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Sargsyan A, Nash E, Binkhorst G, Forsyth JE, Jones B, Sanchez Ibarra G, Berg S, McCartor A, Fuller R, Bose-O'Reilly S. Rapid Market Screening to assess lead concentrations in consumer products across 25 low- and middle-income countries. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9713. [PMID: 38678115 PMCID: PMC11055946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Lead exposure can have serious consequences for health and development. The neurological and behavioral effects of lead are considered irreversible. Young children are particularly vulnerable to lead poisoning. In 2020, Pure Earth and UNICEF estimated that one in three children had elevated blood lead levels above 5 µg/dL. The sources of lead exposure vary around the world and can range from household products, such as spices or foodware, to environmental pollution from nearby industries. The aim of this study was to analyze common products from markets in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) for their lead content to determine whether they are plausible sources of exposure. In 25 LMICs, the research teams systematically collected consumer products (metal foodware, ceramics, cosmetics, paints, toys, spices and other foods). The items were analyzed on site for detectable lead above 2 ppm using an X-ray fluorescence analyzer. For quality control purposes, a subset of the samples was analyzed in the USA using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The lead concentrations of the individual product types were compared with established regulatory thresholds. Out of 5007 analyzed products, threshold values (TV) were surpassed in 51% for metal foodware (TV 100 ppm), 45% for ceramics (TV 100 ppm), and 41% for paints (TV 90 ppm). Sources of exposure in LMICs can be diverse, and consumers in LMICs lack adequate protection from preventable sources of lead exposure. Rapid Market Screening is an innovative, simple, and useful tool to identify risky products that could be sources of lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aelita Sargsyan
- Pure Earth, 475 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10115, USA
- Doctoral Program in Pollution, Toxicology and Environmental Health, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, c/Dr. Moliner, 50, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emily Nash
- Pure Earth, 475 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10115, USA
| | | | - Jenna E Forsyth
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Jones
- Cardinal Resources, Inc., 4410 Broadway Blvd., Monroeville, PA, 15146, USA
| | | | - Sarah Berg
- Pure Earth, 475 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10115, USA
| | | | - Richard Fuller
- Pure Earth, 475 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10115, USA
| | - Stephan Bose-O'Reilly
- Pure Earth, 475 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10115, USA.
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 5, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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De-la-Torre GE, Dioses-Salinas DC, Pizarro-Ortega CI, Forero López AD, Fernández Severini MD, Rimondino GN, Malanca FE, Dobaradaran S, Aragaw TA, Mghili B, Ayala F. Plastic and paint debris in marine protected areas of Peru. Sci Total Environ 2023; 901:165788. [PMID: 37524177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Contamination with anthropogenic debris, such as plastic and paint particles, has been widely investigated in the global marine environment. However, there is a lack of information regarding their presence in marine protected areas (MPAs). In the present study, the abundance, distribution, and chemical characteristics of microplastics (MPs; <5 mm), mesoplastics (MePs; 5-25 mm), and paint particles were investigated in multiple environmental compartments of two MPAs from Peru. The characteristics of MPs across surface water, bottom sediments, and fish guts were similar, primarily dominated by blue fibers. On the other hand, MePs and large MPs (1-5 mm) were similar across sandy beaches. Several particles were composite materials consisting of multiple layers confirmed as alkyd resins by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, which were typical indicators of marine coatings. The microstructure of paint particles showed differentiated topography across layers, as well as different elemental compositions. Some layers displayed amorphous structures with Ba-, Cr-, and Ti-based additives. However, the leaching and impact of potentially toxic additives in paint particles require further investigation. The accumulation of multiple types of plastic and paint debris in MPAs could pose a threat to conservation goals. The current study contributed to the knowledge regarding anthropogenic debris contamination in MPAs and further elucidated the physical and chemical properties of paint particles in marine environments. While paint particles may look similar to MPs and MePs, more attention should be given to these contaminants in places where intense maritime activity takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Enrique De-la-Torre
- Grupo de Investigación de Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Sociedad, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru.
| | | | | | - Ana D Forero López
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), CONICET/UNS, CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga, km 7.5, Edificio E1, Bahía Blanca, B8000FWB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melisa D Fernández Severini
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), CONICET/UNS, CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga, km 7.5, Edificio E1, Bahía Blanca, B8000FWB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guido Noé Rimondino
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC), Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fabio Ernesto Malanca
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC), Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, Germany
| | - Tadele Assefa Aragaw
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Bilal Mghili
- LESCB, URL-CNRST N° 18, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Faculty of Sciences, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Félix Ayala
- Centro para la Sostenibilidad Ambiental, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Zheng X, Zhuang Y, Liang D, Wu N, Wei T, Kang A, Zeng X, Dai C, Guo X. Dichloromethane-Induced Poisoning from Acrylic Paint Cleaner - Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China, 2023. China CDC Wkly 2023; 5:966-969. [PMID: 38025514 PMCID: PMC10652081 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2023.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
What is already known about this topic? Dichloromethane (DCM) is a colorless and transparent organic solvent that commonly causes poisoning during occupational contact. What is added by this report? Unknown to teachers and students, they were utilizing an acrylic paint cleaner that contained DCM. At the time of the poisoning incident, the art room was occupied beyond its capacity with inadequate local ventilation. The primary cause of the incident was determined to be the students' inhalation of DCM during the cleaning process. What are the implications for public health practice? The unclear composition of environmental cleaning products available for purchase online presents a major obstacle for consumers trying to assess their toxicity. It is imperative that robust regulatory measures and proactive public education campaigns are implemented to mitigate instances of poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zheng
- Shenzhen Field Epidemiology Training Program (SZFETP), Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Futian District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Shenzhen Field Epidemiology Training Program (SZFETP), Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Baoan District Center for Public Health Service, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dongmei Liang
- Shenzhen Field Epidemiology Training Program (SZFETP), Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Baoan District Center for Public Health Service, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Shenzhen Nanshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Shenzhen Nanshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Anhua Kang
- Shenzhen Nanshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiandong Zeng
- Shenzhen Nanshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chuanwen Dai
- Shenzhen Field Epidemiology Training Program (SZFETP), Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Nanshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiang Guo
- Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China
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Dostal C. X-Ray fluorescence as a method of characterizing inorganic pigment patterns in the work of Julian Onderdonk. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20509. [PMID: 37842630 PMCID: PMC10570593 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study utilized portable X-Ray fluorescence to analyze pigment patterns in 33 paintings by Julian Onderdonk, a 19th-20th century Texas impressionist. This analysis led to the identification of distinctive pigment preferences for Onderdonk at different periods of his career. Using the pigment preference patterns identified in the paintings that were dated by the artist, undated works were analyzed and assigned to different periods in the artists career based on their pigment patterns. This study represents a non-destructive method for organizing the artist's work without solely relying on stylistic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Dostal
- Texas A&M University, Department of Anthropology, MS 4352 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Lekshmi NM, Kumar SS, Ashraf PM, Nehala SP, Edwin L, Turner A. Occurrence and characteristics of fibreglass-reinforced plastics and microplastics on a beach impacted by abandoned fishing boats: A case study from Chellanam, India. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 192:114980. [PMID: 37209660 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plastics and microplastics have been quantified and characterised at disposal sites of abandoned fishing boats and along the high-water line (HWL) of a fish landing centre in Chellanam, India. Fibreglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) made a greater contribution to the plastic pool at the disposal sites (~ 4.5 n m-2 and 18 g m-2) than the HWL (~ 0.25 n m-2 and < 1 g m-2) and was an abundant component of the microplastic pool at the former. Infrared analysis of micro-sized FRPs revealed various resins (e.g., alkyd, polyester, epoxy), while X-ray fluorescence analysis of the painted surfaces of meso-sized FRPs returned variable concentrations of copper and lead. Concentrations of Pb were high enough to contaminate sand up to ~400 mg kg-1. The relatively high density of FRP and its association with glass fibres and metal-bearing paints results in particles with potentially very different fates and toxicities to more "conventional" (non-composite) thermoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Manju Lekshmi
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P. O. Matsyapuri, Willingdon Island, Cochin 682029, India.
