A cucurbit[6]uril-based carbon dot for recognizing metal ions and anions in solutions

In this paper, fluorescent nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized by a hydrothermal method using cucurbit[6]uril (Q[6]) and mandelic acid (MA). Compared with other carbon quantum dots, cucurbit[6]uril has the advantage that its original rigid macrocyclic skeleton was completely retained during the synthesis process. In addition, the performance of the Q[6]-CQDs were characterized by fluorescence and NMR spectroscopies, then the crystal structure of Q[6]-MA-[CdCl4]2- was determined by the single crystal X-ray crystallography. The Q[6]-CQDs showed good water solubility and stable optical property. Subsequently, using the obtained Q[6]-CQDs, a universal fluorescent probe for detecting and recognizing Fe3+, Ba2+, Al3+, I- and ClO- has been developed based on macrocyclic chemistry. Under ideal conditions, the detection limits were calculated to be 3.89 × 10-6 M, 2.58 × 10-5 M, 1.42 × 10-5 M, 6.84 × 10-6 M and 1.50 × 10-5 M.

Ameliorative effect of zinc oxide-chitosan conjugates on the anticancer activity of cisplatin: Approach for breast cancer treatment

Breast cancer is the second most prevalent cancer affecting both males and females, comprising nearly 30 % of all cancer cases. While chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin (Cis), have proven successful in cancer treatment, concerns persist regarding their efficacy and the potentially dangerous side effects. Consequently, there is a crucial and ongoing need to develop approaches that minimize side effects associated with chemotherapy. In the present work, various types of nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and loaded with Cis. Cis was conjugated with nanocarriers such as zinc oxide (ZnO), ZnO modified with mandelic acid and graphene oxide (GO), chitosan (CS), and CS modified with ZnO and GO to enhance the selectivity of Cis towards cancer cells. Zeta potentials and particles size were assessed using electrophoretic light scattering and dynamic light scattering. NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The impact of standalone Cis as well as its nanoconjugated form on the behavior of MCF-7 cell line was investigated using WST-1 cell proliferation and apoptosis/necrosis assays. Experimental findings revealed that among the various NPs tested, ZnO, and CS NPs exhibited the highest loading percentage of Cis, surpassing the loading percentages achieved with other NPs. Cytotoxicity assay showed the enhanced effect of Cis when conjugated with ZnO and CS NPs. Flow cytometry-based assays and confocal microscopy confirmed that ZnO/Cis and CS/Cis induced apoptosis. The cisplatin-nanocomplex exhibited a descending order of early apoptosis and late apoptosis in the following order: ZnO, Cis, CS, ZnO-M, CS-GO, ZnO-GO, CS-ZnO, and CS-ZnO, Cis, CS, CS-GO, ZnO-M, ZnO, ZnO-GO, respectively. None of the nanoparticle complexes displayed a significant percentage of necrotic cells, with the highest percentage reaching 4.65 % in the case of CS-GO/Cis.

Rapid and robust analysis of aristolochic acid I in Chinese medicinal herbal preparations by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

The use of Chinese herbs containing aristolochic acid can induce the exchange of adenine and thymine in gene mutations and even cause liver cancer. To eliminate the harm of aristolochic acids (AAs) to humans, a rapid and robust method of AAs screening is a prerequisite. In this work, a facile and robust Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method was used for the qualitative and quantitative detection of AAs in Chinese medicinal herbal preparations based on the mandelic acid modified Ag nanoparticles SERS substrate. Qualitative and quantitative SERS detection of Aristolochic acid I (AAI) was achieved with a good linear relationship ranging from 0.2 - 120.0 μM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.06 μM. The proposed method demonstrates a refined strategy for sensitivity analysis of AAs with the advantages of easy operation, time-saving, high sensitivity, and molecular specificity, making it a preferred platform for the screening of AAI in regular inspections of herbal products and regulatory supervision of the supply chain.

