Bisphenol a (BPA) aggravate the adverse effect on physiological and biochemical response in freshwater mussel potomida littoralis

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound extensively employed in plastic manufacturing, and this pollutant has been detected in diverse aquatic organisms, notably bivalves. In order to comprehend the ecological and toxicological consequences of BPA Bisphenol A in these organisms, it is essential to examine the physiological and biochemical effects and identify areas where our understanding is lacking. This knowledge is crucial for determining the environn ental threat posed by bisphenol A and assisting decision-makers in establishing the appropriate priorities. This investigation aimed to assess the impact of BPA on the biochemical and physiological parameters of the freshwater mussel Potomida littoralis. In a laboratory setting, mussels were subjected to two different levels of BPA (20 and 100 μg/L) for a duration of 21 days. Filtration rate was calculated from the clearance of neutral red, fed to mussels at different BPA concentrations. The mussel's filtration rate capacity declined as BPA exposure intensified, potentially due to the mussel's attempt to close its valves and minimize BPA absorption, thus preventing cellular damage. In the digestive gland tissue, key antioxidant and detoxification defenses, including catalase (CAT) activity, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, and levels of H2O2 and glutathione (GSH), were activated, particularly at the 100 μg/L BPA concentration. This activation helped protect against lipid damage at higher BPA concentrations. This study underscores the significance of preventing and regulating BPA release into the environment to avert detrimental consequences for aquatic ecosystems.

Occupational daily walking steps have inverse relationship with papillary thyroid cancer risk and progression: a retrospective analysis

OBJECTIVES

Investigate the impact of daily occupational walking steps on the progression of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), a topic hitherto underresearched.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The authors analyzed the data from 800 individuals with PTC across stages 0-IV. Participants were evenly divided into 2 distinct occupational groups: office workers and construction workers (N = 400 each). Data included comprehensive records of daily walking steps, demographic information, and clinical indicators. Pearson's correlation coefficients or analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to assess the linkage between daily walking steps and PTC risk and stage, as well as associated biochemical markers.

RESULTS

The analysis revealed a significant inverse relationship between daily walking steps and PTC risk. A higher frequency of daily steps was associated with reduced chances of PTC onset and a lower diagnostic stage of the disease. This protective effect of physical activity was particularly pronounced in the construc- tion worker cohort. Subsequent evaluations showed that construction workers who consistently logged higher daily steps had markedly lower levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, thyroid peroxidase antibody, thyroglobulin antibody, and thy- roglobulin (Tg). Notably, daily walking steps exhibited a strong inverse correlation with body mass index (BMI), age, PTC volumes, and levels of TSH and Tg across both occupational groups (ρ < -0.37). The increase in daily steps was associated with the reduction in PTC stages (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The research underscores the potential benefits of increased daily walking steps, suggesting that they may play a protective role in reducing PTC risk and moderating its progression. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2024;37(1):58-71.

Effect of age on metabolomic changes in a model of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neurotoxicity

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (CIPN) is one of the most common dose-limiting side effects of paclitaxel (PTX) treatment. Many age-related changes have been hypothesized to underlie susceptibility to damage or impaired regeneration/repair after nerve injury. The results of these studies, however, are inconclusive and other potential biomarkers of nerve impairment need to be investigated.

METHODS

Twenty-four young (2 months) and 24 adult (9 months) Wistar male rats were randomized to either PTX treatment (10 mg/kg i.v. once/week for 4 weeks) or vehicle administration. Neurophysiological and behavioral tests were performed at baseline, after 4 weeks of treatment and 2-week follow-up. Skin biopsies and nerve specimens collected from sacrificed animals were examined for intraepidermal nerve fiber (IENF) density assessment and nerve morphology/morphometry. Blood and liver samples were collected for targeted metabolomics analysis.

RESULTS

At the end of treatment, the neurophysiological studies revealed a reduction in sensory nerve action potential amplitude (p < .05) in the caudal nerve of young PTX-animals, and in both the digital and caudal nerve of adult PTX-animals (p < .05). A significant decrease in the mechanical threshold was observed only in young PTX-animals (p < .001), but not in adult PTX-ones. Nevertheless, both young and adult PTX-rats had reduced IENF density (p < .0001), which persisted at the end of follow-up period. Targeted metabolomics analysis showed significant differences in the plasma metabolite profiles between PTX-animals developing peripheral neuropathy and age-matched controls, with triglycerides, diglycerides, acylcarnitines, carnosine, long chain ceramides, sphingolipids, and bile acids playing a major role in the response to PTX administration.

INTERPRETATION

Our study identifies for the first time multiple related metabolic axes involved in PTX-induced peripheral neurotoxicity, and suggests age-related differences in CIPN manifestations and in the metabolic profile.

Subchronic exposure to fenpyroximate causes multiorgan toxicity in Wistar rats by disrupting lipid profile, inducing oxidative stress and DNA damage

BACKGROUND

Fenpyroximate (FEN) is an acaricide that inhibits the complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in mites. Data concerning mammalian toxicity of this acaricide are limited; thus the aim of this work was to explore FEN toxicity on Wistar rats, particularly on cardiac, pulmonary, and splenic tissues and in bone marrow cells.

METHODS

rats were treated orally with FEN at 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/Kg bw for 28 days. After treatment, we analyzed lipid profile, oxidative stress and DNA damage in rat tissues.

RESULTS

FEN exposure increased creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, elevated total cholesterol (T-CHOL), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations, while decreasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). It inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, enhanced lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and modulated antioxidant enzymes activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase). Comet assay indicated that FEN induced a dose-dependent DNA damage, contrasting with the micronucleus test showing no micronuclei formation. Nonetheless, FEN exhibited cytotoxicity to bone marrow cells, as evidenced by a reduction in the number of immature erythrocytes among total cells.

CONCLUSION

FEN appears to carry out its genotoxic and cytotoxic activities most likely through an indirect pathway that involves oxidative stress.

Reference intervals of biochemical parameters in Chilean adults

Background

Establishing reference intervals (RIs) in clinical laboratories is essential, as these can vary due to inter-individual variability as well as the analytical methods used. The purpose of this study was to determine RIs for markers and ratios biochemical in apparently healthy Chilean adults.

Methods

A sample of 1,143 data was selected from the Universidad Católica de Temuco, Clinical Laboratory database, La Araucanía Region, Chile, which were analysed by sex. The Tukey's Fences was used to detect outliers and the RIs were established using the non-parametric method.

The Association of Serum Calprotectin with Fitness Indicators and Biochemical Markers in High-Level Athletes: A Continuous Dynamic Monitoring during One Competitive Season

The objective was to determine the associations between several biochemical indicators and the dynamics of concentration change across four physical fitness phases over the period of a competitive season. Furthermore, associations between serum calprotectin and biomarkers of inflammation or muscle injury and physical indicators were examined.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Twenty professional male water polo players (median age: 28 (22-42)) were included in this study. Serum creatine kinase activity was determined by the automated photometric UV method. The concentrations of calprotectin, C-reactive protein, and myoglobin were measured using an automated immunoturbidimetric method, while an automated immunochemistry method was employed for interleukin-6, troponin I, and cortisol determination. Tests of repeated strength, maximal strength, and static strength were used to evaluate physical activity.

