1
|
Farhat M, Afif C, Zhang S, Dusanter S, Delbarre H, Riffault V, Sauvage S, Borbon A. Investigating the industrial origin of terpenoids in a coastal city in northern France: A source apportionment combining anthropogenic, biogenic, and oxygenated VOC. Sci Total Environ 2024; 928:172098. [PMID: 38582124 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids have long been known to originate from natural sources. However, there is growing evidence for emissions from anthropogenic activities in cities, in particular from the production, manufacturing, and use of household solvents. Here, as part of the DATAbASE (Do Anthropogenic Terpenoids mAtter in AtmoSpheric chEmistry?) project, we investigate for the first time the potential role of industrial activities on the terpenoid burden in the urban atmosphere. This study is based on continuous VOC observations from an intensive field campaign conducted in July 2014 at an industrial-urban background site located in Dunkirk, Northern France. More than 80 VOCs including oxygenated and terpenoid compounds were measured by on-line Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatography with a Flame Ionization Detection (TD-GC-FID) and Proton Transfer Reaction-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToFMS). Isoprene, α-pinene, limonene and the sum of monoterpenes were the terpenoids detected at average mixing ratios of 0.02 ± 0.02 ppbv, 0.02 ± 0.02 ppbv, 0.01 ± 0.01 ppbv and 0.03 ± 0.05 ppbv, respectively. Like other anthropogenic VOCs, the mixing ratios of terpenoids significantly increase downwind the industrial plumes by one order of magnitude. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was performed to identify the different emission sources of VOCs and their contribution. Six factors out of the eight factors extracted (r2 = 0.95) are related to industrial emissions such as solvent use, chemical and agrochemical storage, metallurgy, petrochemical, and coal-fired industrial activities. From the correlations between the industrial-type PMF factors, sulfur dioxide, and terpenoids, we determined their emissions ratios and we quantified for the first time their industrial emissions. The highest emission ratio is related to the alkene-dominated factor and is related to petrochemical, metallurgical and coal-fired industrial activities. The industrial emissions of monoterpenes equal 8.1 ± 4.3 tons/year. Those emissions are as significant as the non-industrialized anthropogenic ones estimated for the Paris megacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Farhat
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, OPGC/CNRS UMR 6016, Clermont-Ferrand, France; EMMA Research Group, Center for Analysis and Research, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Charbel Afif
- EMMA Research Group, Center for Analysis and Research, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut, Lebanon; Climate & Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Shouwen Zhang
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, F-59000 Lille, France; Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, ULCO, Dunkerque, France
| | - Sébastien Dusanter
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Hervé Delbarre
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, ULCO, Dunkerque, France
| | - Véronique Riffault
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Sauvage
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Agnès Borbon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, OPGC/CNRS UMR 6016, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Z, Wang M, Wu M, Yu X, Sun Q, Su C, Sun Y, Cao S, Niu N, Chen L. A sensitive coumarin fluorescence sensor designed for isoprene detection and imaging research in plants. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 248:115998. [PMID: 38176254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.115998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The release of isoprene by plants is considered to be an adaptation to the environment. Herein, a highly selective coumarin fluorescent probe (DMIC) was designed for detecting isoprene. When isoprene came into contact with the maleimide of DMIC, an electrophilic addition process took place. The powerful push-pull effect of DMIC was disrupted. Simultaneously, intramolecular charge transfer was initiated. This enabled DMIC to achieve rapid detection of isoprene within 5 min. Furthermore, excellent linearity was observed in the concentration range of 1-560 ppm (R2 = 0.996). A limit of detection is 1.6 ppm. DMIC was applied to in vitro studies of plant release of liberated isoprene. By monitoring the release of isoprene from different tree species throughout the day, the dynamics of isoprene release from plants throughout the day have been successfully revealed. In addition, the release of isoprene varied considerably among different tree species. In particular, the biocompatibility of DMIC allowed for the in vivo detection of isoprene using fluorescence imaging. The results successfully revealed the dynamics of isoprene release in plants under stress. The amount of isoprene that a plant produced increased with the severity of the stress it experienced. This suggested that the level of isoprene content in plants could be used as a preliminary indicator of the physiological health status of plants. This research demonstrates great potential for clarifying signal transduction in biological systems. It provided ideas for further understanding the biology of isoprene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Meng Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xueling Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qijun Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chenglin Su
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yining Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuang Cao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Na Niu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Ligang Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu S, Jia L, Xu Y, Pan Y. Oligomer formation from cross-reaction of Criegee intermediates in the styrene- isoprene-O 3 mixed system. Chemosphere 2024; 349:140811. [PMID: 38040248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Alkene ozonolysis can produce stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCIs), which play a key role in oligomers' formation. Though styrene and isoprene coexist in the ambient atmosphere as important anthropogenic and biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors, respectively, their cross-reactions have not received attention. This study investigated the interactions of SCIs from styrene and isoprene ozonolysis for the first time. The high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer was used to determine the unique ion mass spectra of the isoprene-styrene-O3 mixture. The results show that the signal intensities of new ions account for >8.4% of total ions in the mass spectra of the styrene-isoprene-O3 mixed system. Styrene and isoprene ozonolysis can produce characteristic C7-SCI and C4-SCI, respectively. C7-SCI and C4-SCI can be involved in the cross-reactions, and the results of tandem mass spectra directly confirmed both C7-SCI and C4-SCI as chain units. The O/C and H/C ratios of cross-products are in the range of 0.38-1.07 and 1.00-1.50, respectively, which are consistent with cross-reaction products. Adding a C7-SCI unit reduces the oligomer's volatility by 1.3-1.4 orders of magnitude lower than adding a C4-SCI unit. Thus, C4-SCI can compete with C7-SCI to react with styrene-derived RO2/RC(O)OH to produce more volatile cross-products, while the less volatile cross-products can be formed when isoprene-derived RO2/RC(O)OH reacted with C7-SCI instead of C4-SCI. The SOA yield of the mixed system is lower than that of the single styrene-O3 system but higher than that of the single isoprene-O3 system. Ambient particles were also collected, and 5 possible SCI-related cross-products were identified. This study illustrates the effects of SCI-related cross-reactions on SOA components and physicochemical properties, providing a basis for future research on SCI-related cross-reactions that frequently occur in the ambient atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Long Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yongfu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuepeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Emelianov G, Song DU, Jang N, Ko M, Kim SK, Rha E, Shin J, Kwon KK, Kim H, Lee DH, Lee H, Lee SG. Engineered Methylococcus capsulatus Bath for efficient methane conversion to isoprene. Bioresour Technol 2024; 393:130098. [PMID: 38040299 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene has numerous industrial applications, including rubber polymer and potential biofuel. Microbial methane-based isoprene production could be a cost-effective and environmentally benign process, owing to a reduced carbon footprint and economical utilization of methane. In this study, Methylococcus capsulatus Bath was engineered to produce isoprene from methane by introducing the exogenous mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Overexpression of MVA pathway enzymes and isoprene synthase from Populus trichocarpa under the control of a phenol-inducible promoter substantially improved isoprene production. M. capsulatus Bath was further engineered using a CRISPR-base editor to disrupt the expression of soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO), which oxidizes isoprene to cause toxicity. Additionally, optimization of the metabolic flux in the MVA pathway and culture conditions increased isoprene production to 228.1 mg/L, the highest known titer for methanotroph-based isoprene production. The developed methanotroph could facilitate the efficient conversion of methane to isoprene, resulting in the sustainable production of value-added chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgii Emelianov
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Uk Song
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Engineering Biology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nulee Jang
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minji Ko
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong Keun Kim
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eugene Rha
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jonghyeok Shin
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kil Koang Kwon
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Haseong Kim
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Engineering Biology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Hee Lee
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Engineering Biology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyewon Lee
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Goo Lee
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Engineering Biology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ali A, Naveed A, Maroń A, Younis MA, Moradian JM, Yousaf B, Aziz T, Ali RN, Ahmad N, Alomar SY, Zheqiang F, Guo L. Copolymerization of ethylene and isoprene via silicon bridge metallocene [rac-Me 2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind) 2ZrCl 2] catalyst: A new way to control the composition and microstructure of copolymers. Chemosphere 2024; 347:140700. [PMID: 37977533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The copolymerization of ethylene (E) with isoprene (Ip) was performed catalyzed by a symmetrical catalyst exhibiting a silicon bridge [rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2ZrCl2 with the combination of borate/TIBA activator. The effect of cocatalyst, Ip concentration, and polymerization temperature on the activity, molecular weight (Mw), distribution (MWD), comonomer composition, chain structure (regio- and stereoselectivity), and resulting side reactions were logically addressed. Gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to characterize the Mw and polydispersity, while nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was employed for the chain structure of the polymers. The catalytic activity was significantly lower by increasing the Ip concentration in the feed, and the isoprene content in resulting polymers was lower under the reaction condition, leading to higher activity. Insertion of isoprene units in polymer structure demonstrates the higher regioselectivity for the 3,4 connections than the 1,4 connections and is expected to be a high-resistance polymer against acids. The MWD presented monomodal even with a higher concentration (1.44 mol/L) and did not appear as low Mw peaks of Ip. The Mw was higher with a broader MWD when purely TIBA was used as a cocatalyst, and it significantly reduced and presented a narrowed MWD with TEA in the cocatalyst. The higher efficiency of the catalyst for the higher insertion of Ip (C=C double bond) effectively modifies the polymer backbone. It is expected to be a promising candidate for easily degradable and favorable solutions for solving environmental problems caused by PE. wastes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China; Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, Katowice, 40-600, Poland; MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Ahmad Naveed