Production of (R)-mandelic acid from styrene, L-phenylalanine, glycerol, or glucose via cascade biotransformations

(R)-mandelic acid is an industrially important chemical, especially used for producing antibiotics. Its chemical synthesis often uses highly toxic cyanide to produce its racemic form, followed by kinetic resolution with 50% maximum yield. Here we report a green and sustainable biocatalytic method for producing (R)-mandelic acid from easily available styrene, biobased L-phenylalanine, and renewable feedstocks such as glycerol and glucose, respectively. An epoxidation-hydrolysis-double oxidation artificial enzyme cascade was developed to produce (R)-mandelic acid at 1.52 g/L from styrene with > 99% ee. Incorporation of deamination and decarboxylation into the above cascade enables direct conversion of L-phenylalanine to (R)-mandelic acid at 913 mg/L and > 99% ee. Expressing the five-enzyme cascade in an L-phenylalanine-overproducing E. coli NST74 strain led to the direct synthesis of (R)-mandelic acid from glycerol or glucose, affording 228 or 152 mg/L product via fermentation. Moreover, coupling of E. coli cells expressing L-phenylalanine biosynthesis pathway with E. coli cells expressing the artificial enzyme cascade enabled the production of 760 or 455 mg/L (R)-mandelic acid from glycerol or glucose. These simple, safe, and green methods show great potential in producing (R)-mandelic acid from renewable feedstocks.

[Determination of metabolites of styrene in urine by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography]

Objective: To establish a method for the determination of mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid in the urine of styrene by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction-high coupled with high performance liquid chromatography. Methods: N-octanol was used as an extractant and ethanol was used as a dispersing agent. The phenylglycolic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid in the urine were extracted, and the upper liquid was taken after vortexing and centrifuged, and then was injected into HPLC for analysis. Results: The linear correlation coefficient of the concentration of phenylglycolic acid in the range of 0~10.0 mg/L was greater than 0.999. The detection limit of the method was 9.9 μg/L, the recovery rates were 86.1%~101.6%. The intraday RSDs of the method were 1.07%~3.76%, and the interday RSDs were 1.24%~3.33%. The linear correlation coefficient of phenylglyoxylic acid in the range of 0.0~2.0 mg/L is greater than 0.999. The detection limit of the method was 2.6 μg/L, the recovery rates were 88.8%~100.3%. The intraday RSDs of the method were 1.02%~ 3.17%, and the interday RSDs were 1.59%~2.41%. Conclusion: The method has low detection limit, high enrichment ratio and good sensitivity, and is suitable for determination of phenylglycolic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid in urine of occupational exposure to styrene.

Rapid prototyping of microbial production strains for the biomanufacture of potential materials monomers

Bio-based production of industrial chemicals using synthetic biology can provide alternative green routes from renewable resources, allowing for cleaner production processes. To efficiently produce chemicals on-demand through microbial strain engineering, biomanufacturing foundries have developed automated pipelines that are largely compound agnostic in their time to delivery. Here we benchmark the capabilities of a biomanufacturing pipeline to enable rapid prototyping of microbial cell factories for the production of chemically diverse industrially relevant material building blocks. Over 85 days the pipeline was able to produce 17 potential material monomers and key intermediates by combining 160 genetic parts into 115 unique biosynthetic pathways. To explore the scale-up potential of our prototype production strains, we optimized the enantioselective production of mandelic acid and hydroxymandelic acid, achieving gram-scale production in fed-batch fermenters. The high success rate in the rapid design and prototyping of microbially-produced material building blocks reveals the potential role of biofoundries in leading the transition to sustainable materials production.

dl-Mandelic acid exhibits high sperm-immobilizing activity and low vaginal irritation: A potential non-surfactant spermicide for contraception

