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González MA, Ruiz-Arrondo I, Bravo-Barriga D, Cervera-Acedo C, Santibáñez P, Oteo JA, Miranda MÁ, Barceló C. Surveillance and screening of Stomoxyinae flies from Mallorca Island (Spain) reveal the absence of selected pathogens but confirm the presence of the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis. Res Vet Sci 2024; 171:105206. [PMID: 38493661 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Adult brachycera biting flies can significantly impact livestock through both direct effects (reduction of food intake, disturbance, painful bites, and blood loss) and indirect effects (pathogen transmission), leading to substantial economic losses and production damage. This study aimed to assess the presence of blood-sucking flies in six mixed-animal farm environments on the island of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) by employing multiple trapping methods. Additionally, distribution maps of brachycera biting fly species recorded in Spain were created, based on data extracted thorough review of scientific literature and citizen digital databases. Investigation of several pathogens, including equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), Anaplasmataceae bacteria, and piroplasm protozoa, was carried out using different PCR targets (18S rRNA, 16S rRNA, groESL, and tat genes). Citizen science databases and literature review corroborated the consistent distribution trend for two Stomoxyinae species, underscoring the importance of citizen collaboration as a complement to traditional entomological surveillance. Our study confirmed the presence of two biting Stomoxyinae species: the prevalent stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans across all sampled farms, and the horn fly Haematobia irritans, which turned out to be less abundant. DNA barcoding techniques validated the identification of the two species. Neither EIAV nor bacterial/protozoan pathogens were detected using the selected PCR targets in either fly species. However, Wolbachia pipientis (clustered in the supergroup A together with the only sequence of W. pipientis from the USA) was identified through PCR targeting 16S rRNA, groESL and wsp genes in all pools of H. irritans (n = 13) collected from two of the examined farms. This study represents the first attempt to investigate pathogens in Stomoxyinae biting flies in Spain. The discovery of the endosymbiotic Wolbachia organism in H. irritans represents the first record in Spain and the second from Europe. This finding holds significant implications for future research on the applications of this bacterium in biocontrol programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel A González
- Doñana Biological Station, Spanish National Research Council (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER ESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Center for Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-CIBIR, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Daniel Bravo-Barriga
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Salud Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Sanidad Animal, Ctra.Madrid-Cadiz, Km.396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Cristina Cervera-Acedo
- Center for Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-CIBIR, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Paula Santibáñez
- Center for Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-CIBIR, Logroño, Spain.
| | - José A Oteo
- Center for Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-CIBIR, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Miguel Á Miranda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Applied Zoology and Animal Conservation research group (ZAP), University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Carlos Barceló
- Applied Zoology and Animal Conservation research group (ZAP), University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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Schwarz L, Hamar F, Bernreiter-Hofer T, Loncaric I, Arnold M, Voglmayr T, Ladinig A. Bleeding skin lesions in gestating sows of a piglet producing farm in Austria. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:52. [PMID: 37964382 PMCID: PMC10647148 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stomoxys calcitrans, the stable fly, occurs in pig producing countries worldwide. While in cattle the impact of this blood sucking insect is quite well described, its role in pig production is poorly investigated. Here we describe a case of a massive stable fly overpopulation in the gestation unit of a piglet producing farm in Austria that resulted in bleeding skin lesions in bitten sows. CASE PRESENTATION In October 2021, the responsible herd veterinarian of the case farm reported of sows in the gestation area presenting with bloody crusts on the whole skin surface of the body and of bleeding skin lesions. 33/55 sows were affected by moderate to severe skin lesions. Reproductive performance decreased during the time of massive stable fly overpopulation. Sows in the gestation unit showed defensive behaviour and at a certain time point resigned and accepted being bitten by stable flies. After controlling the fly population, reproductive performance improved and even exceeded the performance before the massive overgrowth of the stable fly population. CONCLUSIONS Stable flies are a serious harm to pigs and should be kept in mind for improved animal health and welfare. Knowledge about the determination of Stomoxys calcitrans and early recognition of an increasing stable fly population in pig farming systems followed by proper insect control measures have to be performed to reduce losses caused by this harming insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schwarz
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Flora Hamar
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Bernreiter-Hofer
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Tierarztpraxis an der Nordbahn, Strasshof, Austria
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirjam Arnold
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Animal Health I, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Blake AJ, Hung E, To S, Ng G, Qian J, Gries G. Stable flies sense and behaviorally respond to the polarization of light. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2023; 209:885-897. [PMID: 37083716 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Insects use their polarization-sensitive photoreceptors in a variety of ecological contexts including host-foraging. Here, we investigated the effect of polarized light on host foraging by the blood-feeding stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, a pest of livestock. Electroretinogram recordings with chromatic adaptation demonstrated that the spectral sensitivity of stable flies resembles that of other calyptrate flies. Histological studies of the flies' compound eye revealed differences in microvillar arrangement of ommatidial types, assumed to be pale and yellow, with the yellow R7 and pale R8 photoreceptors having the greatest polarization sensitivity. In behavioural experiments, stable flies preferred to alight on horizontally polarized stimuli with a high degree of linear polarization. This preferential response disappeared when either ultraviolet (UV) or human-visible wavelengths were omitted from light stimuli. Removing specific wavelength bands further revealed that the combination of UV (330-400 nm) and blue (400-525 nm) wavelength bands was sufficient to enable polarized light discrimination by flies. These findings enhance our understanding of polarization vision and foraging behavior among hematophagous insects and should inform future trap designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Blake
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Emmanuel Hung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Stephanie To
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - James Qian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Gerhard Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Tsai CL, Lu CN, Tzeng HY, Krafsur ES, Tu WC, Yeh WB. Global population genetic structure and lineage differentiation of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans. Med Vet Entomol 2023; 37:371-380. [PMID: 36734022 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The bloodsucking fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), is a cosmopolitan pest that transmits potential pathogens mechanically. We conduct phylogeographic analyses of S. calcitrans to resolve its global population genetic structure for establishing baseline of molecular studies. Results from mitochondrial gene suggested that the major divergence of S. calcitrans predominantly occurred 0.32-0.47 million years ago (Mya) and the subsequent diversifications took place during 0.13-0.27 Mya. The Ethiopian region was deduced as the most likely origin of S. calcitrans and the Nearctic lineages were considered to have originated from Oriental or Palaearctic regions. Our results further revealed that each biogeographic region of S. calcitrans likely maintains its genetic specialty, and yet, those non-monophyletic relationships were possibly caused by ancestral retention, dispersal with mammals, long-distance migration, and the international livestock industries. Moreover, the three highly diverged Ethiopian lineages may be putative cryptic species that require clarification of their veterinary importance. Unravelling the genetic structure of stable fly and preventing gene flow among biogeographic regions through anthropogenic activities are thus pivotal in livestock industry administration, particularly genetic exchange among differentiated lineages that might lead to the consequence of ecological trait alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lung Tsai
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ning Lu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Hau-You Tzeng
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Elliot S Krafsur
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Wu-Chun Tu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Yeh
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Changbunjong T, Chaiphongpachara T, Weluwanarak T. Species Discrimination of Stomoxys Flies S. bengalensis, S. calcitrans, and S. sitiens (Diptera: Muscidae) Using Wing Geometric Morphometrics. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040647. [PMID: 36830433 PMCID: PMC9951760 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The flies of the genus Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762 (Diptera: Muscidae), are regarded as pests of veterinary and medical importance. In Thailand, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758) is the most abundant species and is widely distributed throughout the country. This Stomoxys species can coexist with two other morphologically similar species: Stomoxys bengalensis Picard, 1908, and Stomoxys sitiens Rondani, 1873. Hence, discriminating using morphological characteristics is difficult, especially if the specimen is damaged or loses its diagnostic characteristics. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of the landmark-based geometric morphometric (GM) approach to discriminate among the three Stomoxys spp.: S. bengalensis, S. calcitrans, and S. sitiens. Left-wing images of S. bengalensis (n = 120), S. calcitrans (n = 150), and S. sitiens (n = 155) were used for the GM analyses. The results of the wing shape analyses revealed that the GM approach was highly effective for discriminating three Stomoxys, with high accuracy scores ranging from 93.75% to 100%. This study adds to the evidence that landmark-based GM is an excellent alternative approach for discriminating Stomoxys species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| | - Tanawat Chaiphongpachara
- Department of Public Health and Health Promotion, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Samut Songkhram 75000, Thailand
| | - Thekhawet Weluwanarak