RESULTS

Serum calprotectin concentrations expressed in median and IQR were significantly different: T1: 2.92 g/mL (2.47; 3.86); T2: 2.35 g/mL (1.26; 2.87); T3: 2.27 g/mL (1.60; 3.27); and T4: 1.47 g/mL (1.04; 2.85) (p = 0.004). Cortisol concentration and CK activity showed significant changes among phases (p = 0.049 and p = 0.014, respectively). Each physical activity examined showed a significant seasonal decrease (all p values were 0.001). Calprotectin serum concentration and indicators of muscular injury, inflammation, and physical activity were found to be correlated during particular stages of the seasonal examination.

CONCLUSIONS

Calprotectin values determined throughout one competitive season decreased as training intensity among water polo players increased. Serum calprotectin concentrations and indicators were related to biochemical markers of inflammation and muscle damage.

Age-specific reference intervals for liver function tests in healthy neonates, infants, and young children in Iran

BACKGROUND

The reference intervals (RIs) for liver function tests (LFTs) were determined in Iranian children for the first time.

METHODS

A total of 344 healthy pediatrics aged 3 days to 30 months old were recruited. Serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, direct bilirubin, and total bilirubin were measured. RIs were determined using CLSI Ep28-A3 guidelines.

RESULTS

All analytes demonstrated age-specific differences except AST. ALT and ALP demonstrated significantly elevated levels in infants 0 to <5 months relative to the remainder of the age range. Direct and total bilirubin demonstrated markedly elevated levels in early life with mean of 0.28 mg/dL and 1.64 mg/dL observed for direct and total bilirubin, respectively, decreasing by ~50% in the adjacent partition.

CONCLUSION

These novel data will help improve the clinical interpretation of biochemical test results in young Iranian neonates and children and can be of value to clinical laboratories with similar populations.

Biopsychosocial Variables in Male Schizophrenic Patients: A Comprehensive Comparison with Healthy Controls

OBJECTIVE

this study aims to comprehensively compare neuropsychological, psychopathological, anthropometric, biochemical, pharmacological, and lifestyle variables between 27 male schizophrenic patients (SZ group) and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy male controls (HC group).

METHODS

participants underwent a battery of neuropsychological tests including the Trail Making Test (TMT), Stroop Color-Word Interference Test, and Verbal Fluency Test. Psychopathological symptoms in the SZ group were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Anthropometric measurements such as body weight, height, BMI, and waist circumference were taken. Biochemical markers measured included fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and fasting insulin. Lifestyle factors were assessed through a questionnaire for the study of views and eating habits of people aged 16 to 65.

RESULTS

the HC group outperformed the SZ group in the TMT_A test and the Stroop test, but no significant differences were observed in the TMT_B test or in phonemic fluency tests. No correlation was found between age and PANSS scores within the SZ group. Anthropometrically, the SZ group had higher body weight, waist circumference, and BMI, with no difference in height. Biochemically, the HC group had higher HDL cholesterol levels but lower insulin and insulin resistance indices. Pharmacological assessment showed a more significant impact on body weight among SZ patients taking second-generation antipsychotics. Lifestyle factors such as diet and screen time were comparable between groups, but the SZ group reported longer sleep duration and lower leisure time activity.

CONCLUSIONS

our study highlights distinct neuropsychological, pharmacological, anthropometric, and biochemical differences between male schizophrenic patients and healthy controls. The results underscore the complexity of schizophrenia and point toward the need for a multi-faceted approach to its management and understanding.

Lipid peroxidation and changes in major antioxidant markers in copper quinolate fungicide-exposed rats

The present study investigated the toxic effects of sub-chronic exposure to copper quinolate (CuQ) fungicide on liver and kidney function. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were equally divided into a control group, and three treated groups received, respectively, by oral gavage, three increasing doses of CuQ: 47; 67.1; and 94 mg/kg b.w corresponding, respectively, LD50/100, LD50/70, and LD50/50 daily for 8 weeks. CuQ resulted in a significant increase in the serum enzymatic activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, and malondialdehyde, along with a marked decrease in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, and the contents of total protein and albumin compared to those of the control group. Furthermore, glutathione content and the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner with respect to CuQ. The adverse effects of CuO were supported by the histopathological evaluations of liver and kidney tissues. Conclusively, sub-chronic CuQ exposure was shown to induce kidney and liver oxidative damage and dysfunction.

Which clinical factors and biochemical parameters are associated with late-life major depression?

INTRODUCTION

Late-life major depression (MD) is a frequent and high-cost psychiatric disorder. Our purpose was to detect clinical and biological factors possibly associated with this condition to better prevent and treat it.

METHODS

We recruited 343 patients, consecutively admitted for a Major Depressive Episode to the inpatient clinic of Policlinico of Milan and ASST Monza, Italy. A large set of clinical and biochemical variables was collected from clinical charts. Univariate analyses were performed both dividing the sample into two groups (age < or ≥65) and considering age as a continuous quantitative variable. Regression analyses were then performed considering as independent variables only those statistically significant at univariate analyses.

RESULTS

Patients aged ≥ 65 resulted in having longer duration of illness, shorter duration of last antidepressant therapy, higher number of antidepressants assumed in the past, higher frequency of treatment-resistant depression, higher frequency of overweight/obesity and diabetes. As for biochemical parameters, patients ≥ 65 showed lower total plasmatic proteins and albumin, higher uric acid and creatinine.

CONCLUSIONS

These preliminary results suggest less effectiveness of antidepressants, more susceptibility to metabolic disorders and poor nutritional status in patients with late-life depression; such aspects may consequently be taken into consideration for a proper therapeutic approach. KEY POINTSDepression in late life seems to be associated with poorer response to antidepressants;Clinicians should prefer compounds with minimal pharmacokinetic interactions and less risk of side effects including metabolic ones;The poor nutritional status and the higher risk of metabolic disorders in older patients points out the importance of proper diet and healthy lifestyle in this group of subjects;Further studies are needed to confirm the results of this research.

Interpreting growth hormone and IGF-I results using modern assays and reference ranges for the monitoring of treatment effectiveness in acromegaly

Standard treatment for acromegaly focuses on the achievement of target absolute levels of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I). The appropriateness of these targets when measured using modern assay methods is not well defined. This paper reviews biochemical status assessed using methods available at the time and associated clinical outcomes. GH measurements were shown to provide an indication of changes in tumor size, and failure of GH suppression after glucose stimulation is associated with tumor recurrence. IGF-I levels were more closely associated with changes in symptoms and signs. Reduced GH and IGF-I concentrations were shown to be associated with increased longevity, although the degree of increase has only been analyzed for GH. Lowering of GH and IGF-I has consistently been associated with improved outcomes; however, absolute levels reported in previous studies were based on results from methods and reference ranges that are now obsolete. Applying previously described absolute thresholds as targets (e.g. "normal" IGF-I level) when using current methods is best applied to those with active acromegaly symptoms who could benefit from further lowering of biochemical markers. In asymptomatic individuals with mild IGF-I or GH elevations, targeting biochemical "normalization" would result in the need for combination pharmacotherapy in many patients without proven benefit. Measurement of both GH and IGF-I remains an essential component of diagnosis and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment in acromegaly; however, treatment goals based only on previously identified absolute thresholds are not appropriate without taking into account the assay and reference ranges being employed. Treatment goals should be individualized considering biochemical improvement from an untreated baseline, symptoms of disease, risks, burdens and costs of complex treatment regimens, comorbidities, and quality of life.