| | - Sreejith S Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P. O. Matsyapuri, Willingdon Island, Cochin 682029, India
| | - P Muhamed Ashraf
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P. O. Matsyapuri, Willingdon Island, Cochin 682029, India
| | - S P Nehala
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P. O. Matsyapuri, Willingdon Island, Cochin 682029, India
| | - Leela Edwin
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P. O. Matsyapuri, Willingdon Island, Cochin 682029, India
| | - Andrew Turner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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Balkhyour MA, Chakroun R, Faidi F. Evaluation of environmental and biological monitoring methods for toluene exposure assessment in paint industry. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103538. [PMID: 36590749 PMCID: PMC9800628 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the exposure to Toluene in paint industry and to evaluate the environmental and biological monitoring techniques for the assessment of occupational exposure to this aromatic hydrocarbon. In this study, personal active and passive air sampling for toluene measurements, blood and urine sampling respectively for B-Tol and HA or U-Tol analyses for eight workers from two paint and thinner production factories were collected during four successive working days. Correlations were analyzed between biological indicators and environmental toluene exposure levels. The concentration of Toluene measured in air samples ranged from 0.2 to 414.0 ppm (mean = 59.8 ppm), with high variability of atmospheric levels between activities and between days. No significant difference was found between airborne toluene concentrations measured by the two sampling methods. The correlation between air concentrations sampled by the diffusive sampling method and the biomarkers was the best for HA (r = 0.902, p < 0.01), followed by B-Tol (r = 0.820; p < 0.01), o-Cr (r = 0.691; p < 0.01) and U-Tol (r = 0.607; p < 0.05). The correlation was better between air concentrations and urinary metabolites HA and o-Cr for exposure levels higher than 50 ppm (r = 0.931; p < 0.01), and lower than 300 ppm (r = 0.827; p < 0.01), respectively. According to our results, workers in the studied industries are highly exposed to Toluene. Given the high correlation found between toluene concentrations in samples taken on dosimeters and those actively sampled on charcoal tubes, it may be assumed that both sampling methods are valuable. Despite the influencing factors, HA was found to be a reliable biological indicator for the monitoring of occupational exposure to toluene for high exposure levels. However, B-Tol seems to be an interesting alternative, since it is more specific and showed the best correlations with airborne toluene levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour A. Balkhyour
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Radhouane Chakroun
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author.
| | - Faycal Faidi
- Al-Qunfudah Center for Scientific Research(QCSR), University College of Al-Qunfudah, Umm Al-Qura University, 21912 Al-Qunfudah, Saudi Arabia,Biology and Occupational Toxicology Laboratories Department, Tunisian Occupational Safety and Health Institute 5, Rue Mustapha Khaznadar, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
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Dickstein Y, Eluk O, Warman S, Aboalheja W, Alon T, Firan I, Putler RKB, Hussein K. Wall painting following terminal cleaning with a chlorine solution as part of an intervention to control an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a neurosurgical intensive care unit in Israel. J Infect Chemother 2021; 27:1423-1428. [PMID: 34083145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To describe the use of wall painting as part of an intervention to control an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB). METHODS An interrupted time-series analysis was performed analyzing an intervention in a neurosurgical intensive care unit (NSICU) and an inpatient hematology department in a tertiary level medical center in Israel. The intervention involved wall painting using a water based acrylic paint following patient discharge and terminal cleaning with sodium troclosene as part of an infection control bundle for an outbreak of CRAB in a NSICU and concurrent outbreaks of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) colonization/infection in the same NSICU and the hematology department. RESULTS Between January 2013 and December 2018, 122 patients hospitalized in the NSICU were identified with new CRAB colonization/infection. The median incidence in the periods prior to/post intervention were 2.24/1000 HD (interquartile range [IQR] 0.84-2.90/1000) vs. 0/1000 HD (IQR 0-0.49/1000), respectively. Poisson regression indicated a decrease of 92% in the CRAB incidence following the intervention onset (relative risk [RR] 0.080, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.037-0.174, p < 0.001). Forty-seven patients in the NSICU and 110 in the hematology department were colonized/infected with CRE in the same time period; a significant change was not observed following the start of the intervention in either department (for NSICU RR 1.236, 95% CI 0.370-4.125, p = 0.731; for hematology RR 0.658, 95% CI 0.314-1.378, p = 0.267). CONCLUSIONS A. baumannii is able to survive on environmental surfaces despite decontamination efforts; wall-painting as part of a bundle may be a successful infection control measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaakov Dickstein
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Orna Eluk
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sigal Warman
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Worood Aboalheja
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Alon
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ibrahim Firan
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Khetam Hussein
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Dang HTT, Tarabara VV. Attachment of human adenovirus onto household paints. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 204:111812. [PMID: 34020317 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of human adenovirus 40 (HAdV40) onto surfaces coated with three compositionally different household paints was evaluated experimentally and interpreted based on measured physicochemical properties of the paints. Polar, dispersive and electrostatic interactions between HAdV40 and the paints were predicted using the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) model. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D) was used to quantify virus attachment to paints from 1 mM and 150 mM NaCl solutions, with the latter having the ionic strength of a typical respiratory fluid. Acrylic latex water-based, alkyd water-based, and alkyd oil-based paints were all determined to be highly hydrophobic (ΔGsws < - 48 mJ/m2). XDLVO modeling and preliminary QCM-D tests evaluated virus-paint interactions within and outside pH windows of favorable virus-paint electrostatic interactions. Hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions governed virus attachment while van der Waals interactions played a relatively minor role. In higher ionic strength solutions, the extent of virus attachment correlated with the free energy of virus-paint interfacial interaction, [Formula: see text] : more negative energies corresponded to higher values of the areal mass density of attached viruses. Hydrophobicity was the dominant factor in determining virus adhesion from high ionic strength solutions where electrostatic interactions were screened out. The hydrophobicity of paints, while desirable for minimizing moisture intrusion, also facilitates attachment of colloids such as viruses. The results call for new approaches to the materials design of indoor paints with enhanced resistance to virus adhesion. Paints so formulated should help reduce human exposure to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien T T Dang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Volodymyr V Tarabara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Chiovatto ACL, de Godoi AVO, Zanardi-Lamardo E, Duarte FA, DelValls TÁ, Pereira CDS, Castro ÍB. Effects of substances released from a coal tar-based coating used to protect harbor structures on oysters. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 166:112221. [PMID: 33684704 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Products coal tar-based are largely used as concrete structures as protective coatings but some questions about leaching and potential toxic effects remain unclear. A laboratory experiment exposing oysters to miniaturized concrete pillars painted with Lackpoxi N1761 over time was performed and trace elements and 17 PAH were monitored in seawater exposure media, and oyster tissues. The original paint composition was also analyzed, and high concentrations of trace elements and PAH were detected. Sharp increases in PAH concentrations were observed after 6-96 h in exposure media and oyster tissues, suggesting that these compounds were leached from the painted structures. In parallel, the integrity of the hemocytes lysosomal membranes of exposed organisms has been damaged. Based on the response of this biomarker, the use of Lackpoxi N1761 is potentially harmful to the environment and it is required that coal tar-based paints be evaluated according to the environmental risk assessment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eliete Zanardi-Lamardo
- Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Fabio Andrei Duarte
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tomás Ángel DelValls
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília (UNISANTA), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília (UNISANTA), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Sengan M, Kamlekar RK, Veerappan A. Highly selective rapid colorimetric sensing of Pb 2+ ion in water samples and paint based on metal induced aggregation of N-decanoyltromethamine capped gold nanoparticles. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 239:118485. [PMID: 32450540 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead is highly toxic. The detection of lead in the environmental bodies is difficult, because it is colourless and odourless. Herein, we report the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the interdigitized vesicles formed by N-decanoyltromethamine (NDTM). AuNPs stabilized by NDTM was pink in colour with spherical shape and the size is 29 ± 7 nm. The optical property of the NDTM-AuNPs was explored for the first time to detect toxic chemical, Pb2+. The addition of toxic metal ion Pb2+ to NDTM-AuNPs rapidly (< 1 min) alters the colour from pink to violet due to aggregation, which was confirmed by particle size analyser and TEM. The aggregation induced colour changes were realized via broad spectra in UV-Vis spectroscopy. NDTM-AuNPs showed a selective and sensitive spectrophotometric signal with Pb2+ when compared with other metal ions. The colorimetric change as a function of Pb2+ concentration gave a linear response in the range of 0-30 μM (R2 = 0.9942). The detection limit was found at 10 μM by naked eye and 0.35 μM by spectrophotometry. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of Pb2+ ions in tap water and sewage water. Moreover, as a proof of concept, the NDTM-AuNPs sensor system was applied for the detection of lead in commercial paints. The results of the quantitative estimation of lead in paints by NDTM-AuNPs colorimetric sensor were as good as the standard method, atomic absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megarajan Sengan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravi Kanth Kamlekar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Anbazhagan Veerappan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in paint and glass evidence from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Almirall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Advanced Research in Forensic Science, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC4- 316, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Tatiana Trejos
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, 208 Oglebay Hall, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA
| | - Katelyn Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Advanced Research in Forensic Science, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC4- 316, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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12
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Tighe M, Knaub C, Sisk M, Ngai M, Lieberman M, Peaslee G, Beidinger H. Validation of a screening kit to identify environmental lead hazards. Environ Res 2020; 181:108892. [PMID: 31735346 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In many states, environmental lead hazards are evaluated only after a lead-poisoned child has been identified. This passive approach is problematic because only a small fraction of children are tested for lead and those with elevated blood lead levels may have irreversible developmental damage. In order to reverse this paradigm, a new lead screening kit was developed. In this study, we validated the accuracy of the kit compared to the conventional methods. Forty-five participants used the kit to collect 3 dust, 3 soil and 2 paint samples in their homes. A researcher performed an in-situ analysis of the lead content in the paint and soil using a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. The soil, paint, and dust samples collected by the participants were then analyzed by XRF ex-situ. A strong linear correlation was found between the in-situ and ex-situ measurements for soil and dust samples, and a reasonable correlation was obtained for lead content of paint samples. The kit had very high degrees of specificity (true negative rate) and sensitivity (true positive rate) for detecting hazardous levels of lead in soil and dust samples. The agreement was more moderate for paint samples because some of the paint chips provided gave different readings from the front or back surface, but in-situ XRF only reads from the front surface. Overall, the kit gave a sensitivity of 87%, a specificity of 98% and an accuracy of 96% for detection of environmental lead hazards in samples collected from the home by untrained citizens. This suggests that widespread and inexpensive lead screening could be used to successfully identify hazards and ultimately decrease environmental lead exposure in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghanne Tighe
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Christopher Knaub
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Matthew Sisk
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; Navari Family Center for Digital Scholarship, Hesburgh Library, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Michelle Ngai
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Marya Lieberman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Graham Peaslee
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Heidi Beidinger
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
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13
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Ericson B, Hariojati N, Susilorini B, Crampe LF, Fuller R, Taylor MP, Caravanos J. Assessment of the prevalence of lead-based paint exposure risk in Jakarta, Indonesia. Sci Total Environ 2019; 657:1382-1388. [PMID: 30677904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While lead-based paint has been banned for use in residential settings in most high-income countries, it remains commonly available in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite its continued availability, little is known about the specific exposure risk posed by lead-based paint in LMICs. To address this knowledge gap, an assessment of home and preschool dust and paint was carried out in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia. A team of investigators used field portable X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF) to measure 1574 painted surfaces for the presence of lead (mg/cm2) and collected 222 surface dust wipe samples for lead loading (μg/m2) from 103 homes and 19 preschools across 13 different neighborhoods of Jakarta. The assessment found that 2.7% (n = 42) of pXRF measurements and 0.05% (n = 1) of dust wipe samples exceeded the commonly applied USEPA guideline values for paint (1 mg/cm2) and dust (floors: 431 μg/m2; window sills: 2691 μg/m2). Thus, contrary to expectations the locations analyzed in Greater Jakarta showed that exposure risk to lead-based paint appears low. Further study is required in other settings to confirm the findings here. Precautionary measures, such as the proposed ban on lead-based paint, should be taken to prevent the significant social and economic costs associated with lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret Ericson
- Pure Earth, 475 Riverside Drive, Suite 860, New York, NY 10025, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Nickolaus Hariojati
- Blacksmith Institute Indonesia, Victorian Business Park Block CC-09 2nd Floor, Jl. Bintaro Utama 3A, Tangerang Selatan 15221, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Budi Susilorini
- Blacksmith Institute Indonesia, Victorian Business Park Block CC-09 2nd Floor, Jl. Bintaro Utama 3A, Tangerang Selatan 15221, Banten, Indonesia
| | | | - Richard Fuller
