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Marzano F, Liccardo D, Elia A, Mucio I, de Lucia C, Lucchese AM, Gao E, Ferrara N, Rapacciuolo A, Paolocci N, Rengo G, Koch WJ, Cannavo A. Genetic Catalytic Inactivation of GRK5 Impairs Cardiac Function in Mice Via Dysregulated P53 Levels. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:366-380. [PMID: 35540100 PMCID: PMC9079799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
GRK5's catalytic activity in regulating basal and stressed cardiac function has not been studied. Herein, we studied knock-in mice in which GRK5 was mutated to render it catalytically inactive (K215R). At baseline, GRK5-K215R mice showed a marked decline in cardiac function with increased apoptosis and fibrosis. In vitro, restriction of GRK5 inside the nucleus of cardiomyocytes resulted in enhanced cell death along with higher p53 levels. Moreover, in fibroblasts, we demonstrated that K215R mutation promoted the transition into myofibroblast phenotype. This study provides novel insight into the biological actions of GRK5, that are essential for its future targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Marzano
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Liccardo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Elia
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ines Mucio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio de Lucia
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna Maria Lucchese
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicola Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy,Istituti Clinici Scientifici ICS-Maugeri, Telese Terme (BN), Italy
| | - Antonio Rapacciuolo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rengo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy,Istituti Clinici Scientifici ICS-Maugeri, Telese Terme (BN), Italy
| | - Walter J. Koch
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Address for correspondence: Dr Walter J. Koch, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB 941, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
| | - Alessandro Cannavo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy,Dr Alessandro Cannavo, Federico II University of Naples, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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2
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Iwamoto M, Fukuda Y, Osakada H, Mori C, Hiraoka Y, Haraguchi T. Identification of the evolutionarily conserved nuclear envelope proteins Lem2 and MicLem2 in Tetrahymena thermophila. Gene 2019; 721S:100006. [PMID: 32550543 PMCID: PMC7285967 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lem2 family proteins, i.e. the LAP2-Emerin-MAN1 (LEM) domain-containing nuclear envelope proteins, are well-conserved from yeasts to humans, both of which belong to the Opisthokonta supergroup. However, whether their homologs are present in other eukaryotic phylogenies remains unclear. In this study, we identified two Lem2 homolog proteins, which we named as Lem2 and MicLem2, in a ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila belonging to the SAR supergroup. Lem2 was localized to the nuclear envelope of the macronucleus (MAC) and micronucleus (MIC), while MicLem2 was exclusively localized to the nuclear envelope of the MIC. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that Lem2 in T. thermophila was localized to both the inner and outer nuclear envelopes of the MAC and MIC, while MicLem2 was mostly localized to the nuclear pores of the MIC. Molecular domain analysis using GFP-fused protein showed that the N-terminal and luminal domains, including the transmembrane segments, are responsible for nuclear envelope localization. During sexual reproduction, enrichment of Lem2 occurred in the nuclear envelopes of the MAC and MIC to be degraded, while MicLem2 was enriched in the nuclear envelope of the MIC that escaped degradation. These findings suggest the unique characteristics of Tetrahymena Lem2 proteins. Our findings provide insight into the evolutionary divergence of nuclear envelope proteins. Conserved nuclear envelope proteins Lem2 and MicLem2 are identified in Tetrahymena. Lem2 is localized to the nuclear envelope of the macronucleus and the micronucleus. MicLem2 is localized to the nuclear pore complex of the micronucleus. In sexual reproduction, Lem2 is enriched to the nuclei assigned to degradation. MicLem2 is enriched to the micronuclei that are escaped from degradation.
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Key Words
- BAF, barrier-to-autointegration factor
- DAPI, 4′,6‑diamidino‑2‑phenylindole
- DDW, double distilled water
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GA, glutaraldehyde
- HeH domain
- HeH, helix-extension-helix
- LAP2, lamina associated polypeptide 2
- LEM domain
- LEM, LAP2-Emerin-MAN1
- MAC, macronucleus
- MIC, micronucleus
- MSC domain
- MSC, Man1-Src1p-C-terminal
- Man1
- Man1-Src1p-C-terminal domain
- NE, nuclear envelope
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- NPC, nuclear pore complex
- Nuclear dimorphism
- Nuclear envelope
- ONM and INM, outer and inner nuclear membranes
- PB, phosphate buffer
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- Protist
- RRM, RNA recognition motif
- TM, transmembrane
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Iwamoto
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fukuda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, 989-6711, Japan
| | - Hiroko Osakada
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Chie Mori
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hiraoka
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tokuko Haraguchi
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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3