Application for Screening to Monitor and Assess Pregnancy Potential Risks

Research in the field of maternal-fetal medicine brings a new approach, by involving several fields: genetics, informatics, teratology, imaging, obstetric diagnosis, maternal-fetal physiology, endocrinology, and aims to determine the relationships that appear between the maternal medical pathology and the fetal one. In this article, we present an application for monitoring and calculating risk in Trisomy-21 for pregnant women. To calculate the risk, we used 2 methods, one mathematical and one using neural networks to investigate which one offers higher precision. Following the experimental results, due to the use of several variables that increase the risk for Trisomy-21, the conclusion is that the method using neural networks is better, having an accuracy of 95%.

Role of First Trimester Screening Biochemical Markers to Predict Hypertensive Pregnancy Disorders and SGA Neonates-A Narrative Review

Early recognition of high-risk pregnancies through biochemical markers may promote antenatal surveillance, resulting in improved pregnancy outcomes. The goal of this study is to evaluate the possibilities of using biochemical markers during the first trimester of pregnancy in the prediction of hypertensive pregnancy disorders (HPD) and the delivery of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates. A comprehensive search was conducted on key databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, for articles relating to the use of biochemical markers in the prediction of HPD and SGA. The findings show that changes in the levels of biomarkers in the early pregnancy phases could be an important indicator of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The literature shows that low PAPP-A (pregnancy-associated plasma protein A) and PlGF (placental growth factor) levels, low alkaline phosphatase (AP), higher sFlt-1 (soluble fms-like Tyrosine Kinase-1) levels, higher AFP (alfa fetoprotein) levels, and elevated levels of inflammatory markers such as β-HGC (free beta human chorionic gonadotropin), interferon-gamma (INF-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) may be associated with risks including the onset of HPD, fetal growth restriction (FGR), and delivery of SGA neonates. Comparatively, PAPP-A and PlGF appear to be the most important biochemical markers for the prediction of SGA and HPD.

β-Alanine Supplementation in Combat Sports: Evaluation of Sports Performance, Perception, and Anthropometric Parameters and Biochemical Markers-A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials

β-alanine does not have an ergogenic effect by itself, but it does as a precursor for the synthesis of carnosine in human skeletal muscle. β-alanine and carnosine together help improve the muscles' functionality, especially in high-intensity exercises such as combat sports. Therefore, β-alanine could be considered a nutritional ergogenic aid to improve sports performance in combat athletes. We aimed to critically review clinical trial evidence on the impact of β-alanine supplementation on sports performance, perception, and anthropometric parameters, as well as circulating biochemical markers in combat athletes. This systematic review was conducted following the specific methodological guidelines of the Preferred Report Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA), the PICOS question model, the Critical Review Form of McMaster, and the PEDro scale. Furthermore, the Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment tool was used. The search was carried out in the SCOPUS, Web of Science (WOS), and Medline (PubMed) databases for studies published from the beginning of the database until July 31, 2023. Of the 41 registers identified, only 7 met the established criteria and were included in this systematic review. Overall, performance parameters related to strength, power, total exercise work capacity, and combat-specific parameters were significantly improved (p < 0.05). Perception parameters increased non-significantly (p > 0.05). Regarding biochemical parameters, carnosine increased significantly (p < 0.05), pH decreased non-significantly (p > 0.05), and the results for blood bicarbonate and blood lactate were heterogeneous. Finally, there was a non-significant (p > 0.05) improvement in the anthropometric parameters of lean mass and fat mass. β-alanine supplementation appears to be safe and could be a suitable nutritional ergogenic aid for combat athletes.

Keto Menu-Effect of Ketogenic Menu and Intermittent Fasting on the Biochemical Markers and Body Composition in a Physically Active Man-A Controlled Case Study

The combination of ketogenic diet (KD) with intermittent fasting (IF) has, for years, aroused a great interest in the scientific world and among healthy lifestyle enthusiasts. Its importance is even greater when the study subjects are physically active individuals. The aim of the study was a determination of the effect of strict calculated ketogenic menu combined with IF and with caloric deficit on the selected biochemical markers and body composition in a 23-year-old man performing strength training. At the same time, we decided to conduct the first so-deeply investigated and controlled case study in this respect. The study protocol included a 13-week-long ketogenic diet with intermittent fasting (of delayed time-restricted eating 16:8 type) and caloric deficit. A detailed menu was designed and was used by the man throughout the whole study duration. A number of blood tests were performed before and after the implemented dietary intervention. Additionally, body composition was determined weekly and the concentrations of glucose and ketone bodies, as well as pulse rate and arterial pressure, were measured daily. The most important changes noted included a significant increase in testosterone and vitamin D concentrations and significant reduction in the HOMA-IR index and concentrations of hepatic enzymes, insulin, glucose, iron, urea, and free triiodothyronine (FT3). Moreover, a significant improvement of body composition occurred (the ratio of total body mass to the adipose and muscular tissue and water mass improved). Favourable changes were also noted in heart rate and arterial pressure values. In view of that, the KD with IF and caloric deficit exerted favourable effects on most biochemical parameters and on body composition and caused an almost twofold increase in serum testosterone concentration.

Clinical Features, Biochemical Parameters, and Treatment Adherence of Individuals Who Started the Treatment for Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis during the Pandemic Period

This descriptive prospective study investigated the clinical features and treatment adherence of individuals who started the treatment for Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) during the COVID-19 pandemic in São Luís. Thirty-six TB patients and thirty-five age/sex-matched individuals were recruited between January 2021 and January 2022. The clinical features, sociodemographic information, and serum were obtained at the diagnosis time. Adherence to treatment and adverse reactions were investigated monthly. The most common symptoms in TB patients were cough (91.6%) and fever (83.3%). All TB patients had elevated pre-therapy levels of CRP and reduced HDL: 88.9% presented hypocalcemia and 47.2% showed elevated ALP and GGT. TB patients showed higher levels of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, CRP, amylase, and triglycerides than the comparison group (p < 0.05), while the calcium levels were reduced (p < 0.0001). TB patients with anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgG antibodies (seroprevalence of 66.7%) presented higher values of amylase and lower CRP levels (p < 0.05). Most patients (~70%) reported at least one adverse drug reaction, mainly pruritus and nausea. The treatment abandonment rate was 19.2%. In conclusion, TB patients showed elevated pre-therapy levels of CRP, low levels of HDL, and hypocalcemia. Liver and pancreatic functions were also compromised in several patients before the therapy. The treatment non-adherence rate observed was similar to other studies performed before the pandemic period.