- Pure Earth, 475 Riverside Drive, Suite 860, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Mark Patrick Taylor
- Pure Earth, 475 Riverside Drive, Suite 860, New York, NY 10025, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jack Caravanos
- Pure Earth, 475 Riverside Drive, Suite 860, New York, NY 10025, USA; College of Global Public Health, New York University, 41 East 11(th) Street, New York, NY 10003, USA
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14
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Zhao D, Juhasz AL, Luo J, Li HB, Ma LQ. Metals in paints on chopsticks: Solubilization in simulated saliva, gastric, and food solutions and implication for human health. Environ Res 2018; 167:299-306. [PMID: 30077928 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Paints are often used on chopsticks, however, a paucity of studies has assessed metals in the paints and the associated health risk. In this study, total Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, and Ni concentrations in paints were assessed for 72 wood and 29 stainless steel chopsticks with different colors while metal solubilization from paints in simulated saliva, 0.07 M HCl, and 1% citric acid solutions was measured for 9 samples having total Pb > 90 mg kg-1, representing exposure scenarios of mouthing, incidental paint ingestion, and metal migration in food. Results showed that Pb (0.12-500,000 mg kg-1), Cd (0.002-120,000 mg kg-1), Cr (2.2-8400 mg kg-1), Co (0.004-2600 mg kg-1), and Ni (0.10-150,000 mg kg-1) concentrations varied considerably among paint samples. Most samples showed low metal concentrations, however, high metal concentrations were observed in red and green paints on stainless steel chopsticks, while paints on wood chopsticks showed lower metal concentrations. Estimation of daily metal intakes incorporating metal solubilization data in saliva, 0.07 M HCl, and 1% citric acid solutions suggested that the health risk via saliva contact was negligible, while unacceptable health risk was observed for Pb and Cd via their solubilization in 0.07 M HCl and 1% citric acid solutions from paints with high Pb and Cd concentrations. To avoid Pb and Cd exposure, use of metal-based paints on chopsticks should be banned, particularly in countries where food is regularly consumed with chopsticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Albert L Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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15
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Weber R, Gonser S, Köhler J, Körner W, Herold C, Haag R, Krapp M, Peichl L. Biomonitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls in Bavaria/Germany-long-term observations and standardization. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:16344-16354. [PMID: 29288297 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the 1980s, it was demonstrated that semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) accumulate in plant leaves. Plants are at the base of the food chain, and therefore a starting point for transfer of PCBs to animals and related human exposure. For two decades, the Environment Agency of the German federal state of Bavaria (LfU) has been operating long-term monitoring stations to measure the impact of organic air pollutants. Standardized ryegrass, curly kale, and spruce needles are used as bioindicators for the atmospheric entries of PCBs into vegetation. From the end of 1990s to 2009, there was a marked decline in the concentrations of indicator PCBs (i-PCBs) and a minor decline in PCB-TEQ levels. After 2009, the concentrations leveled off. In rural areas, the median concentrations of Σ6 i-PCB in ryegrass and curly kale were about 3 and 4 μg/kg dm in 2000, and have been about 0.5 and 1 μg/kg dm since 2009, respectively. Concentrations in spruce needles fell from 0.9 to 0.4 μg/kg dm. Median PCB-TEQ concentrations in the bioindicator plants ranged from 0.05 to 0.23 ng/kg dm between 2002 and 2009 and from 0.15 to 0.05 ng/kg dm after 2009. Indicator PCB and PCB-TEQ concentrations were several times higher at the urban station in Munich than at the rural areas, reflecting the emissions from in-use PCB stocks in the building sector. The likely reason of the slower decrease of PCB-TEQ compared to i-PCBs is the formation of PCB-126 by dechlorination of industrial PCBs in open applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, D-73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany.
| | - Stefan Gonser
- Bavarian Environment Agency (LfU), Augsburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Köhler
- Bavarian Environment Agency (LfU), Augsburg, Germany
| | | | - Christine Herold
- POPs Environmental Consulting, D-73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | | | - Margit Krapp
- Bavarian Environment Agency (LfU), Augsburg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Peichl
- Bavarian Environment Agency (LfU), Augsburg, Germany
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16
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Abstract
Dealing with a refurbished crime scene is a special challenge for forensic investigators. In such cases, a crime scene may not have only been cleaned in order to erase all traces but the walls of an indoor crime scene could also be painted over in order to mask traces of the crime. So far, very few publications have shown that painted-over traces of blood and seminal fluid can be detected using a forensic light source or infrared photography. To date, there have been no systematically executed research studies including guidelines on which settings to use depending on the color of the wall. Moreover, no comparative study has addressed the question of whether it is better to use infrared photography or a forensic light source to visualize painted-over bloodstains. The present study covers the aforementioned gaps and shows that painted-over bloodstains are most easily visualized by infrared photography, while traces of seminal fluid are most easily visualized at 440 nm in combination with a yellow filter-both independent of the color of the wall paint.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Barrera
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - C Haas
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E A Meixner
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Fliss
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Safruk AM, McGregor E, Whitfield Aslund ML, Cheung PH, Pinsent C, Jackson BJ, Hair AT, Lee M, Sigal EA. The influence of lead content in drinking water, household dust, soil, and paint on blood lead levels of children in Flin Flon, Manitoba and Creighton, Saskatchewan. Sci Total Environ 2017; 593-594:202-210. [PMID: 28343040 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lead exposure continues to be an important health issue despite the general removal of lead sources in commercial and industrial applications. Low levels of lead exposure have been found to produce adverse neurodevelopmental effects in children with no evidence that a threshold exists for this critical endpoint. Blood lead levels (BLLs) were measured in children (n=118) under the age of 7years in the northern Canadian smelter community of Flin Flon, Manitoba and Creighton, Saskatchewan. An environmental sampling component was included to examine the relationship between lead content in outdoor soil, household dust, tap water, and paint within a given household and the corresponding BLLs in participating children. The geometric mean (GM) BLL for study participants was 1.41μg/dL. Blood lead levels varied slightly by age category with the lowest levels found among the children under age 2 (GM=1.11μg/dL) and the highest levels found among children between 2 and 3years of age (GM=1.98μg/dL). Results from the multivariate modeling indicated that BLLs had a significant positive association with the age of housing (p<0.05), with children living in households constructed prior to 1945 being more likely to have higher levels (p=0.034). Outdoor soil (GM=74.7μg/g), household dust from kitchen floors (GM=1.34μg/ft2), and maximum household lead paint were found to be significantly correlated (p<0.05) to BLLs. Although a statistically significant association between concentrations of lead in these household media and the corresponding BLLs exists, the variability in BLLs was poorly explained by these factors alone (r2=0.07, 0.12 and 0.06 for soil, household dust, and paint, respectively). Lead concentrations in flushed (GM=0.89μg/L) and stagnant (GM=2.07μg/L and 1.18μg/L) tap water samples were not significantly correlated (p>0.05) to BLLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Safruk
- Intrinsik Corp., 6605 Hurontario Street, Suite 500, Mississauga, Ontario L5T 0A3, Canada.