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Franke FC, Müller J, Abal M, Medina ED, Nitsche U, Weidmann H, Chardonnet S, Ninio E, Janssen KP. The Tumor Suppressor SASH1 Interacts With the Signal Adaptor CRKL to Inhibit Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:33-53. [PMID: 30480076 PMCID: PMC6251370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The tumor-suppressor sterile α motif- and Src-homology 3-domain containing 1 (SASH1) has clinical relevance in colorectal carcinoma and is associated specifically with metachronous metastasis. We sought to identify the molecular mechanisms linking decreased SASH1 expression with distant metastasis formation. METHODS SASH1-deficient, SASH1-depleted, or SASH1-overexpressing HCT116 colon cancer cells were generated by the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated 9-method, RNA interference, and transient plasmid transfection, respectively. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, migration/invasion assays, and 3-dimensional cell culture. Yeast 2-hybrid assays and co-immunoprecipitation/mass-spectrometry showed V-Crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog-like (CRKL) as a novel interaction partner of SASH1, further confirmed by domain mapping, site-directed mutagenesis, co-immunoprecipitation, and dynamic mass redistribution assays. CRKL-deficient cells were generated in parental or SASH1-deficient cells. Metastatic capacity was analyzed with an orthotopic mouse model. Expression and significance of SASH1 and CRKL for survival and response to chemotherapy was assessed in patient samples from our department and The Cancer Genome Atlas data set. RESULTS SASH1 expression is down-regulated during cytokine-induced EMT in cell lines from colorectal, pancreatic, or hepatocellular cancer, mediated by the putative SASH1 promoter. Deficiency or knock-down of SASH1 induces EMT, leading to an aggressive, invasive phenotype with increased chemoresistance. SASH1 counteracts EMT through interaction with the oncoprotein CRKL, inhibiting CRKL-mediated activation of SRC kinase, which is crucially required for EMT. SASH1-deficient cells form significantly more metastases in vivo, depending entirely on CRKL. Patient tumor samples show significantly decreased SASH1 and increased CRKL expression, associated with significantly decreased overall survival. Patients with increased CRKL expression show significantly worse response to adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS We propose SASH1 as an inhibitor of CRKL-mediated SRC signaling, introducing a potentially druggable mechanism counteracting chemoresistance and metastasis formation.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CRISPR/Cas9, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated 9
- CRKL, V-Crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog-like
- Chemoresistance
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- EMT
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GTPase, guanosine triphosphatase
- MS, mass spectrometry
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- SASH1, sterile α motif– and Src-homology 3–domain containing 1
- SH2, Src-homology 2 domain
- SH3, Src-homology 3 domain
- SH3N, N-terminal Src-homology 3 domain
- SRC-Kinase
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Tumor Suppressor
- ZEB, zinc-finger δEF1 family
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- gRNA, guide RNA
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Christoph Franke
- Department of Surgery, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Müller
- Department of Surgery, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Miguel Abal
- Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (Instituto de Investigacións Sanitarias de Santiago/Servizo Galego de Saúde), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eduardo Domínguez Medina
- BioFarma-Unidade de Screening de Fármacos Research Group, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ulrich Nitsche
- Department of Surgery, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Henri Weidmann
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 1166-ICAN, Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Solenne Chardonnet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Service Omique, Plateforme Post-génomique de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Ewa Ninio
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 1166-ICAN, Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
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Han W, Sfondouris ME, Jones FE. Direct coupling of the HER4 intracellular domain (4ICD) and STAT5A signaling is required to induce mammary epithelial cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:323-327. [PMID: 28955922 PMCID: PMC5613636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The HER4 receptor tyrosine kinase and STAT5A cooperate to promote mammary luminal progenitor cell maturation and mammary epithelial cell differentiation. Coupled HER4 and STAT5A signaling is mediated, in part, through association of the HER4 intracellular domain (4ICD) with STAT5A at STAT5A target gene promoters where 4ICD functions as a STAT5A transcriptional coactivator. Despite an essential role for coupled 4ICD and STAT5A signaling in mammary gland development, the mechanistic basis of 4ICD and STAT5A cooperative signaling remains unexplored. Here we show for the first time that 4ICD and STAT5A directly interact through STAT5A recruitment and binding to HER4/4ICD residue Y984. Accordingly, altering the 4ICD Y984 to phenylalanine results in a dramatic reduction of STAT5A and 4ICD-Y984F interacting complexes coimmunoprecipitated with HER4 or STAT5A specific antibodies. We further show that disrupting the 4ICD and STAT5A interaction has an important physiological impact on mammary epithelial cell differentiation. HC11 mammary epithelial cells with stable expression of 4ICD undergo differentiation with significantly increased expression of the STAT5A target genes and differentiation markers β-casein and WAP. In contrast, HC11 cells stably expressing 4ICD-Y984F failed to undergo differentiation with basal expression levels of β-casein and WAP. Differentiation in this cell system was induced in the absence of exogenous prolactin indicating that 4ICD activity is sufficient to induce mammary epithelial cell differentiation. Finally, we show that suppression of STAT5A expression abolishes the ability of 4ICD to induce HC11 differentiation and activate β-casein or WAP expression. Taken together our results demonstrate for the first time that direct coupling of 4ICD and STAT5A is both necessary and sufficient to drive mammary epithelial differentiation. In conclusion, our findings that 4ICD and STAT5A directly interact to form a physiologically important transcriptional activation complex, provide a mechanistic basis for the in vivo observations that HER4/4ICD and STAT5A cooperate to promote mammary gland progenitor cell maturation and initiate lactation at parturition. HER4/4ICD tyrosine 984 mediates a direct interaction with STAT5A. 4ICD expression with an intact Y984 is sufficient to induce mammary differentiation. Mammary differentiation is abolished by disrupting the 4ICD and STAT5A interaction. STAT5 expression is required for 4ICD-induced mammary differentiation.
