1
|
Mone P, De Luca A, Kansakar U, Santulli G. Leukocytes and Endothelial Cells Participate in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease: Identifying New Biomarkers Mirroring Metabolic Alterations. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:1685-1687. [PMID: 38306052 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by amyloid-β accumulation, tau dysfunction, and neuroinflammation, involving endothelial cells and leukocytes. The breakdown of the blood-brain barrier allows immune cell infiltration, intensifying inflammation. A decreased ratio of Connexin-37 (Cx37, also known as GJA4: Gap Junction Protein Alpha 4) and Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain-Containing Protein 3 (PHD3, also known as EGLN3: Egl-9 Family Hypoxia Inducible Factor 3), Cx37/PHD3, consistently observed in different AD-related models, may represent a novel potential biomarker of AD, albeit the exact mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, most likely based on gap junction-mediated cellular interaction that modulate the cellular metabolite status, remain to be fully elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Mone
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
- Casa di Cura "Montevergine", Mercogliano (Avellino), Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Urna Kansakar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Samaan E, Ramadan NM, Abdulaziz HMM, Ibrahim D, El-Sherbiny M, ElBayar R, Ghattas Y, Abdlmalek J, Bayali O, Elhusseini Y, Maghrabia A, El-Gamal R. DPP-4i versus SGLT2i as modulators of PHD3/HIF-2α pathway in the diabetic kidney. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115629. [PMID: 37804810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Renal hypoxia is one of the currently highlighted pathophysiologic mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Both hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and HIF-2α are major regulators of renal adaptive responses to hypoxia. OBJECTIVES This study aims to compare the effects of vildagliptin (a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor, DPP-4i) and empagliflozin (a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, SGLT2i) on the differential expression of renal HIF-1α/2α. Tissue expression of prolylhydroxylase 3 (PHD3), a key regulator of HIF-2α stability, was also highlighted in a diabetic nephropathy rat model. Type 1 diabetes mellitus was induced and diabetic rats were treated with either Vildagliptin or Empagliflozin (10 mg/kg/d each) for 12 weeks. Improvements in the kidney functional and histopathological parameters were addressed and correlated to changes in the renal expression of HIF-1α/2α, and PHD3. Urinary KIM-1 concentration was tested as a correlate to HIF pathway changes. FINDINGS Both vildagliptin- and empagliflozin-treated groups exhibited significant improvement in the functional, pathological, and ultra-structural renal changes induced by chronic diabetes. Compared to the untreated group, renal gene expression of HIF-1α was decreased while that of HIF-2α was increased in both treated groups, with significantly greater effects observed with SGLT2i. Renal PHD3 immune-reactivity was also decreased by both drugs, again with better efficacy for the SGLT2i. Importantly, improvements in the diabetic kidney biochemical and structural biomarkers were significantly correlated to PHD3 reductions and HIF-2α increments. CONCLUSIONS Both DPP-4i and SGLT2i could delay the progression of DN through their differential modulating effects on the PHD3/ HIF-2α pathway with significantly better efficacy for SGLT2i.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emad Samaan
- Mansoura Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Nehal M Ramadan
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt; Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Horus University in Egypt (HUE), New Damietta, Damietta, Egypt.
| | - Hoda M M Abdulaziz
- Mansoura Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Dina Ibrahim
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Rana ElBayar
- Undergraduate Medical student, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Yasmin Ghattas
- Undergraduate medical student, Mansoura Manchester Program of Medical Education, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Joly Abdlmalek
- Undergraduate medical student, Mansoura Manchester Program of Medical Education, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Omnia Bayali
- Undergraduate medical student, Mansoura Manchester Program of Medical Education, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Aya Maghrabia
- Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Randa El-Gamal
- Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Horus University in Egypt (HUE), New Damietta, Damietta, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wulf S, Mizko L, Herrmann KH, Sánchez-Carbonell M, Urbach A, Lemke C, Berndt A, Loeffler I, Wolf G. Targeted Disruption of the MORG1 Gene in Mice Causes Embryonic Resorption in Early Phase of Development. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1037. [PMID: 37509073 PMCID: PMC10377003 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase organizer 1 (MORG1) is a scaffold molecule for the ERK signaling pathway, but also binds to prolyl-hydroxylase 3 and modulates HIFα expression. To obtain further insight into the role of MORG1, knockout-mice were generated by homologous recombination. While Morg1+/- mice developed normally without any apparent phenotype, there were no live-born Morg1-/- knockout offspring, indicating embryonic lethality. The intrauterine death of Morg1-/- embryos is caused by a severe failure to develop brain and other neuronal structures such as the spinal cord and a failure of chorioallantoic fusion. On E8.5, Morg1-/- embryos showed severe underdevelopment and proliferative arrest as indicated by absence of Ki67 expression, impaired placental vascularization and altered phenotype of trophoblast giant cells. On E9.5, the malformed Morg1-/- embryos showed defective turning into the final fetal position and widespread apoptosis in many structures. In the subsequent days, apoptosis and decomposition of embryonic tissue progressed, accompanied by a massive infiltration of inflammatory cells. Developmental aberrancies were accompanied by altered expression of HIF-1/2α and VEGF-A and caspase-3 activation in embryos and extraembryonic tissues. In conclusion, the results suggest a multifactorial process that causes embryonic death in homozygous Morg1 mutant mice, described here, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Wulf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Luisa Mizko