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
| | - Anna Maroń
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, Katowice, 40-600, Poland
| | - Muhammad Adnan Younis
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | | | - Balal Yousaf
- Department of Technologies and Installations for West Management, Faculty of Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tariq Aziz
- School of Engineering Yunqi Campus, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, PR China
| | - Rai Nauman Ali
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials for Sustainable Energy Technologies, Mohammed IV Polytechnic University, Benguirer, Morocco
| | - Naushad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Yousef Alomar
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fan Zheqiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Li Guo
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang L, Lun X, Wu J, Wang Q, Tao J, Dou X, Zhang Z. Investigation of biogenic volatile organic compounds emissions in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Sci Total Environ 2023; 902:165877. [PMID: 37549697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which are produced and emitted by plants, have significant chemical reactivity in the atmosphere and impacting climate change. Qinghai Province, a vital component of the plateau, has abundant vegetation resources, primarily grasslands and forests, yet BVOCs emissions and their impact on air quality remain understudied. In this study, the emissions rates and compositions of BVOCs from seven dominant vegetation types in Qinghai Province were sampled and analyzed using a closed-loop stripping dynamic headspace sampling approach combined with GC-MS, and the total emissions of BVOCs in Qinghai province in 2021 were estimated by using G95 model. At the same time, the emission characteristics of various vegetation types were also analyzed. The results showed that the emissions rates and compositions of BVOCs differed significantly among vegetation types, with monoterpenes being the dominant emission composition in coniferous forests, which accounted for >70 % of the total BVOCs emissions, while isoprene being the main composition in alpine meadow, accounting for 84.96 %. The emissions of three typical vegetation types, Picea asperata, alpine meadow and alpine steppe, were monitored daily, revealing significant diurnal and clear unimodal patterns. The study also found that the annual average BVOCs emissions from vegetation sources in Qinghai Province were estimated to be 1550.63 Gg yr-1, with isoprene contributing the highest proportion of emissions, accounting for 56.94 %. Grassland was the largest BVOCs emission source in Qinghai Province, with an annual average emission of 1438.52 Gg yr-1. Additionally, BVOCs emissions in Qinghai Province showed strong seasonal and daily variation patterns, with the highest emissions occurring in summer, with the peak in July. These findings provide the characteristics of BVOCs emissions from vegetation sources in the Tibetan Plateau, which will contribute to a better understanding of their impact on atmospheric chemistry and climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoxiu Lun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ju Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jinhua Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Institute of Remote Sensing Applications of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dou
- Qinghai Eco-Environment Monitoring Center, Xining 810007, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Qinghai Eco-Environment Monitoring Center, Xining 810007, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yadav I, Rautela A, Gangwar A, Wagadre L, Rawat S, Kumar S. Enhancement of isoprene production in engineered Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973 by metabolic pathway inhibition and machine learning-based optimization strategy. Bioresour Technol 2023; 387:129677. [PMID: 37579861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
An engineered Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973-IspS.IDI is used to enhance isoprene production through geranyl diphosphate synthase (CrtE) inhibition and process parameters (light intensity, NaHCO3 and growth temperature) optimization approach. A cumulative isoprene production of 1.21 mg/gDCW was achieved with productivity of 12.6 μg/gDCW/h in culture supplemented with 20 μg/mL alendronate. This inhibition strategy improvises the cumulative isoprene production 5.76-fold in presence of alendronate. The maximum cumulative production of isoprene is observed to be 5.22 and 6.20 mg/gDCW (54.4 and 64.6 μg/gDCW/h) at statistical and artificial neural network genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) optimized conditions, respectively. The overall increase of isoprene production is found to be 29.52-fold using an integrated approach of inhibition and ANN-GA optimization in comparison to unoptimized cultures without alendronate. This study reveals that alendronate use as a potential inhibitor and machine learning based optimization is a better approach in comparison to statistical optimization to enhance the isoprene production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indrajeet Yadav
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Akhil Rautela
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Agendra Gangwar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Lokesh Wagadre
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Shweta Rawat
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liang M, Dai S, Cheng H, Yu C, Li W, Lai F, Yang K, Ma L, Liu X. Oxidation characteristic and thermal runaway of isoprene. BMC Chem 2023; 17:110. [PMID: 37660031 PMCID: PMC10475201 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the oxidation characteristics of isoprene were investigated using a custom-designed mini closed pressure vessel test (MCPVT). The results show that isoprene is unstable and polymerization occurs under a nitrogen atmosphere. Under an oxygen atmosphere, the oxidation process of isoprene was divided into three stages: (1) isoprene reacts with oxygen to produce peroxide; (2) Peroxides produce free radicals through thermal decomposition; (3) Free radicals cause complex oxidation and thermal runaway reactions. The oxidation of isoprene conforms to the second-order reaction kinetics, and the activation energy was 86.88 kJ·mol-1. The thermal decomposition characteristics of the total oxidation product and purified peroxide mixture were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The initial exothermic temperatures Ton were 371.17 K and 365.84 K, respectively. And the decomposition heat QDSC were 816.66 J·g-1 and 991.08 J·g-1, respectively. It indicates that high concentration of isoprene peroxide has a high risk of thermal runaway. The results of thermal runaway experiment showed that the temperature and pressure of isoprene oxidation were prone to rise rapidly, which indicates that the oxidation reaction was dangerous. The reaction products of isoprene were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main oxidation products were methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, 3-methylfuran, etc. The main thermal runaway products were dimethoxymethane, 2,3-pentanedione, naphthalene, etc. Based on the reaction products, the possible reaction pathway of isoprene was proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Suyi Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Haijun Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Chang Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Weiguang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Fang Lai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Kang Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Li Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Xiongmin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu YC, Gao XX, Zhang HH, Liu YZ, Wang J, Xu F, Zhang GL, Chen ZH. Characteristics and emissions of isoprene and other non-methane hydrocarbons in the Northwest Pacific Ocean and responses to atmospheric aerosol deposition. Sci Total Environ 2023; 876:162808. [PMID: 36921853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Field investigations in the Northwest Pacific Ocean were carried out to determine the distributions of marine and atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), sources and environmental effects. We also conducted deck incubation experiments to investigate the effects of atmospheric aerosol deposition on NMHCs production. The marine NMHCs displayed an increasing trend from the South Equatorial Current to the Oyashio Current. The enhanced phytoplankton biomass and dissolved organic materials (DOM) content in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension contributed significantly to isoprene and NMHCs production compared with those in tropical waters and the North Pacific subtropical gyre. The Northwest Pacific Ocean was a significant source of atmospheric NMHCs, with average sea-to-air fluxes of 28.0 ± 38.9, 65.2 ± 73.3, 21.0 ± 26.7, 48.7 ± 62.6, 12.7 ± 15.9, 14.2 ± 16.8, and 41.7 ± 80.4 nmol m-2 d-1 for ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, i-butane, n-butane, and isoprene, respectively. Influenced by seawater release and OH radical consumption, the atmospheric NMHCs apart from isoprene displayed upward trends with increasing latitude. The deck incubation showed that the addition of aerosols and acidic aerosols significantly boosted phytoplankton biomass, altered community structure, and accelerated the production of isoprene. However, the other six NMHCs showed no obvious responses to atmospheric aerosol deposition in the incubation experiments. In summary, ocean current movements and atmospheric deposition could influence the production and release of isoprene in the Northwest Pacific Ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Cui Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xu-Xu Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Yong-Zheng Liu
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/Institute for advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Gui-Ling Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Zhao-Hui Chen
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/Institute for advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kalbande R, Kumar B, Maji S, Yadav R, Atey K, Rathore DS, Beig G. Machine learning based quantification of VOC contribution in surface ozone prediction. Chemosphere 2023; 326:138474. [PMID: 36958496 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The prediction of surface ozone is essential attributing to its impact on human and environmental health. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are crucial in driving ozone concentration; particularly in urban areas where VOC limited regimes are prominent. The limited measurements of VOCs, however, hinder assessing the VOC-ozone relationship. This work applies machine learning (ML) algorithms for temporal forecasting of surface ozone over a metropolitan city in India. The availability of continuous VOCs measurement data along with meteorology and other pollutants during 2014-2016 makes it possible to deduce the influence of various input parameters on surface ozone prediction. After evaluating the best ML model for ozone prediction, simulations were carried out using varied input combinations. The combination with isoprene, meteorology, NOx, and CO (Isop + MNC) was the best with RMSE 4.41 ppbv and MAPE 6.77%. A season-wise comparison of simulations having all data, only meteorological data and Isop + MNC as input showed that Isop + MNC simulation gives the best results during the summer season (RMSE: 5.86 ppbv, MAPE: 7.05%). This shows the increased ability of the model to capture ozone peaks (high ozone during summer) relatively better when isoprene data is used. The overall results highlight that using all available data doesn't necessarily give best prediction results; also critical thinking is essential when evaluating the model results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kalbande
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India; Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India.
| | - Bipin Kumar
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India.
| | - Sujit Maji
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India.
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India; NUS Environmental Research Insitute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Kaustubh Atey
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India.
