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Li Z, Ding Y, Wang D, Kang N, Tao Y, Zhao X, Zhang B, Zhang Z. Understanding the time-activity pattern to improve the measurement of personal exposure: An exploratory and experimental research. Environ Pollut 2023; 334:122131. [PMID: 37429486 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Although ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations and their components are commonly used as proxies for personal exposure monitoring, developing an accurate and cost-effective method to use these proxies for personal exposure measurement continues to pose a significant challenge. Herein, we propose a scenario-based exposure model to precisely estimate personal exposure level of heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) using scenario HMs concentrations and time-activity patterns. Personal exposure levels and ambient pollution levels for PM2.5 and HMs differed significantly with corresponding personal/ambient ratios of approximately 2, and exposure scenarios could narrow the assessment error gap by 26.1-45.4%. Using a scenario-based exposure model, we assessed the associated health risks of a large sample population and identified that the carcinogenic risk of As exceeded 1 × 10-6, while we observed non-carcinogenic risks from As, Cd, Ni, and Mn in personal exposure to PM2.5. We conclude that the scenario-based exposure model is a preferential alternative for monitoring personal exposure compared to ambient concentrations. This method ensures the feasibility of personal exposure monitoring and health risk assessments in large-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Danlu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yan Tao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiuge Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Tianjin Binhai New Area Eco-environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Zuming Zhang
- Tianjin Binhai New Area Eco-environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin, 300457, China
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Hernandez-Betancur JD, Ruiz-Mercado GJ, Martin M. Tracking end-of-life stage of chemicals: A scalable data-centric and chemical-centric approach. Resour Conserv Recycl 2023; 196:1-13. [PMID: 37476199 PMCID: PMC10355112 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemical flow analysis (CFA) can be used for collecting life-cycle inventory (LCI), estimating environmental releases, and identifying potential exposure scenarios for chemicals of concern at the end-of-life (EoL) stage. Nonetheless, the demand for comprehensive data and the epistemic uncertainties about the pathway taken by the chemical flows make CFA, LCI, and exposure assessment time-consuming and challenging tasks. Due to the continuous growth of computer power and the appearance of more robust algorithms, data-driven modelling represents an attractive tool for streamlining these tasks. However, a data ingestion pipeline is required for the deployment of serving data-driven models in the real world. Hence, this work moves forward by contributing a chemical-centric and data-centric approach to extract, transform, and load comprehensive data for CFA at the EoL, integrating cross-year and country data and its provenance as part of the data lifecycle. The framework is scalable and adaptable to production-level machine learning operations. The framework can supply data at an annual rate, making it possible to deal with changes in the statistical distributions of model predictors like transferred amount and target variables (e.g., EoL activity identification) to avoid potential data-driven model performance decay over time. For instance, it can detect that recycling transfers of 643 chemicals over the reporting years (1988 to 2020) are 29.87%, 17.79%, and 20.56% for Canada, Australia, and the U.S. Finally, the developed approach enables research advancements on data-driven modelling to easily connect with other data sources for economic information on industry sectors, the economic value of chemicals, and the environmental regulatory implications that may affect the occurrence of an EoL transfer class or activity like recycling of a chemical over years and countries. Finally, stakeholders gain more context about environmental regulation stringency and economic affairs that could affect environmental decision-making and EoL chemical exposure predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerardo J. Ruiz-Mercado
- Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
- Chemical Engineering Graduate Program, Universidad del Atlántico, Puerto Colombia, 080007, Colombia
| | - Mariano Martin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37008, Spain
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Li Z, Chen Y, Tao Y, Zhao X, Wang D, Wei T, Hou Y, Xu X. Mapping the personal PM 2.5 exposure of China's population using random forest. Sci Total Environ 2023; 871:162090. [PMID: 36764537 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ambient monitoring may cause estimation errors, and wearable monitoring is expensive and labor-intensive when assessing PM2.5 personal exposure. Estimation errors have limited the development of exposure science and environmental epidemiology. Thus, we developed a scenario-based exposure (SBE) model that covered 8 outdoor exposure scenarios and 1 indoor scenario with corresponding time-activity patterns in Baoding City. The linear regression analysis of the SBE yielded an R2 value of 0.913 with satisfactory accuracy and reliability. To apply the SBE model to large-scale studies, we predicted time-activity patterns with the random forest model and atmosphere-to-scenario ratios with the linear regression model to obtain the essential parameters of the SBE model; their R2 was 0.65-0.93. The developed model would economize the study expenditure of field sampling for personal PM2.5 and deepen the understanding of the influences of indoor and outdoor factors on personal PM2.5. Using this method, we found that the personal PM2.5 exposure of Chinese residents was 10.50-347.02 μg/m3 in 2020, higher than the atmospheric PM2.5 concentration. Residents in North and Central China, especially the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and the Fen-Wei Plains, had higher personal PM2.5 exposure than those in other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100082, China