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Key Words
- 4ICD, HER4 intracellular domain
- ATCC, American type culture collection
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor family
- EGFR-family
- ERα, estrogen receptor alpha
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Gene expression
- HEK, human embryonic kidney
- HER4/ERBB4
- HRGα, heregulin alpha
- HRGα1, heregulin beta 1
- Mammary epithelial differentiation
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- RIP, regulated intramembrane cleavage
- RT, reverse transcription
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SH2, src homology 2
- STAT5A
- STAT5A, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A
- TACE, tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme
- Transactivation
- WAP, whey acidic protein
- YAP, yes-associated protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Han
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Mary E Sfondouris
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Frank E Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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5
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Szilvay AM, Sarria SV, Mannelqvist M, Aasland R, Furnes C. Proteolytic activity assayed by subcellular localization switching of a substrate. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 8:23-28. [PMID: 28955937 PMCID: PMC5613695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An approach to assay proteolytic activity in vivo by altering the subcellular localization of a labelled substrate was demonstrated. The assay included a protein shuttling between different cellular compartments and a site-specific recombinant protease. The shuttle protein used was the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev protein tandemly fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and the red fluorescent protein (RFP), while the protease was the site-specific protease VP24 from the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The fluorescent proteins in the Rev fusion protein were separated by a cleavage site specific for the VP24 protease. When co-expressed in COS-7 cells proteolysis was observed by fluorescence microscopy as a shift from a predominantly cytoplasmic localization of the fusion protein RevEGFP to a nuclear localization while the RFP part of the fusion protein remained in the cytoplasm. The cleavage of the fusion protein by VP24 was confirmed by Western blot analysis. The activity of VP24, when tagged N-terminally by the Myc-epitope, was found to be comparable to VP24. These results demonstrates that the activity and localization of a recombinantly expressed protease can be assessed by protease-mediated cleavage of fusion proteins containing a specific protease cleavage site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Szilvay
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, HIB, Post-box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Monica Mannelqvist
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, HIB, Post-box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, HIB, Post-box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rein Aasland
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, HIB, Post-box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Clemens Furnes
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, HIB, Post-box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Organelle Research (CORE), University of Stavanger, Norway
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Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process in eukaryotes that eliminates harmful components and maintains cellular homeostasis in response to a series of extracellular insults. However, these insults may trigger the downstream signaling of another prominent stress responsive pathway, the STAT3 signaling pathway, which has been implicated in multiple aspects of the autophagic process. Recent reports further indicate that different subcellular localization patterns of STAT3 affect autophagy in various ways. For example, nuclear STAT3 fine-tunes autophagy via the transcriptional regulation of several autophagy-related genes such as BCL2 family members, BECN1, PIK3C3, CTSB, CTSL, PIK3R1, HIF1A, BNIP3, and microRNAs with targets of autophagy modulators. Cytoplasmic STAT3 constitutively inhibits autophagy by sequestering EIF2AK2 as well as by interacting with other autophagy-related signaling molecules such as FOXO1 and FOXO3. Additionally, the mitochondrial translocation of STAT3 suppresses autophagy induced by oxidative stress and may effectively preserve mitochondria from being degraded by mitophagy. Understanding the role of STAT3 signaling in the regulation of autophagy may provide insight into the classic autophagy model and also into cancer therapy, especially for the emerging targeted therapy, because a series of targeted agents execute antitumor activities via blocking STAT3 signaling, which inevitably affects the autophagy pathway. Here, we review several of the representative studies and the current understanding in this particular field.
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Key Words
- ALK, anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase
- ATF4, activating transcription factor 4
- BNIP3, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19kDa interacting protein 3
- CNTF, ciliary neurotrophic factor
- COX8, cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIII
- CTSB, cathepsin B
- CTSL, cathepsin L
- CYCS, cytochrome c, somatic
- ConA, concanavalin A
- CuB, cucurbitacin B
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EIF2A, eukaryotic initiation factor 2A, 65kDa
- EIF2AK2, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-α kinase 2
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ETC, electron transport chain
- FOXO1/3, forkhead box O1/3
- HDAC3, histone deacetylase 3
- HIF1A, hypoxia inducible factor 1, α subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)
- IL6, interleukin 6
- IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane
- KDR, kinase insert domain receptor
- LMP, lysosomal membrane permeabilization
- MAP1LC3A, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 α
- MAPK1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1
- MLS, mitochondrial localization sequence
- MMP14, matrix metallopeptidase 14 (membrane-inserted)
- NDUFA13, NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 α subcomplex, 13
- NES, nuclear export signal
- NFKB1, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PDGFRB, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, β polypeptide
- PRKAA2, protein kinase, AMP-activated, α 2 catalytic subunit
- PTPN11, protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11
- PTPN2, protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 2
- PTPN6, protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 6
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinases
- SH2, src homology 2
- STAT3
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (acute-phase response factor)
- VHL, von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase
- XPO1, exportin 1
- autophagy
- cancer
- miRNA, microRNA
- mitoSTAT3, mitochondrial STAT3
- mitophagy
- receptor tyrosine kinases
- targeted therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangkun You
- a Department of Medical Oncology; Zhejiang University ; Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
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7
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Abstract
The double-stranded RNA-binding domain (dsRBD) is a small protein domain found in eukaryotic, prokaryotic and viral proteins, whose central property is to bind to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Aside from this major function, recent examples of dsRBDs involved in the regulation of the sub-cellular localization of proteins, suggest that the participation of dsRBDs in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking is likely to represent a widespread auxiliary function of this type of RNA-binding domain. Overall, dsRBDs from proteins involved in many different biological processes have been reported to be implicated in nuclear import and export, as well as cytoplasmic, nuclear and nucleolar retention. Interestingly, the function of dsRBDs in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking is often regulated by their dsRNA-binding capacity, which can either enhance or impair the transport from one compartment to another. Here, we present and discuss the emerging function of dsRBDs in nucleocytoplasmic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silpi Banerjee
- a Department of Chromosome Biology; Max F. Perutz Laboratories ; University of Vienna ; Vienna , Austria
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8
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Abstract
