen Rade Zubrick
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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