| | - Yan Tao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiuge Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Danlu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yaxuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaojing Xu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Tianjin Branch, Tianjin 300450, China
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Badyda AJ, Rogula-Kozłowska W, Majewski G, Bralewska K, Widziewicz-Rzońca K, Piekarska B, Rogulski M, Bihałowicz JS. Inhalation risk to PAHs and BTEX during barbecuing: The role of fuel/food type and route of exposure. J Hazard Mater 2022; 440:129635. [PMID: 36027742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The manuscript presents an innovative and holistic approach to quantifying PAHs and BTEX emissions from the grilling process and indicates a novel driven-toxicity-based solution to recognize health effects related to BBQ emissions. The exposure scenario includes the type of grilling device, food type, and individual attitudes, but also a keen understanding of the broad health implications related to the gaseous/particulate PAHs emission, or age-related effects. The calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) associated with the exposure to PAH congeners and BTEX indicates an unacceptable level in the case of charcoal and briquette grilling with the highest values for professional cooks. The sum of 15 PAH concentrations in grilled foods was highest for meat grilling over charcoal briquettes - 382,020.39 ng/m3 and lowest for meat grilling on a gas grill - 1442.16 ng/m3. The emissions of BTEX from lump charcoal grilling were 130 times higher compared to the gaseous grill. In all considered scenarios lump-charcoal and charcoal briquettes grilling derive the ILCR above the 10-4, indicating negative effects of traditional grills on human health. The paper completes knowledge of wide-ranging health implications associated with BBQs, a topic that is almost completely unaddressed among the scientific community and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Jerzy Badyda
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro- and Environmental Engineering, 20 Nowowiejska St., PL00-653 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska
- The Main School of Fire Service, Safety Engineering Institute, 52/54 Słowackiego St., PL01-629, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Majewski
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 159 Nowoursynowska St., PL02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Bralewska
- The Main School of Fire Service, Safety Engineering Institute, 52/54 Słowackiego St., PL01-629, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Widziewicz-Rzońca
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Skłodowska-Curie St., PL41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Barbara Piekarska
- Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards, Allergology and Immunology, 1 Banacha St., PL00-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Rogulski
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro- and Environmental Engineering, 20 Nowowiejska St., PL00-653 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Stefan Bihałowicz
- The Main School of Fire Service, Safety Engineering Institute, 52/54 Słowackiego St., PL01-629, Warsaw, Poland
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Ben Chabchoubi I, Bouguerra S, Ksibi M, Hentati O. Health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure via consumption of crops grown in phosphogypsum-contaminated soils. Environ Geochem Health 2021; 43:1953-1981. [PMID: 33216311 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The management of phosphogypsum (PG) heap, located south of the Sfax city in Tunisia, has been going on for decades. But dumping this solid waste still poses environmental problems. Even though valorized as amendment to agriculture soils, the sanitary impact of this practice is not seriously considered. To assess the risk of the transference of contaminants from PG to agricultural soil-plants food chain, a wild plant species Salicornia arabica grown in PG-contaminated field and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and oat (Avena sativa) grown in laboratory using different rates (10, 20 and 30%) of PG amendment, were tested. The cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, copper and zinc concentrations in soils and plants were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry and by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, respectively. Measurements showed that Ni, Cu and Pb levels in the amended soils were below international standards except for Cd and Cr which exceeded Chinese, FAO/WHO and European allowable standard limits. Gathered results showed that the more the PG rate increases, the more the bioconcentration factors of heavy metals increased in plants, particularly in the roots. This is a prospective study assuming direct or indirect exposure scenario of different human cohorts by consuming varied common food stuffs. The Human Exposure to Soil Pollutants evaluation and United State Environment Protection Agency models were adopted for the hazard quotient calculation to assess the acceptability of sanitary risk related to each metal. The direct and indirect health risk assessments varied in the decreasing order: children, adolescents and then adults. Therefore, the PG amendment must not exceed the rate of 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Ben Chabchoubi
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Taher Haddad, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
- Laboratoire Génie de l'Environnement et Ecotechnologie (GEET), Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), Route de Soukra, Km 3,5, B.P. 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sirine Bouguerra
- Laboratoire Génie de l'Environnement et Ecotechnologie (GEET), Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), Route de Soukra, Km 3,5, B.P. 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Center, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mohamed Ksibi
- Laboratoire Génie de l'Environnement et Ecotechnologie (GEET), Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), Route de Soukra, Km 3,5, B.P. 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Route de Soukra, Km 4,5, B.P. 1175, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Hentati
- Laboratoire Génie de l'Environnement et Ecotechnologie (GEET), Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), Route de Soukra, Km 3,5, B.P. 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia.