Greatwall (Gwl) functions as an essential mitotic kinase by antagonizing protein phosphatase 2A. In this study we identified Hsp90, Cdc37 and members of the importin α and β families as the major binding partners of Gwl. Both Hsp90/Cdc37 chaperone and importin complexes associated with the N-terminal kinase domain of Gwl, whereas an intact glycine-rich loop at the N-terminus of Gwl was essential for binding of Hsp90/Cdc37 but not importins. We found that Hsp90 inhibition led to destabilization of Gwl, a mechanism that may partially contribute to the emerging role of Hsp90 in cell cycle progression and the anti-proliferative potential of Hsp90 inhibition. Moreover, in agreement with its importin association, Gwl exhibited nuclear localization in interphase Xenopus S3 cells, and dynamic nucleocytoplasmic distribution during mitosis. We identified KR456/457 as the locus of importin binding and the functional NLS of Gwl. Mutation of this site resulted in exclusion of Gwl from the nucleus. Finally, we showed that the Gwl nuclear localization is indispensable for the biochemical function of Gwl in promoting mitotic entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi M Yamamoto
- a Department of Oral Biology ; University of Nebraska Medical Center ; Lincoln , NE USA
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9
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Róna G, Borsos M, Ellis JJ, Mehdi AM, Christie M, Környei Z, Neubrandt M, Tóth J, Bozóky Z, Buday L, Madarász E, Bodén M, Kobe B, Vértessy BG. Dynamics of re-constitution of the human nuclear proteome after cell division is regulated by NLS-adjacent phosphorylation. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3551-64. [PMID: 25483092 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.960740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation by the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) adjacent to nuclear localization signals (NLSs) is an important mechanism of regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport. However, no systematic survey has yet been performed in human cells to analyze this regulatory process, and the corresponding cell-cycle dynamics have not yet been investigated. Here, we focused on the human proteome and found that numerous proteins, previously not identified in this context, are associated with Cdk1-dependent phosphorylation sites adjacent to their NLSs. Interestingly, these proteins are involved in key regulatory events of DNA repair, epigenetics, or RNA editing and splicing. This finding indicates that cell-cycle dependent events of genome editing and gene expression profiling may be controlled by nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. For in-depth investigations, we selected a number of these proteins and analyzed how point mutations, expected to modify the phosphorylation ability of the NLS segments, perturb nucleocytoplasmic localization. In each case, we found that mutations mimicking hyper-phosphorylation abolish nuclear import processes. To understand the mechanism underlying these phenomena, we performed a video microscopy-based kinetic analysis to obtain information on cell-cycle dynamics on a model protein, dUTPase. We show that the NLS-adjacent phosphorylation by Cdk1 of human dUTPase, an enzyme essential for genomic integrity, results in dynamic cell cycle-dependent distribution of the protein. Non-phosphorylatable mutants have drastically altered protein re-import characteristics into the nucleus during the G1 phase. Our results suggest a dynamic Cdk1-driven mechanism of regulation of the nuclear proteome composition during the cell cycle.
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Key Words
- Cdc28, cyclin-dependent protein kinase (Cdk) encoded by CDC28
- Cdk1, cyclin-dependent kinase 1
- GO, gene ontology
- NES, nuclear export signal
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphisms
- SV40, Simian virus 40
- UBA1, Ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1
- UNG2, Human Uracil-DNA glycosylase 2
- cNLS, classical nuclear localization signal
- cell cycle
- dNTP, deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate
- dTTP, deoxythymidine triphosphate
- dUMP, deoxyuridine monophosphate
- dUTP, deoxyuridine triphosphate
- dUTPase
- importin
- phosphorylation
- trafficking
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Róna
- a Institute of Enzymology; RCNS; Hungarian Academy of Sciences ; Budapest , Hungary
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10
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Abstract
Embryonic cell cycles of amphibians are rapid and lack zygotic transcription and checkpoint control. At the mid-blastula transition, zygotic transcription is initiated and cell divisions become asynchronous. Several cell cycle-related amphibian genes retain 2 distinct forms, maternal and zygotic, but little is known about the functional differences between these 2 forms of proteins. The minichromosome maintenance (MCM) 2-7 complex, consisting of 6 MCM proteins, plays a central role in the regulation of eukaryotic DNA replication. Almost all eukaryotes retain just a single MCM gene for each subunit. Here we report that Xenopus and zebrafish have 2 copies of MCM3 genes, one of which shows a maternal and the other a zygotic expression pattern. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the Xenopus and zebrafish zygotic MCM3 genes are more similar to their mammalian MCM3 ortholog, suggesting that maternal MCM3 was lost during evolution in most vertebrate lineages. Maternal MCM3 proteins in these 2 species are functionally different from zygotic MCM3 proteins because zygotic, but not maternal, MCM3 possesses an active nuclear localization signal in its C-terminal region, such as mammalian MCM3 orthologs do. mRNA injection experiments in zebrafish embryos show that overexpression of maternal MCM3 impairs proliferation and causes developmental defects, whereas zygotic MCM3 has a much weaker effect. This difference is brought about by the difference in their C-terminal regions, which contain putative nuclear localization signals; swapping the C-terminal region between maternal and zygotic genes diminishes the developmental defects. This study suggests that evolutionary diversification has occurred in MCM3 genes, leading to distinct functions, possibly as an adaption to the rapid DNA replication required for early development of Xenopus and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Shinya
- a Genetic Strains Research Center; National Institute of Genetics ; Mishima , Shizuoka , Japan
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11
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Kong J, Shi Y, Wang Z, Pan Y. Interactions among SARS-CoV accessory proteins revealed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:487-92. [PMID: 26579480 PMCID: PMC4629423 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The accessory proteins (3a, 3b, 6, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9b and ORF14), predicted unknown proteins (PUPs) encoded by the genes, are considered to be unique to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) genome. These proteins play important roles in various biological processes mediated by interactions with their partners. However, very little is known about the interactions among these accessory proteins. Here, a EYFP (enhanced yellow fluorescent protein) bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay was used to detect the interactions among accessory proteins. 33 out of 81 interactions were identified by BiFC, much more than that identified by the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system. This is the first report describing direct visualization of interactions among accessory proteins of SARS-CoV. These findings attest to the general applicability of the BiFC system for the verification of protein-protein interactions.
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Key Words
- AD, activation domain
- Accessory proteins
- BD, binding domain
- BiFC, bimolecular fluorescence complementation
- Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay
- Co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation
- E, envelope
- EYFP, enhanced yellow fluorescent protein
- M, membrane
- N, nucleocapsid
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- ORFs, open reading frames
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PPIs, protein-protein interactions
- PUPs, predicted unknown proteins
- S, spike
- SARS-CoV
- SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- Y2H
- Y2H, yeast two-hybrid
- aa, amino acids
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 63165169.
| | - Yanwei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhifang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yiting Pan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
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12
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare recessive genetic disease characterized by congenital abnormalities, bone marrow failure and heightened cancer susceptibility in early adulthood. FA is caused by biallelic germ-line mutation of any one of 16 genes. While several functions for the FA proteins have been ascribed, the prevailing hypothesis is that the FA proteins function cooperatively in the FA-BRCA pathway to repair damaged DNA. A pivotal step in the activation of the FA-BRCA pathway is the monoubiquitination of the FANCD2 and FANCI proteins. Despite their importance for DNA repair, the domain structure, regulation, and function of FANCD2 and FANCI remain poorly understood. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of FANCD2 and FANCI, with an emphasis on their posttranslational modification and common and unique functions.