| | - Erin McGregor
- Intrinsik Corp., 6605 Hurontario Street, Suite 500, Mississauga, Ontario L5T 0A3, Canada
| | | | - Paul H Cheung
- Intrinsik Corp., 6605 Hurontario Street, Suite 500, Mississauga, Ontario L5T 0A3, Canada
| | - Celine Pinsent
- Pinrae Research Associates, 56 de Castillou, Gatineau, Québec J8T 5S6, Canada
| | - Blair J Jackson
- University of Ottawa, 550 Cumberland, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alan T Hair
- Hudbay Minerals Inc., 25 York Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5J 2V5, Canada
| | - Murray Lee
- Habitat Health Impact Consulting, #310, 908 17th Avenue SW, Calgary, Alberta T2T 0A3, Canada
| | - Elliot A Sigal
- Intrinsik Corp., 6605 Hurontario Street, Suite 500, Mississauga, Ontario L5T 0A3, Canada
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18
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Nagesh D, Ghosh S. A time period study on the efficiency of luminol in the detection of bloodstains concealed by paint on different surfaces. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 275:1-7. [PMID: 28279856 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Forensic Science is the application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system. It is a science which relies on physical evidence; one of the important physical evidences being blood. The purpose of this research was to determine the efficacy of luminol reagent in detecting bloodstains on different surfaces, concealed by multiple layers of paint, over a period of time and also to compare the intensities of chemiluminescence exhibited by them. In this study, dry wall, wooden planks and metal surfaces were identified as commonly encountered surfaces at crime scenes and hence 25 of each surface were simulated and blood was spattered, which were then concealed by progressive layers of paint specific to each surface. Thereafter, each surface was critically observed for the intensity of chemiluminescence, following the application of luminol and the results were documented as photographs. The research was conducted for duration of 50 days, in order to study the effect of ageing of concealment upon detection of bloodstains using luminol. Varying intensities of chemiluminescence were displayed by all the three simulated surfaces deposited with paint over bloodstains up to three layers of concealment, depending on the nature of the surface which were captured using photography. The highest intensity of chemiluminescence was shown by concealed bloodstains on dry wall and metal surfaces, despite the number of layers of concealment. However, an increase in the number of layers of concealment produced a significant decrease in the intensity of chemiluminescenece displayed by the bloodstains concealed by paint upon reacting with luminol on metal sheets, which was not found to be uniform and consistent on the other surfaces. These findings highlight the fact that bloodstains concealed by paint could be effectively detected by luminol reagent, despite the nature and ageing of concealment and thereby provide a lead to the investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Nagesh
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Jain University, J.C. Road, Bengaluru 560027, India
| | - Shayani Ghosh
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute Of Medical Science, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi 110029, India.
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19
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Park DW, Kim SH, Moon JY, Song JS, Choi J, Kwak HJ, Jeong MG, Ro YS, Kim TH, Sohn JW, Shin DH, Park SS, Yoon HJ. The effect of low-volatile organic compounds, water-based paint on aggravation of allergic disease in schoolchildren. Indoor Air 2017; 27:320-328. [PMID: 27007057 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Whether indoor painting aggravates preexisting allergic diseases remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the impact of new classroom painting on aggravation of asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR), and atopic dermatitis (AD) in children. Studied school was previously painted with conventional water-based paint 20 years ago and had natural ventilation system. We identified a total of 172 children aged 10-12 years with allergic diseases in 17 classrooms, which were allocated to newly painted rooms with low-volatile organic compounds (VOC), water-based paint, or existing rooms. After painting, there was no intervention or internal airflow to influence indoor air environment in both classrooms. We prospectively assessed the symptom severity and serious events of allergic diseases between both classrooms at baseline and after one and eight weeks after painting. At one and eight weeks, there were no significant changes in the Childhood Asthma Control Test scores, the fractional nitric oxide levels, lung function in asthmatic children in either classroom. There were also no significant changes in the severity score of AR or AD, or serious events in all allergic diseases. These findings suggest classroom painting with this new paint at the levels encountered in this study might not be a major aggravating factor for school-aged children with allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S-H Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-Y Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J S Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - H J Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - M G Jeong
- Department of Dermatology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y S Ro
- Department of Dermatology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - T H Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J W Sohn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - D H Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S S Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - H J Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Abstract
The threat posed by lead (Pb) in soil for pediatric populations continues to be a public health issue. In long-established residential areas, a principal source of Pb in soil is likely to be old Pb-based paint originating from building surfaces. The health hazard posed by Pb from paint in soil will likely depend on quantity of paint incorporated, its Pb-mineral composition, whether the Pb is locked in some other material and the paint residence time in the soil (degree of aging). Here the relative bioavailability (RBA) of Pb in different types of Pb-bearing paint has been assessed. Tests were performed with individual paints, with paints mixed with a low-Pb soil, and with paints mixed with soil and the biogenic phosphate apatite II. Thirteen Pb-bearing paint samples were ground and passed through 250- and 100-µm screens. Samples nominally <100 µm from all the paints were analyzed, and six of the paints for which there was sufficient material in the 100- to 250-µm-size range were also tested. RBA extraction of Pb employed a simulated gastric fluid (SGF) of HCl and glycine adjusted to a pH of 1.5 in which samples were agitated (in an end-over-end rotator) for 2 h. Original paints were examined by SEM/EDX, and by XRD, residues collected after RBA extraction were examined by SEM/EDX. The concentration of Pb in the extraction fluid was measured by AAS. The quantity of Pb mobilized in each test batch was approximately an order of magnitude less in the paint-soil mix compared to the corresponding paint-only sample. The difference in the amount of Pb extracted from the paint-soil mix compared to the paint-soil-phosphate mix was minimal. However, in the post-RBA residues of the paint-soil mix, a PbCl precipitate was observed, and in the extraction residues of the paint-soil-apatite II mixes PbClP phases were recorded. Precipitation of these secondary phases obviously modified the amount of Pb in the extraction fluid, and this may need to be considered, i.e., under-reporting of extractable Pb, when this form of in vitro extraction is used to determine the RBA of Pb in environmental media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hunt
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 Yates Street, Box 19049, Arlington, TX, 76019-0049, USA.