dl-Mandelic acid (MA), an alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid, has been widely used as an intermediate of pharmaceutical and fine chemicals. Here, we evaluated the sperm-immobilizing activity of MA and its safety profiles. Spermatozoon motility was assessed by computer-aided sperm analysis, the integrity of the plasma membrane and. mitochondrial potential was assessed using fluorescein isothiocyanate-pisum sativum agglutinin and JC-1, respectively. The local tolerance of the MA-containing gel formulation was evaluated using a rabbit vaginal irritation test. We found that MA inhibited sperm motility and movement patterns in a concentration-dependent manner. Within 20 s, MA-induced spermatozoa immobilization occurred with a minimum effective concentration and a median effective concentration of 0.86 and 0.54 mg/mL, respectively. Plasma membrane disruptions of MA-treated spermatozoa were relatively mild, but mitochondrial depolarization occurred. Histopathological examination showed that MA exposure did not exert obvious effects on the integrity of spermatozoa membrane structures and only caused slight irritation to the rabbit vaginal epithelium. The vaginal irritation scores of the vehicle control and the nonoxynol -9 gel control groups were 1.38 ± 0.65 and 7.88 ± 1.67, respectively (p < 0.01), whereas those of the MA gel groups at 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL were 1.69 ± 1.04, 2.98 ± 0.77, and 4.35 ± 1.04 with p values of >0.05, >0.05, and <0.05 (vs. vehicle control), respectively, which were within the clinically acceptable range (<8). Therefore, our results confirmed that MA exhibited significant sperm-immobilizing effects and caused mild plasma membrane injury, suggesting that it has potential for development as a future non-surfactant spermicide.

Anti-leishmanial activity and cytotoxicity of a series of tris-aryl Sb(V) mandelate cyclometallate complexes

A series of ten cyclometallates and two μ²-peroxo bridged tris-aryl Sb(V) complexes derived from R/S-mandelic acid (= R/S-ManH₂) were synthesised and characterised. As confirmed by X-ray crystallography the complexes 1Sr/s, [Sb(o-tol)₃(man)], 2Sr/s, [Sb(m-tol)₃(man)], 4Sr/s, [Sb(o-PhOMe)₃(man)], 5Sr/s, [Sb(Mes)₃(man)] and 6Sr/s, [Sb(p-tert-BuPh)₃(man)] are all cyclometallates. Complexes 3Sr/s, [(Sb(p-tol)₃(manH)₂O₂], contain a bridging O₂^2- anion in the solid-state but convert to the cyclometallates in DMSO solution with concomitant release of H₂O₂ and formation of complexes [Sb(p-tol)₃(man)], 3Sr'/s'. All complexes underwent initial testing against both human fibroblasts and L. major V121 promastigotes. IC₅₀ values were found to range from 2.07 (6Sr) to >100 (4Sr) μM and 0.21 (5Ss) to >100 (4Ss) μM for fibroblasts and parasites respectively. Two of the complexes were found to be ineffective, displaying no toxicity (4S/r). Despite the degree of mammalian toxicity, the selectivity of most complexes exceeded an SI of three and so were assessed for their anti-amastigote activity. Excellent anti-amastigote activity was observed for complexes at both 10 μM and 5 μM, with percentage infection value ranging from 0.15-3.00% for those tested at 10 μM and 0.25-2.50% for those at 5 μM.

Ethylbenzene and styrene exposure in the United States based on urinary mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid: NHANES 2005-2006 and 2011-2012

Ethylbenzene and styrene are air toxicants with widespread nonoccupational exposure sources, including tobacco smoke and diet. Ethylbenzene and styrene (EB/S) exposure was quantified from their common metabolites measured in spot urine samples obtained from participants (≥6 years old) in the 2005-2006 and 2011-2012 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; N = 4690). EB/S metabolites mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) were measured using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). MA and PGA were detected in 98.9% and 90.6% of tested urine specimens, respectively. Exclusive smokers had 2-fold and 1.6-fold higher median urinary MA and PGA, respectively, compared with non-users. Sampleweighted regression analysis among exclusive smokers showed that smoking 0.5 pack cigarettes per day significantly increased MA (+97.9 μg/L) and PGA (+69.3 μg/L), controlling for potential confounders. In comparison, exposure from the median daily dietary intake of grain products increased MA by 1.95 μg/L and was not associated with statistically significant changes in urinary PGA levels. Conversely, consuming vegetables and fruit was associated with decreased MA and PGA. These results confirm tobacco smoke as a major source of ethylbenzene and styrene exposure for the general U.S. population.