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Herrmann
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Anja Urbach
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelius Lemke
- Institute for Anatomy I, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Berndt
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Section Pathology, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ivonne Loeffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Gunter Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xue Y, Cui A, Wei S, Ma F, Liu Z, Fang X, Huo S, Sun X, Li W, Hu Z, Liu Y, Cai G, Su W, Zhao J, Yan X, Gao C, Wen J, Zhang H, Li H, Liu Y, Lin X, Xu Y, Fu W, Fang J, Li Y. Proline hydroxylation of CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator 2 controls hepatic glucose metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219419120. [PMID: 37252972 PMCID: PMC10266032 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219419120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzymes change HIF activity according to oxygen signal; whether it is regulated by other physiological conditions remains largely unknown. Here, we report that PHD3 is induced by fasting and regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis through interaction and hydroxylation of CRTC2. Pro129 and Pro615 hydroxylation of CRTC2 following PHD3 activation is necessary for its association with cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and nuclear translocation, and enhanced binding to promoters of gluconeogenic genes by fasting or forskolin. CRTC2 hydroxylation-stimulated gluconeogenic gene expression is independent of SIK-mediated phosphorylation of CRTC2. Liver-specific knockout of PHD3 (PHD3 LKO) or prolyl hydroxylase-deficient knockin mice (PHD3 KI) show attenuated fasting gluconeogenic genes, glycemia, and hepatic capacity to produce glucose during fasting or fed with high-fat, high-sucrose diet. Importantly, Pro615 hydroxylation of CRTC2 by PHD3 is increased in livers of fasted mice, diet-induced insulin resistance or genetically obese ob/ob mice, and humans with diabetes. These findings increase our understanding of molecular mechanisms linking protein hydroxylation to gluconeogenesis and may offer therapeutic potential for treating excessive gluconeogenesis, hyperglycemia, and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Aoyuan Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Shuang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Fengguang Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Zhengshuai Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Xia Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan646000, China
| | | | - Xiaoyang Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Zhimin Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Yuxiao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Genxiang Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Weitong Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Jiuxiang Zhao
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nutrition, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Xi Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Chenlin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan646000, China
| | - Jian Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan646000, China
| | - Haibing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Hong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Xu Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan646000, China
| | - Wenguang Fu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan646000, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao266071, China
| | - Yu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The oncoprotein transcription factor paired box 2 (PAX2) is aberrantly expressed in cancers, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3) hydroxylates the proline residue of HIFα, mediating HIFα degradation. The von Hippel-Lindau protein (pVHL) is an E3 ligase which mediates ubiquitination and degradation of hydroxylated HIFα. PHD3 and pVHL are found to inhibit the expression of PAX2, however, the molecular mechanism is unclear. Here we demonstrate that PHD3 hydroxylates PAX2 at proline 9, which is required for pVHL to mediate PAX2 ubiquitination and degradation. Overexpression of PHD3 enhances prolyl hydroxylation, ubiquitination and degradation of PAX2 with little effect on those of PAX2(P9A). PHD3 does not influence PAX2 expression in VHL-null cells. pVHL binds to PAX2 and enhances PAX2 ubiquitination and degradation. However, pVHL does not bind with PAX2(P9A) and cannot enhance its ubiquitination and degradation. Our results suggest that proline 9 hydroxylation is a prerequisite for PAX2 degradation by pVHL. Functional studies indicate that introduction of PAX2 into PAX2-null COS-7 cells promotes cell proliferation, which is suppressed by co-expression of PHD3 but not by hydroxylase-deficient PHD3(H196A). PHD3 inhibits PAX2-induced, but not PAX2(P9A)-induced proliferation of COS-7 cells. These results suggest that PHD3 hydroxylates PAX2, followed by pVHL-mediated PAX2 ubiquitination and degradation. This study also suggests that PHD3 inhibits cell proliferation through downregulating PAX2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lun
- Cancer Institutethe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversitySchool of Basic Medicine of Qingdao UniversityQingdao266061China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Yu Wang
- Cancer Institutethe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversitySchool of Basic Medicine of Qingdao UniversityQingdao266061China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalJinan250014China
| | - Jing Fang