| | | | - Gufran Beig
- National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bangalore, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tian Q, Huang D. Association between urinary IPM3 and the presence of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases: a cross-sectional study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27324-3. [PMID: 37225953 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Our study aims to investigate the association of urinary IPM3 and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) in general adults. A total of 1775 participants were enrolled from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Urinary levels of IPM3 were measured by LC/MS as exposure to isoprene. The associations between isoprene exposure and the risk of CVD were evaluated by restricted cubic splines based on multivariable logistic regression models. The prevalence of CVD was significantly higher across IPM3 quartiles. Comparing with the lowest quartile, the highest quartile was associated with 2.47-fold risk of CVD (odds ratio: 2.47, 95% confidence interval: 1.40-4.39, P = 0.002). Restricted cubic spline confirmed that the levels of urinary IPM3 were linearly associated with cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, angina and heart attack, while nonlinearly related to CHF and CAD. In conclusion, the urinary IPM3, as a long-term isoprene exposure, was associated with the presence of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, including CHF, CAD, angina, and heart attack.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Official Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Danqing Huang
- Department of Neurology, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Official Hospital, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li S, Agathokleous E, Li S, Yuan X, Du Y, Feng Z. Sensitivity of isoprene emission rate to ozone in greening trees is concurrently determined by isoprene synthesis capacity and stomatal conductance. Sci Total Environ 2023:164325. [PMID: 37244606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of isoprene emission rate (ISOrate) to ozone (O3) in plant suggests potentially large changes in future isoprene emissions, which will have important consequences for atmospheric chemistry. However, the interspecific variation of ISOrate sensitivity to O3 and its key drivers remain largely unknown. In this study, four urban greening tree species were exposed to two O3 treatments (charcoal-filtered air, CF; and non-filtered ambient air plus 60 ppb extra O3, EO3) in open-top chambers for one growing season. We aimed to compare the interspecific variation in O3 inhibitory effect on ISOrate and explore its physiological mechanism. EO3 decreased the ISOrate by on average 42.5 % across species. According to absolute effect size ranking, the highest ISOrate sensitivity to EO3 was observed in Salix matsudana, followed by Sophora japonica and hybrid poplar clone '546', while Quercus mongolica ISOrate was the least sensitive. Leaf anatomical structures differed in tree species but did not respond to EO3. Furthermore, the ISOrate sensitivity to O3 was driven by the concurrent effects of O3 on ISO synthesis ability (i.e., dimethylallyl diphosphate and isoprene synthase contents) and stomatal conductance. Overall, the mechanistic understanding grained from this study may promote the integrity of O3 effect into process-based ISO emission models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjiang Li
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Shenglan Li
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yingdong Du
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
González-Hernández RA, Valdez-Cruz NA, Macías-Rubalcava ML, Trujillo-Roldán MA. Overview of fungal terpene synthases and their regulation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:194. [PMID: 37169980 PMCID: PMC10175467 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes and terpenoids are a group of isoprene-derived molecules that constitute the largest group of natural products and secondary metabolites produced by living things, with more than 25,000 compounds reported. These compounds are synthesized by enzymes called terpene synthases, which include several families of cyclases and enzymes. These are responsible for adding functional groups to cyclized structures. Fungal terpenoids are of great interest for their pharmacological properties; therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate their synthesis (regulation of the mevalonate pathway, regulation of gene expression, and availability of cofactors) is essential to direct their production. For this reason, this review addresses the detailed study of the biosynthesis of fungal terpenoids and their regulation by various physiological and environmental factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A González-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Martha L Macías-Rubalcava
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rodrigues JS, Bourgade B, Galle KR, Lindberg P. Mapping competitive pathways to terpenoid biosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 using an antisense RNA synthetic tool. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:35. [PMID: 36823631 PMCID: PMC9951418 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 utilizes pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate via the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway for the biosynthesis of terpenoids. Considering the deep connection of the MEP pathway to the central carbon metabolism, and the low carbon partitioning towards terpenoid biosynthesis, significant changes in the metabolic network are required to increase cyanobacterial production of terpenoids. RESULTS We used the Hfq-MicC antisense RNA regulatory tool, under control of the nickel-inducible PnrsB promoter, to target 12 different genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis, central carbon metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis and ATP production, and evaluated the changes in the performance of an isoprene-producing cyanobacterial strain. Six candidate targets showed a positive effect on isoprene production: three genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis (crtE, chlP and thiG), two involved in amino acid biosynthesis (ilvG and ccmA) and one involved in sugar catabolism (gpi). The same strategy was applied to interfere with different parts of the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway in a bisabolene-producing strain. Increased bisabolene production was observed not only when interfering with chlorophyll a biosynthesis, but also with carotenogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the Hfq-MicC synthetic tool can be used to evaluate the effects of gene knockdown on heterologous terpenoid production, despite the need for further optimization of the technique. Possible targets for future engineering of Synechocystis aiming at improved terpenoid microbial production were identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João S. Rodrigues
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Chemistry – Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Barbara Bourgade
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Chemistry – Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karen R. Galle
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Chemistry – Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pia Lindberg
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu K, Liu Y, Li F, Li C, Zhang C, Zhang H, Liu X, Li Q, Xiong M. A retrospect of ozone formation mechanisms during the COVID-19 lockdown: The potential role of isoprene. Environ Pollut 2023; 317:120728. [PMID: 36427823 PMCID: PMC9679402 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wuhan took strict measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 from January 26 to April 7 in 2020. The lockdown reduced the concentrations of atmospheric pollutants, except ozone (O3). To investigate the increase in O3 during the lockdown, trace gas pollutants were collected. The initial concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were calculated based on a photochemical ratio method, and the ozone formation potential (OFP) was obtained using the initial and measured VOC concentrations. The O3 formation regime was NOX-limited based on the VOCs/NOX diurnal ratios during the lockdown period. The reduced nitric oxide (NO) concentrations and lower wind speed (WS) could explain the night-time O3 accumulation. The initial total VOCs (TVOCs) during the lockdown were 47.6 ± 2.9 ppbv, and alkenes contributed 48.1%. The photochemical loss amounts of alkenes were an order of magnitude higher than those of alkenes in the same period in 2019 and increased from 16.6 to 28.0 ppbv in the daytime. The higher initial alkene concentrations sustained higher OFP during the lockdown, reaching between 252.4 and 504.4 ppbv. The initial isoprene contributed approximately 35.0-55.0% to the total OFP and had a positive correlation with the increasing O3 concentrations. Approximately 75.5% of the temperatures were concentrated in the range of 5 and 20 °C, which were higher than those in 2019. In addition to stronger solar radiation, the higher temperatures induced higher isoprene emission rates, partially accounting for the higher isoprene concentrations. Lower isoprene-emitting trees should be considered for future urban vegetation to control O3 episodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yafei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Feng Li
- Jining Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Jining, 272000, China
| | - Chenlu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Qijie Li
- Wuhan Municipality Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Min Xiong
- Chongqing University, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing, 400030, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dive A, Singhal R, Srivastava S, Shukre K, James D, Shetty S. Isolation and functional characterization of novel isoprene synthase from Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit). 3 Biotech 2023; 13:24. [PMID: 36573156 PMCID: PMC9789294 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprene, a Natural Volatile Organic Compound (NVOC) is one of the chief by-products of plant metabolism with important applications in the synthesis of rubber and pharmaceuticals as a platform molecule. Isoprene was obtained earlier from petroleum sources; however, to synthesise it new fermentation-based strategies are being adopted. Bioinformatics tools were utilised to isolate the Isoprene Synthase (IspS) gene which converts the precursors Isopentenyl Diphosphate (IPP) and Dimethylallyl Diphosphate (DMAPP) into isoprene. Metabolic engineering strategies were to synthesise an isoprene-producing recombinant clone derived from Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit). The functional characterization was done using the overexpression of the isoprene synthase gene in an Escherichia coli BL21 host. The recombinant clone, ISPS_GBL_001 (submitted to GenBank, National Centre for Biotechnology Information or NCBI) was used for fermentation in the batch and fed-batch mode to produce isoprene. Isoprene productivity of 0.08 g/g dextrose was obtained via the fed-batch mode maintaining the process parameters at optimum. The quantification and confirmation of isoprene was done using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of the extracted sample, respectively. This study makes significant contribution to the ongoing research on bio-isoprene synthesis by highlighting a novel plant source of the IspS gene followed by, its successful expression in a recombinant host, validated by fermentation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03441-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amol Dive
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India
- Godavari Biorefineries Ltd., Mahape, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Rekha Singhal
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Kedar Shukre
- Godavari Biorefineries Ltd., Mahape, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Deepak James
- Godavari Biorefineries Ltd., Mahape, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Sneha Shetty
- Godavari Biorefineries Ltd., Mahape, Navi Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wasti S, Wang Y. Spatial and temporal analysis of HCHO response to drought in South Korea. Sci Total Environ 2022; 852:158451. [PMID: 36063934 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Though drought is known to affect biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds (BVOC), its effect on isoprene and formaldehyde (HCHO), a high yield product of isoprene, has not been investigated in East Asia where incidences of drought have increased in recent years. In this work, we analyzed the impact of drought on HCHO in the South Korea region during the summer period (June, July, and August) from 2005 to 2018 and found increased HCHO due to drought. The tropospheric HCHO column density retrieved by OMI increased by 8.02 % during extreme drought compared to the non-drought period, whereas no significant effect of drought on the NO2 column was found. Regional variation of HCHO response to drought correlates significantly with the tree percentage of the region. This correlation indicates that the drought-led HCHO increases are most likely driven by the increase in isoprene emissions during drought. Indeed, model predicts isoprene emissions to be higher by 27.87 % during the extreme drought compared to the non-drought period in South Korea. From 2005 to 2018, the HCHO column has been increasing in South Korea by 0.16 × 1015 molecules/cm2/year (1.56 % per year) during summer months, correlated with the increasing incidences of drought. HCHO increase is linked to higher ozone as most of South Korea is in the NOx-saturated or transitional regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shailaja Wasti
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu P, Kong Y, Liang X, Liao Y, Li T, Tan D, Zhu R, Fu M, Suib SL, Ye D. Effect of iron substitution in cryptomelane on the heterogeneous reaction with isoprene. J Hazard Mater 2022; 437:129293. [PMID: 35724618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic isoprene is an important pollutant for regional air quality. Being ubiquitously distributed on the earth surface, manganese (hydr)oxides should play a vital role in the transformation of isoprene. Cryptomelane is a typical manganese oxide with isomorphous substitution of Fe for Mn, but less attention has been paid to its heterogeneous reaction with isoprene. When Fe3+ replaces Mn3+, K+ is depleted and Mn3+ is oxidized to Mn4+. In contrast, oxygen vacancies are formed when Fe3+ substitutes Mn4+. Fe substitution creates weak crystallites and abundant mesopores, resulting in the increase of isoprene adsorption. As found by theoretical calculations, the Mn4+-O2- bonds at the cross sections of the tunnels is more active than that on the outer wall of the tunnels. After the adsorption of isoprene, bridging carboxylate species and hydrogen-bonding water are produced and the surface octahedra are distorted, i.e., Mn4+O6 → Mn3+O6-δ. As the heat facilitates the breakage of Mn4+-O2-, the increase of environmental temperature enhances the oxidation of isoprene. The above findings shed light on the effect of Fe substitution in cryptomelane to enhance the oxidation of isoprene, and illustrates that heterogeneous reaction with isoprene impairs the transformation of other environmental substances on cryptomelane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yilian Kong
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoliang Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Yuxi Liao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Tan Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Daoyong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Runliang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Mingli Fu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Steven L Suib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Daiqi Ye
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen Q, Xu F, Zong P, Song F, Wang B, Tian Y, Wu F, Zhao X, Qiao Y. Influence of CaO on the thermal kinetics and formation mechanism of high value-added products during waste tire pyrolysis. J Hazard Mater 2022; 436:129220. [PMID: 35739742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of detailed research on the production of isoprene and D-limonene by solid base-catalysed thermal depolymerization of waste tires (WTs). This work aimed to investigate the thermal decomposition characteristics, reaction kinetics, high value-added products production and potential mechanisms during WT pyrolysis in the presence of calcium oxide (CaO) via Thermogravimetry-Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (TG-FTIR) and Pyrolyzer-Gas Chromatography/Mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The results obtained from TG indicated that CaO accelerated depolymerization in terms of reducing the reaction temperature, which is also reflected in the kinetic parameters. It can be found that the content of D-limonene increased by 13.76% and that of isoprene increased by 37.57%, which were attributed to differences in the depolymerization mechanisms in the presence of CaO. Furthermore, CaO had a profound impact on desulfurization by reducing benzothiazole, sulfoacid, and thiophene. The potential catalytic mechanisms of isoprene and D-limonene production and desulfurization were also proposed. This work deepens the understanding of the catalytic pyrolysis of WT under CaO and unambiguously demonstrates the great potential of CaO in enhancing isoprene and D-limonene production, providing new insight for the cleaner production of high value-added products from WT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Fanfan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; Energy Engineering, Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden.
| | - Peijie Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Fanhao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; Sinopec Dalian Research Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals, China Petrochemical Corporation, Dalian 116045, China.
| | - Yuanyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center of High Carbon Low Carbonization, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yingyun Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center of High Carbon Low Carbonization, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Uning R, Latif MT, Hamid HHA, Suratman S. A floating chamber system for VOC sea-to-air flux measurement near the sea surface. Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:531. [PMID: 35760953 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) form ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) in the atmosphere under favourable conditions. Biogenic VOC levels in the marine atmosphere are significantly lower compared with levels in the atmosphere above terrestrial ecosystems. However, much less is known about the marine biogenic VOC sea-to-air flux, specifically at the sea surface level. Therefore, here we describe a newly developed and cost-effective floating chamber system that has the capacity to measure the VOC sea-to-air flux near the sea surface (< 1 m). The floating chamber is coupled with adsorbent cartridges, and samples were analysed in the laboratory using commercial thermal desorption and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). The structural performance of the floating flux chamber was evaluated, and it was shown to have the capacity to stay continuously afloat for up to 72 h in various conditions (e.g., rainy, windy) and with wave heights up to approximately 1 m in coastal waters. Preliminary measurements of isoprene (3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene) (C5H8) sea-to-air flux using the floating flux chamber in the coastal waters off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia found values in the region of 107 molecules/cm2/s, comparable with most published values based on various flux measurement techniques. We suggest the proposed floating chamber system could serve as a cost-effective VOC flux technique that allows measurements near the sea surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Royston Uning
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suhaimi Suratman
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dos Santos TC, Dominutti P, Pedrosa GS, Coelho MS, Nogueira T, Borbon A, Souza SR, Fornaro A. Isoprene in urban Atlantic forests: Variability, origin, and implications on the air quality of a subtropical megacity. Sci Total Environ 2022; 824:153728. [PMID: 35157860 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biosphere-atmosphere interactions play a key role in urban chemistry because of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions. Of the BVOC, isoprene is the most emitted compound; however, it also has anthropogenic origins in urban areas. In this study, we aimed to investigate the spatio-temporal variability and atmospheric impacts of biogenic and anthropogenic isoprene in the subtropical megacity of São Paulo (MASP), Brazil. Several measurement campaigns were conducted in three different urban Atlantic forests (Matão, PEFI, and RMG), and an urban background site (IAG); this equated to a total of 268 samples for the 2018-2019 period. For all sampling points, daytime average concentrations of isoprene were two to three times higher during the rainy season (IAG: 1.75 ± 0.93 ppb; Matão: 0.87 ± 0.35 ppb; PEFI: 0.50 ± 0.30 ppb; RMG: 0.37 ± 0.18 ppb), than those observed during the dry season (IAG: 0.46 ± 0.24 ppb; Matão: 0.31 ± 0.17 ppb; PEFI: 0.17 ± 0.11 ppb; RMG: 0.11 ± 0.07 ppb). Average isoprene concentrations were similar to those observed in other places worldwide, with the exception of the Amazon forest. Our results indicate differences in isoprene concentrations between sites, suggesting that environmental conditions such as the urban heat island and vegetation types, may play a role in spatial variability. Estimates of the isoprene fraction indicated that the biogenic fraction (85%) surpassed the anthropogenic fraction during the rainy season. By contrast, the anthropogenic fraction (52%) exceeded the biogenic fraction during dry periods. These fractions have an impact on potentially forming secondary pollutants gaseous (ozone formation potential: 7.19-33.32 μg m-3), and aerosols (secondary organic aerosols formation potential: 0.41-1.88 μg m-3). These results highlight the role of biogenic isoprene and its potential impact on urban air quality in subtropical megacities; this requires further investigation under future climate change scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tailine C Dos Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, R. do Matão, 1226 - Butantã, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Pamela Dominutti
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, UMR 6016, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178 Aubière, France; Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD (UMR 5001), Grenoble, France.
| | - Giselle S Pedrosa
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001 - Bangú, 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique S Coelho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, R. do Matão, 1226 - Butantã, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Nogueira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, R. do Matão, 1226 - Butantã, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Agnès Borbon
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, UMR 6016, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178 Aubière, France.
| | - Silvia R Souza
- Botanical Institute of São Paulo, Av. Miguel Stéfano, 3687 - Vila Água Funda, 04301-902 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Adalgiza Fornaro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, R. do Matão, 1226 - Butantã, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Isar J, Jain D, Joshi H, Dhoot S, Rangaswamy V. MICROBIAL isoprene production: an overview. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:122. [PMID: 35637362 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isoprene, a volatile C5 hydrocarbon, is a precursor of synthetic rubber and an important building block for a variety of natural products, solely being produced by petrochemical routes. To mitigate the ever-increasing contribution of petrochemical industry to global warming through significant carbon (CO2) evolution, bio-based process for isoprene production using microbial cell factories have been explored. Highly efficient fermentation-based processes have been studied for little over a decade now with extensive research on the rational strain development for creating robust strains for commercial isoprene production. Most of these studies involved sugars as feedstocks and using naturally occurring isoprene pathways viz., mevalonate and methyl erythritol pathway in E. coli. Recent advances, driven by efforts in reducing environmental pollution, have focused on utilization of inorganic CO2 by cyanobacteria or syngas from waste gases by acetogens for isoprene production. This review endeavors to capture the latest relevant progress made in rational strain development, metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies used, challenges in fermentation process development at lab and commercial scale production of isoprene along with a future perspective pertaining to this area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Isar
- High Value Chemicals, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
| | - Dharmendra Jain
- High Value Chemicals, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
| | - Harshvardhan Joshi
- High Value Chemicals, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
| | - Shrikant Dhoot
- High Value Chemicals, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
| | - Vidhya Rangaswamy
- High Value Chemicals, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Banga I, Paul A, Sardesai A, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. AuNP@ZeNose (ZIF-based electrochemical nose) for detection of flu biomarker in breath. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:231. [PMID: 35612633 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical sensor is reported for the detection of isoprene levels in breath using a ZIF-based electrochemical nose. This sensor incorporates a hybrid detection system using gold nanoparticles encapsulated inside the ZIF-8 moiety. Breath-based analysis is widely being used for monitoring the metabolic state of the body. It is associated with the change in the concentration of volatile organic compounds and inorganic gases released endogenously and can be tracked using breath as the sample. One such volatile organic compound, isoprene, has been correlated to the presence of influenza virus or respiratory inflammation. Analytical techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and tunneling electron microscopy were used to understand the structural features of the composite. The electrochemical nose system uses chronoamperometry as the transduction mechanism to monitor the diffusion kinetics of the target analyte across the electrode-electrolyte interface. The presented work demonstrates isoprene sensing with high sensitivity and specificity and a detection limit of 10 parts per billion in air. We successfully demonstrate the functionality of the ZIF-based electrochemical nose for point-of-care screening of isoprene levels by developing a prototype device using a commercially available development board. We foresee that the developed sensing platform can help in early screening for the presence of influenza virus and help control the infection rate.
Collapse
|
24
|
Golding BT, Abelairas-Edesa M, Tilbury RD, Wilson JP, Zhang D, Henderson AP, Bleasdale C, Clegg W, Watson WP. Influence of the methyl group in isoprene epoxides on reactivity compared to butadiene epoxides: Biological significance. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 361:109949. [PMID: 35490797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of the epoxides of 1,3-butadiene and isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) with oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur nucleophiles have been compared to enable a better molecular understanding of the relative human toxicities of these epoxides. Hydrolysis of rac.-ethenyloxirane in (18O)water gave 77% (2-18O)but-3-ene-1,2-diol and 23% (1-18O)but-3-ene-1,2-diol. The R:S ratio for but-3-ene-1,2-diol from hydrolysis of (S)-ethenyloxirane was 75:25. Hence, hydrolysis of ethenyloxirane occurs by competing SN2 attack at C-2 and C-3 in 3:1 ratio, with no SN1 component. Hydrolysis of rac.-2-ethenyl-2-methyloxirane gave 2-hydroxy-2-methylbut-3-en-1-ol (73%) and 27% of a 2:1 mixture of the E- and Z-isomers of 4-hydroxy-2-methylbut-2-en-1-ol. In (18O)water (2-18O)2-hydroxy-2-methylbut-3-en-1-ol was obtained. Formation of these products occurs via SN1 ionisation to resonance-stabilised allylic cations which are captured by water. Reaction of rac.-ethenyloxirane with l-valine methyl ester gave diastereoisomeric adducts from SN2 attack of the valine amino at both C-2 (substituted position) and C-3 of the oxirane. The corresponding reaction of rac.-2-methyl-2-ethenyloxirane gave diastereoisomeric adducts, (R, S)- and (S, S)-N-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-buten-1-yl)-l-valine methyl ester, from SN2 attack of the valine amino solely at C-3. Reactions of rac.-2-ethenyl-2-methyloxirane with cysteine derivatives occurred at C-2 in neutral polar media (SN1 reaction) or at C-3 in basic media (SN2), whereas for ethenyloxirane products arose from attack at both C-2 and C-3. Reaction of meso-butadiene diepoxide (meso-2,2'-bioxirane) with l-valine methyl ester gave mainly 2:1 adducts, dimethyl 2,2'-(((2R,3S)-2,3-dihydroxybutane-1,4-diyl)bis(azanediyl))-(2S,2'S)-bis(3-methyl-butanoates), whereas 2-methyl-2,2'-bioxirane gave a mixture of 1:1 [methyl 2-(3,4-dihydroxy-3-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methylbutanoates] and 2:1 adducts. Meso-2,2'-bioxirane reacted with N-acetylcysteine methyl ester in methanol to afford meso-thiolane-3,4-diol, by elimination of N-acetyldehydroalanine methyl ester from a precursor cyclic adduct. Similarly, 2-methyl-2,2'-bioxirane gave solely 3-methylthiolane-3,4-diols. Thus, the methyl group of isoprene has a subtle effect on the reactivity of its epoxides relative to those of butadiene and therefore, in the context of their toxicology, could abrogate crosslinking of nitrogen functions in biomolecules related to mutagenicity and carcinogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard T Golding
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Manuel Abelairas-Edesa
- NewChem Technologies, The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, NE4 5BX, UK
| | - Rowena D Tilbury
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Joanne P Wilson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Daping Zhang
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Alistair P Henderson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK; NewChem Technologies, The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, NE4 5BX, UK
| | - Christine Bleasdale
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - William Clegg
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - William P Watson