Studies on the L-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase 2 catalyzed metabolism of S-mandelic acid and its analogues

Mandelic acid (MA) is generally used as a biomarker of the exposure of styrene, which is classified as a class of hazardous environmental pollutants, and also used as an important chiral intermediate in pharmaceutical industry. The previous studies have found the excretion of phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) in human and rat, a metabolite of MA, was mainly from S-MA rather than R-MA. The metabolic mechanism, however, is not clear. In order to explore the possible metabolic mechanism, the enzyme types involved in the stereoselectivity metabolism of MA were firstly studied, and then human and rat long-chain 2-hydroxy-acid oxidase 2 (HAO2) were recombinantly expressed to study the metabolic profiles of S-MA and its analogues. The results indicated that HAO2 might catalyze the stereoselectivity metabolism of S-MA in rats. Human HAO2 (hHAO2) and rat HAO2 (rHAO2) isozymes β₁ and β₂ were successfully cloned and expressed with high purity and good enzyme activities. The enzyme kinetic profiles of these enzymes were different for S-MA and analogues. The order of catalytic efficiency for hHAO2 and rHAO2, however, was reverse. It might be relevance to the difference in active amino acid residues and loop 4 in human and rat L-2-hydroxy acid oxidase isozyme B crystal structures.

Occupational exposure to styrene and its relation with urine mandelic acid, in plastic injection workers

Plastic injection industry workers are exposed to toxic gases and vapors, including styrene. This study aimed to measure exposure to styrene and its relation with urine mandelic acid among plastics injection workers of the electrical parts industry. This descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in the plastic injection halls of the electronics industry, in winter 2017 and spring 2018. Styrene gas in the workers' respiratory region was sampled by the NIOSH 1501 method and was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MAS). Mandelic acid concentration was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Statistical data analysis was performed with STATA11. The mean of age and working experience in the population under study were 32.4 ± 8.1 and 6.4 ± 5 years, respectively. The average exposure to styrene was 83.2 ± 32.4 mg·m^-3 and the mean of urine mandelic acid was 1570.1 ± 720.6 mg·g ceratinine^-1. There were 24 workers (45.3%) exposed to levels above permissible limits recommended by national and international organizations. There was a positive and significant correlation between exposure to styrene and urine mandelic acid (P = 0.006, r = 0.4). In multivariate regression, occupational exposure to styrene (P = 0.002, β = 0.5) was the strongest variable, predicting the amount of urine mandelic acid. Increased occupational exposure to styrene increases mandelic acid in the urine, and applying control measures to reduce exposure to styrene vapor is recommended in high exposure situations.

[Determination of phenylglyoxylic acid and mandelic acid in urine by high performance liquid chromatography method]

Objective: To revise the standard method for the determination of phenylglyoxylic acid(PGA)and mandelic acid(MA) in urine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Methods: The original standard method was evaluated by experiment, and the chromatographic column, the detection limit,quantitation limit and stabilityof the method were studied. Results: The samples were separated by BEH Phenyl(50mm×2.1mm×1.7μm)column and the internal standard working curve method was used. The regression equations were y=3.660 7x+0.066 3 and y=5.161 2x-0.007 3 for MA and PGA respectively. Linear correlation coefficients were 0.999 3 and 0.999 1. Linearity ranges were 0.10-1.00 mg/ml,0.04-0.40 mg/ml. The recoveries of PGA and MA were 91.6%-97.1% and 84.3%-99.0%,the precision were 0.9%-4.6% and 0.5%-1.9%. The detection limit and quantitation limit of the method were 1.1 mg/L and 3.7 mg/L for PGA, 5.4 mg/L and 17.9 mg/L for MA. Conclusion: The method uses the phenyh modified chromatographic column, determines the detection limit. The method can improve quantitation limit, the detection accuracy and meet the detection of occupational population samples.