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Key Words
- AML , acute myeloid leukemia
- APC/C, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome
- APH, aphidicolin
- ARM, armadillo repeat domain
- AT, ataxia-telangiectasia
- ATM, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated
- ATR, ATM and Rad3-related
- BAC, bacterial-artificial-chromosome
- BS, Bloom syndrome
- CUE, coupling of ubiquitin conjugation to endoplasmic reticulum degradation
- ChIP-seq, CHIP sequencing
- CtBP, C-terminal binding protein
- CtIP, CtBP-interacting protein
- DNA interstrand crosslink repair
- DNA repair
- EPS15, epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15
- FA, Fanconi anemia
- FAN1, FANCD2-associated nuclease1
- FANCD2
- FANCI
- FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization
- Fanconi anemia
- HECT, homologous to E6-AP Carboxy Terminus
- HJ, Holliday junction
- HR, homologous recombination
- MCM2-MCM7, minichromosome maintenance 2–7
- MEFs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- MMC, mitomycin C
- MRN, MRE11/RAD50/NBS1
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PIKK, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase-like family of protein kinases
- PIP-box, PCNA-interacting protein motif
- POL κ, DNA polymerase κ
- RACE, rapid amplification of cDNA ends
- RING, really interesting new gene
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SCF, Skp1/Cullin/F-box protein complex
- SCKL1, seckel syndrome
- SILAC, stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture
- SLD1/SLD2, SUMO-like domains
- SLIM, SUMO-like domain interacting motif
- TIP60, 60 kDa Tat-interactive protein
- TLS, Translesion DNA synthesis
- UAF1, USP1-associated factor 1
- UBD, ubiquitin-binding domain
- UBZ, ubiquitin-binding zinc finger
- UFB, ultra-fine DNA bridges
- UIM, ubiquitin-interacting motif
- ULD, ubiquitin-like domain
- USP1, ubiquitin-specific protease 1
- VRR-nuc, virus-type replication repair nuclease
- iPOND, isolation of proteins on nascent DNA
- ubiquitin
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Boisvert
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology ; University of Rhode Island ; Kingston , RI USA
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Jain MV, Jangamreddy JR, Grabarek J, Schweizer F, Klonisch T, Cieślar-Pobuda A, Łos MJ. Nuclear localized Akt enhances breast cancer stem-like cells through counter-regulation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) and p27(kip1). Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2109-20. [PMID: 26030190 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1041692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are a rare subpopulation of cancer cells capable of propagating the disease and causing cancer recurrence. In this study, we found that the cellular localization of PKB/Akt kinase affects the maintenance of CSCs. When Akt tagged with nuclear localization signal (Akt-NLS) was overexpressed in SKBR3 and MDA-MB468 cells, these cells showed a 10-15% increase in the number of cells with CSCs enhanced ALDH activity and demonstrated a CD44(+High)/CD24(-Low) phenotype. This effect was completely reversed in the presence of Akt-specific inhibitor, triciribine. Furthermore, cells overexpressing Akt or Akt-NLS were less likely to be in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle by inactivating p21(Waf1/Cip1) and exhibited increased clonogenicity and proliferation as assayed by colony-forming assay (mammosphere formation). Thus, our data emphasize the importance the intracellular localization of Akt has on stemness in human breast cancer cells. It also indicates a new robust way for improving the enrichment and culture of CSCs for experimental purposes. Hence, it allows for the development of simpler protocols to study stemness, clonogenic potency, and screening of new chemotherapeutic agents that preferentially target cancer stem cells. SUMMARY The presented data, (i) shows new, stemness-promoting role of nuclear Akt/PKB kinase, (ii) it underlines the effects of nuclear Akt on cell cycle regulation, and finally (iii) it suggests new ways to study cancer stem-like cells.
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Key Words
- 7-AAD, 7-aminoactinomycin D
- ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase
- Akt-NLS
- BPE, bovine pituitary epithelial
- Bcl2, B cell lymphoma 2
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CSCs, cancer stem-like cells
- DEAB, diethylaminobenzaldehyde
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GAPDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor
- GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase-3
- IGF1, insulin like growth factor 1
- JAK, Janus kinase
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PDK, phosphoinositide dependent kinase
- PH, pleckstrin-homology
- PI3K
- PI3K, phoshatidylinositol-3-kinase
- PKB, protein kinase B
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride
- RIPA, radioimmunoprecipitation
- RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute
- RT, room temperature
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- T-ALL, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- WT, wild type
- cancer stem-like cells
- hEGF, human epidermal growth factor
- mTOR
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- poly-HEMA, poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
- stemness
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Vilas Jain
- a Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine; Division of Cell Biology Integrative Regenerative Med. Center (IGEN); Linköping Univ. ; Linköping , Sweden
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Christodoulou A, Yokoyama H. Purification of nuclear localization signal-containing proteins and its application to investigation of the mechanisms of the cell division cycle. Small GTPases 2015; 6:20-7. [PMID: 25862163 PMCID: PMC4601338 DOI: 10.4161/21541248.2014.978162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The GTP bound form of the Ran GTPase (RanGTP) in the nucleus promotes nuclear import of the proteins bearing nuclear localization signals (NLS). When nuclear envelopes break down during mitosis, RanGTP is locally produced around chromosomes and drives the assembly of the spindle early in mitosis and the nuclear envelope (NE) later. RanGTP binds to the heterodimeric nuclear transport receptor importin α/β and releases NLS proteins from the receptor. Liberated NLS proteins around chromosomes have been shown to play distinct, essential roles in spindle and NE assembly. Here we provide a highly specific protocol to purify NLS proteins from crude cell lysates. The pure NLS fraction is an excellent resource to investigate the NLS protein function and identify new mitotic regulators, uncovering fundamental mechanisms of the cell division cycle. It takes 2–3 days to obtain the NLS fraction.