- Cancer Institutethe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversitySchool of Basic Medicine of Qingdao UniversityQingdao266061China,Correspondence address. Tel: +86-532-82991017; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang L, Zhong Y, Wang G, An H, Gao Q, Ye Y. PHD3 as a Prognosis Marker and its relationship with Immune Infiltration in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2022; 25:2255-2263. [PMID: 35088661 DOI: 10.2174/1386207325666220128122640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a highly heterogeneous malignant tumor. Therefore, it is necessary to find predictive biomarkers related to the prognosis and immune infiltration of lung adenocarcinoma, which may provide an effective theoretical basis for clinical treatment Objective:This study aimed to evaluate whether the expression level of PHD3 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) was related to immunity. Method:PHD3 expression was analyzed by the ONCOMINE, TIMER, UALCAN, and GEPIA database. The correlations between clinical information and PHD3 expression were analyzed by LinkedOmics database. Then, we evaluated the influence of PHD3 on the survival of LUAD patients by Kaplan-Meier Plotter and HPA database. We explore the correlation between PHD3 and tumor immunity using TIMER and correlation module of TISDIB. Finally, we used the cBioportal database to analyze PHD3 mutations in LUAD Results:Comprehensive analysis displayed that PHD3 expression was clearly higher in LUAD compared with adjacent normal tissues. PHD3 expression was identified to be positively associated with tumor purity, histological type, and later pathological stage. Survival curve results revealed that the high expression of PHD3 in LUAD patients was accompanied via poor prognosis. Further study indicated that PHD3 was significantly related to a variety of tumor immune cells and molecules. Moreover, among the LUAD cases with gene alteration of PHD3, amplification was the most common of all alteration types. Conclusion:PHD3 may be used as biomarkers for survival and immunotherapy of LUAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Zhong
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, P.R. China
| | - Guiping Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Health Science College, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Huan An
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Gao
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, P.R. China
| | - Yun Ye
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li F, Yin C, Ma Z, Yang K, Sun L, Duan C, Wang T, Hussein A, Wang L, Zhu X, Gao P, Xi Q, Zhang Y, Shu G, Wang S, Jiang Q. PHD3 mediates denervation skeletal muscle atrophy through Nf-κB signal pathway. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21444. [PMID: 33749901 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002049r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest organ of the body, the development of skeletal muscle is very important for the health of the animal body. Prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) are the classical regulator of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) signal pathway, many researchers found that PHDs are involved in the muscle fiber type transformation, muscle regeneration, and myocyte differentiation. However, whether PHDs can impact the protein turnover of skeletal muscle is poorly understood. In this study, we constructed denervated muscle atrophy mouse model and found PHD3 was highly expressed in the atrophic muscles and there was a significant correlation between the expression level of PHD3 and skeletal muscle weight which was distinct from PHD1 and PHD2. Then, the similar results were getting from the different weight muscles of normal mice. To further verify the relationship between PHD3 and skeletal muscle protein turnover, we established a PHD3 interference model by injecting PHD3 sgRNA virus into tibialis anterior muscle (TA) muscle of MCK-Cre-cas9 mice and transfecting PHD3 shRNA lentivirus into primary satellite cells. It was found that the Knock-out of PHD3 in vivo led to a significant increase in muscle weight and muscle fiber area (P < .05). Besides, the activity of protein synthesis signal pathway increased significantly, while the protein degradation pathway was inhibited evidently (P < .05). In vitro, the results of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) fluorescence detection showed that PHD3 interference could lead to a decrease in cell proliferation and an increase of cell apoptosis. After the differentiation of satellite cells, the production of puromycin in the interference group was higher than that in the control group, and the content of 3-methylhistidine in the interference group was lower than that in the control group (P < .05) which is consistent with the change of protein turnover signal pathway in the cell. Mechanistically, there is an interaction between PHD3, NF-κB, and IKBα which was detected by immunoprecipitation. With the interfering of PHD3, the expression of the inflammatory signal pathway also significantly decreased (P < .05). These results suggest that PHD3 may affect protein turnover in muscle tissue by mediating inflammatory signal pathway. Finally, we knocked out PHD3 in denervated muscle atrophy mice and LPS-induced myotubes atrophy model. Then, we found that the decrease of PHD3 protein level could alleviate the muscle weight and muscle fiber reduction induced by denervation in mice. Meanwhile, the protein level of the inflammatory signal pathway and the content of 3-methylhistidine in denervated atrophic muscle were also significantly reduced (P < .05). In vitro, PHD3 knock-out could alleviate the decrease of myotube diameter induced by LPS, and the expression of protein synthesis pathway was also significantly increased (P < .05). On the contrary, the expression level of protein degradation and inflammatory signal pathway was significantly decreased (P < .05). Through these series of studies, we found that the increased expression of PHD3 in denervated muscle might be an important regulator in inducing muscle atrophy, and this process is likely to be mediated by the inflammatory NF-κB signal pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Yin
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zewei Ma