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Route de Soukra, Km 4,5, B.P. 1175, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia.
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Chilipweli PM, Ngowi AV, Manji K. Maternal pesticide exposure and child neuro-development among smallholder tomato farmers in the southern corridor of Tanzania. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:171. [PMID: 33472592 PMCID: PMC7818734 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-10097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to pesticides with its associated effects prenatally and in early childhood has not received much attention. There is little scientific data on this aspect in Tanzania therefore this study was meant to contribute to the deficit in the subject. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted to a sample of 286 participants of mother to child pair, whereby 172 and 114 were exposed and non-exposed respectively. Mothers who had been working in tomato sprayed farms were exposed and mothers who had not been working in the tomato sprayed farms were un-exposed. Child aged 0-6 years was chosen from each mother sampled but only one child found to be the youngest with the classified age was enrolled. Malawi child development Tool (M-DAT) was employed to assess the child level of development, height, and weight of the children were collected and analyzed by the WHO anthropometric calculator. A checklist and questionnaire were used to observe and assess maternal exposure. Bivariate and Multivariate analysis were conducted to assess the relationship between various factors of exposure. RESULTS Overall 15% of the children examined were not well developed and the most used pesticides were those posing neuro-development effects. On the bivariate analysis model, mothers who worked while pregnant were more likely to have a child with neuro-developmental effect OR=5.8(1.29-26.3). On multivariate analyses adjusted for age of the mother, variables which remain in the model were a distance from home [AOR=9.4(4.2-20.5)], and working while pregnancy [AOR=5.8(1.29-26.3)] other were removed due to collinearity effect. None of confounders had a potential significant effect but only nutrition seems to be the effect modifier [AOR=7.8(1.29-36.3)] when analyzed with working while pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study have indicated that maternal pesticide exposure among farmworker residents in the SAGCOT area has a potential association with child developmental effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Chilipweli
- Department of environmental health sciences, Ruaha catholic university (RUCU), P.O.BOX 774, Iringa, Tanzania
| | - Aiwerasia Vera Ngowi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O.BOX 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Karim Manji
- Department of Paediatrics and child Health, School of Medicine Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O.BOX 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Holmes CM, Brown CD, Hamer M, Jones R, Maltby L, Posthuma L, Silberhorn E, Teeter JS, Warne MSJ, Weltje L. Prospective aquatic risk assessment for chemical mixtures in agricultural landscapes. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:674-689. [PMID: 29193235 PMCID: PMC5873440 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risk assessment of chemical mixtures is challenging because of the multitude of possible combinations that may occur. Aquatic risk from chemical mixtures in an agricultural landscape was evaluated prospectively in 2 exposure scenario case studies: at field scale for a program of 13 plant-protection products applied annually for 20 yr and at a watershed scale for a mixed land-use scenario over 30 yr with 12 plant-protection products and 2 veterinary pharmaceuticals used for beef cattle. Risk quotients were calculated from regulatory exposure models with typical real-world use patterns and regulatory acceptable concentrations for individual chemicals. The results could differentiate situations when there was concern associated with single chemicals from those when concern was associated with a mixture (based on concentration addition) with no single chemical triggering concern. Potential mixture risk was identified on 0.02 to 7.07% of the total days modeled, depending on the scenario, the taxa, and whether considering acute or chronic risk. Taxa at risk were influenced by receiving water body characteristics along with chemical use profiles and associated properties. The present study demonstrates that a scenario-based approach can be used to determine whether mixtures of chemicals pose risks over and above any identified using existing approaches for single chemicals, how often and to what magnitude, and ultimately which mixtures (and dominant chemicals) cause greatest concern. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:674-689. © 2017 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin D. Brown
- Environment DepartmentUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkUnited Kingdom
| | - Mick Hamer
- SyngentaJealott's HillBracknellUnited Kingdom
| | - Russell Jones
- Bayer CropScienceResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Lorraine Maltby
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Leo Posthuma
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)Centre for SustainabilityEnvironment and HealthBilthovenThe Netherlands
- Radboud UniversityDepartment of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Wetland and Water ResearchFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Eric Silberhorn