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15
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Solbach P, Westhaus S, Deest M, Herrmann E, Berg T, Manns MP, Ciesek S, Sarrazin C, von Hahn T. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Is a Novel Predictor of Interferon Responsiveness in Chronic Hepatitis C Infection. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:285-294.e1. [PMID: 28210681 PMCID: PMC5301270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) cell entry is mediated by several cell surface receptors, including scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). Oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) inhibits the interaction between HCV and SR-BI in a noncompetitive manner. We tested whether serum oxLDL levels correlate with sustained virologic response (SVR) rates after interferon-based treatment of chronic hepatitis C. METHODS Baseline oxLDL was determined in 379 participants with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection from the INDIV-2 study using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mechanistic in vitro studies used full-length and subgenomic HCV genomes replicating in hepatoma cells. RESULTS In the multivariate analysis, oxLDL was found to be an independent predictor of SVR. Oxidized LDL did not correlate with markers of inflammation (alanine transaminase, ferritin), nor was serum oxLDL affected by exogenous interferon administration. Also, oxLDL did not alter the sensitivity of HCV replication to interferon. However, oxLDL was found to be a potent inhibitor of cell-to-cell spread of HCV between adjacent cells in vitro. It could thus reduce the rate at which new cells are infected by HCV through either the cell-free or cell-to-cell route. Finally, serum oxLDL was significantly associated with the estimated infected cell loss rate under treatment. CONCLUSIONS Oxidized LDL is a novel predictor of SVR after interferon-based therapy and may explain the previously observed association of LDL with SVR. Rather than being a marker of activated antiviral defenses it may improve chances of SVR by limiting spread of infection to naive cells through the cell-to-cell route.
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Key Words
- Cell-to-Cell Spread
- DAA, direct-acting antiviral drug
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HCVcc, cell culture–grown hepatitis C virus
- IPS1, interferon promoter stimulator-1
- ITX-5061, N-[5-tert-butyl-3-(methanesulfonamido)-2-methoxyphenyl]-2-[4-(2-morpholin-4-ylethoxy)naphthalen-1-yl]-2-oxoacetamide;hydrochloride
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RBV, ribavirin
- RFP, red fluorescent protein
- ROC, receiver operating characteristic
- SR-BI
- SR-BI, scavenger receptor class B member I
- SVR
- SVR, sustained virologic response
- oxLDL
- oxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein
- peg-IFN, pegylated interferon α
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Solbach
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Westhaus
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany,Institute for Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maximilian Deest
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany,Institute for Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Herrmann
- Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Berg
- Hepatology Section, Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael P. Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Sarrazin
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany,Medical Clinic I, Zentrum der Inneren Medizin, Klinikum der Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas von Hahn
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany,Institute for Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Thomas von Hahn, MD, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Institut für Molekularbiologie, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany. fax: +49 511 532-4896.
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16
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Sobhkhez M, Skjesol A, Thomassen E, Tollersrud LG, Iliev DB, Sun B, Robertsen B, Jørgensen JB. Structural and functional characterization of salmon STAT1, STAT2 and IRF9 homologs sheds light on interferon signaling in teleosts. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:858-71. [PMID: 25379383 PMCID: PMC4215117 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian IRF9 and STAT2, together with STAT1, form the ISGF3 transcription factor complex, which is critical for type I interferon (IFN)-induced signaling, while IFNγ stimulation is mediated by homodimeric STAT1 protein. Teleost fish are known to possess most JAK and STAT family members, however, description of their functional activity in lower vertebrates is still scarce. In the present study we have identified two different STAT2 homologs and one IRF9 homolog from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Both proteins have domain-like structures with functional motifs that are similar to higher vertebrates, suggesting that they are orthologs to mammalian STAT2 and IRF9. The two identified salmon STAT2s, named STAT2a and STAT2b, showed high sequence identity but were divergent in their transactivation domain (TAD). Like STAT1, ectopically expressed STAT2a and b were shown to be tyrosine phosphorylated by type I IFNs and, interestingly, also by IFNγ. Microscopy analyses demonstrated that STAT2 co-localized with STAT1a in the cytoplasm of unstimulated cells, while IFNa1 and IFNγ stimulation seemed to favor their nuclear localization. Overexpression of STAT2a or STAT2b together with STAT1a activated a GAS-containing reporter gene construct in IFNγ-stimulated cells. The highest induction of GAS promoter activation was found in IFNγ-stimulated cells transfected with IRF9 alone. Taken together, these data suggest that salmon STAT2 and IRF9 may have a role in IFNγ-induced signaling and promote the expression of GAS-driven genes in bony fish. Since mammalian STAT2 is primarily an ISGF3 component and not involved in IFNγ signaling, our finding features a novel role for STAT2 in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Sobhkhez
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Astrid Skjesol
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ernst Thomassen
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Linn Greiner Tollersrud
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dimitar B Iliev
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Baojian Sun
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Børre Robertsen
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jorunn B Jørgensen
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Tsuji N, Fukuda K, Nagata Y, Okada H, Haga A, Hatakeyama S, Yoshida S, Okamoto T, Hosaka M, Sekine K. The activation mechanism of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by molecular chaperone HSP90. FEBS Open Bio. 2014;4:796-803. [PMID: 25349783 PMCID: PMC4208086 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed the direct interaction of AhR and HSP90 using purified protein. The ligand 17-DMAG induces a dissociation of HSP90 from AhR. The AhR–HSP90 complex is not affected by the timing of β-naphthoflavone binding to AhR. The AhR–HSP90 complex was translocated to the nucleus after treatment with β-naphthoflavone.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that associates with the molecular chaperone HSP90 in the cytoplasm. The activation mechanism of the AhR is not yet fully understood. It has been proposed that after binding of ligands such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 3methylcholanthrene (3-MC), or β-naphthoflavone (β-NF), the AhR dissociates from HSP90 and translocates to the nucleus. It has also been hypothesized that the AhR translocates to the nucleus and forms a complex with HSP90 and other co-chaperones. There are a few reports about the direct association or dissociation of AhR and HSP90 due to difficulties in purifying AhR. We constructed and purified the PAS domain from AhR. Binding of the AhR-PAS domain to β-NF affinity resin suggested that it possesses ligand-binding affinity. We demonstrated that the AhR-PAS domain binds to HSP90 and the association is not affected by ligand binding. The ligand 17-DMAG inhibited binding of HSP90 to GST-PAS. In an immunoprecipitation assay, HSP90 was co-immunoprecipitated with AhR both in the presence or absence of ligand. Endogenous AhR decreased in the cytoplasm and increased in the nucleus of HeLa cells 15 min after treatment with ligand. These results suggested that the ligand-bound AhR is translocated to nucleus while in complex with HSP90. We used an in situ proximity ligation assay to confirm whether AhR was translocated to the nucleus alone or together with HSP90. HSP90 was co-localized with AhR after the nuclear translocation. It has been suggested that the ligand-bound AhR was translocated to the nucleus with HSP90. Activated AhR acts as a transcription factor, as shown by the transcription induction of the gene CYP1A1 8 h after treatment with β-NF.