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kelin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Lijuan Sun
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Duan
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Abdelaziz Hussein
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang M, Bai Y, Chi H, Lin P, Wu Y, Cui J, Wang Y, Sun J, Lang MF. miR-451 protects against ischemic stroke by targeting Phd3. Exp Neurol 2021; 343:113777. [PMID: 34058227 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke still remains a therapeutic challenge due to its complex pathogenesis and implications. By screening biomarkers in the peripheral blood of ischemic stroke patients, miR-451 was identified as a differentially expressed miRNA along the disease course of ischemic stroke. To investigate the role of miR-451, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed as an ischemic stroke model in mice. Intracerebroventricular administration of miR-451 mimic in the MCAO mice significantly decreased infarct size, while miR-451 inhibitor significantly increased infarct size. To understand the molecular mechanism of the protective effect of miR-451, Phd3 (also Egln3) was validated as a new miR-451 target. Either fewer or more Phd3-positive cells were observed in brain sections from mice receiving miR-451 mimic or inhibitor, respectively. In addition, the levels of p53 (a known Phd3 target) were significantly downregulated when the levels of Phd3 were reduced, suggesting its participation in reducing apoptosis after the miR-451 administration. Indeed, reduced apoptosis upon miR-451 mimic administration was detected by TUNEL staining. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a new protective role of miR-451 in cerebral ischemia and identified Phd3 as a novel miR-451 target, linking the mechanism to the involvement of p53 in the regulation of apoptosis during the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, China; Medical College, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China; Graduate School, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of Neurology, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, China.
| | - Haitao Chi
- Department of Neurology, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, China
| | - Ping Lin
- Department of Neurology, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Medical College, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
| | - Jiahui Cui
- Department of Neurology, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
| | - Ming-Fei Lang
- Medical College, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu L, Hu Y, Jiang L, Liang N, Liu P, Hong H, Yang S, Chen W. Zhuyu Annao decoction promotes angiogenesis in mice with cerebral hemorrhage by inhibiting the activity of PHD3. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:1867-1879. [PMID: 33896237 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211008523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Some traditional Chinese decoctions, such as Zhuyu Annao, exert favorable therapeutic effects on acute cerebral hemorrhage, hemorrhagic stroke, and other neurological diseases, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to determine whether Zhuyu Annao decoction (ZYAND) protects the injured brain by promoting angiogenesis following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and elucidate its specific mechanism. The effect of ZYAND on the nervous system of mice after ICH was explored through behavioral experiments, such as the Morris water maze and Rotarod tests, and its effects on oxidative stress were explored by detecting several oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR and WB were used to detect the effects of ZYAND on the levels of prolyl hydroxylase domain 3 (PHD3), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the brain tissues of mice. The effect of ZYAND on the NF-κB signaling pathway was detected using a luciferase reporter gene. A human umbilical cord vascular endothelial cell angiogenesis experiment was performed to determine whether ZYAND promotes angiogenesis. The Morris water maze test and other behavioral experiments verified that ZYAND improved the neurobehavior of mice after ICH. ZYAND activated the PHD3/HIF-1α signaling pathway, inhibiting the oxidative damage caused by ICH. In angiogenesis experiments, it was found that ZYAND promoted VEGF-induced angiogenesis by upregulating the expression of HIF-1α, and NF-κB signaling regulated the expression of HIF-1α by inhibiting PHD3. ZYAND exerts a reparative effect on brain tissue damaged after ICH through the NF-κB/ PHD3/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, China.,Scientific Laboratorial Centre Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, China.,Both authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered as equal first coauthors
| | - Y Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, China.,Both authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered as equal first coauthors
| | - L Jiang
- Graduate College of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - N Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - P Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Traditional Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - H Hong
- Graduate College of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - S Yang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, China