Lack of an association between first-trimester concentration of mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide and risk of early-onset preeclampsia <34 weeks' gestation

AIM

We examined the heart failure biomarker mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide during the first trimester of pregnancy in relation to early-onset preeclampsia <34 weeks.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This case-control study included 34 women with singleton pregnancies with a preeclampsia diagnosis and delivery before 34 weeks of gestation who had attended the routine first-trimester ultrasound scan at 11-13+6 weeks of gestation between August 2010 and October 2015 at the Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark, and 91 uncomplicated singleton pregnancies matched by time of the routine first-trimester blood sampling at 8-13+6 weeks. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed for maternal characteristics and obstetric and medical history for the case versus the control group. Concentrations of mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide, placental growth factor, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A between early-onset preeclampsia cases and the control group were compared using Students t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test. Biochemical marker concentrations were converted into multiples of the expected median values after adjustment for gestational age.

RESULTS

Mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide levels were not significantly different between early-onset preeclampsia cases and the control group in the first trimester of pregnancy. As expected, both placental growth factor and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A levels were significantly lower in early-onset preeclampsia, whereas soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 levels were not statistically significantly different.

CONCLUSION

The maternal first-trimester concentration of mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide, a peptide with multiple biological functions including a relation to cardiovascular disease, was not significantly different in women with early-onset preeclampsia.

Investigating the Urinary Metabolome in the First Year of Life and Its Association with Later Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder or Non-Typical Neurodevelopment in the MARBLES Study

Developmental disabilities are often associated with alterations in metabolism. However, it remains unknown how early these metabolic issues may arise. This study included a subset of children from the Markers of Autism Risks in Babies-Learning Early Signs (MARBLES) prospective cohort study. In this analysis, 109 urine samples collected at 3, 6, and/or 12 months of age from 70 children with a family history of ASD who went on to develop autism spectrum disorder (ASD n = 17), non-typical development (Non-TD n = 11), or typical development (TD n = 42) were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to measure urinary metabolites. Multivariate principal component analysis and a generalized estimating equation were performed with the objective of exploring the associations between urinary metabolite levels in the first year of life and later adverse neurodevelopment. We found that children who were later diagnosed with ASD tended to have decreased urinary dimethylamine, guanidoacetate, hippurate, and serine, while children who were later diagnosed with Non-TD tended to have elevated urinary ethanolamine and hypoxanthine but lower methionine and homovanillate. Children later diagnosed with ASD or Non-TD both tended to have decreased urinary 3-aminoisobutyrate. Our results suggest subtle alterations in one-carbon metabolism, gut-microbial co-metabolism, and neurotransmitter precursors observed in the first year of life may be associated with later adverse neurodevelopment.

Assessment of the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of fermented camel milk fortified with Cordia myxa and its biological effects against oxidative stress and hyperlipidemia in rats

Natural feed additives and their potential benefits in production of safe and highly nutritious food have gained the attention of many researchers the last decades. Cordia myxa is a nutrient-dense food with various health benefits. Despite this fact, very limited studied investigated the physicochemical and sensory impacts of incorporation of fermented camel milk with Cordia myxa and its biological effects. The current study aimed to assess the physical, chemical, and sensory characteristics of fermented camel milk (FCM) fortified with 5, 10, and 15% Cordia myxa pulp. The study demonstrated that fortification of camel milk efficiently enhanced protein, total solids, ash, fiber, phenolic substance, and antioxidant activity. When compared to other treatments, FCM supplemented with 10% Cordia myxa pulp had the best sensory features. In addition, FCM fortified with 10% Cordia myxa pulp was investigated as a potential inhibitor of hypercholesterolemia agents in obese rats. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were split into two main groups including normal pellet group (n = 8) served as negative control group (G1) and a group of hyperlipidemic animals (n = 24) were feed on a high-fat diet (HFD). Hyperlipidemic rats group (n = 24) were then divided into three subgroups (8 per each); second group or positive control (G2) which include hyperlipidemic rats received distilled water (1 mL/day), the third group (G3) involved hyperlipidemic rats feed on FCM (10 g/day) and the fourth group (G4) included hyperlipidemic animals feed on 10 g/day FCM fortified with 10% of Cordia myxa pulp by oral treatment via an intestinal tube for another 4 weeks. In contrast to the positive control group, G4 treated with Cordia myxa showed a substantial decrease in malondialdehyde, LDL, cholesterol, triglycerides, AST, ALT, creatinine, and urea levels, while a significant increase in HDL, albumin, and total protein concentrations. The number of large adipocytes decreased while the number of small adipocytes increased after consumption of fortified FCM. The results indicated that fermented milk fortified with Cordia myxa pulp improved the functions of the liver and kidney in hyperlipidemic rats. These results demonstrated the protective effects of camel milk and Cordia myxa pulp against hyperlipidemia in rats.

The Effectiveness of Adjuvant Attangaogam (Athanam) Yoga Asana-Pranayamam Practices With Regard to Biochemical, Inflammatory, and Hematological Markers Among COVID-19 Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Southern Tamilnadu

Background and objective Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a highly contagious infectious disease that has affected many countries globally. Attangaogam, known in Sanskrit as "Ashtanga yoga", is a practice associated with the spiritual and cultural heritage of India whose origins can be traced back to the very dawn of civilization; the practice of yoga promotes health, healing, and longevity. This study aimed to analyze the effects of Attangaogam (Athanam) yoga asana-Pranayamam practice on biochemical, inflammatory, and hematological markers in the management of COVID-19. Materials and methods A prospective observational study was conducted from August 2021 to February 2022 among hospitalized adult patients of both sexes who consented to participate and tested positive for COVID-19 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Convenience sampling was employed and the study was approved by Institutional Ethics Committee (VMCIEC/74/2021). Clinical details, inflammatory markers, D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin, procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and complete blood count (CBC) were analyzed for all the volunteering patients on admission and before commencing yoga-pranayamam practices. Also, the parameters were recorded after practicing the scheduled protocol: on the day of discharge, and after the first and third months of discharge. Microsoft Excel 2013 was used for statistical analysis. Results Of the 76 patients, 32 were followed up regularly; the mean age of the cohort was 50.6 ± 4.95 years, and 62% were males. All the patients attained normal oxygen saturation and got discharged in 7-14 days. The comparison of clinical, hematological, inflammatory, and biochemical investigations between pre- and post-Attangaogam yoga-Pranayamam practice sessions showed statistically significant differences and the patients attained normal levels for all variables within three months except for serum albumin. Conclusion Based on our findings, the practice of Attangaogam yoga-Pranayamam contributed to the successful treatment of COVID-19 with the early restoration of protracted hypermetabolic and hyperinflammatory markers to normal status. The evidence related to biomarkers revealed that the patients attained metabolic normalcy of cell health with the aid of personalized physical rehabilitation counteracting inflammation and promoting tissue repair thanks to holistic natural and innate immunity provided by Attangaogam yoga-pranayamam practices.