- US Food and Drug AdministrationCenter for Veterinary MedicineRockvilleMaryland
| | | | - Michael St J Warne
- Centre for AgroecologyWater and ResilienceCoventry UniversityCoventryWest MidlandsUK
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Posthuma L, Brown CD, de Zwart D, Diamond J, Dyer SD, Holmes CM, Marshall S, Burton GA. Prospective mixture risk assessment and management prioritizations for river catchments with diverse land uses. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:715-728. [PMID: 28845901 PMCID: PMC5873277 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ecological risk assessment increasingly focuses on risks from chemical mixtures and multiple stressors because ecosystems are commonly exposed to a plethora of contaminants and nonchemical stressors. To simplify the task of assessing potential mixture effects, we explored 3 land use-related chemical emission scenarios. We applied a tiered methodology to judge the implications of the emissions of chemicals from agricultural practices, domestic discharges, and urban runoff in a quantitative model. The results showed land use-dependent mixture exposures, clearly discriminating downstream effects of land uses, with unique chemical "signatures" regarding composition, concentration, and temporal patterns. Associated risks were characterized in relation to the land-use scenarios. Comparisons to measured environmental concentrations and predicted impacts showed relatively good similarity. The results suggest that the land uses imply exceedances of regulatory protective environmental quality standards, varying over time in relation to rain events and associated flow and dilution variation. Higher-tier analyses using ecotoxicological effect criteria confirmed that species assemblages may be affected by exposures exceeding no-effect levels and that mixture exposure could be associated with predicted species loss under certain situations. The model outcomes can inform various types of prioritization to support risk management, including a ranking across land uses as a whole, a ranking on characteristics of exposure times and frequencies, and various rankings of the relative role of individual chemicals. Though all results are based on in silico assessments, the prospective land use-based approach applied in the present study yields useful insights for simplifying and assessing potential ecological risks of chemical mixtures and can therefore be useful for catchment-management decisions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:715-728. © 2017 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Posthuma
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)Centre for SustainabilityEnvironment and HealthBilthovenThe Netherlands
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Wetland and Water ResearchFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Colin D. Brown
- Environment DepartmentUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Stuart Marshall
- Safety and Environmental Assurance CentreUnileverSharnbrookBedfordUnited Kingdom
| | - G. Allen Burton
- School for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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Ji N, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Chen Y. Health risk assessment of an abandoned herbicide factory site for transportation use in Dalian, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:24572-24583. [PMID: 28905218 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An abandoned herbicide factory site was used as an example of how planning should be considered for development of the site for transportation use in Dalian, China. Exposure pathways and parameters for three types of transportation use (land for a traffic hub, land for an urban road, and land for a subway) were developed. Twenty-five sampling sites were selected and 38 soil samples were collected in March 2015. Hexachlorobenzene and benzo(a)pyrene which were extracted by Soxhlet extraction and detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry were the most significant pollutants detected. The maximum concentration of the two pollutants in the surface layer (0-0.5 m) were 0.57 and 3.10 mg/kg, and in the bottom layer (1.0 m) were 2.57 and 3.72 mg/kg, respectively. In this study, risk assessment results based on the established exposure scenario and parameters showed that there was a significant difference in traffic hub land use under specific exposure pathway and common insensitive land use exposure pathways (direct ingestion of soil, dermal contact with soil, and inhalation of soil-derived dust). Commonly considered hexachlorobenzene and benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenic risk values exceeded the maximum acceptable level (10-6) and were found to be 23.9-fold and 189-fold higher than the carcinogenic risk values, respectively. Parameter sensitivity analysis data showed that for transportation use, the two parameters "EFOa" and "OSIRa" were the most significant factors associated with variation of the carcinogenic risk value. For traffic hub land use, urban road land use, and subway land use, the main exposure pathways were through "inhalation of soil vapors outdoors (from surface soil)," "direct ingestion of soil," and "inhalation of soil vapors indoors (from bottom soil)," which contributed 84.75, 73.00, and 100.00% to the total risk value, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shushen Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
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10