- Shell International Chemicals BV, Shell Research and Technology Centre Amsterdam, Toxicology Department, P.O. Box 38000, 1030BN, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gao Y, Ma M, Yan F, Su H, Wang S, Liao H, Zhao B, Wang X, Sun Y, Hopkins JR, Chen Q, Fu P, Lewis AC, Qiu Q, Yao X, Gao H. Impacts of biogenic emissions from urban landscapes on summer ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation in megacities. Sci Total Environ 2022; 814:152654. [PMID: 34973314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The impact of biogenic emissions on ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) has been widely acknowledged; nevertheless, biogenic emissions emitted from urban landscapes have been largely ignored. We find that including urban isoprene in megacities like Beijing improves not only the modeled isoprene concentrations but also its diurnal cycle. Specifically, the mean bias of the simulated isoprene concentrations is reduced from 87% to 39% by adding urban isoprene emissions while keeping the diurnal cycle the same as that in non-urban or rural areas. Further adjusting the diurnal cycle of isoprene emissions to the urban profile steers the original early morning peak of the isoprene concentration to a double quasi-peak, i.e., bell shape, consistent with observations. The efficiency of ozone generation caused by isoprene emissions in urban Beijing is found to be twice as large as those in rural areas, indicative of vital roles of urban BVOC emissions in modulating the ozone formation. Our study also shows that in the future along with NOx emission reduction, isoprene emissions from urban landscapes will become more important for the formation of ozone in urban area, and their contributions may exceed that of isoprene caused by transport from rural areas. Finally, the impact of biogenic emissions on SOA is examined, revealing that biogenic induced SOA accounts for 16% of the total SOA in urban Beijing. The effect of isoprene on SOA (iSOA) is modulated through two pathways associated with the abundance of NOx emissions, and the effect can be amplified in future when NOx emissions are reduced. The findings of our study are not limited to Beijing but also apply to other megacities or densely populated regions, suggesting an urgent need to construct an accurate emission inventory for urban landscapes and evaluate their impact on ozone and SOA in air quality planning and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Mingchen Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Feifan Yan
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Hang Su
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz D-55128, Germany; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - James R Hopkins
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5NH, UK
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Alastair C Lewis
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5NH, UK
| | - Qionghui Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ramachandran R, Pavithraa S, Meka JK, Rahul KK, Lo JI, Chou SL, Cheng BM, Rajasekhar BN, Bhardwaj A, Mason NJ, Sivaraman B. Vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption spectra of icy isoprene and its oligomers. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2022; 268:120586. [PMID: 34872862 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene and its oligomers, terpenes, are expected to be present, along with other complex organic molecules in the diverse environments of the ISM and in our solar system. Due to insufficient spectral information of these molecules at low temperature, detection and understanding the importance of these molecules has been rather incomplete. For this purpose, we have carried out the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoabsorption measurements on pure molecular ices of isoprene and a few simple terpenes: limonene, α-pinene and β-pinene by forming icy mantles on cold dust analogs. From these experiments, we report the first low temperature (10 K) VUV spectra of isoprene and its oligomers limonene, α-pinene and β-pinene. VUV photoabsorption spectra of all the molecules reported here reveal similarities in the ice and gas phase as expected, with an exception of isoprene where a prominent red shift is observed in the ice phase absorption. This unqiue property of isoprene along with distinctive absorption at longer wavelengths supports its candidature for detection on icy bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - S Pavithraa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Sciences, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - J K Meka
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - K K Rahul
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - J-I Lo
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - S-L Chou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - B-M Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - B N Rajasekhar
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, India
| | | | - N J Mason
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - B Sivaraman
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li S, Yuan X, Feng Z, Du Y, Agathokleous E, Paoletti E. Whole-plant compensatory responses of isoprene emission from hybrid poplar seedlings exposed to elevated ozone. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:150949. [PMID: 34655631 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is still unclear whether the responses of isoprene (ISO) emission to elevated O3 vary with biological organization level (i.e. leaf and whole-plant). To study such responses and the possible reasons explaining their variation, we investigated the effect of O3 (CF: charcoal-filtered ambient air; E-O3: non-filtered ambient air enriched with O3) on ISO emission rate (ISOrate), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), leaf nitrogen and carbon contents, and leaf growth traits in poplar seedlings (Populus deltoides cv. 55/56 × P. deltoides cv. Imperial) during one growing season. Opposite effects of E-O3 on Pn were found between upper leaves (positive effect) and lower leaves (negative effect). Compared to CF, E-O3 significantly decreased leaf mass per area, number of leaves, and leaf biomass, but increased leaf nitrogen content and individual leaf size. In the framework of such compensatory responses, poplar seedlings further increased ISOrate in upper leaves and decreased ISOrate in lower leaves, thus preventing significant decrease in the overall whole-plant ISOrate by E-O3. The measured whole-plant ISOrate also showed that the simplistic estimation approaches based on the linear regression between chlorophyll content indicated by soil plant analysis development meter (SPAD value) and leaf-level ISOrate could not accurately reflect the true response of whole plant to elevated O3. For more accurate predictions, the potential ISO compensatory response to increasing O3 concentration should be incorporated into the climate biogeochemical models related to ISO emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjiang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China; School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yingdong Du
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Council of Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liang L, Engling G, Xu W, Ma Q, Lin W, Liu X, Liu C, Zhang G. Observational insights into the compound environmental effect for 2-methyltetrols formation under humid ambient conditions. Chemosphere 2022; 289:133153. [PMID: 34875293 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory experiments suggest acid-catalyzed aqueous-phase production can promote the formation of isoprene SOA, i.e., 2-methyltetrols. In this study we use ambient observations of the 2-methyltetrols along with other chemical measurements, as well as meteorological factors to investigate the relative importance of environmental influence for isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) SOA formation under atmospheric humidity conditions. The 2-Methyltetrols revealed good relationships with temperature and total solar radiation, but were weakly correlated with aerosol acidity and SO42-. EC-scaled 2-methyltetrols were observed to vary in a narrow pH range (1.5-2.0), indicating aerosol acidity was not a limiting factor for 2-methyltetrols formation. High values of 2-methyltetrols were consistently observed at high total solar radiation, the strong dependence of total solar radiation demonstrated that photochemical processes dominated 2-methyltetrols formation in humid environments. Although 2-methyltetrols can be enhanced by acid-catalyzed aqueous-phase reactions, it is not sufficient to compensate the synchronously weakened photochemical activity influence, leading to an obvious net decrease in the formation of 2-methyltetrols in the ambient. Moreover, aerosol droplet acidity was reduced under high liquid water content (LWC) condition, subsequently diminishing the enhancement of SOA formation by acidity. Overall, our results highlight that the environmental impact factors are highly variable and interplay, influencing the production of 2-methyltetrols, and suggest that the formation pathway of 2-methyltetrols is insensitive to aerosol acidity but dominated by photochemical production process in humid environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Guenter Engling
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA; Now at: California Air Resources Board, El Monte, CA, 91731, USA
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qianli Ma
- Lin'an Regional Atmosphere Background Station, Lin'an, 311300, China
| | - Weili Lin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuyan Liu
- National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kupka T, Gajda T, Ochędzan-Siodłak W, Buczek A, Broda MA. On the impact of side methyl groups on the structure and vibrational properties of β-carotenoids. The case of butadiene and isoprene. Food Chem 2022; 369:130880. [PMID: 34438344 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical consideration about the impact of methyl groups on the structure and vibrational properties of β-carotenoids, using medium size molecules of trans-butadiene and trans-isoprene, are reported. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations with correlation-consistent and polarization-consistent basis sets were applied to trans-1,3-butadiene and trans-isoprene as the smallest building bricks of β-carotenoids. Their structure and harmonic vibrations were estimated in the complete basis set limit (CBS) using the non-linear least square fit. Optimized geometries and harmonic frequencies, obtained with B3LYP and BLYP density functionals and large basis sets, were favorably reproduced by a significantly faster approach, using a recently modified STO(1M)-3G Slater-type basis set. Selected density functionals with STO(1M)-3G and 6-311++G** basis sets were also successful in predicting β-carotene structures and harmonic vibrations. This work demonstrates the potential applicability of the proposed level of theory for larger molecules, including β-carotenoids, present in numerous natural food sources. The proposed scheme of molecular modeling, applied to biologically active compounds in food, could provide a deeper insight into their function in vivo, which is directly related to their structure and spectroscopic properties. It could also support the experimental qualitative analysis, based on peak assignment of β-carotenoids in various food sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teobald Kupka
- University of Opole, Faculty of Chemistry, 48, Oleska Street, 45-052 Opole, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Gajda
- University of Opole, Faculty of Chemistry, 48, Oleska Street, 45-052 Opole, Poland
| | | | - Aneta Buczek
- University of Opole, Faculty of Chemistry, 48, Oleska Street, 45-052 Opole, Poland
| | - Małgorzata A Broda
- University of Opole, Faculty of Chemistry, 48, Oleska Street, 45-052 Opole, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ding Z, Tian S, Dang J, Zhang Q. New mechanistic understanding for atmospheric oxidation of isoprene initiated by atomic chlorine. Sci Total Environ 2021; 801:149768. [PMID: 34438153 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is the most abundant non-methane VOC and a significant SOA contributor. The atmospheric oxidation initiated by atomic chlorine is an important sink for isoprene, especially in certain regions with high Cl concentration, while its detailed oxidation mechanism remains unclear. In this work, we comprehensively investigated the reaction mechanism of isoprene with Cl using quantum chemistry calculation, and first elaborated the specific reaction mechanisms of chloroalkenyl peroxy radicals with HO2/NO and the formation of 2-methylbut-3-enal, highlighting their important roles in the SOA formation. For the initial reactions, Cl additions to terminal carbons and H abstraction from CH3 moiety of isoprene are the predominant reactions, which is consistent with previous research. Following the initial reactions, their subsequent reactions with O2 and HO2 (or NO) under different atmospheric conditions could lead to the formation of 17 highly oxidized molecules (HOMs), of which P10, P12, P16, P17, P19 and P33 generated by the subsequent reactions of the major first-generation products (MVK, CMBO, CMBA and MBO) have been detected in the reaction process of isoprene with Cl in the chamber experiment. In addition to auto-oxidation process, the reaction of chloroalkenyl peroxy radicals with HO2/NO and their subsequent reactions are all easy to occur under atmospheric conditions, which could be crucial contributors to the formation of HOMs and SOA arising from the Cl initiated oxidation of isoprene. This study would be conducive to clarifying the atmospheric oxidation process of isoprene initiated by Cl and providing a new understanding of its SOA formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhezheng Ding