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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Lorn S, Klakankhai W, Nusen P, Sumarnrote A, Tainchum K. Pyrethroid Susceptibility in Stomoxys calcitrans and Stomoxys indicus (Diptera: Muscidae) Collected from Cattle Farms in Southern Thailand. Insects 2022; 13:711. [PMID: 36005336 PMCID: PMC9409396 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility to six pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin, deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and bifenthrin), each at the recommended concentration, was evaluated for two stable fly species-Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758) and Stomoxys indicus Picard, 1908 (Diptera: Muscidae)-through tarsal contact using a World Health Organization (WHO) cone bioassay procedure. The field populations of S. calcitrans were collected from the Songkhla and Phattalung provinces, while S. indicus were collected from the Phattalung and Satun provinces in Thailand. The stable flies were exposed to insecticide-treated filter paper for 30 min, and their knockdown counts at 30 min and 60 min and mortality counts at 12 h and 24 h were recorded. The S. calcitrans and S. indicus Songkhla and Phattalung populations were moderately susceptible to pyrethroids, as indicated by the 24 h mortality. Nonetheless, the Satun population of S. indicus was completely susceptible to permethrin, with 100% mortality, and showed the lowest susceptibility to deltamethrin and bifenthrin. The results indicate the generally low susceptibility of stable flies to pyrethroids in the southern provinces of Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokchan Lorn
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Department of Foundation Year, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh 12211, Cambodia
| | - Warin Klakankhai
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Pitunart Nusen
- Animal Production Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Anchana Sumarnrote
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Krajana Tainchum
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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Zhu JJ, Roh GH, Asamoto Y, Bizati K, Liu JC, Lehmann A, Harrison K, Taylor DB, Otake H. Development and first evaluation of an attractant impregnated adhesive tape against blood-sucking flies. Insect Sci 2022; 29:603-612. [PMID: 34268876 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stable flies are one of the most important arthropod pests of livestock that reduce cattle weight gain and milk production leading to annual economic losses in excess of $2 billion to the US cattle industry. The host-seeking behavior is primarily mediated by associated odors from stable fly larval development environments and host animals. The present paper reports the development and evaluation of attractant-impregnated adhesive tapes to reduce stable fly attacks on cattle. Laboratory bioassays showed that only m-cresol impregnated adhesive tapes caught significantly more stable flies (16 ± 1) than the control tape without attractant added (7 ± 1), with a 77% fly recapture rate. Attractant-impregnated adhesive tapes deployed in cattle feedlots showed significant impacts in reducing fly population, with a total of one million stable flies captured over a period of three weeks (mean catches from 57 596 to 102 088 stable flies per trap per week). It further relieved cattle stress with a significant reduction of biting fly avoidance behavior, (6 ± 0.4 cows observed with tail wagging in control vs. 3 ± 0.4 from the trap-deployed). The efficacy of the developed tapes lasted up to 1-week longevity, although 70% of m-cresol was released starting from the second day. The m-cresol impregnated adhesive tape provided an 80% reduction in cattle stress due to stable fly attack. This is the first report of a technology developed by integrating an attractant compound into an adhesive material on a plastic film with demonstrated effectiveness in trapping biting flies that attack livestock animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei J Zhu
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Gwang-Hyun Roh
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Hilo, Hawaii, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Lehmann
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kyle Harrison
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - David B Taylor
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Azevedo LH, Borges V, Filho WM, de Campos Castilho R, de Moraes GJ. Semi-field evaluation of the predation of Macrocheles embersoni and Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acari: Mesostigmata: Macrochelidae) on the house fly and the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Pest Manag Sci 2022; 78:1029-1034. [PMID: 34783158 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The house fly, Musca domestica L., and the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), are important and harmful organisms. The cosmopolitan house fly is not parasitic, but the adults are annoying and a known vector of several pathogens. The importance of the stable fly has increased in Brazil in the last 40 years, after major changes in sugarcane cultivation practices were implemented, including the widespread application of vinasse (byproduct in sugarcane mills) and the parallel reduction of sugarcane preharvest burning. These changes have favored the development of this fly, which can reach high populations, that can negatively affect cattle and other animals. The control of these flies relies heavily on the use of chemical products, which very often do not provide adequate population reduction. Predatory mites of the family Macrochelidae have been evaluated under laboratory conditions for the biological control of these organisms, especially of the house fly. The objective of this study was to examine the predation capacity of the macrochelids Macrocheles embersoni Azevedo, Castilho & Berto and Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli) on the house fly and the stable fly, under semi-field conditions (screen-houses). RESULTS Reductions of 83 to 90% of the house fly and 66 to 73% of the stable fly populations were observed, with the release of 100 of these predators per square meter. CONCLUSIONS The number of adults of both fly species was much lower in the units where the predators had been released than in the others. However it is suggested that provisioning and or conserving alternative food sources for these macrochelids, such as free-living nematodes, could further improve biocontrol efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Henrique Azevedo
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Borges
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Walter Mesquita Filho
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Raphael de Campos Castilho
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Gilberto José de Moraes
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
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Tielemans E, Aouiche N, Saunders A, Besselaar J, Beugnet F. Insecticidal efficacy of afoxolaner against Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) in dogs. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2021; 1:100043. [PMID: 35284852 PMCID: PMC8906105 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The insecticidal activity of oral afoxolaner (NexGard®) against stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) that had fed on dogs was evaluated in a blinded, randomised, and negative controlled efficacy study. The efficacy assessments were based on survival rates of fed flies after challenges to treated dogs. For a challenge, each dog was exposed to 50 unfed S. calcitrans for 30 minutes, after which time live fed flies were collected and incubated in an insectarium for viability assessment after 48, 72 and 96 hours. Fourteen dogs were randomly allocated to an untreated control group and an afoxolaner-treated group of seven dogs each. NexGard® was administered on Day 0 per label instructions to the treated group. All dogs were challenged on Days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Efficacy was calculated by comparison of the proportion of incubated live fed flies for each individual after their related 30-min challenges in the control and treated groups after 48, 72 and 96 hours of incubation. A significant afoxolaner activity against S. calcitrans was demonstrated, with efficacy at 96 hours after blood-feeding ranging from 76.4 to 98.5% through Day 28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tielemans
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Nesrine Aouiche
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Adriaan Saunders
- Clinvet International (Pty) Ltd, PO Box 11186, 9321 Universitas, South Africa
| | - J.F. Besselaar
- Clindata International (Pty) Ltd, PO Box 11186, 9321 Universitas, South Africa
| | - Frédéric Beugnet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
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10
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Baleba SBS. Water immersion tolerance by larval instars of stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, L1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) impairs the fitness performance of their subsequent stages. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:78. [PMID: 33947327 PMCID: PMC8097882 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In holometabolous insects, environmental factors experienced in pre-imaginal life stages affect the life-history traits within that stage and can also influence subsequent life stages. Here, I assessed tolerance to water immersion by the larval instars of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae) and its impact on the life-history traits of their subsequent life stages. RESULTS After submerging the three larval instars of S. calcitrans in distilled water, I found that the first instar larvae remained active for longer as compared to the second and third instar larvae. Also, the first instar larvae took a longer period to recover from the stress-induced immobility when removed from the water and returned to ambient temperature. When I followed the development of individuals of each larval instar that survived from water immersion, I found that their developmental time, weight, pupation percentage, adult emergence percentage and adult weight were negatively affected by this stressor. However, the weight of S. calcitrans adults developed from immersed first larval instar individuals was not affected by water immersion whereas their counterparts developed from immersed second and third larval instars had lower body weight. This suggests that in S. calcitrans, water immersion stress at the earlier stage is less detrimental than that experienced at late stages. CONCLUSION This study provides a comparative overview of the fitness consequences associated with water immersion stress during S. calcitrans larval ontogeny. The results prove that the fitness shift induced by water immersion in S. calcitrans is stage-specific. My results illustrate the importance of considering each larval instar when assessing the impact of environmental factors on holometabolous insect performance as these may be decoupled by metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve B S Baleba