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Zhou W, Tian D, He J, Zhang L, Tang X, Zhang L, Wang Y, Li L, Zhao J, Yuan X, Peng S. Exposure scenario: Another important factor determining the toxic effects of PM2.5 and possible mechanisms involved. Environ Pollut 2017; 226:412-425. [PMID: 28449967 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Worsening air pollution is a serious threat to public health in many urban and heavily industrialized areas. Particle size and chemical composition are well known determinants of the pathological response to air pollution. In addition, pathological responses may depend on the exposure profile (or scenario) of air pollution. For instance, we previously demonstrated that repeated exposure to low levels of fine airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) induced distinct epigenetic changes compared to acute high-doses exposure. In the present study, we evaluated the differential pathological responses of BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells to two distinct PM2.5 exposure scenarios: 24-h exposure to high-doses PM2.5 (0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 μg/cm2) and 10 days' repeated exposure to low levels of PM2.5 (0, 1.5, 3, 6 μg/cm2). Acute exposure to high concentrations of PM2.5 caused ROS burst, marked DNA damage, dysfunction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, autophagy and necrotic cell death. In contrast, repeated low levels of PM2.5 led to sustained low-grade ROS accumulation, milder DNA damage, ER stress/unfolded protein response (UPR), S-phase arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy. Notably, most cells surviving repeated low-level exposure showed a series of abnormal adaptive responses, such as inhibition of mitochondria biogenesis and epigenetic dysregulation. These results indicate that different PM2.5 exposure scenarios induce distinct forms cytotoxicity and adaptive response. In addition to particle size and chemical composition, exposure scenario may be a critical factor determining the toxic health effects of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, PR China
| | - Dongdong Tian
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, PR China
| | - Jun He
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, PR China
| | - Xiuli Tang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, PR China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, PR China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, PR China
| | - Lizhong Li
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, PR China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Yuan
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, PR China.
| | - Shuangqing Peng
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, PR China.
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11
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Golsteijn L, Huizer D, Hauck M, van Zelm R, Huijbregts MAJ. Including exposure variability in the life cycle impact assessment of indoor chemical emissions: the case of metal degreasing. Environ Int 2014; 71:36-45. [PMID: 24972247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present paper describes a method that accounts for variation in indoor chemical exposure settings and accompanying human toxicity in life cycle assessment (LCA). Metal degreasing with dichloromethane was used as a case study to show method in practice. We compared the human toxicity related to the degreasing of 1m(2) of metal surface in different exposure scenarios for industrial workers, professional users outside industrial settings, and home consumers. The fraction of the chemical emission that is taken in by exposed individuals (i.e. the intake fraction) was estimated on the basis of operational conditions (e.g. exposure duration), and protective measures (e.g. local exhaust ventilation). The introduction of a time-dependency and a correction for protective measures resulted in reductions in the intake fraction of up to 1.5 orders of magnitude, compared to application of existing, less advanced models. In every exposure scenario, the life cycle impacts for human toxicity were mainly caused by indoor exposure to metal degreaser (>60%). Emissions released outdoors contributed up to 22% of the life cycle impacts for human toxicity, and the production of metal degreaser contributed up to 19%. These findings illustrate that human toxicity from indoor chemical exposure should not be disregarded in LCA case studies. Particularly when protective measures are taken or in the case of a short duration (1h or less), we recommend the use of our exposure scenario-specific approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Golsteijn
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Environmental Science, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Daan Huizer
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Environmental Science, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Caesar Consult Nijmegen, PO Box 31070, 6503 CB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mara Hauck
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Environmental Science, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalie van Zelm
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Environmental Science, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A J Huijbregts