COVID-19 in Pediatric Patients: A Study Based on Biomarker Levels

BACKGROUND

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected people of all ages, but limited data are available on children with mild and severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

METHODS

Clinical characteristics, inflammation, and other biochemical biomarkers have been described, but information is scarce in asymptomatic and mild cases. Laboratory investigations were performed with pediatric patients (n=70) for liver function and kidney function, along with C-reactive protein (CRP).

RESULTS

Mild clinical characteristics and symptoms were observed in pediatric patients. Even in moderate cases of COVID-19, elevated levels of biomarkers indicate altered liver and kidney function in children. The levels of liver enzymes, bilirubin, creatinine, and CRP varied significantly between the three classes, particularly between asymptomatic and moderate cases. Liver enzymes, bilirubin, and creatinine levels in moderate COVID-19 pediatric cases were twice as elevated as in asymptomatic cases. Liver enzymes and CRP levels were moderately elevated.

CONCLUSION

Monitoring blood biomarkers consistently can assist in the accurate identification of infection in young patients as well as in the prevention of its spread and the administration of appropriate treatment.

Polyphasic characterisation of Microcoleusautumnalis (Gomont, 1892) Strunecky, Komárek & J.R.Johansen, 2013 (Oscillatoriales, Cyanobacteria) using a metabolomic approach as a complementary tool

As a result of the continuous revision of cyanobacterial taxonomy, Phormidiumautumnale (Agardh) Trevisan ex Gomont, 1892 has been transferred to the genus Microcoleus as Microcoleusautumnalis (Gomont, 1892) Strunecky, Komárek & J.R.Johansen, 2013. This transfer was based on a single strain and literature data. In the present study, we revise the taxonomic position of Microcoleusautumnalis by applying the classical approach of polyphasic taxonomy and additionally using metabolomics. Cyanobacterial strains identified as Phormidiumautumnale and Microcoleusvaginatus (type species of the genus Microcoleus) were used for comparative analyses. In addition, the taxonomic relationship between the species Phormidiumautumnale and Phormidiumuncinatum was determined on the basis of polyphasic characteristics. Monitoring of the morphological variability of Phormidiumautumnale and Microcoleusvaginatus strains showed a difference in the morphology concerning the ends of the trichomes, the shape of the apical cells, as well as the presence/absence of the calyptra and its shape. The performed TEM analysis of the thylakoid arrangement of the studied strains showed parietal arrangement of the thylakoids in the representatives of genus Phormidium and fascicular arrangement in genus Microcoleus. Molecular genetic analyses, based on 16S rDNA, revealed grouping of the investigated P.autumnale strains in a separate clade. This clade is far from the subtree, which is very clearly formed by the representatives of the type species of genus Microcoleus, namely M.vaginatus. The metabolomic analysis involving P.autumnale and M.vaginatus strains identified 39 compounds that could be used as potential biochemical markers to distinguish the two cyanobacterial species. Based on the data obtained, we suggest changing of the current status of Microcoleusautumnalis by restoring its previous appurtenance to the genus Phormidium under the name Phormidiumautumnale (Agardh) Trevisan ex Gomont, 1892 and distinguishing this species from genus Microcoleus.

Structural changes after ankle joint distraction in haemophilic arthropathy: an explorative study investigating biochemical markers and 3D joint space width

INTRODUCTION

Ankle joint distraction (AJD) is a promising treatment for patients with severe haemophilic ankle arthropathy (HAA). However, some patients showed no clinical improvement after AJD and these differences may be related to structural differences.

AIM

Primarily to quantify the structural changes after AJD in patients with HAA by the use of 3D joint space width (JSW) measurements and biochemical markers and secondarily to correlate these findings with clinical pain/function.

METHODS

Patients with haemophilia A/B who underwent AJD were included for this study. Bone contours on MRI (performed before and 12 and 36 months after AJD) were drawn manually and percentage change in JSW was calculated. Blood/urine (before and 6, 12, 24 and 36 months after AJD) was collected for biomarker measurement (COMP, CS846, C10C, CALC2, PRO-C2, CTX-II) and combined indexes of markers were calculated. Mixed effects models were used for analyses on group level. Structural changes were compared with clinical parameters.

RESULTS

Eight patients were evaluated. On group level, percentage changes in JSW showed a slight decrease after 12 months followed by a non-statistically significant increase in JSW after 36 months compared to baseline. Biochemical marker collagen/cartilage formation also showed an initial decrease, followed by a trend towards net formation 12, 24 and 36 months after AJD. On individual patient level, no clear correlations between structural changes and clinical parameters were observed.

CONCLUSION

Cartilage restoration activity on group level in patients with HAA after AJD was in concordance with clinical improvements. Correlating structural modifications with clinical parameters in the individual patient remains difficult.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor serum levels following ketamine and esketamine intervention for treatment-resistant depression: secondary analysis from a randomized trial

OBJECTIVES

Evidence suggests that ketamine's influence on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) might be involved in its mechanism of rapid antidepressant action. We aimed to evaluate the differential impact of ketamine and esketamine on serum BDNF levels and its association with response patterns in treatment-resistant depression (TRD).

METHODS

Participants (n = 53) are from a randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing the efficacy of single-dose ketamine (0.5mg/kg, n = 27) and esketamine (0.25mg/kg, n = 26) in TRD. Depression severity was assessed before and 24 hours, 72 hours, and 7 days after the intervention, using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Blood samples were collected before infusion, 24 hours, and 7 days afterwards.

RESULTS

There were no significant changes in BDNF levels at post-infusion evaluation points, and no difference in BDNF levels comparing ketamine and esketamine. Both drugs exhibited similar therapeutic effect. There was no association between BDNF levels and response to treatment or severity of depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSION

There was no significant treatment impact on BDNF serum levels - neither with ketamine nor esketamine - despite therapeutic response. These results suggest that ketamine or esketamine intervention for TRD has no impact on BDNF levels measured at 24 hours and 7 days after the infusion.

Physiological and biochemical markers of gamma irradiated white radish (Raphanus sativus)

PURPOSE

A field experiment was performed to investigate the impact of low-dose gamma rays on growth parameters and bioactive compounds of white radish.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

White radish seeds were irradiated by gamma rays dose levels (10, 20, 40 and 80 Gy) beside control. Physiological and biochemical markers were done to follow the effect of gamma rays on white radish.

RESULTS

The results revealed that gamma rays increased growth parameters with increasing irradiation to a dose of 40 Gy. The maximum increments were found at 14.64 (cm), 48.30 (cm), 20.84 (cm) and 5.51 (cm) for leaves number, leaves length, roots length and roots diameter, respectively, with a dose of 40 Gy. By increasing the irradiation dose to 80 Gy, the results showed reduction in all parameters studied. Ascorbic acid gave the maximum increase with the dose of 40 Gy, while phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase showed the highest increase with the dose 80 of Gy in radish leaves. Similar trend was observed for the radish roots. Furthermore, the protein and isoenzyme profiles of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase changed and induced alteration by different irradiation dose levels.

CONCLUSION

Gamma rays can be a useful tool for increasing the growth and biochemical content of white radish plants and perhaps other food crops.