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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Tawich SK, Bargul JL, Masiga D, Getahun MN. Supplementing Blood Diet With Plant Nectar Enhances Egg Fertility in Stomoxys calcitrans. Front Physiol 2021; 12:646367. [PMID: 33859570 PMCID: PMC8042263 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.646367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly) is a cosmopolitan biting fly of both medical and veterinary importance. Unlike blood-feeding-related behavior of stable fly, its plant feeding, the fitness value, and the S. calcitrans-plant interaction are less understood. Here we show based on two chloroplast DNA genes, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large chain (rbcL) and the intergenic spacer gene trnH-psbA, that field-collected male and female stable flies fed on various plant species. We investigated the fitness cost of plant feeding using Parthenium hysterophorus, one of the plant species identified to have been fed on by the field-collected flies. Supplementation of blood feeding with a flowering P. hysterophorus plant as nectar source enhanced egg hatchability significantly as compared to blood alone, showing the fitness value of nectar supplementation. However, nectar supplementation did not affect the number of eggs laid or longevity of S. calcitrans as compared to flies that fed on blood alone. S. calcitrans maintained on sugar alone failed to lay eggs. The various plants stable flies fed on demonstrated chemodiversity with their own signature scent. The behavioral response of S. calcitrans to these signature compounds varied from strong attraction (γ-terpinene) to neutral (linalool oxide and myrcene) to repellency (butanoic acid). Our study demonstrated that stable flies feed on nectar, and plant nectar supplementation of blood feeding enhanced larval emergence. Thus, our result has implication in stable fly reproduction, survival, disease transmission, boosting laboratory colony, and the possibility of using plant-derived odors for mass trapping of stable fly, for instance, using γ-terpinene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon K. Tawich
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joel L. Bargul
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Merid N. Getahun
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Baleba SBS, Agbessenou A, Getahun MN, Akutse KS, Subramanian S, Masiga D. Infection of the Stable Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, L. 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) by the Entomopathogenic Fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) Negatively Affects Its Survival, Feeding Propensity, Fecundity, Fertility, and Fitness Parameters. Front Fungal Biol 2021; 2:637817. [PMID: 37744116 PMCID: PMC10512350 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.637817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi can cause substantial mortality in harmful insects. Before killing the insect, these pathogens start by negatively affecting the biological parameters of the host. Prior to our study, the information about how fungal exposure affects the biological parameters of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans was still elusive. Therefore, we aimed to assess the infection of S. calcitrans with some Metarhizium anisopliae strains, and their impact on feeding, fecundity, fertility and other life-history traits of this fly. Among the 11 M. anisopliae strains screened, we identified ICIPE 30 as the most virulent strain against S. calcitrans. We observed that the infectivity of this strain was sex and age-dependent. Infected male S. calcitrans died earlier than their counterpart females. Older infected S. calcitrans died faster than infected young ones. Also, male and female S. calcitrans successfully transmitted ICIPE 30 conidia to their mates. We demonstrated that infection by ICIPE 30 extended the feeding time of S. calcitrans and consequently reduced the feeding probability of the fly and the amount of blood taken. Using a dual test oviposition bioassay, we determined that uninfected gravid female S. calcitrans avoided laying eggs on substrates amended with ICIPE 30 conidia. We showed that these conidia could lower the hatchability of the eggs deposited by gravid females. Using, a no-choice test, we showed that gravid female S. calcitrans infected with ICIPE 30 laid fewer eggs than uninfected females and those eggs hatched less. Using 11 strains of M. anisopliae and four high concentrations of ICIPE 30 conidia, we verified that S. calcitrans larvae were not susceptible to fungal infection. Further, we showed that though these larvae were tolerant to fungal infection, there was a significant effect on their fitness, with contaminated larvae having a small bodyweight coupled with longer developmental time as compared to uncontaminated larvae. Our study provides detailed information on how fungal infection affects the biology of S. calcitrans and the potential of using M. anisopliae ICIPE 30 as a biopesticide to reduce the fly population. Such knowledge can assist in developing fungal-based control strategies against this harmful fly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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13
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Maiquez VF, Pitzer JB, Geden CJ. Insecticide Resistance Development in the Filth Fly Pupal Parasitoid, Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Using Laboratory Selections. J Econ Entomol 2021; 114:326-331. [PMID: 33367762 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Filth flies remain one of the most prevalent pest groups affecting the animal production industry. Spalangia spp. and Muscidifurax spp. are beneficial parasitic wasps that often are utilized to manage filth fly populations such as house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae). These wasps search for filth fly pupae as hosts in areas potentially treated with insecticides, which may result in nontarget insecticide selection effects. However, research regarding resistance development in parasitic wasps such as S. cameroni Perkins (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is limited. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the potential of S. cameroni to develop resistance to the commonly used insecticide permethrin, as well as compare permethrin susceptibility among several S. cameroni strains. After 10 selected generations, susceptibility was significantly lower for the selected strain when compared with that of its unselected parent strain. A comparison of several parasitoid strains collected from different U.S. states indicated that permethrin susceptibility was not significantly different between a baseline strain and more recently established field strains. The potential implications of this previously unrecognized nontarget insecticide exposure effect on filth fly parasitoids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F Maiquez
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, Sacramento, CA
| | - Jimmy B Pitzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, Sacramento, CA
| | - Christopher J Geden
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agriculture, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL
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14
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Carlson JM, Vander Ley BL, Lee SI, Grotelueschen DM, Walz PH, Workman AM, Heaton MP, Boxler DJ. Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in stable flies following consumption of blood from persistently infected cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:108-111. [PMID: 31967528 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719898688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) relies on resource-intensive sampling to detect and remove persistently infected (PI) cattle. Herd-level surveillance tools would be useful for herds with unknown BVDV status and for monitoring herds with BVDV-free status. Our objective was to determine the feasibility of using stable flies as a sampling tool to detect BVDV at the herd level. Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) were fed citrated blood from either BVDV-PI or BVDV-free cattle to establish pools of 100 flies with various proportions of BVDV-fed flies (0%, 1%, 10%, 20%, 40%, or 100% in each pool). BVDV-fed flies in these pools were harvested either 1, 2, or 3 d after consuming BVDV-PI blood to determine the impact of time after feeding. Two replicates of a 3-d by 6-dilution level matrix were produced. BVDV RNA was consistently detected on day 1 when ≥10% of the flies in the pool consumed PI blood. On days 2 and 3, positive BVDV RNA detection was variable and became less consistent. Our results demonstrate that BVDV RNA can be detected in stable flies after feeding on blood from PI cattle. Successful use of stable flies as a surveillance tool will require validation under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaden M Carlson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Carlson, Vander Ley, Grotelueschen).,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Lee).,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz).,Genetics, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton).,Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, NE (Boxler)
| | - Brian L Vander Ley
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Carlson, Vander Ley, Grotelueschen).,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Lee).,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz).,Genetics, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton).,Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, NE (Boxler)
| | - Sang I Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Carlson, Vander Ley, Grotelueschen).,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Lee).,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz).,Genetics, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton).,Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, NE (Boxler)
| | - Dale M Grotelueschen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Carlson, Vander Ley, Grotelueschen).,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Lee).,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz).,Genetics, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton).,Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, NE (Boxler)
| | - Paul H Walz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Carlson, Vander Ley, Grotelueschen).,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Lee).,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz).,Genetics, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton).,Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, NE (Boxler)
| | - Aspen M Workman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Carlson, Vander Ley, Grotelueschen).,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Lee).,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz).,Genetics, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton).,Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, NE (Boxler)
| | - Michael P Heaton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Carlson, Vander Ley, Grotelueschen).,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Lee).,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz).,Genetics, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton).,Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, NE (Boxler)
| | - David J Boxler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Carlson, Vander Ley, Grotelueschen).,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Lee).,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz).,Genetics, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton).,Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, NE (Boxler)
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15
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Fila M, Woźniakowski G. African Swine Fever Virus - The Possible Role of Flies and Other Insects in Virus Transmission. J Vet Res 2020; 64:1-7. [PMID: 32258793 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease of pigs and wild boars. It presents a serious threat to pig production worldwide, and since 2007, ASF outbreaks have been recorded in the Caucasus, Eastern Europe, and the Baltic States. In 2014, the disease was detected in Poland. ASF is on the list of notifiable diseases of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Due to the lack of an available vaccine and treatment, the countermeasures against the disease consist in early detection of the virus in the pig population and control of its spread through the elimination of herds affected by disease outbreaks. Knowledge of the potential vectors of the virus and its persistence in the environment is crucial to prevent further disease spread and to understand the new epidemiology for how it compares to the previous experience in Spain gathered in the 1970s and 1980s.