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Key Words
- 17-DMAG, 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, dimethylsulfoxide
- 3-MC, 3-methylcholanthrene
- AhR
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- Arnt, AhR nuclear translocator
- Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- CYP1A1, cytochrome P450 1A1
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DEPC, dihydrochloride, diethylpyrocarbonated
- Dioxin receptor
- GST, glutathione, glutathione S-transferase
- HSP90
- HSP90, 90-kDa of heat shock protein
- IPTG, isopropyl-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside
- Molecular chaperone
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PAS, per-arnt-sim
- PLA, proximity ligation assay
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- XAP2, hepatitis B virus X-associated protein
- XRE, xenobiotic responsible element
- bHLH, basic helix-loop-helix
- β-NF, β-naphthoflavone
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Watanabe K, Shimizu T, Noda S, Tsukahara F, Maru Y, Kobayashi N. Nuclear export of the influenza virus ribonucleoprotein complex: Interaction of Hsc70 with viral proteins M1 and NS2. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:683-8. [PMID: 25161876 PMCID: PMC4141210 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus replicates in the host cell nucleus, and the progeny viral ribonucleoprotein complex (vRNP) is exported to the cytoplasm prior to maturation. NS2 has a nuclear export signal that mediates the nuclear export of vRNP by the vRNP-M1-NS2 complex. We previously reported that the heat shock cognate 70 (Hsc70) protein binds to M1 protein and mediates vRNP export. However, the interactions among M1, NS2, and Hsc70 are poorly understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that Hsc70 interacts with M1 more strongly than with NS2 and competes with NS2 for M1 binding, suggesting an important role of Hsc70 in the nuclear export of vRNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Agents, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Teppei Shimizu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Agents, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Saiko Noda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Agents, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Fujiko Tsukahara
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Maru
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Agents, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan ; Central Research Center, AVSS Corporation, 1-22, Wakaba-machi, Nagasaki 852-8137, Japan
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Martinelli C, Colombo E, Piccini D, Sironi C, Pelicci PG, de Marco A. An intrabody specific for the nucleophosmin carboxy-terminal mutant and fused to a nuclear localization sequence binds its antigen but fails to relocate it in the nucleus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [PMID: 28626645 PMCID: PMC5466097 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A scFv intrabody specific for the NPMc+ mutant NES sequence was isolated. It was expressed as a fusion with a NLS and such construct accumulates in the nucleus. The scFv-NLS fusion binds its antigen in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. The complex shuttles to the nucleus but accumulates in the cytoplasm. Stronger NLS should be developed to revert the strength of pathogenic NES.