[Discussion on calculation method of detection limit and quantitative limit of occupational health biological monitoring method]

Objective: To discuss calculation method of detection limit and quantitative limit of occupational health biological monitoring. Methods: The detection limit and the quantitative limit of phenyl glyoxylic acid and Mandelic acid were calculated by using three different methods of IUPAC, NIOSH and OSHA respectively. Results: The IUPAC, NIOSH and OSHA methods were used to calculate the detection limit and the quantitative limit of the phenyl glyoxylic acid and Mandelic acid, and the results are different. Conclusion: To calculate the detection limit and quantitative limit of occupational health biological monitoring methods, the standard curve method is adopted to ensure that the rate of detection in the vicinity of detection limit and more than 75% of the quantitative limits are used.

Bacterial bifunctional chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydratase PheA increases flux into the yeast phenylalanine pathway and improves mandelic acid production

Mandelic acid is an important aromatic fine chemical and is currently mainly produced via chemical synthesis. Recently, mandelic acid production was achieved by microbial fermentations using engineered Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing heterologous hydroxymandelate synthases (hmaS). The best-performing strains carried a deletion of the gene encoding the first enzyme of the tyrosine biosynthetic pathway and therefore were auxotrophic for tyrosine. This was necessary to avoid formation of the competing intermediate hydroxyphenylpyruvate, the preferred substrate for HmaS, which would have resulted in the predominant production of hydroxymandelic acid. However, feeding tyrosine to the medium would increase fermentation costs. In order to engineer a tyrosine prototrophic mandelic acid-producing S. cerevisiae strain, we tested three strategies: (1) rational engineering of the HmaS active site for reduced binding of hydroxyphenylpyruvate, (2) compartmentalization of the mandelic acid biosynthesis pathway by relocating HmaS together with the two upstream enzymes chorismate mutase Aro7 and prephenate dehydratase Pha2 into mitochondria or peroxisomes, and (3) utilizing a feedback-resistant version of the bifunctional E. coli enzyme PheA (PheA^fbr) in an aro7 deletion strain. PheA has both chorismate mutase and prephenate dehydratase activity. Whereas the enzyme engineering approaches were only successful in respect to reducing the preference of HmaS for hydroxyphenylpyruvate but not in increasing mandelic acid titers, we could show that strategies (2) and (3) significantly reduced hydroxymandelic acid production in favor of increased mandelic acid production, without causing tyrosine auxotrophy. Using the bifunctional enzyme PheA^fbr turned out to be the most promising strategy, and mandelic acid production could be increased 12-fold, yielding titers up to 120 mg/L. Moreover, our results indicate that utilizing PheA^fbr also shows promise for other industrial applications with S. cerevisiae that depend on a strong flux into the phenylalanine biosynthetic pathway.

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Increased mandelic acid production in tyrosine prototrophic S. cerevisiae.

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Bifunctional E. coli enzyme PheA increases flux into yeast phenylalanine branch.

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PheA allows mandelic acid production in prototrophic S. cerevisiae.

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Compartmentalized mandelic acid production in yeast mitochondria/peroxisomes.

Integrated evaluation of solvent exposure in an occupational setting: air, dermal and bio-monitoring

The assessment of dermal exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is becoming increasingly important in industrial settings. The study aimed to evaluate the overall exposure (inhalation and dermal) of workers to VOCs, and to assess the suitability of activated charcoal cloth (ACC) patches for the evaluation of the contribution of dermal exposure (vs. inhalation exposure) to the whole body burden, as reflected by human biomonitoring. Inhalation exposure to toluene, acetone and styrene (passive 3 M organic vapour monitors, OVMs) and dermal exposure (ACC patches on the index finger, thumb and neck) were measured simultaneously in 37 subjects performing different tasks in a factory of thermoplastic panels. Systemic exposure was assessed in urine by quantification of mandelic acid (MA) and phenyl glyoxylic acid (PGA), as biomarkers for styrene, as well as acetone and hippuric acid (HA) as biomarkers for acetone and toluene, respectively. High styrene (range 30.66-302 mg/m³) and acetone (range 11-644 mg/m³) concentrations were found in the air of the workplace, while toluene was less abundantly present (range 0.05-2.6 mg/m³). On the ACC patches, considerable amounts of these VOCs were found. For employees manually handling styrene, dermal exposure on the index finger and thumb were substantially higher compared to the neck ACC patch. A good correlation between air and urinary levels of acetone exposure was found. MA and PGA levels in urine, markers for styrene exposure, were correlated with both air and dermal exposure. These data suggest that there is a substantial benefit from assessing dermal exposure in the work place in addition to the more conventional air monitoring and urinary biomonitoring.