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shuai Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Juan Dang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kumar V, Sinha V. Season-wise analyses of VOCs, hydroxyl radicals and ozone formation chemistry over north-west India reveal isoprene and acetaldehyde as the most potent ozone precursors throughout the year. Chemosphere 2021; 283:131184. [PMID: 34146869 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The north-west Indo-Gangetic Plain is the agricultural cereal-basket of India owing to its prolific wheat and rice production. Surface ozone pollution is of growing concern over it, yet no detailed year-round in-situ measurements of its most reactive precursors, particularly the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are available from this region. Here, using the first year-long continuous measurements of 23 major VOCs, ozone, NOx, CO and their atmospheric oxidation products from a regionally representative site in north-west India, we evaluated speciated OH reactivities (OHR), ozone formation potential (OFP) and ozone production regimes (OPR) across all seasons. The average seasonal OHR ranged from 14 s-1 (winter) to 21.5 s-1 (summer). We provide the first estimate of OH radical mixing ratios varying between 0.06 and 0.37 ppt in different seasons for the peak daytime hours in this region. Recycling via HO2+NO was the most important pathway contributing to >85% of the OH production throughout the year. Contrary to satellite derived proxies and chemical transport models which predict NOx sensitive OPR, we show it to be strongly sensitive to both VOCs and NOx (>90% days in a year). Remarkably for densely populated regions, isoprene and acetaldehyde collectively accounted for ~30-50% of the total OFP in all seasons. Biogenic emissions of isoprene (reaching 12.9 mg/m2/h) and high acetaldehyde from anthropogenic and photochemical sources were observed for all seasons. Monitoring and control of isoprene and acetaldehyde are therefore urgently required for efforts focused on mitigating surface ozone pollution in this demographically important region of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Vinayak Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cifuentes F, González CM, Aristizábal BH. Dataset for evaluating WRF-Chem sensitivity to biogenic emission inventories in a tropical region. Global online model (MEGAN) vs local offline model (BIGA). Data Brief 2021; 38:107438. [PMID: 34660858 PMCID: PMC8503576 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents a dataset comparing emissions of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) in a zone of complex topography in the tropical Andes, which presents elevations ranging from 250 to more than 4000 m above sea level in a radius of only 50 km. Two approximations were evaluated, (1) online with the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) coupled with the Weather Research and Forecast model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) and (2) offline applying the Biogenic Altitudinal Gradient Model (BIGA). Modeled concentrations of pollutants (mainly isoprene and tropospheric ozone) were obtained with WRF-Chem employing the biogenic emission models mentioned previously. This information identified areas where BVOC emissions vary significantly, comparing the global emission inventory (MEGAN) and the local inventory (BIGA). Re-evaluation of the emission factors and land cover assigned to those areas in the global online biogenic models should be considered in order to reduce the uncertainty in the values. In addition, the dataset shows the impact of the biogenic emission inventories on the air quality simulations on a tropical high mountain area, where vegetation is diverse, and the altitudinal changes influence meteorological variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Cifuentes
- Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group (GTAIHA), Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Carrera 27 64-60, Manizales, Colombia
| | - C M González
- Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group (GTAIHA), Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Carrera 27 64-60, Manizales, Colombia
| | - B H Aristizábal
- Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group (GTAIHA), Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Carrera 27 64-60, Manizales, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang W, Cao J, Wu Y, Kong F, Li L. Review on plant terpenoid emissions worldwide and in China. Sci Total Environ 2021; 787:147454. [PMID: 34000546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), particularly terpenoids, can significantly drive the formation of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere, as well as directly or indirectly affect global climate change. Understanding their emission mechanisms and the current progress in emission measurements and estimations are essential for the accurate determination of emission characteristics, as well as for evaluating their roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. This review summarizes the mechanisms of terpenoid synthesis and release, biotic and abiotic factors affecting their emissions, development of emission observation techniques, and emission estimations from hundreds of published papers. We provide a review of the main observations and estimations in China, which contributes a significant proportion to the total global BVOC emissions. The review suggests the need for further research on the comprehensive effects of environmental factors on terpenoid emissions, especially soil moisture and nitrogen content, which should be quantified in emission models to improve the accuracy of estimation. In China, it is necessary to conduct more accurate measurements for local plants in different regions using the dynamic enclosure technique to establish an accurate local emission rate database for dominant tree species. This will help improve the accuracy of both national and global emission inventories. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of terpenoid emissions as well as prospects for detailed research to accurately describe terpenoid emission characteristics worldwide and in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Yang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fanlong Kong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Lingyu Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gibson L, Crombie AT, McNamara NP, Murrell JC. Isoprene-degrading bacteria associated with the phyllosphere of Salix fragilis, a high isoprene-emitting willow of the Northern Hemisphere. Environ Microbiome 2021; 16:17. [PMID: 34446108 PMCID: PMC8394569 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-021-00386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoprene accounts for about half of total biogenic volatile organic compound emissions globally, and as a climate active gas it plays a significant and varied role in atmospheric chemistry. Terrestrial plants are the largest source of isoprene, with willow (Salix) making up one of the most active groups of isoprene producing trees. Bacteria act as a biological sink for isoprene and those bacteria associated with high isoprene-emitting trees may provide further insight into its biodegradation. RESULTS A DNA-SIP experiment incubating willow (Salix fragilis) leaves with 13C-labelled isoprene revealed an abundance of Comamonadaceae, Methylobacterium, Mycobacterium and Polaromonas in the isoprene degrading community when analysed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Metagenomic analysis of 13C-enriched samples confirmed the abundance of Comamonadaceae, Acidovorax, Polaromonas, Variovorax and Ramlibacter. Mycobacterium and Methylobacterium were also identified after metagenomic analysis and a Mycobacterium metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) was recovered. This contained two complete isoprene degradation metabolic gene clusters, along with a propane monooxygenase gene cluster. Analysis of the abundance of the alpha subunit of the isoprene monooxygenase, isoA, in unenriched DNA samples revealed that isoprene degraders associated with willow leaves are abundant, making up nearly 0.2% of the natural bacterial community. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the isoprene degrading community associated with willow leaves using DNA-SIP and focused metagenomics techniques enabled recovery of the genome of an active isoprene-degrading Mycobacterium species and provided valuable insight into bacteria involved in degradation of isoprene on the leaves of a key species of isoprene-emitting tree in the northern hemisphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gibson
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Andrew T Crombie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Niall P McNamara
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - J Colin Murrell
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu C, Mu Y, Zhang C, Liu J, Liu P, He X, Li X. A comparison investigation of atmospheric NMHCs at two sampling sites of Beijing city and a rural area during summertime. Sci Total Environ 2021; 783:146867. [PMID: 34088120 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were measured synchronously at an urban site of Beijing city (BJ) and a rural site of Dongbaituo (DBT) in Hebei province from 1 July to 15 August 2016. The average concentration of the total NMHCs (TNMHCs) at DBT site were about a factor of 1.3 higher than that at BJ site. Ethane, ethylene, propane, acetylene, butane, isobutane, toluene and isopentane were the common species in the top ten NMHCs at the two sampling sites, and the contributions of the top ten NMHCs to TNMHCs at BJ and DBT sites were 65.6% and 75.1%, respectively. The diurnal variations of TNMHCs at BJ site exhibited one peak during the morning rush hours, whereas two peaks occurred at DBT site during the period from 3:00 to 8:00 (UTC/GMTC8). Based on the correlation coefficients of typical NMHCs pairs and the positive matrix factorization (PMF) results, the gasoline exhaust was found to be the dominant source (38.8%) for atmospheric NMHCs in Beijing, while coal combustion made the largest contribution (32.3%) at the rural site. Atmospheric ozone production over the BJ site was found to be NMHCs-sensitive, while it was in the transition regime at DBT site. Additionally, the largest contributions of atmospheric NMHCs groups to the ozone formation potential at BJ and DBT sites were alkenes and aromatics, with the proportions of 35.8% and 38.6%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengtang Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaowei He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xuran Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shaikh KM, Odaneth AA. Metabolic engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for the production of isoprene. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3201. [PMID: 34369095 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica has recently emerged as a prominent microbial host for production of terpenoids. Its robust metabolism and growth in wide range of substrates offer several advantages at industrial scale. In the present study, we investigate the metabolic potential of Y. lipolytica to produce isoprene. Sustainable production of isoprene has been attempted through engineering several microbial hosts; however, the engineering studies performed so far are challenged with low titers. Engineering of Y. lipolytica, which have inherent high acetyl-CoA flux could fuel precursors into the biosynthesis of isoprene and thus is an approach that would offer sustainable production opportunities. The present work, therefore, explores this opportunity wherein a codon-optimized IspS gene (single copy) of Pueraria montana was integrated into the Y. lipolytica genome. With no detectable isoprene level during the growth or stationary phase of modified strain, attempts were made to overexpress enzymes from MVA pathway. GC-FID analyses of gas collected during stationary phase revealed that engineered strains were able to produce detectable isoprene only after overexpressing HMGR (or tHMGR). The significant role of HMGR (tHMGR) in diverting the pathway flux toward DMAPP is thus highlighted in our study. Nevertheless, the final recombinant strains overexpressing HMGR (tHMGR) along with Erg13 and IDI showed isoprene titers of ~500 μg/L and yields of ~80 μg/g. Further characterization of the recombinant strains revealed high lipid and squalene content compared to the unmodified strain. Overall, the preliminary results of our laboratory-scale studies represent Y. lipolytica as a promising host for fermentative production of isoprene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurshedaktar M Shaikh
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT), Mumbai, India
| | - Annamma A Odaneth
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT), Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Liu W, Lv G, Zhang C, Sun X. Mechanism of secondary organic aerosol formation from the reaction of isoprene with sulfoxy radicals. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:42562-42569. [PMID: 33813697 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene can react with sulfoxy radicals (SO4•- and SO3•-) to form organosulfur compounds in aqueous phase, and the organosulfur compounds are important compositions of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). To make sure the specific configurations of the products and the role of SO4•- and SO3•- in the formation of organosulfur compounds, the reaction mechanisms are studied by theoretical calculations. The lowest Gibbs free energy barrier of addition of SO3•- onto isoprene is 24.06 kcal mol-1 at C4 site, and its rate constant is 1.30 × 10-11 M-1 s-1 at 298 K and 1 atm. And the Gibbs free energy barriers of addition of SO4•- onto isoprene at C1 and C4 sites are barrierless and 0.92 kcal mol-1; the rate constants of these two addition processes are 6.85 × 109 and 1.17 × 105 M-1 s-1 at 298 K and 1 atm. It elucidates that organosulfates are easier to be formed. As for the products P1 (with alcohol group) and P2 (with aldehyde group), the lowest Gibbs free energy barrier of the formation of P1 is 3.17 kcal mol-1, and that of the formation of P2 is 15.84 kcal mol-1, which means that the product with alcohol group is easier to be formed than that with aldehyde group. This work provides a reference for the formation of organosulfur compounds in aqueous phase, and it may help to understand the SOA formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Guochun Lv
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, 256600, China.