The cytoplasmic accumulation of NPM1 (NPMc+) is found in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with NPM1 mutation. NPM1 must shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm to assure physiological protein synthesis and, therefore, the elimination of NPMc+ is not a suitable therapeutic option. We isolated, characterized, and produced a functional scFv intrabody fused to nuclear localization signal(s) (NLS) that does not recognize NPM1 but binds to the mutant-specific C-terminal NES (nuclear export signal) of NPMc+, responsible for its cytoplasmic accumulation. The scFv-NLS fusion accumulated in the nuclei of wild type cells and strongly bound to its antigen in the cytoplasm of NPMc+ expressing cells. However, it failed to relocate the majority of NPMc+ in the nucleus, even when fused to four NLS. Our results show the technical feasibility of producing recombinant intrabodies with defined sub-cellular targeting and nuclear accumulation but the lack of information concerning the features that confer variable strength to the signal peptides impairs the development of biomolecules able to counteract pathological sub-cellular distribution of shuttling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuela Colombo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Sironi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ario de Marco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Nova Gorica, Glavni Trg 9, SI-5261 Vipava, Slovenia
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Marinho HS, Real C, Cyrne L, Soares H, Antunes F. Hydrogen peroxide sensing, signaling and regulation of transcription factors. Redox Biol 2014; 2:535-62. [PMID: 24634836 PMCID: PMC3953959 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory mechanisms by which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) modulates the activity of transcription factors in bacteria (OxyR and PerR), lower eukaryotes (Yap1, Maf1, Hsf1 and Msn2/4) and mammalian cells (AP-1, NRF2, CREB, HSF1, HIF-1, TP53, NF-κB, NOTCH, SP1 and SCREB-1) are reviewed. The complexity of regulatory networks increases throughout the phylogenetic tree, reaching a high level of complexity in mammalians. Multiple H2O2 sensors and pathways are triggered converging in the regulation of transcription factors at several levels: (1) synthesis of the transcription factor by upregulating transcription or increasing both mRNA stability and translation; (ii) stability of the transcription factor by decreasing its association with the ubiquitin E3 ligase complex or by inhibiting this complex; (iii) cytoplasm–nuclear traffic by exposing/masking nuclear localization signals, or by releasing the transcription factor from partners or from membrane anchors; and (iv) DNA binding and nuclear transactivation by modulating transcription factor affinity towards DNA, co-activators or repressors, and by targeting specific regions of chromatin to activate individual genes. We also discuss how H2O2 biological specificity results from diverse thiol protein sensors, with different reactivity of their sulfhydryl groups towards H2O2, being activated by different concentrations and times of exposure to H2O2. The specific regulation of local H2O2 concentrations is also crucial and results from H2O2 localized production and removal controlled by signals. Finally, we formulate equations to extract from typical experiments quantitative data concerning H2O2 reactivity with sensor molecules. Rate constants of 140 M−1 s−1 and ≥1.3 × 103 M−1 s−1 were estimated, respectively, for the reaction of H2O2 with KEAP1 and with an unknown target that mediates NRF2 protein synthesis. In conclusion, the multitude of H2O2 targets and mechanisms provides an opportunity for highly specific effects on gene regulation that depend on the cell type and on signals received from the cellular microenvironment. Complexity of redox regulation increases along the phylogenetic tree. Complex regulatory networks allow for a high degree of H2O2 biological plasticity. H2O2 modulates gene expression at all steps from transcription to protein synthesis. Fast response (s) is mediated by sensors with high H2O2 reactivity. Low reactivity H2O2 sensors may mediate slow (h) or localized H2O2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Susana Marinho
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Real
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luísa Cyrne
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Soares
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, IPL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando Antunes
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Corresponding author.
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Entezari M, Javdan M, Antoine DJ, Morrow DM, Sitapara RA, Patel V, Wang M, Sharma L, Gorasiya S, Zur M. Inhibition of extracellular HMGB1 attenuates hyperoxia-induced inflammatory acute lung injury. Redox Biol. 2014;2:314-322. [PMID: 24563849 PMCID: PMC3926109 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to hyperoxia results in acute lung injury (ALI), accompanied by a significant elevation in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and leukocyte infiltration in the lungs. However, the mechanisms underlying hyperoxia-induced proinflammatory ALI remain to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of the proinflammatory cytokine high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) in hyperoxic inflammatory lung injury, using an adult mouse model. The exposure of C57BL/6 mice to ≥99% O2 (hyperoxia) significantly increased the accumulation of HMGB1 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) prior to the onset of severe inflammatory lung injury. In the airways of hyperoxic mice, HMGB1 was hyperacetylated and existed in various redox forms. Intratracheal administration of recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1) caused a significant increase in leukocyte infiltration into the lungs compared to animal treated with a non-specific peptide. Neutralizing anti-HMGB1 antibodies, administrated before hyperoxia significantly attenuated pulmonary edema and inflammatory responses, as indicated by decreased total protein content, wet/dry weight ratio, and numbers of leukocytes in the airways. This protection was also observed when HMGB1 inhibitors were administered after the onset of the hyperoxic exposure. The aliphatic antioxidant, ethyl pyruvate (EP), inhibited HMGB1 secretion from hyperoxic macrophages and attenuated hyperoxic lung injury. Overall, our data suggest that HMGB1 plays a critical role in mediating hyperoxic ALI through the recruitment of leukocytes into the lungs. If these results can be translated to humans, they suggest that HMGB1 inhibitors provide treatment regimens for oxidative inflammatory lung injury in patients receiving hyperoxia through mechanical ventilation. Exposure to hyperoxia results in accumulation of high levels of airway HMGB1 that precede inflammatory acute lung injury (ALI). Airway HMGB1 is critical in mediating hyperoxia-induced inflammatory ALI via recruiting leukocytes including neutrophils. Extracellular HMGB1-accumulated upon prolonged exposure to hyperoxia is hyperacetylated, existing in different redox states. Small molecule EP, administrated even after the onset of hyperoxic exposure, can mitigate hyperoxia-induced inflammatory ALI by inhibiting HMGB1 release into the extracellular milieu.
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Key Words
- ALI, acute lung injury
- BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids
- EP, ethyl pyruvate
- GST, gluthatione-s-transferase
- HMGB1
- HMGB1, high mobility group box protein 1
- Hyperacetylation
- Hyperoxia
- MV, mechanical ventilation
- Macrophage
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PMNs, polymorphonuclear neutrophils
- RA, room air
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Redox state
- rHMGB1, recombinant HMGB1
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Yao H, Wang G, Wang X. Nuclear translocation of proteins and the effect of phosphatidic acid. Plant Signal Behav 2014; 9:e977711. [PMID: 25482760 PMCID: PMC5155622 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.977711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Transport of proteins containing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) into the nucleus is mediated by nuclear transport receptors called importins, typically dimmers of a cargo-binding α-subunit and a β-subunit that mediates translocation through the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). However, how proteins without canonical NLS move into the nucleus is not well understood. Recent results indicate that phospholipids, such as phosphatidic acid, play important roles in the intracellular translocation of proteins between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular
Genetics; Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology; Chinese Academy of
Sciences; Shanghai, China
- Correspondence to: Hongyan Yao;
| | - Geliang Wang
- Department of Biology; University of Missouri;
St. Louis, MO USA; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center; St. Louis, MO
USA
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology; University of Missouri;
St. Louis, MO USA; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center; St. Louis, MO
USA
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