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Roh GH, Zhou X, Wang Y, Cermak SC, Kenar JA, Lehmann A, Han B, Taylor DB, Zeng X, Park CG, Brewer GJ, Zhu JJ. Spatial repellency, antifeedant activity and toxicity of three medium chain fatty acids and their methyl esters of coconut fatty acid against stable flies. Pest Manag Sci 2020; 76:405-414. [PMID: 31381253 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stable flies are one of the most detrimental arthropod pests to livestock. With changing climates and agronomic practices, they expand their roles as pests and disease vectors as well. Their painful bites reduce livestock productivity, annoy companion animals, and interfere with human recreational activities. Current management technologies are unable to effectively control stable flies. The present study reports new results concerning the contact, spatial repellency, and toxicity of a bio-based product, coconut fatty acid and their methyl ester derivatives of free fatty acids of C8:0 , C10:0 and C12:0 to stable flies. RESULTS Three medium chain fatty acid methyl esters (C8:0 , C10:0 and C12:0 ) showed strong antifeedant activity against stable flies and their strengths were dose-dependent. Only the C8:0 acid, C8:0 - and C10:0 methyl esters elicited significant antennal responses. Laboratory single cage olfactometer bioassays revealed that coconut fatty acid and C8:0 methyl ester displayed active spatial repellency. All three methyl esters showed strong toxicity against stable flies. CONCLUSION Antifeedant activity is the main method through which coconut fatty acid deters stable fly blood-feeding. The C8:0 , C10:0 and C12:0 methyl esters act not only as strong antifeedants, but also possess strong toxicity against stable fly adults. Limited spatial repellency was observed from coconut fatty acid and C8:0 methyl ester. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang H Roh
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Xiaaojie Zhou
- Institute of Disinfection and Vector Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yansu Wang
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Steven C Cermak
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - James A Kenar
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | | | - Baoyu Han
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - David B Taylor
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Zeng
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Chung Gyoo Park
- Institute of Life Science (BK21+ Program)/Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gary J Brewer
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Junwei J Zhu
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, NE, USA
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17
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Reissert-Oppermann S, Bauer B, Steuber S, Clausen PH. Insecticide resistance in stable flies ( Stomoxys calcitrans) on dairy farms in Germany. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2499-507. [PMID: 31363921 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus, 1758) can have a considerable negative impact on animal well-being, health, and productivity. Since insecticides constitute the mainstay for their control, this study aimed at assessing the occurrence of insecticide resistance in S. calcitrans on dairy farms in Brandenburg, Germany. First, the susceptibility of stable flies from 40 dairy farms to a deltamethrin-impregnated fabric was evaluated using the FlyBox® field test method. Then, S. calcitrans strains from 10 farms were reared in the laboratory, and the offspring was tested against the adulticides deltamethrin and azamethiphos and the larvicides cyromazine and pyriproxyfen. The FlyBox® method indicated 100% resistance in stable flies against deltamethrin. Later, to the offspring of those 10 established laboratory strains previously caught on suspected dairy farms, these field findings could be confirmed with mortalities well below 90% 24 h following topical application of the calculated LD95 of deltamethrin and azamethiphos. The ten strains could therefore be classified as resistant to the tested insecticides. In contrast, exposure to the insect growth regulators cyromazine and pyriproxyfen at their recommended concentrations demonstrated 100% efficacy. Both larvicides inhibited the moulting process of the stable fly larval stages completely, showing that the stable fly strains tested were susceptible to them. The intensive use of insecticides in recent decades has probably promoted the development of insecticide resistance. Systematic surveys in different livestock production systems and vigilance are therefore deemed necessary for estimating the risk of insecticide resistance development on a nationwide scale.
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18
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Florez-Cuadros M, Berkebile D, Brewer G, Taylor DB. Effects of Diet Quality and Temperature on Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Development. Insects 2019; 10:E207. [PMID: 31315258 PMCID: PMC6681194 DOI: 10.3390/insects10070207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The effects of diet quality and temperature on the development time and size of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), was evaluated. Both development time and size varied relative to diet quality and temperature, and their effects were additive. Diet quality and temperature made similar contributions to the variance in size whereas temperature was responsible for >97% of the variance in development time. Regression analysis predicted the shortest development time, egg to adult, to be 12.7 days at 32 °C and 70% nutrients. Egg to adult development varied curvilinearly relative to diet quality and temperature on the degree day 10 (DD10) scale taking 261 DD10 at 30 °C and 50% nutrients. The thermal threshold was 11.5 °C with a thermal constant of 248. Very few stable flies developed to adult on the poorest diet (12.5% nutrients) and adults emerged from fewer than 1% of the puparia at 35 °C. The heaviest pupae (15.4 mg) were produced with the 100% diet at 15 °C and adults had a higher probability of emerging successfully from heavier puparia. The length of the discal-medial cell of adult wings had a cubic relationship with puparia weight and peaked at 21 °C. Egg to pupariation survival was predicted to peak at 27 °C and 71% diet whereas puparia to adult survival peaked at 24 °C and 100% diet. Diet quality and temperature had no effect on sex ratio and the rate of development did not differ between the sexes. Female stable flies were ≈5% larger than males. Composite metrics for egg to pupariation and egg to adult fitness were developed. The optimum for puparia fitness was 29 °C and 78% diet quality and for adult fitness 25 °C and 83% diet quality. Diet accounted for 31% of the variance in pupal fitness and 24% of the variance in adult fitness whereas temperature accounted for 17% and 20%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Florez-Cuadros
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816, USA
- Current affiliation: Centro Integral de Investigaciones (CIVIF), Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia
| | - Dennis Berkebile
- Agroecosystems Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937, USA
| | - Gary Brewer
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816, USA
| | - David B Taylor
- Agroecosystems Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937, USA.