Hollow fibre supported liquid membrane extraction for BTEX metabolites analysis in human teeth as biomarkers

The use of human teeth as biomarkers has been previously applied to characterize environmental exposure mainly to metal contamination. Difficulties arise when the contaminants are volatile or its concentration level is very low. This study presents the development of a methodology based on the transport through hollow fibre membrane liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME), followed by HPLC-UV measurement, to determine three different metabolites of BTEX contaminants, mandelic acid (MA), hyppuric acid (HA), and methylhippuric acid (4mHA). The driving force for the liquid membrane has been studied by using both non-facilitated (pH gradient 2-12) and facilitated transport (ionic and non-ionic carriers). Enrichment factors of several hundreds were accomplished. Different ionic and non-ionic water insoluble compounds were used as metabolite carriers for the facilitated transport at HF-LPME. Three organic solvents were used to constitute the liquid membrane, dodecane, dihexyl ether and n-decanol. Other parameters affecting the extraction process, such as extraction time, stirring speed, acceptor buffer and salt content were optimised in spiked solutions and selected those that presented the best enrichment factors for all analytes. Final conditions were established for donor solution as 20mL, pH2 of 0.5M NaCl, the OLM (Organic Liquid Membrane) as n-decanol and the acceptor solution as 40μL of 1M NaOH. The selected extraction time was 20h with stirring speed of 500rpm. Validation of the optimised method included the determination of individual linearity range (MA: 0.002-5.7μg; HA: 0.01-7.9μg; 4mHA 0.002-5.3μg), limits of detection (MA: 1.6ng; HA: 0.2ng; 4mHA 0.2ng), repeatability (RSD 7-10%) and reproducibility (5-8%). The developed method was applied to the analysis of MA, HA and 4mHA in teeth samples of 8 workers exposed to BTEX.

Isolation of quercetin and mandelic acid from Aesculus indica fruit and their biological activities

BACKGROUND

In this study Aesculus indica fruit was subjected to isolation of phytochemicals. Two antioxidants quercetin and Mandelic acid were isolated in pure state. The free radical scavenging and acetyl choline esterase inhibitory potential of the crude extract and sub fractions were also determined.

RESULTS

The antioxidant capacity of crude extract, fractions and isolated compounds were determined by DPPH and ABTS methods. Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method was used to estimate the total phenolic contents and were found to be 78.34 ± 0.96, 44.16 ± 1.05, 65.45 ± 1.29, 37.85 ± 1.44 and 50.23 ± 2.431 (mg/g of gallic acid) in crude extract, ethyl acetate, chloroform, n-hexane and aqueous fractions respectively. The flavonoid concentration in crude extract, ethyl acetate, chloroform, n-hexane and aqueous fraction were; 85.30 ± 1.20, 53.80 ± 1.07, 77.50 ± 1.12, 26.30 ± 1.35 and 37.78 ± 1.25 (mg/g of quercetin) respectively. The chloroform fraction was more potent against enzymes, acetyl choline esterase and butyryl choline esterase (IC50 = 85 and 160 μg/ml respectively). The phenolic compounds in the crude extract and fractions were determined using HPLC standard method. Chlorogenic acid, quercetin, phloroglucinol, rutin, mandelic acid and hydroxy benzoic acid were detected at retention times 6.005, 10.062, 22.623, 30.597, 35.490 and 36.211 in crude extract and different fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction was rich in the targeted compounds and was therefore subjected to column isolation. The HPLC chromatogram of isolated compounds showed single peak at specified retention times which confirms their isolation in pure state. The isolated compounds were then characterized by FTIR and NMR spectrophotometric techniques.

CONCLUSION

The Aesculus indica fruit extracts showed antioxidant and anticholine esterase inhibitory potentials. Two bioactive compounds were isolated in the pure form ethyl acetate fraction. From results it was concluded that the fruit of this plant could be used to minimize oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species.