| | - W Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kampantais S, Kounatidis I, Kotoula V, Vakalopoulos I, Gkagkalidis K, Dimitriadis G. Decreased prolyl hydroxylase 3 mRNA expression in oncocytomas compared with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int J Biol Markers 2020; 35:80-86. [PMID: 33118406 DOI: 10.1177/1724600820960478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) and prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzymes play a central role in tumor progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, there are currently no data regarding the behavior of this pathway (HIF/PHD) in a large number of benign renal tumors, the oncocytomas. The aim of the present study was to compare the expression levels of these factors between ccRCC and oncocytoma tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 56 fresh frozen specimens from patients with ccRCC and 14 oncocytoma specimens were analyzed via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in order to assess the expression levels of HIF-1α, HIF-2α, PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3. The analysis involved both fresh frozen tumor samples as well as adjacent normal kidney tissues. RESULTS In ccRCC, HIF-1α and HIF-2α levels were upregulated in 65.5% and 71.4% of cases, respectively. PHD3 was downregulated only in 15.4% of the ccRCC cases, in contrast with oncocytoma cases, which exhibited low expression levels in the majority. The upregulation of PHD3 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in ccRCC when compared with oncocytoma was statistically significant (P<0.001). No other comparisons (HIF-1α, HIF-2α, PHD1, and PHD2) were significantly different. HIF-2α and PHD3 mRNA expression levels were negatively correlated with Fuhrman Grade (P=0.029 and P=0.026, respectively) in ccRCC. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the HIF/PHD pathway was compared between ccRCC and a common benign tumor, identifying the upregulation of PHD3 as the possible underlying factor guiding the difference in the behavior of ccRCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Kampantais
- 1st Department of Urology, Gennimatas General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Urology, Saint Luke's Private Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Diamond Light Source, Life and Sciences Department, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, Oxford, UK
| | - Vasiliki Kotoula
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vakalopoulos
- 1st Department of Urology, Gennimatas General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Gkagkalidis
- 1st Department of Urology, Gennimatas General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Dimitriadis
- 1st Department of Urology, Gennimatas General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fan S, Wang J, Yu G, Rong F, Zhang D, Xu C, Du J, Li Z, Ouyang G, Xiao W. TET is targeted for proteasomal degradation by the PHD-pVHL pathway to reduce DNA hydroxymethylation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16299-16313. [PMID: 32963106 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors are heterodimeric transcription factors that play a crucial role in a cell's ability to adapt to low oxygen. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (pVHL) acts as a master regulator of HIF activity, and its targeting of prolyl hydroxylated HIF-α for proteasomal degradation under normoxia is thought to be a major mechanism for pVHL tumor suppression and cellular response to oxygen. Whether pVHL regulates other targets through a similar mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we identify TET2/3 as novel targets of pVHL. pVHL induces proteasomal degradation of TET2/3, resulting in reduced global 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels. Conserved proline residues within the LAP/LAP-like motifs of these two proteins are hydroxylated by the prolyl hydroxylase enzymes (PHD2/EGLN1 and PHD3/EGLN3), which is prerequisite for pVHL-mediated degradation. Using zebrafish as a model, we determined that global 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels are enhanced in vhl-null, egln1a/b-double-null, and egln3-null embryos. Therefore, we reveal a novel function for the PHD-pVHL pathway in regulating TET protein stability and activity. These data extend our understanding of how TET proteins are regulated and provide new insight into the mechanisms of pVHL in tumor suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangjing Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tang LR, Wu JX, Cai SL, Huang YX, Zhang XQ, Fu WK, Zhuang QY, Li JL. Prolyl hydroxylase domain 3 influences the radiotherapy efficacy of pancreatic cancer cells by targeting hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:8507-8515. [PMID: 30555241 PMCID: PMC6278705 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s187615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pancreatic cancer is characterized by a hypoxic microenvironment and resistance to most currently available treatment modalities. Prolyl hydroxylase domain 3 (PHD3) is a rate-limiting enzyme that regulates the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and is deregulated in pancreatic cancer cells. Whether such alteration of PHD3 expression contributes to the sustained growth and radioresistance of pancreatic cancer cells remains largely unknown. Materials and methods PHD3 was overexpressed in pancreatic cancer Mia-paca2 cells via lentiviral expression. Cell cycle progression and apoptosis were assayed by flow cytometry. HIF-1α, EGFR, and PHD3 protein expression was assessed by Western blotting. Cell survival was determined in a colony formation assay. Results PHD3 overexpression suppressed HIF-1α protein expression and EGFR phosphorylation and enhanced the 2 Gy irradiation-mediated reductions in HIF-1α and phosphorylated (p)-EGFR under either normoxic or hypoxic conditions. PHD3 overexpression inhibited the growth and colony formation of Mia-paca2 cells in response to irradiation under either normoxic or hypoxic conditions. PHD3 overexpression exacerbated irradiation-induced apoptosis, with a greater effect under hypoxia than normoxia. Cell cycle distribution analysis demonstrated that PHD3 overexpression resulted in further shortened S phase and lengthened G2/M phase in response to irradiation. Conclusion PHD3 expression may contribute to the radiotherapy efficacy of pancreatic cancer cells and serve as a novel biomarker for improving radiotherapy efficacy in pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Rui Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China,
| | - Jun-Xin Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China,
| | - Shao-Li Cai
- Key Laboratories of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yun-Xia Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China,
| | - Xue-Qing Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China,
| | - Wan-Kai Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China,
| | - Qing-Yang Zhuang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China,