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Burgess ER, Geden CJ. Larvicidal potential of the polyol sweeteners erythritol and xylitol in two filth fly species. J Vector Ecol 2019; 44:11-17. [PMID: 31124230 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The house fly, Musca domestica (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), and the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), are two filth flies responsible for significant economic losses in animal production. Although some chemical control products target adults of both species, differences in mouthpart morphology and behavior necessitates distinct modalities for each. For these reasons, larvicides are an attractive means of chemical control. We assessed the potential of the polyol sweeteners erythritol and xylitol as larvicides to the house fly and stable fly. LC50 values of erythritol against 2nd instar larvae were 34.94 mg/g media (house fly) and 22.10 mg/g media (stable fly). For xylitol, LC50 values were 74.91 mg/g media (house fly) and 41.58 mg/g media (stable fly). When given a choice, neither species showed a preference for ovipositing in media treated with either sweetener at various concentrations or in media without sweetener. Significantly lower development from egg to adult was observed when the 2nd instar LC50 equivalent of each sweetener was present in the media compared to controls. Erythritol and xylitol both have larvicidal qualities, however their effective concentrations would necessitate creative product formulation and deployment methods to control all stages of developing flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Burgess
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, U.S.A
| | - Christopher J Geden
- USDA, ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL 32607, U.S.A
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Baleba SBS, Masiga D, Torto B, Weldon CW, Getahun MN. Effect of larval density and substrate quality on the wing geometry of Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:222. [PMID: 31077236 PMCID: PMC6511121 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In insects, oviposition decisions may lead to egg deposition in substrates with different larval density and nutritional levels. Individuals developing in such substrates may present plasticity in their phenotype. Here, we investigated the effect of two factors related to oviposition decisions, namely larval density and substrate quality, on the wing size and wing shape of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Methods We reared S. calcitrans larvae at different densities (5, 15 and 25) and on different substrates (camel, cow, donkey and sheep dung). For each fly that emerged, we recorded body weight, and detached, slide-mounted and photographed the right wing. Next, we collected 15 landmarks on each photographed wing, and applied geometric morphometric analysis to assess variation in wing size and wing shape of S. calcitrans across the different larval densities and substrate types. Results We observed that wing size and wing shape of S. calcitrans were affected by larval density and the nature of the developmental substrate. Flies reared in a group of 5 had larger wing centroid size, wing length, wing width, wing area and wing loading compared with those reared in a group of 25. Also, flies developed in donkey and sheep dung had larger wing centroid size, wing length, wing width, wing area and wing loading in comparison with those grown in camel and cow dung. Canonical variate analysis followed by discriminant analysis revealed significant wing shape variation in S. calcitrans across the different densities and substrates. Wing size had a significant but weak positive effect on wing shape. Conclusions This study demonstrates the high sensitivity of S. calcitrans wings to variation in larval density and developmental substrate, and that use of landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis could improve our understanding of how flies of veterinary importance respond to environmental variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve B S Baleba
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Christopher W Weldon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Merid N Getahun
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Castilla-Castaño E, Moog F, Mandin-Cabaret C, Pressanti C, Cadiergues MC. Control of fly strike dermatitis in dogs with a topically applied combination of imidacloprid and permethrin: a prospective open-label controlled clinical trial. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:132. [PMID: 30898148 PMCID: PMC6429772 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A prospective clinical study evaluated the tolerance and the efficacy of a combination of imidacloprid (10%) and permethrin (50%) (ADVANTIX®: Bayer HC AH, France) applied topically as a spot-on, for the treatment of natural canine fly dermatitis due to Stomxys calcitrans. The study was an open-label controlled study and one-month follow-up. Methods Fifteen dogs, from the same animal kennel, with active pinnal lesions of fly dermatitis, received a single application of the solution on the cranium and the base of the ears on Day 0 (D0). Five dogs, from the same kennel, similarly affected, served as non-treated controls. No other therapeutical or hygienic measures were taken. Lesional score was based on extension, alopecia, crusts, scales, erosions/ulcers, loss of substance and lichenification, each assessed on a 0–4 scale. Evaluation was performed on D0, D14 and D30. Total lesion score reduction was calculated at each time point using the arithmetic mean of total lesion score according to Abbott’s formula. Scores obtained on D14 and D30 were compared with the baseline obtained on D0. Results No adverse event was recorded. The lesion score ranged between 4–13 at D0 in all dogs. In control dogs, D0 mean (± SD) lesion score was 7 ± 1.4. Lesion scores were maintained on D14 (6.6 ± 3.4) and D30 (8.6 ± 5.4). In treated dogs, D0 mean lesion score was 9.9 ± 2.5. Lesion scores of the treated dogs were reduced by 59% on D14 (4.1 ± 2.8) and 80% on D30 (1.9 ± 1.5) (P < 0.05). Conclusions The combination imidacloprid-permethrin proved safe and helpful in the management of natural canine fly dermatitis. It could also be suggested as a preventive measure with a monthly application during the fly exposition phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Castilla-Castaño
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Small Animal Hospital, Dermatology Service, 23, Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse cedex3, France
| | - Fabien Moog
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Small Animal Hospital, Dermatology Service, 23, Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse cedex3, France
| | | | - Charline Pressanti
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Small Animal Hospital, Dermatology Service, 23, Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse cedex3, France
| | - Marie Christine Cadiergues
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Small Animal Hospital, Dermatology Service, 23, Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse cedex3, France. .,UDEAR, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, ENVT, 23, Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex3, France.
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22
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Tainchum K, Shukri S, Duvallet G, Etienne L, Jacquiet P. Phenotypic susceptibility to pyrethroids and organophosphate of wild Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) populations in southwestern France. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:4027-4032. [PMID: 30324257 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), is an important vector of lumpy skin disease and bovine besnoitiosis in Europe. Control of this biting fly could represent a keystone in the containment of this emerging disease. Reports of insecticide resistance in S. calcitrans are scarce in Europe. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic susceptibility to deltamethrin, cypermethrin and phoxim of five wild S. calcitrans populations from southwestern France, where transmission of bovine besnoitiosis is very prevalent. Adult S. calcitrans were caught at each study site and exposed to insecticide-impregnated filter papers under laboratory conditions. Quantities of active ingredients on filter papers corresponded to the recommended doses proposed by the manufacturers (37.5 mg a.i./m2 of cattle's skin, 125 mg a.i./m2 and 750 mg a.i./m2 for deltamethrin, cypermethrin and phoxim respectively) were tested. Knock-down effects (KD) (1 h after the onset of exposure) and mortality rates (24 h and 48 h after exposure) were evaluated. Phoxim showed a rapid and full efficacy in all populations. However, the KD effects (37.5 to 97.5%) and the mortality rates at 48 h (10 to 91.25%) induced by the exposure to pyrethroids varied greatly according to the study site but none of the populations showed full susceptibility. Therefore, the current recommended doses of these pyrethroids are probably less efficient than expected in the field and should be considered with caution in the control of bovine besnoitiosis in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krajana Tainchum
- Department of Pest Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Sharif Shukri
- UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Gérard Duvallet
- Centre d'Écologie fonctionnelle et évolutive, UMR5175, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, route de Mende, 34199, Montpellier, cedex, France
| | - Lucas Etienne
- Centre d'Écologie fonctionnelle et évolutive, UMR5175, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, route de Mende, 34199, Montpellier, cedex, France
| | - Philippe Jacquiet
- UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 31076, Toulouse, France.
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23
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Lempereur L, Sohier C, Smeets F, Maréchal F, Berkvens D, Madder M, Francis F, Losson B. Dispersal capacity of Haematopota spp. and Stomoxys calcitrans using a mark-release-recapture approach in Belgium. Med Vet Entomol 2018; 32:298-303. [PMID: 29344956 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The dispersion potential of mechanical vectors is an important factor in the dissemination of pathogens. A mark-release-recapture experiment was implemented using two groups (unfed and partially fed) of the Tabanidae (Diptera) (Haematopota spp.) and biting Muscidae (Diptera) (Stomoxys calcitrans) most frequently collected in Belgium in order to evaluate their dispersion potential. In total, 2104 specimens of Haematopota spp. were collected directly from horses and 5396 S. calcitrans were collected in a cattle farm using hand-nets. Some of these insects were partially fed in vitro and all were subsequently coloured. Overall, 67 specimens of S. calcitrans (1.2%) and 17 of Haematopota spp. (0.8%) were recaptured directly on horses. Stomoxys calcitrans flew maximum distances of 150 m and 300 m when partially fed and unfed, respectively. Haematopota spp. travelled maximum distances of 100 m and 200 m when partially fed and unfed, respectively. Segregation measures seem essential in order to reduce the risk for pathogen transmission. A distance of 150 m appears to be the minimum required for segregation to avoid the risk for mechanical transmission, but in areas of higher vector density, this should probably be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lempereur
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Centre for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - C Sohier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - F Smeets
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Functional and Evolutionary Entomology Unit, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - F Maréchal
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Centre for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - D Berkvens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Madder
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - F Francis
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Functional and Evolutionary Entomology Unit, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - B Losson
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Centre for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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24