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21
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Choi H, Schmidbauer N, Bornehag CG. Non-microbial sources of microbial volatile organic compounds. Environ Res 2016; 148:127-136. [PMID: 27043176 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The question regarding the true sources of the purported microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) remains unanswered. OBJECTIVE To identify microbial, as well as non-microbial sources of 28 compounds, which are commonly accepted as microbial VOCs (i.e. primary outcome of interest is Σ 28 VOCs). METHODS In a cross-sectional investigation of 390 homes, six building inspectors assessed water/mold damage, took air and dust samples, and measured environmental conditions (i.e., absolute humidity (AH, g/m(3)), temperature (°C), ventilation rate (ACH)). The air sample was analyzed for volatile organic compounds (μg/m(3)) and; dust samples were analyzed for total viable fungal concentration (CFU/g) and six phthalates (mg/g dust). Four benchmark variables of the underlying sources were defined as highest quartile categories of: 1) the total concentration of 17 propylene glycol and propylene glycol ethers (Σ17 PGEs) in the air sample; 2) 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (TMPD-MIB) in the air sample; 3) semi-quantitative mold index; and 4) total fungal load (CFU/g). RESULTS Within severely damp homes, co-occurrence of the highest quartile concentration of either Σ17 PGEs or TMPD-MIB were respectively associated with a significantly higher median concentration of Σ 28 VOCs (8.05 and 13.38μg/m(3), respectively) compared to the reference homes (4.30 and 4.86μg/m(3), respectively, both Ps ≤0.002). Furthermore, the homes within the highest quartile range for Σ fungal load as well as AH were associated with a significantly increased median Σ 28 VOCs compared to the reference group (8.74 vs. 4.32μg/m(3), P=0.001). Within the final model of multiple indoor sources on Σ 28 VOCs, one natural log-unit increase in summed concentration of Σ17 PGEs, plus TMPD-MIB (Σ 17 PGEs + TMPD-MIB) was associated with 1.8-times (95% CI, 1.3-2.5), greater likelihood of having a highest quartile of Σ 28 VOCs, after adjusting for absolute humidity, history of repainting at least one room, ventilation rate, and mold index (P-value =0.001). Homes deemed severely mold damaged (i.e., mold index =1) were associated with 1.7-times (95% CI, 0.8-3.6), greater likelihood of having a highest quartile of Σ 28 VOCs, even though such likelihood was not significant (P-value =0.164). In addition, absolute humidity appeared to positively interact with mold index to significantly elevate the prevalence of the highest quartile category of Σ 28 VOCs. CONCLUSION The indoor concentration of Σ 28 VOCs, which are widely accepted as MVOCs, are significantly associated with the markers of synthetic (i.e. Σ17 PGEs and TMPD-MIB), and to less extent, microbial (i.e., mold index) sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunok Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, School of Public Health, State University of New York, United States.
| | - Norbert Schmidbauer
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, PO Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway, Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Box 857, SE-501 15 Borås, Sweden; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden.
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22
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Gulson B, Chiaradia M, Davis J, O'Connor G. Impact on the environment from steel bridge paint deterioration using lead isotopic tracing, paint compositions and soil deconstruction. Sci Total Environ 2016; 550:69-72. [PMID: 26803686 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Deterioration and repair of lead paint on steel structures can result in contamination of the ambient environment but other sources of lead such as from past use of leaded paint and gasoline and industrial activities can also contribute to the contamination. Using a combination of high precision lead isotopic tracing, detailed paint examination, including with scanning electron microscopy, and soil deconstruction we have compared paint on a steel bridge and bulk soil and lead-rich particles separated from soil. The majority of Pb found in the paint derives from Australian sources but some also has a probable US origin. The isotopic data for the bulk soils and selected particles lie on a mixing line with end members the geologically ancient Broken Hill lead and possible European lead which is suggested to be derived from old lead paint and industrial activities. Data for gasoline-derived particulates lie on this array and probably contribute to soil Pb. Although paint from the bridge can be a source of lead in the soils, isotopic tracing, paint morphology and mineralogical identification indicate that other sources, including from paint, gasoline and industrial activities, are contributing factors to the lead burden. Even though physical characteristics and elemental composition are the same in some particles, the isotopic signatures demonstrate that the sources are different. Plots using (206)Pb/(208)Pb vs (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratios, the common representation these days, do not allow for source discrimination in this investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Gulson
- Department of Environmental Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; CSIRO Energy Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia.
| | | | - Jeffrey Davis
- CSIRO Energy Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Gary O'Connor
- Queensland Department of Environment & Heritage Protection, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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23
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Turner A, Kearl ER, Solman KR. Lead and other toxic metals in playground paints from South West England. Sci Total Environ 2016; 544:460-466. [PMID: 26657391 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Paints on surfaces of public playground structures in South West England have been analysed for Pb, Cr, Cd and Sb by field-portable, energy-dispersive XRF. Lead was detected (>8 μg g(-1)) in 102 out of 242 cases, with concentrations ranging from 10 to 152,000 μg g(-1) (median=451 μg g(-1)). Chromium was detected (>25 μg g(-1)) in 48 cases, and concentrations ranged from 26 to 24,800 μg g(-1) (median=1040 μg g(-1)) and exhibited a significant positive correlation with Pb concentrations. Antimony concentrations ranged from 273 to 16,000 μg g(-1) (median=2180 μg g(-1)) in 56 detectable cases, and Cd was detected in eight paints and up to a concentration of 771 μg g(-1) (median=252 μg g(-1)). The highest concentrations of Pb, Cr and Sb generally occurred in yellow or red paints but were encountered on a variety of structures and equipment (e.g. gates, flooring lines, railings and handles of climbing frames and seesaws, and the interior of a model train) and were observed in both flaking, extant paint and in formulations that appeared to have been recently applied. Maximum bioaccessible concentrations of Pb, Cr and Sb in a range of paints, evaluated in selected samples by ICP analysis following pepsin-dilute HCl extraction, were 2710, 205 and 23.6 μg g(-1), respectively, or 16.6, 0.82 and 0.56% of the respective total concentrations. Total and bioaccessible concentrations of toxic metals in playground paints that exceed various contemporary and historical standards (and in many cases for Pb, by orders of magnitude) are likely to be a more widespread and pervasive issue that needs addressing by the relevant authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Turner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Emily R Kearl
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Kevin R Solman
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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24
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Zhao P, Cheng YH, Lin CC, Cheng YL. Effect of resin content and substrate on the emission of BTEX and carbonyls from low-VOC water-based wall paint. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:3799-3808. [PMID: 26498819 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of this work is to explore the effect of resin content and the effect of substrate on the emission of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) and carbonyls from low-VOC water-based wall paint. Four low-volatile organic compound (VOC) paints include paints A (20% acrylic), B (30% acrylic), C (20% polyvinyl acetate), and D (30% polyvinyl acetate) were painted on stainless steel specimen for the study of resin effect. Green calcium silicate, green cement, and stainless steel were painted with paints A and C for the study of substrate effect. Concentrations of the VOCs in the chamber decreased with the elapsed time. Both resin type and resin quantity in paint had effects on VOC emissions. Paints with acrylic resin emitted less BTEX and carbonyls than paints with polyvinyl acetate resin. However, the effects of resin quantity varied with VOCs. Porous substrates were observed to interact more strongly with paints than inert substrates. Both green calcium silicate and green cement substrates have strong power of adsorption of VOCs from wall paints, namely toluene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 2-butanone, methacrolein, butyraldehyde, and benzaldehyde. Some compounds like toluene, formaldehyde, and butyaldehyde were desorbed very slowly from green calcium silicate and green cement substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- , Kaohsiung Office, AECOM, 6F-1, No. 12, Fuxing 4th Rd, Kaohsiung, 80661, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Cheng