Early assessment of extremity compartment syndrome by biochemical markers in a rat model

BACKGROUND

This experimental study aimed to define a biochemical marker that will enable early diagnosis of acute compartment syndrome (ACS) of extremities, a mortal condition that occurs due to trauma.

METHODS

A total of 15 Wistar rats were included in the study in which saline infusion technique, a clinically compatible ACS model, was applied. After the rats were anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine, the in-compartment pressure of the hind limb was slowly increased with saline delivered through the angiocatheter, and after reaching the target compartment pressure, the pressure level was kept with a rubber tourniquet. The in-compartment pressure level was continuously monitored with a pressure transducer. The rats were divided into three groups. No intervention was applied to the control group (CG) (n = 3). In study group 1 (SG1) (n = 6), ACS was created using the saline infusion technique, keeping the in-compartment pressure between 30 and 40 mmHg for 45 min. In study group 2 (SG2) (n = 6), ACS was created using the saline infusion technique, keeping the in-compartment pressure between 30 and 40 mmHg for 90 min. Fasciotomy was performed on all rats. Tissue samples were obtained for histopathological examination and blood samples for biochemical analysis.

RESULTS

Total oxidant status (TOS) (p = 0.004), ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) (p = 0.030), aspartate transferase (AST) (p = 0.003) and neopterin (p = 0.012) levels differed significantly between groups in the early period of muscle ischemia. In fact, TOS levels differed significantly between the groups even in the cellular phase where signs of ischemia were not observed (p = 0.048, p = 0.024). According to histopathological evaluation, there was no significant difference between the groups.

DISCUSSION

TOS can be detected in the early reversible stage of ischemia, when the histopathological findings of ACS do not occur.

Study on the Relationship and Predictive Value of First-Trimester Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A, Maternal Factors, and Biochemical Parameters in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Large Case-Control Study in Southern China Mothers

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relationship and predictive value of first-trimester pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), maternal factors, and biochemical parameters with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in southern China mothers.

METHODS

This study recruited 4872 pregnant women. PAPP-A, the free beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (free β-HCG), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and high- and low-density lipoproteins (HDL, LDL) were measured at 11-13⁺ weeks of gestation. GDM was diagnosed based on a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation. We performed stepwise logistic regression analysis to determine the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) of GDM. We used Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves with the area under the curve (AUC) to evaluate the predictive value of PAPP-A, maternal factors, and biochemical markers. The significance of the differences between the AUC values was assessed using the DeLong test.

RESULTS

GDM was diagnosed in 750 (15.39%) women. Independent factors for GDM were age, pre-gestational BMI, GWG before a diagnosis of GDM, previous history of GDM, family history of diabetes, FPG, TG, LDL, PAPP-A, and TC. The AUC of PAPP-A was 0.56 (95% CI 0.53-0.58). The AUC of a model based on combined maternal factors, biochemical markers, and PAPP-A was 0.70 (95% CI 0.68-0.72). Differences in AUC values between PAPP-A alone and the model based on combined maternal factors, biochemical markers, and PAPP-A were statistically significant (Z= 9.983, P<0.001).

CONCLUSION

A Low serum PAPP-A level in the first trimester is an independent risk factor for developing GDM later in pregnancy. However, it is not a good independent predictor although the predictive value of a low serum PAPP-A level increases when combined with maternal factors and biochemical markers.

Age-specific reference intervals for routine biochemical parameters in healthy neonates, infants, and young children in Iran

Age and sex need to be considered in the establishment of reference intervals (RIs), especially in early life when there are dynamic physiological changes. Since data for important biomarkers in healthy neonates and infants are limited, particularly in Iranian populations, we have determined age-specific RIs for 7 laboratory biochemical parameters. This cross-sectional study comprised a total of 344 paediatric participants (males: 158, females: 186) between the ages of 3 days and 30 months (mean age: 12.91 ± 7.15 months). Serum levels of creatinine, urea, uric acid, calcium, phosphate, vitamin D and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured using an Alpha classic-AT plus auto-analyser. We determined age-specific RIs using CLSI Ep28-A3 and C28-A3 guidelines. No sex partitioning was required for any of the biomarkers. Age partitioning was required for kidney function tests and phosphate. The serum concentration of urea and creatinine increased with age, while phosphate and uric acid decreased with age. Age partitioning was not required for serum calcium, vitamin D, and hs-CRP, which remained relatively constant throughout the age range. Age-specific RIs for 7 routine biochemical markers were determined to address critical gaps in RIs in early life to help improve clinical interpretation of blood test results in young children, including neonates. Established age partitions demonstrate the biochemical changes that take place during child growth and development. These novel data will ultimately better disease management in the Iranian paediatric population and can be of value to clinical and hospital laboratories with similar populations.

Glycosylation Alterations in Cancer Cells, Prognostic Value of Glycan Biomarkers and Their Potential as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Breast Cancer

Although we are lately witnessing major improvements in breast cancer treatment and patient outcomes, there is still a significant proportion of patients not receiving efficient therapy. More precisely, patients with triple-negative breast cancer or any type of metastatic disease. Currently available prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers are not always applicable and oftentimes lack precision. The science of glycans is a relatively new scientific approach to better characterize malignant transformation and tumor progression. In this review, we summarize the most important information about glycosylation characteristics in breast cancer cells and how different glycoproteins and enzymes involved in glycosylation could serve as more precise biomarkers, as well as new therapeutic targets.

Comparison of Prognostic Value of 10 Biochemical Indices at Admission for Prediction Postoperative Myocardial Injury and Hospital Mortality in Patients with Osteoporotic Hip Fracture

Aim: To evaluate the prognostic impact at admission of 10 biochemical indices for prediction postoperative myocardial injury (PMI) and/or hospital death in hip fracture (HF) patients. Methods: In 1273 consecutive patients with HF (mean age 82.9 ± 8.7 years, 73.5% women), clinical and laboratory parameters were collected prospectively, and outcomes were recorded. Multiple logistic regression and receiver-operating characteristic analyses (the area under the curve, AUC) were preformed, the number needed to predict (NNP) outcome was calculated. Results: Age ≥ 80 years and IHD were the most prominent clinical factors associated with both PMI (with cardiac troponin I rise) and in-hospital death. PMI occurred in 555 (43.6%) patients and contributed to 80.3% (49/61) of all deaths (mortality rate 8.8% vs. 1.9% in non-PMI patients). The most accurate biochemical predictive markers were parathyroid hormone > 6.8 pmol/L, urea > 7.5 mmol/L, 25(OH)vitamin D < 25 nmol/L, albumin < 33 g/L, and ratios gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) to alanine aminotransferase > 2.5, urea/albumin ≥ 2.0 and GGT/albumin ≥ 7.0; the AUC for developing PMI ranged between 0.782 and 0.742 (NNP: 1.84−2.13), the AUC for fatal outcome ranged from 0.803 to 0.722, (NNP: 3.77−9.52). Conclusions: In HF patients, easily accessible biochemical indices at admission substantially improve prediction of hospital outcomes, especially in the aged >80 years with IHD.