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Friedrich M, Chahine H, Al-Jageta C, Badreddine H. Massive parallel expansions of Methuselah/Methuselah-like receptors in schizophoran Diptera. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2018; 330:384-389. [PMID: 30058118 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Methuselah/Methuselah-like (Mth/Mthl) family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) is represented by 16 homologs in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Three of them have thus far been functionally characterized and found to play critical roles in cell adhesion, immunity, lifespan, and oxidative stress regulation. Evolutionary studies have shown that the large number of D. melanogaster Mth/Mthl GPCRs arose by at least two rounds of gene duplications. The first produced the "mth superclade" subfamily and was followed by the expansion of the "melanogaster subgroup" cluster within the "mth superclade" of Mth/Mthl GPCRs. The adaptive significance of the Mth/Mthl receptor repertoire expansion in Drosophila remains elusive. Studying the Mth/Mthl gene family content in newly available dipteran genomes, we find that the first expansion of the mthl superclade predates the diversification of schizophoran Diptera approximately 65 million years ago. Unexpectedly, we further find that the subsequent expansion of the melanogaster subgroup cluster was paralleled by independent mth superclade Mth/Mthl GPCR expansions in other schizophoran clades (Muscidae and Tephritidae). Our study thus reveals an even more dynamic diversification of mth superclade GPCRs than previously appreciated and linked to the emergence of schizophoran flies, the most dramatic radiation in the dipteran tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Hanady Chahine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Cristina Al-Jageta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Hamzah Badreddine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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25
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Olesen AS, Lohse L, Hansen MF, Boklund A, Halasa T, Belsham GJ, Rasmussen TB, Bøtner A, Bødker R. Infection of pigs with African swine fever virus via ingestion of stable flies ( Stomoxys calcitrans). Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1152-1157. [PMID: 29877056 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Within Eastern Europe, African swine fever virus (ASFV) has unexpectedly spread to farms with high biosecurity. In an attempt to explain this process, pigs were allowed to ingest flies that had fed on ASFV-spiked blood, which had a realistic titre for an infected pig. Some of the pigs became infected with the virus. Thus, ingestion of blood-sucking flies, having fed on ASFV-infected wild boar before entering stables, represents a potential route for disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sofie Olesen
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Louise Lohse
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Mette Frimodt Hansen
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anette Boklund
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tariq Halasa
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Graham J Belsham
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Anette Bøtner
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - René Bødker
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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26
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Haspeslagh M, Vlaminck L, Martens A. The possible role of Stomoxys calcitrans in equine sarcoid transmission. Vet J 2017; 231:8-12. [PMID: 29429489 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The association between bovine papillomavirus (BPV) and equine sarcoids is well established, but it is unclear how the virus spreads. Although evidence in support of viral spread through direct animal contact exists, this does not explain sarcoid development in isolated equids. BPV DNA has been detected in flies, which could indicate that these insects serve as a vector. This study aimed to investigate whether BPV-negative stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) become positive for BPV DNA after exposure to equine sarcoid or bovine papilloma tissue under experimental conditions and, if so, for how long. A total of 420 stable flies were caught alive and exposed to BPV positive equine sarcoid or bovine papilloma tissue. During the following week, dead flies were collected daily and BPV loads were determined by quantitative PCR. There was a significant rise in BPV load after tissue exposure both in sarcoid and papilloma exposed flies, but the viral load was higher and remained high for a longer time after exposure to papilloma tissue compared to sarcoid tissue. Within days, viral loads decreased again and became indifferent from loads before exposure. The results of these experiments indicate that BPV transmission by S. calcitrans seems possible and is more likely to occur after contact with bovine papillomas than with equine sarcoids. Transmission seems only possible shortly after tissue exposure. Further research could include experimental induction of sarcoids with BPV positive stable flies, or a repeat of the experiment with micro-dissection prior to PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haspeslagh
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - L Vlaminck
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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27
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Kahana-Sutin E, Klement E, Lensky I, Gottlieb Y. High relative abundance of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans is associated with lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Israeli dairy farms. Med Vet Entomol 2017; 31:150-160. [PMID: 27976815 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The vector of lumpy skin disease (LSD), a viral disease affecting Bovidae, is currently unknown. To evaluate the possible vector of LSD virus (LSDV) under field conditions, a yearlong trapping of dipterans was conducted in dairy farms that had been affected by LSD, 1-2 years previously. This was done in order to calculate monthly relative abundances of each dipteran in each farm throughout the year. The relative abundances of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) in the months parallel to the outbreaks (December and April) were significantly higher than those of other dipterans. A stable fly population model based on weather parameters for the affected area was used to validate these findings. Its results were significantly correlated with S. calcitrans abundance. This model, based on weather parameters during the epidemic years showed that S. calcitrans populations peaked in the months of LSD onset in the studied farms. These observations and model predictions revealed a lower abundance of stable flies during October and November, when LSD affected adjacent grazing beef herds. These findings therefore suggest that S. calcitrans is a potential vector of LSD in dairy farms and that another vector is probably involved in LSDV transmission in grazing herds. These findings should be followed up with vector competence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kahana-Sutin
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - E Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - I Lensky
- Department of Geography and Environment, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Y Gottlieb
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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28
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Hogsette JA, Kline DL. The Knight Stick Trap and Knight Stick Sticky Wraps: New Tools for Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Management. J Econ Entomol 2017; 110:1384-1389. [PMID: 28334297 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), management can be difficult, especially in situations where pesticide usage is restricted or disallowed. Traps have been used for monitoring stable flies, but have rarely been used for management. The Knight Stick (KS) trap recently became available, and preliminary studies indicated that it might be an improvement to traps currently in use. The Olson Sticky Fly trap was chosen as the control trap for the purpose of comparisons. Both traps attract stable flies by alteration of light waves and capture flies on a sticky wrap covering the trap base. The KS trap captured 3× more stable flies than the Olson trap, whereas the Olson trap base covered with the KS Sticky wrap captured 3-5× more stable flies than the Olson trap base with the standard Olson Sticky wrap. This indicated inherent attraction from the KS Sticky wrap. This was supported when KS Tank wraps, a larger version of the KS Sticky wraps, applied to 51 kg of liquid propane (LP) tanks on Mosquito Magnet Independence traps producing CO2, captured significantly more stable flies and significantly more stable flies per square centimeter of sticky wrap than Olson Sticky Sleeve wraps applied to the LP tanks. In a final study, when two configurations of KS Tank wraps were applied to white plastic barrels and compared with three standard KS traps, mean numbers of stable flies captured were numerically similar. The significance of findings and potential uses for the traps are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome A Hogsette
- USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 S.W. 23rd Dr., Gainesville, FL 32608 ( ; )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Daniel L Kline
- USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1600?S.W. 23rd Dr., Gainesville, FL 32608 (; )
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29
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Kneeland KM, Skoda SR, Foster JE. Genetic variability of the stable fly assessed on a global scale using amplified fragment length polymorphism. Insect Sci 2016; 23:695-703. [PMID: 25788399 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), is a blood-feeding, economically important pest of animals and humans worldwide. Improved management strategies are essential and their development would benefit from studies on genetic diversity of stable flies. Especially if done on a global scale, such research could generate information necessary for the development and application of more efficient control methods. Herein we report on a genetic study of stable flies using amplified fragment length polymorphism, with samples of 10-40 individuals acquired from a total of 25 locations in the Nearctic, Neotropic, Palearctic, Afrotropic and Australasian biogeographical regions. We hypothesized that genetic differentiation would exist across geographical barriers. Although FST (0.33) was moderately high, the GST (0.05; representing genetic diversity between individuals) was very low; Nm values (representing gene flow) were high (9.36). The mismatch distribution and tests of neutrality suggested population expansion, with no genetic differentiation between locations. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results showed the majority of genetic diversity was within groups. The mantel test showed no correlation between geographic and genetic distance; this strongly supports the AMOVA results. These results suggest that stable flies did not show genetic differentiation but are panmictic, with no evidence of isolation by distance or across geographical barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Kneeland
- Department of Entomology, 103 Entomology Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Steven R Skoda
- USDA-ARS-KBUSLIRL Screwworm Research Unit, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX, 78028, USA.
| | - John E Foster
- Department of Entomology, 103 Entomology Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
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30
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Vitela-Mendoza I, Cruz-Vázquez C, Solano-Vergara J, Orihuela-Trujillo A. Short communication: Relationship between serum cortisol concentration and defensive behavioral responses of dairy cows exposed to natural infestation by stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9912-9916. [PMID: 27665135 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of natural infestation by Stomoxys calcitrans on the behavioral and adrenocortical responses of dairy cattle. Twenty Holstein cows randomly selected were individually sprayed with insecticide once every 7d, whereas no insecticide was applied to the other 20 animals. The average number of flies per cow was estimated daily, and the frequency of fly-avoidance behaviors was measured daily; plasma cortisol concentration was measured each morning. No flies were ever counted on the treated cows at any time during the experiment, whereas an average of 17.13±1.14 (±standard error) flies/d were recorded on untreated cows. Tail movement was the most frequent behavior displayed, with stamps or kicks showing the highest increment rate (41.2×) when fly population increased from zero to greater than 51 flies/cow. Cortisol concentration increased to a maximum of 56.81±39.53ng/mL with 26 to 30 flies/cow per day. Coefficients of determination between the number of flies, cortisol concentration, tail movements, and stamps or kicks were 0.73, 0.78, and 0.81, respectively. The multiple correlation coefficient was 0.90, with 81% of the variation in cortisol concentration explainable by variation in the number of flies per cow and the frequency of fly-avoidance behaviors. It was concluded that plasma cortisol concentration is linearly related to a combination of the number of flies and the frequency of fly-dislodging behaviors, producing a maximum response before reaching maximum fly loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vitela-Mendoza
- Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, El Llano, Aguascalientes, 20330 México
| | - C Cruz-Vázquez
- Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, El Llano, Aguascalientes, 20330 México.