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Environmental Science, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Li S, Wallis LK, Diamond SA, Ma H, Hoff DJ. Species sensitivity and dependence on exposure conditions impacting the phototoxicity of TiO₂ nanoparticles to benthic organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:1563-1569. [PMID: 24846372 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2 ) to aquatic organisms can be greatly increased after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This phenomenon has received some attention for water column species; however, investigations of nano-TiO2 phototoxicity for benthic organisms are still limited. In the present study, bioassays of 3 representative benthic organisms (Hyalella azteca, Lumbriculus variegatus, and Chironomus dilutus) were conducted to evaluate nano-TiO2 phototoxicity. When exposed to 20 mg/L of nano-TiO2 and various light intensities (0-30 W/m(2)), H. azteca was the most sensitive, with a median lethal dose of 40.7 (95% confidence interval, 36.3-44.7) Wh/m(2), and hence is a potential model organism in future toxicological guidelines for photoactive nanomaterials to freshwater benthos. Without the presence of nano-TiO2 , no mortality was observed in L. variegatus and C. dilutus exposed to UV intensity ranging from 0 W/m(2) to 41 W/m(2). However, a sharp drop of H. azteca survival was observed when UV intensity was higher than 9.4 W/m(2), demonstrating the importance of UV-only effects on the ultimate phototoxicity of nanomaterials. Furthermore, both bioavailability and surface attachment of nano-TiO2 onto organisms were affected by the exposure scenario, supported by the exposure scenario-dependent phototoxicity seen in H. azteca and C. dilutus. Overall, the present study demonstrates the importance of species sensitivity and exposure scenarios in future test guidelines of nano-phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Li
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
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Minetto D, Libralato G, Volpi Ghirardini A. Ecotoxicity of engineered TiO2 nanoparticles to saltwater organisms: an overview. Environ Int 2014; 66:18-27. [PMID: 24509165 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The innovative properties of nanomaterials make them suitable for various applications in many fields. In particular, TiO2 nanoparticles (nTiO2) are widely used in paints, in cosmetics and in sunscreens that are products accessible to the mass market. Despite the great increase in the use of such nanomaterials, there is a paucity of general information about their potential effects to the aquatic species, especially to saltwater ones. Moreover, the difficulties of determining the effective exposure scenario make the acquired information low comparable. In this work, questions about the complexity of the real exposure scenario determination are discussed. The state of the art, concerning the experimental activities with nTiO2 toward the saltwater organisms is firstly illustrated, providing statistical information about the different matrices, organisms and nanoparticles employed. A comparison of the nTiO2 ecotoxicity effects, grouped by taxonomic classes, is provided illustrating their relative experimental conditions. Findings show the need to develop specific protocols for toxicity tests with ENPs to control the variability of experimental conditions. Some advices are finally proposed for the future experimental activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Minetto
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Campo della Celestia 2737/b, 30122 Venice, Italy.
| | - G Libralato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Campo della Celestia 2737/b, 30122 Venice, Italy; ECSIN - European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology - Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A., Viale Porta Adige 45, I-45100 Rovigo, Italy
| | - A Volpi Ghirardini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Campo della Celestia 2737/b, 30122 Venice, Italy.
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Martin JD, Adams J, Hollebone B, King T, Brown RS, Hodson PV. Chronic toxicity of heavy fuel oils to fish embryos using multiple exposure scenarios. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:677-687. [PMID: 24464524 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The chronic toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) embryos of heavy fuel oil (HFO) 6303, weathered HFO 6303, HFO 7102, and medium South American (MESA) crude oil was assessed by different exposure regimes. These included water accommodated fractions (WAF; water in contact with floating oil), chemically enhanced WAF (CEWAF; oil dispersed with Corexit 9500), and effluent from columns of gravel coated with stranded oil. Heavy fuel oil WAF was nontoxic and did not contain detectable concentrations of hydrocarbons, likely because the high density and viscosity of HFO prevented droplet formation. In contrast, chemically dispersed HFO and effluent from columns of stranded HFO contained measurable concentrations of alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), coincident with embryo toxicity. These exposure regimes enhanced the surface area of oil in contact with water, facilitating oil-water partitioning of hydrocarbons. Heavy fuel oil was consistently more toxic to fish than crude oil and the rank order of alkyl PAH concentrations in whole oil were sufficient to explain the rank order of toxicity, regardless of exposure method. Thus, the propensity of HFO to sink and strand in spawning shoals creates a long-term risk to developing fish because of the sustained release of PAHs from HFO to interstitial waters. Further, PAH monitoring is key to accurate risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Martin
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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