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhan Z, Seager S, Petkowski JJ, Sousa-Silva C, Ranjan S, Huang J, Bains W. Assessment of Isoprene as a Possible Biosignature Gas in Exoplanets with Anoxic Atmospheres. Astrobiology 2021; 21:765-792. [PMID: 33798392 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The search for possible biosignature gases in habitable exoplanet atmospheres is accelerating, although actual observations are likely years away. This work adds isoprene, C5H8, to the roster of biosignature gases. We found that isoprene geochemical formation is highly thermodynamically disfavored and has no known abiotic false positives. The isoprene production rate on Earth rivals that of methane (CH4; ∼500 Tg/year). Unlike methane, on Earth isoprene is rapidly destroyed by oxygen-containing radicals. Although isoprene is predominantly produced by deciduous trees, isoprene production is ubiquitous to a diverse array of evolutionary distant organisms, from bacteria to plants and animals-few, if any, volatile secondary metabolites have a larger evolutionary reach. Although non-photochemical sinks of isoprene may exist, such as degradation of isoprene by life or other high deposition rates, destruction of isoprene in an anoxic atmosphere is mainly driven by photochemistry. Motivated by the concept that isoprene might accumulate in anoxic environments, we model the photochemistry and spectroscopic detection of isoprene in habitable temperature, rocky exoplanet anoxic atmospheres with a variety of atmosphere compositions under different host star ultraviolet fluxes. Limited by an assumed 10 ppm instrument noise floor, habitable atmosphere characterization when using James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is only achievable with a transit signal similar or larger than that for a super-Earth-sized exoplanet transiting an M dwarf star with an H2-dominated atmosphere. Unfortunately, isoprene cannot accumulate to detectable abundance without entering a run-away phase, which occurs at a very high production rate, ∼100 times the Earth's production rate. In this run-away scenario, isoprene will accumulate to >100 ppm, and its spectral features are detectable with ∼20 JWST transits. One caveat is that some isoprene spectral features are hard to distinguish from those of methane and also from other hydrocarbons containing the isoprene substructure. Despite these challenges, isoprene is worth adding to the menu of potential biosignature gases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuchang Zhan
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara Seager
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physics, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janusz Jurand Petkowski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clara Sousa-Silva
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sukrit Ranjan
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - William Bains
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Rufus Scientific, Royston, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jaoui M, Piletic IR, Szmigielski R, Rudzinski KJ, Lewandowski M, Riedel TP, Kleindienst TE. Rapid production of highly oxidized molecules in isoprene aerosol via peroxy and alkoxy radical isomerization pathways in low and high NO x environments: Combined laboratory, computational and field studies. Sci Total Environ 2021; 775:145592. [PMID: 34380608 PMCID: PMC8363757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we identified seven novel hydroxy-carboxylic acids resulting from gas-phase reactions of isoprene in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), and/or hydroxyl radicals (OH). In the present study, we provide evidence that hydroxy-carboxylic acids, namely methyltartaric acids (MTA) are: (1) reliable isoprene tracers, (2) likely produced via rapid peroxy radical hydrogen atom (H) shift reactions (autoxidation mechanism) and analogous alkoxy radical H shifts in low and high NOx environments respectively and (3) representative of aged ambient aerosol in the low NOx regime. Firstly, MTA are reliable tracers of isoprene aerosol because they have been identified in numerous chamber experiments involving isoprene conducted under a wide range of conditions and are absent in the oxidation of mono- and sesquiterpenes. They are also present in numerous samples of ambient aerosol collected during the past 20 years at several locations in the U.S. and Europe. Furthermore, MTA concentrations measured during a year-long field study in Research Triangle Park (RTP), NC in 2003 show a seasonal trend consistent with isoprene emissions and photochemical activity. Secondly, an analysis of chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) data of several chamber experiments in low and high NOx environments show that highly oxidized molecules (HOMs) derived from isoprene that lead to MTAs may be produced rapidly and considered as early generation isoprene oxidation products in the gas phase. Density functional theory calculations show that rapid intramolecular H shifts involving peroxy and alkoxy radicals possess low barriers for methyl-hydroxy-butenals (MHBs) that may represent precursors for MTA. From these results, a viable rapid H shift mechanism is proposed to occur that produces isoprene derived HOMs like MTA. Finally, an analysis of the mechanism shows that autoxidation-like pathways in low and high NOx may produce HOMs in a few OH oxidation steps like commonly detected methyl tetrol (MT) isoprene tracers. The ratio of MTA/MT in isoprene aerosol is also shown to be significantly greater in field versus chamber samples indicating the importance of such pathways in the atmosphere even for smaller hydrocarbons like isoprene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jaoui
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America.
| | - Ivan R Piletic
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Environmental Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof J Rudzinski
- Environmental Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
| | - Theran P Riedel
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
| | - Tadeusz E Kleindienst
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ghirardo A, Nosenko T, Kreuzwieser J, Winkler JB, Kruse J, Albert A, Merl-Pham J, Lux T, Ache P, Zimmer I, Alfarraj S, Mayer KFX, Hedrich R, Rennenberg H, Schnitzler JP. Protein expression plasticity contributes to heat and drought tolerance of date palm. Oecologia 2021. [PMID: 33880635 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04907-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of warming and drought periods around the globe, currently representing a threat to many plant species. Understanding the resistance and resilience of plants to climate change is, therefore, urgently needed. As date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) evolved adaptation mechanisms to a xeric environment and can tolerate large diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations, we studied the protein expression changes in leaves, volatile organic compound emissions, and photosynthesis in response to variable growth temperatures and soil water deprivation. Plants were grown under controlled environmental conditions of simulated Saudi Arabian summer and winter climates challenged with drought stress. We show that date palm is able to counteract the harsh conditions of the Arabian Peninsula by adjusting the abundances of proteins related to the photosynthetic machinery, abiotic stress and secondary metabolism. Under summer climate and water deprivation, these adjustments included efficient protein expression response mediated by heat shock proteins and the antioxidant system to counteract reactive oxygen species formation. Proteins related to secondary metabolism were downregulated, except for the P. dactylifera isoprene synthase (PdIspS), which was strongly upregulated in response to summer climate and drought. This study reports, for the first time, the identification and functional characterization of the gene encoding for PdIspS, allowing future analysis of isoprene functions in date palm under extreme environments. Overall, the current study shows that reprogramming of the leaf protein profiles confers the date palm heat- and drought tolerance. We conclude that the protein plasticity of date palm is an important mechanism of molecular adaptation to environmental fluctuations.
Collapse
|
41
|
Stoy PC, Trowbridge AM, Siqueira MB, Freire LS, Phillips RP, Jacobs L, Wiesner S, Monson RK, Novick KA. Vapor pressure deficit helps explain biogenic volatile organic compound fluxes from the forest floor and canopy of a temperate deciduous forest. Oecologia 2021; 197:971-988. [PMID: 33677772 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04891-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play critical roles in ecological and earth-system processes. Ecosystem BVOC models rarely include soil and litter fluxes and their accuracy is often challenged by BVOC dynamics during periods of rapid ecosystem change like spring leaf out. We measured BVOC concentrations within the air space of a mixed deciduous forest and used a hybrid Lagrangian/Eulerian canopy transport model to estimate BVOC flux from the forest floor, canopy, and whole ecosystem during spring. Canopy flux measurements were dominated by a large methanol source and small isoprene source during the leaf-out period, consistent with past measurements of leaf ontogeny and theory, and indicative of a BVOC flux situation rarely used in emissions model testing. The contribution of the forest floor to whole-ecosystem BVOC flux is conditional on the compound of interest and is often non-trivial. We created linear models of forest floor, canopy, and whole-ecosystem flux for each study compound and used information criteria-based model selection to find the simplest model with the best fit. Most published BVOC flux models do not include vapor pressure deficit (VPD), but it entered the best canopy, forest floor, and whole-ecosystem BVOC flux model more than any other study variable in the present study. Since VPD is predicted to increase in the future, future studies should investigate how it contributes to BVOC flux through biophysical mechanisms like evaporative demand, leaf temperature and stomatal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Stoy
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
| | - Amy M Trowbridge
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mario B Siqueira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Livia Souza Freire
- Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas E de Computação, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Luke Jacobs
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Susanne Wiesner
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Russell K Monson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Li JL, Zhai X, Wu YC, Wang J, Zhang HH, Yang GP. Emissions and potential controls of light alkenes from the marginal seas of China. Sci Total Environ 2021; 758:143655. [PMID: 33257070 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine-derived reactive gases constitute a substantial fraction of volatile organic compounds and directly impact atmospheric chemistry and the global climate. Light alkene emissions from marginal seas are limited, and their contribution to atmospheric concentrations is likely underestimated. We surveyed oceanic emissions of ethylene, propylene, and isoprene, as well as their potential controlling factors in the marginal seas of China during the cruises in 2014-2015. Significant temporal-spatial variations in ethylene, propylene, and isoprene concentrations were observed, with the highest occurring in summer near the coastal regions. Isoprene concentrations were primarily controlled by phytoplankton biomass (i.e., Chl-a) in coastal regions, while the elevated concentrations of ethylene and propylene were attributed to photochemical reactions with the high levels of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Additionally, the vertical distributions of ethylene and propylene mirrored light penetration, with exponential decrease in concentrations with depth. However, there were high values of ethylene and propylene observed at deep chlorophyll maximum, suggesting the existence of non-photochemical production pathways, most likely biological origin. Emissions of ethylene, propylene, and isoprene from the marginal seas of China were estimated to be 0.022, 0.024, and 0.011 Tg C yr-1, respectively, indicating they are important contributors to global non-methane hydrocarbons. Due to the scarcity of alkene emission data for marginal seas, current global emissions have been underestimated to some extent. It is essential to incorporate the contributions from marginal seas to accurately estimate alkene budgets on global scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Long Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xing Zhai
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Marine Ecology Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ying-Cui Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Verma AM, Singh SP, Ojha RP. Quantum chemical study of gas-phase reactions of isoprene with OH radicals producing highly oxidised second-generation products. J Mol Model 2021; 27:62. [PMID: 33523286 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The formation of secondary organic aerosols caused by atmospheric oxidation of isoprene is harmful to human health and the climate; thus, isoprene oxidation is further mandatory to obtain less harmful or harmless highly oxidised products. In this numerical investigation, 2-hydroperoxy-2-methylbut-3-en-1-ol (ISOPOOH) was considered the model compound to investigate the formation of three RO2 radicals (C5H11O4, C5H11O6 and C5H11O5) and two saturated highly oxidised products (C5H12O6 and C5H10O6). The complete reaction network and its thermodynamics and kinetics were analysed to obtain the most probable and feasible reaction pathways. Four different levels of theories (HF, B3LYP, M06-2X and ωB97XD with basis set of 6-31+g(d,p)) were employed to explore a global minimum of ISOPOOH. All theories provided approximately close energetics; however, because of the novelty of the functional and parameterisation of the basis set, the ωB97XD functional was selected to examine the reaction mechanism. C5H12O6 was formed as the second-generation highly oxidised product during ISOPOOH oxidation.