| | - Jin-Luan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rodriguez J, Herrero A, Li S, Rauch N, Quintanilla A, Wynne K, Krstic A, Acosta JC, Taylor C, Schlisio S, von Kriegsheim A. PHD3 Regulates p53 Protein Stability by Hydroxylating Proline 359. Cell Rep 2018; 24:1316-1329. [PMID: 30067985 PMCID: PMC6088137 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular p53 protein levels are regulated by a ubiquitination/de-ubiquitination cycle that can target the protein for proteasomal destruction. The ubiquitination reaction is catalyzed by a multitude of ligases, whereas the removal of ubiquitin chains is mediated by two deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), USP7 (HAUSP) and USP10. Here, we show that PHD3 hydroxylates p53 at proline 359, a residue that is in the p53-DUB binding domain. Hydroxylation of p53 upon proline 359 regulates its interaction with USP7 and USP10, and its inhibition decreases the association of p53 with USP7/USP10, increases p53 ubiquitination, and rapidly reduces p53 protein levels independently of mRNA expression. Our results show that p53 is a PHD3 substrate and that hydroxylation by PHD3 regulates p53 protein stability through modulation of ubiquitination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rodriguez
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Ana Herrero
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Shuijie Li
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology and Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nora Rauch
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Andrea Quintanilla
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Kieran Wynne
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Aleksandar Krstic
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Juan Carlos Acosta
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Cormac Taylor
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Susanne Schlisio
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology and Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bondeva T, Schindler C, Schindler K, Wolf G. MORG1 +/- mice are protected from histological renal damage and inflammation in a murine model of endotoxemia. BMC Nephrol 2018; 19:29. [PMID: 29402223 PMCID: PMC5800025 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-018-0826-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MAPK-organizer 1 (MORG1) play a scaffold function in the MAPK and/or the PHD3 signalling paths. Recently, we reported that MORG1+/- mice are protected from renal injury induced by systemic hypoxia and acute renal ischemia-reperfusion injury via increased hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Here, we explore whether MORG1 heterozygosity could attenuate renal injury in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced endotoxemia. METHODS Endotoxemia was induced in mice by an intraperitoneal (i.p) application of 5 mg/kg BW LPS. The renal damage was estimated by periodic acid Schiff's staining; renal injury was evaluated by detection of urinary and plasma levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and albumin/creatinine ratio via ELISAs. Renal mRNA expression was assessed by real-time PCR, whereas the protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry or Western blotting. RESULTS LPS administration increased tubular injury, microalbuminuria, IL-6 plasma levels and renal TNF-α expression in MORG1 +/+ mice. This was accompanied with enhanced infiltration of the inflammatory T-cells in renal tissue and activation of the NF-κB transcription factors. In contrast, endotoxemic MORG1 +/- showed significantly less tubular injury, reduced plasma IL-6 levels, significantly decreased renal TNF-α expression and T-cells infiltration. In support, the renal levels of activated caspase-3 were lower in endotoxemic MORG1 +/- mice compared with endotoxemic MORG1 +/+ mice. Interestingly, LPS application induced a significantly higher accumulation of renal HIF-2α in the kidneys of MORG1+/- mice than in wild-type mice, accompanied with a diminished phosphorylation of IκB-α and IKK α,β and decreased iNOS mRNA in the renal tissues of the LPS-challenged MORG1+/- mice, indicating an inhibition of the NF-κB transcriptional activation. CONCLUSIONS MORG1 heterozygosity protects against histological renal damage and shows anti-inflammatory effects in a murine endotoxemia model through modulation of HIF-2α stabilisation and/or simultaneous inhibition of the NF-κB signalling. Here, we show for the first time that MORG1 scaffold could represent the missing link between innate immunity and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzvetanka Bondeva
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia Schindler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07740 Jena, Germany
- Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Schindler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07740 Jena, Germany
- Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Gunter Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07740 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bialesova L, Xu L, Gustafsson JÅ, Haldosen LA, Zhao C, Dahlman-Wright K. Estrogen receptor β2 induces proliferation and invasiveness of triple negative breast cancer cells: association with regulation of PHD3 and HIF-1α. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76622-76633. [PMID: 29100336 PMCID: PMC5652730 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERα and ERβ, belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. The human ERβ variant ERβ2 is proposed to be expressed at higher levels than ERβ1 in many breast tumors and it has been suggested that ERβ2, in contrast to ERβ1, is associated with aggressive phenotypes of various cancers. However, the role of endogenous ERβ2 in breast cancer cells remains elusive. In this study, we identified that triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines express endogenous ERβ2, but not ERα or ERβ1. This allows novel studies of endogenous ERβ2 functions independent of ERα and ERβ1. We show that overexpression of ERβ2 in TNBC cells increased whereas knockdown of endogenous ERβ2 decreased cell proliferation and cell invasion. To elucidate the molecular mechanism responsible for these cellular phenotypes, we assayed ERβ2 dependent global gene expression profiles. We show that ERβ2 decreases prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3) gene expression and further show that this is associated with increased hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) protein levels, thus providing a possible mechanism for the invasive phenotype. These results are further supported by analysing the expression of ERβ2 and PHD3 in breast tumor samples where a negative correlation between ERβ2 and PHD3 expression was observed. Together, we demonstrate that ERβ2 has an important role in enhancing cell proliferation and invasion, beyond modulation of ERβ and ERβ1 signalling which might contribute to the invasive characteristics of TNBC. The invasive phenotype could potentially be mediated through transcriptional repression of PHD3 and increased HIF-1α protein levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Bialesova
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge S-141 83, Sweden
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge S-141 83, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge S-141 83, Sweden.,Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5056, USA
| | - Lars-Arne Haldosen
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge S-141 83, Sweden
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge S-141 83, Sweden
| | - Karin Dahlman-Wright
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge S-141 83, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Miikkulainen P, Högel H, Rantanen K, Suomi T, Kouvonen P, Elo LL, Jaakkola PM. HIF prolyl hydroxylase PHD3 regulates translational machinery and glucose metabolism in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Metab 2017; 5:5. [PMID: 28680592 PMCID: PMC5496173 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-017-0167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A key feature of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor protein (pVHL) that leads to the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway also in well-oxygenated conditions. Important regulator of HIF-α, prolyl hydroxylase PHD3, is expressed in high amounts in ccRCC. Although several functions and downstream targets for PHD3 in cancer have been suggested, the role of elevated PHD3 expression in ccRCC is not clear. Methods To gain insight into the functions of high PHD3 expression in ccRCC, we used PHD3 knockdown by siRNA in 786-O cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions and performed discovery mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of the purified peptide samples. The LC-MS/MS results were analysed by label-free quantification of proteome data using a peptide-level expression-change averaging procedure and subsequent gene ontology enrichment analysis. Results Our data reveals an intriguingly widespread effect of PHD3 knockdown with 91 significantly regulated proteins. Under hypoxia, the response to PHD3 silencing was wider than under normoxia illustrated by both the number of regulated proteins and by the range of protein expression levels. The main cellular functions regulated by PHD3 expression were glucose metabolism, protein translation and messenger RNA (mRNA) processing. PHD3 silencing led to downregulation of most glycolytic enzymes from glucose transport to lactate production supported by the reduction in extracellular acidification and lactate production and increase in cellular oxygen consumption rate. Moreover, upregulation of mRNA processing-related proteins and alteration in a number of ribosomal proteins was seen as a response to PHD3 silencing. Further studies on upstream effectors of the translational machinery revealed a possible role for PHD3 in regulation of mTOR pathway signalling. Conclusions Our findings suggest crucial involvement of PHD3 in the maintenance of key cellular functions including glycolysis and protein synthesis in ccRCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40170-017-0167-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Miikkulainen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Högel
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Krista Rantanen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Tomi Suomi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Kouvonen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Laura L Elo
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Panu M Jaakkola
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11, 20520 Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Iriondo O, Rábano M, Domenici G, Carlevaris O, López-Ruiz JA, Zabalza I, Berra E, Vivanco Md. Distinct breast cancer stem/progenitor cell populations require either HIF1α or loss of PHD3 to expand under hypoxic conditions. Oncotarget 2015; 6:31721-39. [PMID: 26372732 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous nature of breast cancer is a result of intrinsic tumor complexity and also of the tumor microenvironment, which is known to be hypoxic. We found that hypoxia expands different breast stem/progenitor cell populations (cells with increased aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (Aldefluor+), high mammosphere formation capacity and CD44+CD24−/low cells) both in primary normal epithelial and tumor cells. The presence of the estrogen receptor (ER) limits hypoxia-dependent CD44+CD24−/low cell expansion. We further show that the hypoxia-driven cancer stem-like cell enrichment results from a dedifferentiation process. The enhanced mammosphere formation and Aldefluor+ cell content observed in breast cancer cells relies on hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α). In contrast, the CD44+CD24−/low population expansion is HIF1α independent and requires prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3) downregulation, which mimics hypoxic conditions, leading to reduced CD24 expression through activation of NFkB signaling. These studies show that hypoxic conditions expand CSC populations through distinct molecular mechanisms. Thus, potential therapies that combine current treatments for breast cancer with drugs that target CSC should take into account the heterogeneity of the CSC subpopulations.