| | - J Solano-Vergara
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernacava, 62210 México
| | - A Orihuela-Trujillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernacava, 62210 México
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31
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Zhu JJ, Zhang QH, Taylor DB, Friesen KA. Visual and olfactory enhancement of stable fly trapping. Pest Manag Sci 2016; 72:1765-71. [PMID: 26662853 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stable flies are considered to be one of the major blood-feeding pests in the US livestock industry, causing losses running into billions of dollars annually. Adult stable flies are highly attracted to Alsynite traps; however, Alsynite is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain and is expensive. RESULTS Here, we report on the development of a less expensive and more efficacious trap based upon a white panel with the option to add visual and olfactory stimuli for enhanced stable fly trapping. White panel traps caught twice as many stable flies than Alsynite traps. Baiting the traps with synthetic manure volatiles increased catches 2-3-fold. Electroretinographic recordings of stable flies showed strong peaks of visual sensitivities occurring at 330-360 nm, 460-525 nm and 605-635 nm. A laboratory study indicated that young stable flies are more responsive to white, whereas gravid females prefer blue; in the field, white traps caught more stable flies than patterned or blue-black traps. CONCLUSION Stable fly control can be enhanced by developing more efficient trapping systems with added visual and olfactory stimuli. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei J Zhu
- USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Qing-He Zhang
- Sterling International, Inc., Spokane, WA, 99216, USA
| | - David B Taylor
- USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Kristina A Friesen
- USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
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32
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Solórzano JA, Gilles J, Bravo O, Vargas C, Gomez-Bonilla Y, Bingham GV, Taylor DB. Biology and trapping of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) developing in pineapple residues (Ananas comosus) in Costa Rica. J Insect Sci 2015; 15:145. [PMID: 26454479 PMCID: PMC4626667 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pineapple production in Costa Rica increased nearly 300-fold during the last 30 yr, and >40,000 hectares of land are currently dedicated to this crop. At the end of the pineapple cropping cycle, plants are chopped and residues incorporated into the soil in preparation for replanting. Associated with increased pineapple production has been a large increase in stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), populations. Stable flies are attracted to, and oviposit in, the decomposing, chopped pineapple residues. In conjunction with chemical control of developing larvae, adult trapping is an important control strategy. In this study, four blue-black fabric traps, Nzi, Vavoua, Model H, and Ngu, were compared with a white sticky trap currently used for stable fly control in Costa Rica. Overall, the white sticky trap caught the highest number of stable flies, followed by the Nzi, Vavoua, Model H, and Ngu. Collections on the white sticky trap increased 16 d after residues were chopped; coinciding with the expected emergence of flies developing in the pineapple residues. During this same time period, collections in the blue-black fabric traps decreased. Sex ratio decreased from >7:1 (females:males) 3-7 d after chopping to 1:1 at 24-28 d. White sticky, Nzi and Vavoua traps collected similar numbers of colonizing flies 3-7 d after residues were chopped. However, white sticky traps collected more flies once emergence from the pineapple residues began. Although white sticky traps collected more flies than fabric traps, they remain labor intensive and environmentally unsound because of their disposable and nonbiodegradable nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Arturo Solórzano
- Instituto Nacional Innovación y Transferencia en Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Jeremie Gilles
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Oscar Bravo
- Instituto Nacional Innovación y Transferencia en Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Cristina Vargas
- Instituto Nacional Innovación y Transferencia en Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Yannery Gomez-Bonilla
- Instituto Nacional Innovación y Transferencia en Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), San Jose, Costa Rica
| | | | - David B Taylor
- USDA-ARS, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583
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Machtinger ET, Geden CJ. Comparison of the Olfactory Preferences of Four of Filth Fly Pupal Parasitoid Species (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) for Hosts in Equine and Bovine Manure. Environ Entomol 2015; 44:1417-24. [PMID: 26314022 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
House flies (Musca domestica L.) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) (Diptera: Muscidae) are common pests in equine and cattle facilities. Pupal parasitoids, primarily in the genera Spalangia and Muscidifurax (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), can be purchased for biological control of these flies. However, little is known about the host-habitat preferences associated with host-seeking by these parasitoids. The preferences of two Spalangia and two Muscidifurax species to odors associated with house fly hosts in equine and bovine manure were investigated in the laboratory using a Y-tube olfactometer. Odor stimuli from manure without developing flies, third-instar house flies in manure, and fly host puparia in manure were evaluated. In choice tests, S. cameroni and S. endius were strongly attracted to odor associated with equine manure against clean air. Although S. cameroni was attracted to all bovine manure-containing treatments against clean air, S. endius was only attracted to the bovine manure with third-instar flies. There were no significant differences between the Spalangia species in odor responses. Neither Muscidifurax species were attracted to equine manure treatments and were only attracted to the bovine manure with puparia over clean air. In manure comparison studies, bovine treatments with developing flies were more attractive than the equivalent equine treatments to both Muscidifurax species The data suggest that coexistence between the competing pteromalid parasitoids might be promoted by different host-seeking behaviors. Additionally, manure preferences may indicate parasitoid suitability for releases on different livestock and equine facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Machtinger
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL, 32611.
| | - C J Geden
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 S. W. 23rd Dr., Gainesville, FL 32608
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Cruz-Vazquez C, Carvajal Márquez J, Lezama-Gutiérrez R, Vitela-Mendoza I, Ramos-Parra M. Efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae in the control of infestation by stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), under natural infestation conditions. Vet Parasitol 2015. [PMID: 26209932 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae applied by aspersion to control of Stomoxys calcitrans flies in dairy cattle naturally infested. Was applied by aspersion an aqueous formulation of M. anisopliae sensu lato (Ma134), at a concentration of 1×10(8)conidia/ml, four times with seven day intervals, on a group of eight Holstein cows; a control group of eight Holstein cows, received a water solution with Tween 80 (0.1%). The average number of flies per animal was estimated one day before each application, and then daily counts were done in both groups. The effectiveness of the formulation was calculated using the Abbott's formula. At the same time, defensive behaviors of stamp/kicks and tail movements were evaluated daily, estimating relative frequency per hour. The Ma134 formulation had an infestation control efficacy of 73%, taking into consideration the four study weeks. The population reduction effect was observed since the first week post-application (p<0.05), and the effect increased with the subsequent applications. Defensive behaviors were reduced beginning from the first application, reaching a reduction of 66% and 70%, respectively, during the four weeks of study. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of the formulation to control infestation by S. calcitrans, as well as reduce defensive behaviors which involves the infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cruz-Vazquez
- Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Km. 18 Carretera Aguascalientes - San Luis Potosí, El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico.
| | - J Carvajal Márquez
- Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Km. 18 Carretera Aguascalientes - San Luis Potosí, El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - R Lezama-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Colima, Tecomán, Colima, Mexico
| | - I Vitela-Mendoza
- Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Km. 18 Carretera Aguascalientes - San Luis Potosí, El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - M Ramos-Parra
- Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Km. 18 Carretera Aguascalientes - San Luis Potosí, El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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Rochon K, Baker RB, Almond GW, Gimeno IM, Pérez de León AA, Watson DW. Persistence and Retention of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae). J Med Entomol 2015; 52:1117-1123. [PMID: 26336236 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the acquisition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus by the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae; Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) through a bloodmeal, and virus persistence in the digestive organs of the fly using virus isolation and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Stable flies were fed blood containing live virus, modified live vaccine virus, chemically inactivated virus, or no virus. Stable flies acquired PRRSV from the bloodmeal and the amount of virus in the flies declined with time, indicating virus did not replicate in fly digestive tissues. Virus RNA was recovered from the flies fed live virus up to 24 h postfeeding using virus isolation techniques and 96 h using qRT-PCR. We further examined the fate of PRRSV in the hemolymph of the flies following intrathoracic injection to bypass the midgut barrier. PRRSV was detected in intrathoracically inoculated adult stable flies for 10 d using qRT-PCR. In contrast to what we observed in the digestive tract, detectable virus quantities in the intrathoracically inoculated stable flies followed an exponential decay curve. The amount of virus decreased fourfold in the first 3 d and remained stable thereafter, up to 10 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rochon
- University of Manitoba, 214 Entomology Bldg., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2.