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Rd, Taishan, New Taipei, 24301, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chi Lin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, 700, Kaohsiung University Rd., Nanzih Dist, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Lin Cheng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, 700, Kaohsiung University Rd., Nanzih Dist, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan
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25
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Schoknecht U, Mathies H, Wegner R. Biocide leaching during field experiments on treated articles. Environ Sci Eur 2016; 28:6. [PMID: 27752441 PMCID: PMC5044957 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-016-0074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biocidal products can be sources of active substances in surface waters caused by weathering of treated articles. Marketing and use of biocidal products can be limited according to the European Biocidal Products Regulation if unacceptable risks to the environment are expected. Leaching of active substances from treated articles was observed in field experiments to obtain information on leaching processes and investigate the suitability of a proposed test method. RESULTS Leaching under weathering conditions proceeds discontinuously and tends to decrease with duration of exposure. It does not only mainly depend on the availability of water but is also controlled by transport processes within the materials and stability of the observed substances. Runoff amount proved to be a suitable basis to compare results from different experiments. Concentrations of substances are higher in runoff collected from vertical surfaces compared to horizontal ones, whereas the leached amounts per surface area are higher from horizontal surfaces. Gaps in mass balances indicate that additional processes such as degradation and evaporation may be relevant to the fate of active substances in treated articles. Leached amounts of substances were considerably higher when the materials were exposed to intermittent water contact under laboratory conditions as compared to weathering of vertically exposed surfaces. CONCLUSIONS Experiences from the field experiments were used to define parameters of a procedure that is now provided to fulfil the requirements of the Biocidal Products Regulation. The experiments confirmed that the amount of water which is in contact with exposed surfaces is the crucial parameter determining leaching of substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Schoknecht
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Mathies
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Robby Wegner
- MPA Eberswalde, Materialprüfanstalt Brandenburg GmbH, Eberswalde, Germany
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26
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Saitta EKH, Gittings MJ, Novaes-Card S, Quinn J, Clausen C, O'Hara S, Yestrebsky CL. Case study of a non-destructive treatment method for the remediation of military structures containing polychlorinated biphenyl contaminated paint. J Environ Manage 2015; 158:40-47. [PMID: 25950836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Restricted by federal regulations and limited remediation options, buildings contaminated with paint laden with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have high costs associated with the disposal of hazardous materials. As opposed to current remediation methods which are often destructive and a risk to the surrounding environment, this study suggests a non-metal treatment system (NMTS) and a bimetallic treatment system (BTS) as versatile remediation options for painted industrial structures including concrete buildings, and metal machine parts. In this field study, four areas of a discontinued Department of Defense site were treated and monitored over 3 weeks. PCB levels in paint and treatment system samples were analyzed through gas chromatography/electron capture detection (GC-ECD). PCB concentrations were reduced by 95 percent on painted concrete and by 60-97 percent on painted metal with the majority of the PCB removal occurring within the first week of application. Post treatment laboratory studies including the utilization of an activated metal treatment system (AMTS) further degraded PCBs in BTS and NMTS by up to 82 percent and 99 percent, respectively, indicating that a two-step remediation option is viable. These findings demonstrate that the NMTS and BTS can be an effective, nondestructive, remediation process for large painted structures, allowing for the reuse or sale of remediated materials that otherwise may have been disposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K H Saitta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816-2366, United States.
| | - Michael J Gittings
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816-2366, United States.
| | - Simone Novaes-Card
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816-2366, United States.
| | - Jacqueline Quinn
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899, United States.
| | - Christian Clausen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816-2366, United States.
| | - Suzanne O'Hara
- Geosyntec Consultants, 130 Research Lane Ste.2, Guelph, ON N1GG3, Canada.
| | - Cherie L Yestrebsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816-2366, United States.
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27
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Buchweitz J, McClure-Brinton K, Zyskowski J, Stensen L, Lehner A. Lead isotope profiling in dairy calves. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 71:174-7. [PMID: 25545316 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a common cause of heavy metal poisonings in cattle. Sources of Pb on farms include crankcase oil, machinery grease, batteries, plumbing, and paint chips. Consequently, consumption of Pb from these sources may negatively impact animal health and Pb may be inadvertently introduced into the food supply. Therefore, the scope of poisoning incidents must be clearly assessed and sources of intoxication identified and strategies to mitigate exposure evaluated and implemented to prevent future exposures. Stable isotope analysis by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has proven itself of value in forensic investigations. We report on the extension of Pb stable isotope analysis to bovine tissues and profile comparisons with paint chips and soils collected from an affected dairy farm to elucidate the primary source. Pb occurs naturally as four stable isotopes: (204)Pb, (206)Pb, (207)Pb, and (208)Pb. Herein a case is reported to illustrate the use of (207)Pb/(206)Pb and (208)Pb/(206)Pb ratios to link environmental sources of exposure with tissues from a poisoned animal. Chemical Pb profiling provides a valuable tool for field investigative approaches to Pb poisoning in production agriculture and is applicable to subclinical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Buchweitz
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Rd, Lansing, MI 48910, United States; Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
| | | | - Justin Zyskowski
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Rd, Lansing, MI 48910, United States
| | - Lauren Stensen
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Rd, Lansing, MI 48910, United States
| | - Andreas Lehner
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Rd, Lansing, MI 48910, United States
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28
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Turner A. Mobilisation and bioaccessibility of lead in paint from abandoned boats. Mar Pollut Bull 2014; 89:35-39. [PMID: 25455369 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fragments of leaded paint sampled from abandoned boats have been ground as a composite and added in different quantities to aliquots of clean estuarine sediment in order to examine the mobility and bioaccessibility of Pb. Concentrations of Pb mobilised by sea water increased with increasing quantity of paint present, but the percentage of total Pb mobilised was greatest from paint-free sediment. Lead mobilisation was enhanced in the presence of the protein, bovine serum albumin, a surrogate for the digestive fluids of deposit-feeding invertebrates, but, likewise, the percentage of Pb mobilised was greatest from paint-free sediment. Lower percentage mobility and bioaccessibility in contaminated sediment than in paint-free sediment is attributed to the relatively low solubility and amenability of Pb compounds in the paint matrix. Despite the low mobility of Pb, however, sediment contaminated by as little as 0.2% paint is predicted to result in dissolved concentrations that exceed available water quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Turner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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29
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Hayes PA, Vahur S, Leito I. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and quantitative multivariate analysis of paints and coating materials. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 133:207-213. [PMID: 24945861 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with partial least squares (PLS) data analysis was evaluated for quantifying the components of mixtures of paint binding media and pigments, and alkyd resins. PLS methods were created using a number of standard mixtures. Validation and measurement uncertainty estimation was carried out. Binary, ternary and quaternary mixtures of several common binding media and pigments were quantified, with standard measurement uncertainties in most cases below 3g/100g. Classes of components - aromatic anhydrides and alcohols - used in alkyd resin synthesis were also successfully quantified, with standard uncertainties in the range of 2-3g/100g. This is a more demanding application because in alkyd resins aromatic anhydrides and alcohols have reacted to form a polyester, and are not present in their original forms. Once a PLS method has been calibrated, analysis time and cost are significantly reduced from typical quantitative methods such as GC/MS. This is beneficial in the case of routine analysis where the components are known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Alice Hayes