Collapse
|
44
|
Wu YC, Li JL, Wang J, Zhuang GC, Liu XT, Zhang HH, Yang GP. Occurance, emission and environmental effects of non-methane hydrocarbons in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. Environ Pollut 2021; 270:116305. [PMID: 33360599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distributions, fluxes, and environmental effects of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were investigated in the Yellow Sea (YS) and the East China Sea (ECS) in spring. The average concentrations of ethane, propane, i-/n-butane, ethylene, propylene and isoprene in the seawater were 18.1 ± 6.4, 15.4 ± 4.7, 6.8 ± 2.9, 6.4 ± 3.2, 67.1 ± 26.7, 20.5 ± 8.7 and 17.1 ± 11.1 pmol L-1, respectively. The alkenes in the surface seawater were more abundant than their saturated homologs and NMHCs concentrations (with the exception of isoprene) decreased with carbon number. The spatial variations of isoprene were consistent with the distributions of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) and Chaetoceros, Skeletonema, Nitzschia mainly contributed to the production of isoprene, while the others' distributions might be related to their photochemical production. Observations in atmospheric NMHCs indicated alkanes in the marine atmosphere decreased from inshore to offshore due to influence of the continental emissions, while alkenes were largely derived from the oceanic source. In addition, no apparent diurnal discrepancy of atmospheric NMHCs (except for isoprene) were found between daytime and night. As the main sink of NMHCs in seawater, the average sea-to-air fluxes of ethane, propane, i-/n-butane, ethylene and propylene were 31.70, 29.75, 18.49, 15.89, 239.6, 67.94 and 52.41 nmol m-2 d-1, respectively. The average annual emissions of isoprene accounted for 0.1-1.3% of the global ocean emissions, which indicated that the coastal and shelf areas might be significant sources of isoprene. Furthermore, this study represents the first effort to estimate the environmental effects caused by NMHCs over the YS and the ECS and the results demonstrated contributions of alkanes to ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation were lower than those of the alkenes and the largest contributor was isoprene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Cui Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jian-Long Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; EnvironmentResearch Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Guang-Chao Zhuang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, USA
| | - Xi-Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Technology, College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Liu H, Cao Y, Guo J, Xu X, Long Q, Song L, Xian M. Study on the isoprene-producing co-culture system of Synechococcus elongates-Escherichia coli through omics analysis. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:6. [PMID: 33413404 PMCID: PMC7791884 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of microbial fermentations are currently performed in the batch or fed-batch manner with the high process complexity and huge water consumption. The continuous microbial production can contribute to the green sustainable development of the fermentation industry. The co-culture systems of photo-autotrophic and heterotrophic species can play important roles in establishing the continuous fermentation mode for the bio-based chemicals production. RESULTS In the present paper, the co-culture system of Synechococcus elongates-Escherichia coli was established and put into operation stably for isoprene production. Compared with the axenic culture, the fermentation period of time was extended from 100 to 400 h in the co-culture and the isoprene production was increased to eightfold. For in depth understanding this novel system, the differential omics profiles were analyzed. The responses of BL21(DE3) to S. elongatus PCC 7942 were triggered by the oxidative pressure through the Fenton reaction and all these changes were linked with one another at different spatial and temporal scales. The oxidative stress mitigation pathways might contribute to the long-lasting fermentation process. The performance of this co-culture system can be further improved according to the fundamental rules discovered by the omics analysis. CONCLUSIONS The isoprene-producing co-culture system of S. elongates-E. coli was established and then analyzed by the omics methods. This study on the co-culture system of the model S. elongates-E. coli is of significance to reveal the common interactions between photo-autotrophic and heterotrophic species without natural symbiotic relation, which could provide the scientific basis for rational design of microbial community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yujin Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Jing Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Qi Long
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Lili Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mishra AK, Sinha V. Emission drivers and variability of ambient isoprene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in north-west India during monsoon season. Environ Pollut 2020; 267:115538. [PMID: 33254592 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are important reactive organic compounds which strongly impact atmospheric oxidation processes and formation of tropospheric ozone. Monsoon meteorology and the topography of Himalayan foothills cause surface emissions to get rapidly transported both horizontally and vertically, thereby influencing atmospheric processes in distant regions. Further in monsoon, Indo-Gangetic Plain is a major rice growing region of the world and daytime hourly ozone can frequently exceed phytotoxic dose of 40 ppb O3. However, the sources and ambient variability of these compounds which are potent ozone precursors are unknown. Here, we investigate the sources and photochemical processes driving their emission/formation during monsoon season from a sub-urban site at the foothills of the Himalayas. The measurements were performed in July, August and September using a high sensitivity mass spectrometer. Average ambient mixing ratios (±1σ variability) of isoprene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and the sum of methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein (MVK+MACR), were 1.4 ± 0.3 ppb, 5.7 ± 0.9 ppb, 4.5 ± 2.0 ppb, 0.75 ± 0.3 ppb, respectively, and much higher than summertime values in May. For isoprene these values were comparable to mixing ratios observed over tropical forests. Surprisingly, despite occurrence of anthropogenic emissions, biogenic emissions were found to be the major source of isoprene with peak daytime isoprene driven by temperature (r ≥ 0.8) and solar radiation. Photo-oxidation of precursor hydrocarbons were the main sources of acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and MVK+MACR. Ambient mixing ratios of all the compounds correlated poorly with acetonitrile (r ≤ 0.2), a chemical tracer for biomass burning suggesting negligible influence of biomass burning during monsoon season. Our results suggest that during monsoon season when radiation and rain are no longer limiting factors and convective activity causes surface emissions to be transported to upper atmosphere, biogenic emissions can significantly impact the remote upper atmosphere, climate and ozone affecting rice yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Mishra
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - V Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Tripathi N, Sahu LK. Emissions and atmospheric concentrations of α-pinene at an urban site of India: Role of changes in meteorology. Chemosphere 2020; 256:127071. [PMID: 32470730 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The measurements of a monoterpene (α-pinene) were performed by the PTR-TOF-MS instrument at an urban site of India from mid-January to March 2014. The daytime concentration increased from 0.15 ppb in the second-half of January to 0.40 ppb in the second-half of March. Both the nighttime and daytime ratios of α-pinene/benzene in the second-half of March were 2-3 times higher their respective values from mid-January to first-half of February. The ratios of α-pinene/benzene increased from ∼0.27 ppb ppb-1 at lower temperatures to ∼0.51 ppb ppb-1 at higher temperatures indicating the increase of biogenic emissions in March. The concentration of α-pinene exhibited exponential decline with wind speed, but the rate of decrease in February was about twice that for March. The nighttime ratios of α-pinene/isoprene were greater than those measured in the daytime, suggesting temperature-dependent biogenic emissions of α-pinene. From mid-January to March, the increase of ∼53% in the biogenic contributions of α-pinene were associated with the change in meteorological conditions. Our analysis suggests that the combined effect of the northwest wind flow and higher air temperatures in March favored the emissions of BVOCs from local vegetation. The exceptionally high concentrations of α-pinene up to 6 ppb were measured during the Holi bonfire festival. This is the first study reporting the change in α-pinene during winter-summer transition over India. In the urban regions of developing countries, high emissions of BVOCs from vegetation and of NOx from anthropogenic sources can act as a source of ozone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Tripathi
- Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India; Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar (IITGn), Gandhinagar, 382355, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Sahu
- Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lun X, Lin Y, Chai F, Fan C, Li H, Liu J. Reviews of emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in Asia. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:266-277. [PMID: 32653189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in the atmosphere play important roles in the formation of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in global scale and also in regional scale under some condition due to their large amount and relatively higher reactivity. In places with high plant cover in the tropics and in China where air pollution is serious, the effect of BVOCs on ozone and secondary organic aerosols is strong. The present research aims to provide a comprehensive review about the emission rate, emission inventory, research methods, the influencing factors of BVOCs emissions, as well as their impacts on atmospheric environment quality and human health in recent years in Asia based on the summary and analysis of literatures. It is suggested to use field direct measurement method to obtain the emission rate and model method to calculate the emission amount. Several recommendations are given for future investigation and policy development on BVOCs emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiu Lun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ying Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fahe Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chong Fan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang H, Zhang Y, Huang Z, Acton WJF, Wang Z, Nemitz E, Langford B, Mullinger N, Davison B, Shi Z, Liu D, Song W, Yang W, Zeng J, Wu Z, Fu P, Zhang Q, Wang X. Vertical profiles of biogenic volatile organic compounds as observed online at a tower in Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:33-42. [PMID: 32653190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vertical profiles of isoprene and monoterpenes were measured by a proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) at heights of 3, 15, 32, 64, and 102 m above the ground on the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) tower in central Beijing during the winter of 2016 and the summer of 2017. Isoprene mixing ratios were larger in summer due to much stronger local emissions whereas monoterpenes were lower in summer due largely to their consumption by much higher levels of ozone. Isoprene mixing ratios were the highest at the 32 m in summer (1.64 ± 0.66 ppbV) and at 15 m in winter (1.41 ± 0.64 ppbV) with decreasing concentrations to the ground and to the 102 m, indicating emission from the tree canopy of the surrounding parks. Monoterpene mixing ratios were the highest at the 3 m height in both the winter (0.71 ± 0.42 ppbV) and summer (0.16 ± 0.10 ppbV) with a gradual decreasing trend to 102 m, indicting an emission from near the ground level. The lowest isoprene and monoterpene mixing ratios all occurred at 102 m, which were 0.71 ± 0.42 ppbV (winter) and 1.35 ± 0.51 ppbV (summer) for isoprene, and 0.42 ± 0.22 ppbV (winter) and 0.07 ± 0.06 ppbV (summer) for monoterpenes. Isoprene in the summer and monoterpenes in the winter, as observed at the five heights, showed significant mutual correlations. In the winter monoterpenes were positively correlated with combustion tracers CO and acetonitrile at 3 m, suggesting possible anthropogenic sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huina Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhonghui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - W Joe F Acton
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA14YQ, UK
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Eiko Nemitz
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Ben Langford
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Neil Mullinger
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Brian Davison
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA14YQ, UK
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Di Liu
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianqiang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Xu Y, Chen Y, Gao J, Zhu S, Ying Q, Hu J, Wang P, Feng L, Kang H, Wang D. Contribution of biogenic sources to secondary organic aerosol in the summertime in Shaanxi, China. Chemosphere 2020; 254:126815. [PMID: 32957269 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A revised Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with updated secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields and a more detailed description of SOA formation from isoprene (ISOP) oxidation was applied to study the spatial distribution of SOA, its components and precursors in Shaanxi in July of 2013. The emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) were generated using the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN), of which ISOP and monoterpene (MONO) were the top two, with 1.73 × 109 mol and 1.82 × 108 mol, respectively. The spatial distribution of BVOCs emission was significantly correlated with the vegetation coverage distribution. ISOP and its intermediate semi-volatile gases were up to ∼7.0 and ∼1.4 ppb respectively in the ambient. SOA was generally 2-6 μg/m3, of which biogenic SOA (BSOA) accounted for as high as 84% on average. There were three main BVOCs Precursors including ISOP (58%) and MONO (8%) emit in the studied domain, and ISOP (9%) transported. The Guanzhong Plain had the highest BSOA concentrations of 3-5 μg/m3, and the North Shaanxi had the lowest of 2-3 μg/m3. More than half of BSOA was due to reactive surface uptake of ISOP epoxide (0.2-0.7 μg/m3, ∼19%), glyoxal (GLY) (0.2-0.5 μg/m3, ∼11%) and methylglyoxal (MGLY) (0.4-1.4 μg/m3, ∼32%), while the remaining was due to the traditional equilibrium partitioning of semi-volatile components (0.1-1.2 μg/m3, ∼25%) and oligomerization (0.2-0.4 μg/m3, ∼12%). Overall, SOA formed from ISOP contributed 1-3 μg/m3 (∼80%) to BSOA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yonggui Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jingsi Gao
- Engineering Technology Development Center of Urban Water Recycling, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shengqiang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Liguo Feng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Haibin Kang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dexiang Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|