Collapse
|
18
|
Heir P, Srikumar T, Bikopoulos G, Bunda S, Poon BP, Lee JE, Raught B, Ohh M. Oxygen-dependent Regulation of Erythropoietin Receptor Turnover and Signaling. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7357-72. [PMID: 26846855 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.694562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a rare familial cancer predisposition syndrome caused by a loss or mutation in a single gene,VHL, but it exhibits a wide phenotypic variability that can be categorized into distinct subtypes. The phenotypic variability has been largely argued to be attributable to the extent of deregulation of the α subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor α, a well established target of VHL E3 ubiquitin ligase, ECV (Elongins/Cul2/VHL). Here, we show that erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) is hydroxylated on proline 419 and 426 via prolyl hydroxylase 3. EPOR hydroxylation is required for binding to the β domain of VHL and polyubiquitylation via ECV, leading to increased EPOR turnover. In addition, several type-specific VHL disease-causing mutants, including those that have retained proper binding and regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor α, showed a severe defect in binding prolyl hydroxylated EPOR peptides. These results identify EPOR as the secondbona fidehydroxylation-dependent substrate of VHL that potentially influences oxygen homeostasis and contributes to the complex genotype-phenotype correlation in VHL disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Heir
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and
| | - Tharan Srikumar
- the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | - Severa Bunda
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and
| | - Betty P Poon
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8 and
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and
| | - Brian Raught
- the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Michael Ohh
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8 and
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kikuchi D, Minamishima YA, Nakayama K. Prolyl-hydroxylase PHD3 interacts with pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)-E1β and regulates the cellular PDH activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 451:288-94. [PMID: 25088999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cells are frequently exposed to hypoxia in physiological and pathophysiological conditions in organisms. Control of energy metabolism is one of the critical functions of the hypoxic response. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) is a central transcription factor that regulates the hypoxic response. HIF prolyl-hydroxylase PHDs are the enzymes that hydroxylate the α subunit of HIF and negatively regulate its expression. To further understand the physiological role of PHD3, proteomics were used to identify PHD3-interacting proteins, and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)-E1β was identified as such a protein. PDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coA, thus playing a key role in cellular energy metabolism. PDH activity was significantly decreased in PHD3-depleted MCF7 breast cancer cells and PHD3(-/-) MEFs. PHD3 depletion did not affect the expression of the PDH-E1α, E1β, and E2 subunits, or the phosphorylation status of E1α, but destabilized the PDH complex (PDC), resulting in less functional PDC. Finally, PHD3(-/-) cells were resistant to cell death in prolonged hypoxia with decreased production of ROS. Taken together, the study reveals that PHD3 regulates PDH activity in cells by physically interacting with PDC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kikuchi
- Oxygen Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yoji Andrew Minamishima
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Koh Nakayama
- Oxygen Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The ability of cells to sense oxygen is a highly evolved process that facilitates adaptations to the local oxygen environment and is critical to energy homeostasis. In vertebrates, this process is largely controlled by three intracellular prolyl-4-hydroxylases (PHD) 1–3. These related enzymes share the ability to hydroxylate the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF), and therefore control the transcription of genes involved in metabolism and vascular recruitment. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that PHD controls much more than HIF signaling, with PHD3 emerging as an exceptionally unique and functionally diverse PHD isoform. In fact, PHD3-mediated hydroxylation has recently been purported to function in such diverse roles as sympathetic neuronal and muscle development, sepsis, glycolytic metabolism, and cell fate. PHD3 expression is also highly distinct from that of the other PHD enzymes, and varies considerably between different cell types and oxygen concentrations. This review will examine the evolution of oxygen sensing by the HIF family of PHD enzymes, with a specific focus on the complex nature of PHD3 expression and function in mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trenton L Place
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Frederick E Domann
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA ; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|