Reference ranges for GDF-15, and risk factors associated with GDF-15, in a large general population cohort

OBJECTIVES

Growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 is attracting interest as a biomarker in several areas of medicine. We aimed to evaluate the reference range for GDF-15 in a general population, and to explore demographics, classical cardiovascular disease risk factors, and other cardiac biomarkers associated with GDF-15.

METHODS

GDF-15 was measured in serum from 19,462 individuals in the Generation Scotland Scottish Family Health Study. Associations of cardiometabolic risk factors with GDF-15 were tested using adjusted linear regression. Among 18,507 participants with no heart disease, heart failure, or stroke, and not pregnant, reference ranges (median and 97.5th centiles) were derived by decade age bands and sex.

RESULTS

Among males in the reference range population, median (97.5th centile) GDF-15 concentration at age <30 years was 537 (1,135) pg/mL, rising to 931 (2,492) pg/mL at 50-59 years, and 2,152 (5,972) pg/mL at ≥80 years. In females, median GDF-15 at age <30 years was 628 (2,195) pg/mL, 881 (2,323) pg/mL at 50-59 years, and 1847 (6,830) pg/mL at ≥80 years. Among those known to be pregnant, median GDF-15 was 19,311 pg/mL. After adjustment, GDF-15 was higher in participants with adverse cardiovascular risk factors, including current smoking (+26.1%), those with previous heart disease (+12.7%), stroke (+17.1%), heart failure (+25.3%), and particularly diabetes (+60.2%). GDF-15 had positive associations with cardiac biomarkers cardiac troponin I, cardiac troponin T, and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP).

CONCLUSIONS

These data define reference ranges for GDF-15 for comparison in future studies, and identify potentially confounding risk factors and mediators to be considered in interpreting GDF-15 concentrations.

The importance of using routine laboratory tests in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with coronavirus disease 2019: Shedding light on clinical laboratory data in COVID-19

BACKGROUND

Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has become a global concern and requires early detection, isolation, and treatment. Our purpose is to find some beneficial information by analyzing the COVID-19 laboratory data to provide guidance for clinical practice.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this study, 174 patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection were admitted. We evaluated the hematological and biochemical parameters in these patients and in 80 healthy individuals.

RESULTS

We found that there was significant difference between WBC, LYM, RBC, HB, and HCT parameters of patients and healthy counterparts (p < .001), though there was no remarkable change between NEU, MONO, PLT, and other characteristics of RBC values of patients and the control group (p ≥ .09). Among the evaluated biochemical parameters, the values of CK-MB and LDH in the patient group were significantly different from the control group (p < .01), while other biochemical indicators were in the normal range.

CONCLUSION

Several hematological and biochemistry parameters, in particular WBC, LYM, RBC, HB, HCT, CK-MB, and LDH, could be beneficial supplementary approach for COVID-19 infection evaluation to confirm risk stratification and effective management.

The Effects of Single and Combined Stressors on Daphnids-Enzyme Markers of Physiology and Metabolomics Validate the Impact of Pollution

The continuous global increase in population and consumption of resources due to human activities has had a significant impact on the environment. Therefore, assessment of environmental exposure to toxic chemicals as well as their impact on biological systems is of significant importance. Freshwater systems are currently under threat and monitored; however, current methods for pollution assessment can neither provide mechanistic insight nor predict adverse effects from complex pollution. Using daphnids as a bioindicator, we assessed the impact in acute exposures of eight individual chemicals and specifically two metals, four pharmaceuticals, a pesticide and a stimulant, and their composite mixture combining phenotypic, biochemical and metabolic markers of physiology. Toxicity levels were in the same order of magnitude and significantly enhanced in the composite mixture. Results from individual chemicals showed distinct biochemical responses for key enzyme activities such as phosphatases, lipase, peptidase, β-galactosidase and glutathione-S-transferase. Following this, a more realistic mixture scenario was assessed with the aforementioned enzyme markers and a metabolomic approach. A clear dose-dependent effect for the composite mixture was validated with enzyme markers of physiology, and the metabolomic analysis verified the effects observed, thus providing a sensitive metrics in metabolite perturbations. Our study highlights that sensitive enzyme markers can be used in advance on the design of metabolic and holistic assays to guide the selection of chemicals and the trajectory of the study, while providing mechanistic insight. In the future this could prove to become a useful tool for understanding and predicting freshwater pollution.

Selected Biochemical Markers Change after Oral Administration of Pesticide Mixtures in Honey Bees

The honey bee is an important pollinator. In the environment, it can be exposed to many harmful factors, such as pesticides. Nowadays, attention is paid to evaluating the potentially harmful effects of these substances. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of worst-case environmental concentrations of pesticide mixtures on honey bee survival and selected physiological markers (the activity of ALT, AST, ALP, and GGTP, and the concentration of albumin, creatinine, urea, and uric acid). Pesticides of three different groups (insecticide-acetamiprid, herbicide-glyphosate, and fungicide-tebuconazole) and their mixtures were resolved in 50% (w/v) sucrose solution and given to bees ad libitum. After 24 h, hemolymph was collected. All mixtures caused higher mortality than single pesticides. Pesticides in mixtures caused disturbances in biochemical markers, and in some cases the interaction between pesticides was synergistic. The mixtures had individual effects on physiology, and the results were sensitive to changes in proportions.

The Significance of Blood and Peritoneal Fluid Biochemical Markers in Identifying Early Anastomotic Leak following Colorectal Resection-Findings from a Single-Center Study

Background and Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate the value of leukocyte, C reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, lactate, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in blood and peritoneal fluid in early recognition of anastomotic leak (AL) after colorectal resections. Materials and Methods: Our pilot prospective cohort study was conducted at the abdominal surgery department at University Medical Center Ljubljana. A total of 43 patients who underwent open or laparoscopic colorectal resection because of benign or malignant etiology were enrolled. All of the patients had primary anastomosis without stoma formation. Results: Three patients in our patient group developed AL (7%). We found a statistically significant elevation of serum lactate levels in patients that developed AL compared to those who did not but noted no statistically relevant difference in the blood or peritoneal fluid levels of other biochemical markers. Conclusions: Elevated lactate levels may be considered a promising biomarker for the early diagnosis of AL, but more research on bigger patient groups is warranted.