| | - R B Baker
- Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 3020, Ames, IA 50010
| | - G W Almond
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - I M Gimeno
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - A A Pérez de León
- Knipling-Bushland US Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd., Kerrville, TX 78028-1984
| | - D W Watson
- North Carolina State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1111 Grinnells Laboratory, Campus Box 7626, Raleigh, NC 27695-7626
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Friesen K, Chen H, Zhu J, Taylor DB. External Morphology of Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae. J Med Entomol 2015; 52:626-37. [PMID: 26335469 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the external morphology of first-, second-, and third-instar stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)). In the cephalic region, the antennae, labial lobe, and maxillary palpi are morphologically similar among instars. Antennae comprise a prominent anterior dome that is the primary site of olfaction, while the maxillary palpi are innervated with mechano- and chemosensilla and scolopodia. The ventral organ and facial mask, also located in the pseudocephalon, are not well-developed in first instars, but become progressively more so in the subsequent instars. When the pseudocephalon is partially retracted, anterior spines cusp around the oral ridges of the facial mask. This indicates the anterior spinose band may be used in conjunction with the facial mask in predigestion. Functional anterior spiracles are absent on first instars, but become evident as a pair of palmate spiracular processes with five to seven lobes in second and third instars. A pair of Keilin's organs, functioning as hygroreceptors, is located on each thoracic segment. Abdominal segments are marked with ventral creeping welts, the anal pad, anus, papillae, and posterior spiracles. Ventral creeping welts are thought to aid in locomotion, while the anal pad acts as an osmoregulatory structure. Posterior spiracles are modified from round spiracular discs with two straight slits in the first instar to triangular discs with two and three sinuous slits in the second and third instars, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Friesen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583.
| | - Han Chen
- Beadle Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Jerry Zhu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - David B Taylor
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583
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Machtinger ET, Geden CJ, Teal PE, Leppla NC. Comparison of Host-Seeking Behavior of the Filth Fly Pupal Parasitoids, Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Environ Entomol 2015; 44:330-337. [PMID: 26313187 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvu063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The pupal parasitoids, Spalangia cameroni Perkins and Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, can be purchased for biological control of house flies Musca domestica L. and stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae). Little is known about the odors involved in host-seeking behavior of these two species, so odors associated with house flies were investigated in the laboratory using a Y-tube olfactometer. Odor stimuli from house fly host puparia, larvae, pine-shavings bedding with horse manure, and developing flies in the pine-shavings-manure substrate were evaluated in bioassays using the two pteromalid species. In choice tests, naïve female S. cameroni were strongly attracted to odor from the substrate containing house fly larvae and secondarily from the uninfested substrate and substrate with puparia versus humidified and purified air. This species also selected the substrate with larvae versus the substrate with the house fly puparia or uninfested substrate. Muscidifurax raptor was attracted to odor from the substrate containing puparia, washed puparia, and substrate with puparia removed. The data suggest that coexistence between the two pteromalid parasitoids, S. cameroni and M. raptor, might be promoted by different host-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Machtinger
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611. Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - C J Geden
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 S. W. 23rd Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - P E Teal
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 S. W. 23rd Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - N C Leppla
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Tangtrakulwanich K, Albuquerque TA, Brewer GJ, Baxendale FP, Zurek L, Miller DN, Taylor DB, Friesen KA, Zhu JJ. Behavioural responses of stable flies to cattle manure slurry associated odourants. Med Vet Entomol 2015; 29:82-87. [PMID: 25557192 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans [Diptera: Muscidae] L.) are blood-feeding synanthropic pests, which cause significant economic losses in livestock. Stable fly antennae contain olfactory sensilla responsive to host and host environment-associated odours. Field observation indicated that the abundance of stable flies increased significantly in grasslands or crop fields when cattle manure slurry was applied. Major volatile compounds emanating from manure slurry were collected and identified. Behavioural responses of stable flies to those compounds were investigated in laboratory bioassays and field-trapping studies. Results from olfactometer assays revealed that phenol, p-cresol and m-cresol were attractive to adult stable flies. When tested individually, attraction was higher with lower dosages. Stable flies were most attracted to blends of phenol and m-cresol or p-cresol. Traps with binary blend lures caught more stable flies in field trials as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tangtrakulwanich
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, U.S.A
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Machtinger ET, Geden CJ, Hogsette JA, Leppla NC. Development and Oviposition Preference of House Flies and Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in Six Substrates From Florida Equine Facilities. J Med Entomol 2014; 51:1144-1150. [PMID: 26309300 DOI: 10.1603/me14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
House flies, Musca domestica L., and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), (Diptera: Muscidae), common pests on equine facilities, were studied in the laboratory to determine the success and duration of larval development and oviposition preferences on six substrates commonly found on equine facilities. Substrates tested were hay soiled with urine and manure, fresh horse manure, pine shaving bedding soiled with urine and manure (<12 h old), pine shaving bedding soiled with urine and manure (aged >72 h in a manure pile), builders sand bedding soiled with urine and manure aged 3 d, and soil from an overgrazed pasture mixed with urine and manure of variable age. House fly larvae failed to develop into adults in hay, soil, and sand substrates. Stable flies preferred to oviposit on substrates with plant material and not on fresh manure. However, when eggs were added to the substrates, pupariation was maximal in fresh manure and the fresh pine shaving substrate. Stable flies developed in all six equine substrates, but development was less successful on the substrates with soil. In choice tests, fresh manure and the fresh pine shaving substrates were the most attractive for house fly oviposition. These substrates also yielded the greatest number of house fly puparia from artificially added eggs. An understanding of oviposition preferences and differential larval development of house flies and stable flies on these substrates may help develop options for reducing pest populations by effectively managing equine waste and selecting appropriate bedding materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Machtinger
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611.
| | - C J Geden
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 S. W. 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - J A Hogsette
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 S. W. 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - N C Leppla
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Zhu JJ, Wienhold BJ, Wehrle J, Davis D, Chen H, Taylor D, Friesen K, Zurek L. Efficacy and longevity of newly developed catnip oil microcapsules against stable fly oviposition and larval growth. Med Vet Entomol 2014; 28:222-227. [PMID: 24111783 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), is one of the most important pests of cattle and costs U.S. cattle producers billions of dollars in losses annually. In this study, the efficacy of catnip oil encapsulated in gelatin in oviposition deterrence and larval growth inhibition in stable flies was examined under laboratory conditions. More than 98% inhibition of stable fly larval growth and female oviposition was observed in larval and oviposition media treated with encapsulated catnip oil (0.5 g). Further, dose-response tests showed that as little as 0.1 g of encapsulated catnip oil provided > 85% oviposition deterrence. The release of nepetalactones from the capsules was more rapid when the capsules were placed on a moist substrate rather than a dry substrate. Encapsulated catnip oil also exhibited antibacterial activity, supporting the hypothesis that its inhibition of larval growth may be based on its killing of the bacteria on which larvae feed. The use of encapsulated catnip oil can provide an alternative control strategy for stable fly management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Zhu
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE, U.S.A
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Hieu TT, Jung J, Kim SI, Ahn YJ, Kwon HW. Behavioural and electroantennogram responses of the stable fly ( Stomoxys calcitrans L.) to plant essential oils and their mixtures with attractants. Pest Manag Sci 2014; 70:163-172. [PMID: 23564737 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect olfactory organs possess many olfactory receptor neurons, which detect many different sets of odorants in nature. In order to feed on blood meals, stable flies locate host animals and humans using chemical cues such as 1-octen-3-ol and butyric acid. In the present study, behavioural and electroantennogram (EAG) response patterns to repellent volatiles from essential oils (EOs) of Zanthoxylum piperitum and Z. armatum in combination with the attractants were investigated. RESULTS Components of the EOs such as cuminaldehyde, citronellal, neral, linalool, linalool oxide, terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole, and piperitone induced remarkable repellent behaviours in the stable fly. EAG responses in the fly antenna to these chemicals showed a dose-dependent manner. The patterns of behavioural and EAG responses were significantly altered depending on the ratios of 1-octen-3-ol or butyric acid to the EOs or compounds in the air mixtures. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that the Zanthoxylum EOs decreased the levels of response of flight behaviours of the stable fly towards host volatile compounds. The combinations of odorant mixtures of the attractants with the EOs and their components affect the representation of behavioural and EAG responses of the flies. The summation and integration patterns of olfactory responses measured by the EAG indicated that the peripheral olfactory networks in antennae could process the odorant complexity of different odorant mixtures between attractants and repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Tran Hieu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
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