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila str, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Signe Vahur
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila str, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Ivo Leito
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila str, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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30
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Rees AB, Turner A, Comber S. Metal contamination of sediment by paint peeling from abandoned boats, with particular reference to lead. Sci Total Environ 2014; 494-495:313-9. [PMID: 25062307 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fragments of flaking paint have been sampled from eighteen boats (including sailing barges, houseboats, a trawler and a ferry) abandoned on the intertidal mudflats of two estuaries in eastern England and analysed for Cu, Pb and Zn by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. Median concentrations of Pb on each boat ranged from about 350 to 35,000 μg g(-1), with individual concentrations exceeding 200,000 μg g(-1) in several cases. Median concentrations of Cu and Zn ranged from about 50 to 1900 μg g(-1) and 50 to 10,000 μg g(-1), respectively, with respective maxima of 172,000 μg g(-1) and 239,000 μg g(-1). Because of peeling paint, local sediment (analysed by ICP following acid digestion) was often measurably contaminated by the metals and, based on median, Al-normalised enrichment factors, in the order Pb>Zn>Cu. Due to its abundance and persistence in old paints, Pb is of greatest concern from both environmental and human health perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldous B Rees
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Andrew Turner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Sean Comber
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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31
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Trzcińska B, Kowalski R, Zięba-Palus J. Comparison of pigment content of paint samples using spectrometric methods. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 130:534-538. [PMID: 24813282 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the paper was to evaluate the influence of pigment concentration and its distribution in polymer binder on the possibility of colour identification and paint sample comparison. Two sets of paint samples: one containing red and another one green pigment were prepared. Each set consisted of 13 samples differing gradually in the concentration of pigment. To obtain the sets of various colour shades white paint was mixed with the appropriate pigment in the form of a concentrated suspension. After solvents evaporation the samples were examined using spectrometric methods. The resin and main filler were identified by IR method. Colour and white pigments were identified on the base of Raman spectra. Colour of samples were compared based on Vis spectrometry according to colour theory. It was found that samples are homogenous (parameter measuring colour similarity ΔE<3). The values of ΔE between the neighbouring samples in the set revealed decreasing linear function and between the first and following one--a logarithmic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Trzcińska
- Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Rafał Kowalski
- Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033 Krakow, Poland
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32
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Mateus-García A, Ramos-Bonilla JP. Presence of lead in paint of toys sold in stores of the formal market of Bogotá, Colombia. Environ Res 2014; 128:92-97. [PMID: 24359710 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a non-essential metal. Exposure to lead has been associated with adverse health effects in both children and adults. Lead content in paint used in toys or children's products has been identified as both a potential and preventable source of childhood lead exposure. Twenty-four stores located in Bogotá (Colombia) were selected by cluster sampling to participate in the study. A random sample of 96 toys was purchased at these stores. Since one toy can have different paint colors, a total of 116 paint samples from 96 toys were analyzed for lead content. Paint samples were prepared by microwave digestion and lead was quantified using ICP-OES. For quality control purposes of the analytical method, spike samples and a certified reference material (NIST SRM 2582) were used. The lead content in paint ranged from below the method detection limit (5ppm) to 47,600ppm, with an average Pb concentration of 1024ppm and a median concentration of 5ppm. Eight (8) paint samples removed from five toys had lead concentrations exceeding the US regulatory limit for total lead content (90ppm). Brown paint and toys manufactured in Colombia were significantly associated with high concentrations of lead in paint. Furthermore, a statistically significant interaction between these two variables was also found. The results suggest that there is a potential risk of lead exposure from paint of toys sold in the formal market of Bogotá. Therefore, the implementation of a national surveillance program of lead content in children products is urgently needed. The risk of children's lead exposure identified in this study, which is completely preventable, could be present also in other developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mateus-García
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 Este No. 19A-40, Of. ML 328, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J P Ramos-Bonilla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 Este No. 19A-40, Of. ML 328, Bogotá, Colombia.
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33
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Haghani M, Mortazavi SMJ, Faghihi R, Mehdizadeh S, Moradgholi J, Darvish L, Fathi-Pour E, Ansari L, Ghanbar-Pour MR. Nanomaterial containing wall paints can increase radon concentration in houses located in radon prone areas. J Biomed Phys Eng 2013; 3:105-108. [PMID: 25505754 PMCID: PMC4204498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, extensive technological advancements have made it possible to use nanopaints which show exciting properties. In IR Iran excessive radon levels (up to 3700 Bq m-3) have been reported in homes located in radon prone areas. Over the past decades, concerns have been raised about the risk posed by residential radon exposure. OBJECTIVE This study aims at investigating the effect of using nanomaterial containing wall paints on radon concentration in homes. METHODS Two wooden model houses were used in this study. Soil samples from Ramsar high background radiation areas were used for simulating the situation of a typical house in radon-prone areas. Conventional water-soluble wall paint was used for painting the walls of the 1st house model; while the 2nd house model was painted with the same wall paint with montmorillonitenanoclay. RESULTS Three days after sealing the house models, radon level was measured by using a portable radon survey meter. The mean radon level inside the 1st house model (conventional paint) was 515.3 ± 17.8 Bq/m(3) while the mean radon concentration in the 2nd house model (nano-painted house model) was 570.8 ± 18.5 Bq/m(3). The difference between these means was statistically significant (P<0.001). CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first investigation on the effect of nano-material containing wall paints on indoor radon concentrations. It can be concluded that nano-material-containing wall paints should not be used in houses with wooden walls located in radon prone areas. Although the mechanism of this effect is not clearly known, decreased porosity in nano-paints might be a key factor in increasing the radon concentration in homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haghani
- Department of Medical Physics and Medical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S M J Mortazavi
- The Center for Radiological Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Department of Medical Physics and Medical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - R Faghihi
- Radiation Research Center, Mechanical Engineering School, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S Mehdizadeh
- Radiation Research Center, Mechanical Engineering School, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - J Moradgholi
- Ph.D student of nanomaterials, Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - L Darvish
- Master Student, Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - E Fathi-Pour
- Master Student, Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - L Ansari
- Master Student, Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M R Ghanbar-Pour
- Radiation Research Center, Mechanical Engineering School, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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34
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Marinho RT. [Waiting for success]. ACTA MEDICA PORT 2013; 26:74-75. [PMID: 23697366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tato Marinho
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia e Hepatologia, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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