Variations in Biochemical Values under Stress in Children with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

In the case of SARS-CoV-2 infection, children seem to be less affected than adults, but data regarding epidemiologic characteristics and biochemical values are poor and essentially based on limited case series. The aim of our study is to highlight the predictive value of some biochemical markers at hospitalization, for the correct classification of the patient in the form of disease. Methods: We performed an analytical retrospective study on 82 pediatric patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in the emergency department, with moderate or severe form of disease, and treated in our tertiary hospital. We analyzed the epidemiologic characteristics, symptomatology and biochemical values and compare the data according to the form of disease. Results: The mean age at admission was 4.5 years (median 1 year) and the masculine/feminine ratio was 1.5. Comparing the data between the two groups of patients (42 severe/40 moderate), we observed that the severe form presented with a lower pH at admission (p = 0.02), hyperglycemia (p = 0.01), increased values of transaminases (p = 0.01 and 0.02) and hypoproteinemia (p = 0.01). Also, the severe form was statistically significantly associated with comorbidities, acute respiratory distress, rising of the inflammatory markers during hospitalization. Hyperlactatemia (Lactate > 1.5 mmol/L) was significantly associated with the age under one year (p < 0.001). Mortality rate was 9.75% and the median age at death was 3 months. Univariate logistic regression model shows that the presence of anemia increased the probability of death 88 times, comorbidities 23.3 times and ketoacidosis 16.4 times. Conclusions: Metabolic acidosis, hyperlactatemia, hyperglycemia, modified hepatic values and hypoproteinemia are biochemical markers associated with the severe form of disease in SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. Presence of anemia, comorbidities and ketoacidosis are important risk factors for death of pediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Oxidative stress responses after exposure to triclosan sublethal concentrations: an integrated biomarker approach with a native (Corydoras paleatus) and a model fish species (Danio rerio)

Triclosan (TCS) is a synthetic broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent commonly used world-wide in a range of personal care and sanitizing products detected frequently in aquatic ecosystems. The aim of this study was to examine biochemical markers responses triggered by TCS in Danio rerio and in a native South American fish species (Corydoras paleatus). Further, an integrated approach comparing both test fish species was undertaken. These fish organisms were exposed to 100 or 189 µg TCS/L for 48 h. The activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and lipid peroxidation levels (LPO) and total antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) were determined in liver, gills, and brain. Acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) was measured in the brain. Multivariate analysis showed that the most sensitive hepatic parameters were activities of GST and SOD for C. paleatus while LPO levels were for D. rerio. In gills the same parameters were responsive for C. paleatus but CAT in D. rerio. ACAP and GST activity were responsive parameters in brain of both species. Integrated biomarker responses (IBR) index demonstrated similar trends in both species suggesting this parameter might serve as a useful tool for quantification of integrated responses induced by TCS.

Mercury Contamination: A Growing Threat to Riverine and Urban Communities in the Brazilian Amazon

In recent decades, widespread and uncontrolled use of mercury (Hg) in artisanal small-scale gold mining has released thousands of tons of mercury-contaminated waste in the Amazon biome, endangering the largest tropical rainforest worldwide. In this study, we assessed and compared blood Hg levels in individuals living in urban and riverine areas in the lower Tapajós basin and examined the association between Hg exposure and specific biochemical parameters. In total, 462 adults from eight riverine communities and one urban area were assessed. Overall, 75.6% of the participants exhibited Hg concentrations exceeding the safe limit (10 µg/L). Hg exposure was higher in the riverine population (90%) than in urban areas (57.1%). Mean Hg levels were 21.8 ± 30.9 µg/L and 50.6 µg/L in urban and riverine residents, respectively. The mean Hg level was higher in those aged 41–60 years in both urban and riparian areas, with riparian residents exhibiting a mean double that of urban residents. The highest glucose and hepatic biomarker levels were detected in the urban area, whereas the highest levels of renal biomarker occurred in the riverine population. Our results indicate that Hg contamination remains a persistent challenge for the urban population of Santarém, a major city in the Brazilian Amazon.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Osteoporosis: Evidence from Bench to Bedside

Osteoporosis is a chronic debilitating disease caused by imbalanced bone remodeling processes that impair the structural integrity of bone. Over the last ten years, the association between fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and osteoporosis has been studied in both pre-clinical and clinical investigations. FGF23 is a bone-derived endocrine factor that regulates mineral homeostasis via the fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs)/αKlotho complex. These receptors are expressed in kidney and the parathyroid gland. Preclinical studies have supported the link between the local actions of FGF23 on the bone remodeling processes. In addition, clinical evidence regarding the effects of FGF23 on bone mass and fragility fractures suggest potential diagnostic and prognostic applications of FGF23 in clinical contexts, particularly in elderly and patients with chronic kidney disease. However, inconsistent findings exist and there are areas of uncertainty requiring exploration. This review comprehensively summarizes and discusses preclinical and clinical reports on the roles of FGF23 on osteoporosis, with an emphasis on the local action, as opposed to the systemic action, of FGF23 on the bone. Current gaps in knowledge and future research directions are also suggested to encourage further rigorous research in this important field.

Protective Effects of Naringenin from Citrus sinensis (var. Valencia) Peels against CCl4-Induced Hepatic and Renal Injuries in Rats Assessed by Metabolomics, Histological and Biochemical Analyses

Citrus fruits are grown worldwide for their special nutritive and several health benefits. Among citrus bioactives, naringenin, a major flavanone, exhibits a potential hepatoprotective effect that is not fully elucidated. Herein, serum biochemical parameters and histopathological assays were used to estimate the hepatoprotective activity of naringenin, isolated from Citrus sinensis (var. Valencia) peels, in CCl4-induced injury in a rat model. Further, GC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics was used to characterize the potential metabolite biomarkers associated with its activity. Present results revealed that naringenin could ameliorate the increases in liver enzymes (ALT and AST) induced by CCl4 and attenuate the pathological changes in liver tissue. Naringenin decreased urea, creatinine and uric acid levels and improved the kidney tissue architecture, suggesting its role in treating renal disorders. In addition, naringenin increased the expression of the antiapoptoic cell marker, Bcl-2. Significant changes in serum metabolic profiling were noticed in the naringenin-treated group compared to the CCl4 group, exemplified by increases in palmitic acid, stearic acid, myristic acid and lauric acids and decrease levels of alanine, tryptophan, lactic acid, glucosamine and glucose in CCl4 model rats. The results suggested that naringenin's potential hepato- and renoprotective effects could be related to its ability to regulate fatty acids (FAs), amino acids and energy metabolism, which may become effective targets for liver and kidney toxicity management. In conclusion, the current study presents new insights into the hepato- and renoprotective mechanisms of naringenin against CCl4-induced toxicity.

Phagocytic activity of monocytes and neutrophils in patients with periodontitis, whether or not associated to type 2 diabetes

Phagocytic functions by neutrophils/ monocytes and biochemical parameters were assessed in peripheral blood of patients with periodontitis, whether or not associated to type 2 diabetes, or patients with type 2 diabetes, or systemically healthy people. Fifty-eight participants were divided into four groups: Control - systemically and periodontally healthy patients (C, n=16), Periodontitis (P, n=14), Type 2 Diabetes (DM, n=11) and Periodontitis associated with type 2 diabetes (DMP, n=17). Blood samples were used to analyze phagocytic activity and the production of superoxide anion using optical microscopy. Significantly lower phagocytic activity of neutrophils was observed in non-opsonized samples (p = 0.008, Kruskal- Wallis) of the periodontitis group and in opsonized samples (p = 0.029, Kruskal-Wallis) of the periodontitis associated with type 2 diabetes group when these groups were compared to the healthy individuals when a 20:1 yeast: phagocyte stimulus was used. Periodontitis patients, whether associated (p = 0.0007, sensitized; Kruskal-Wallis, 20:1) or not with diabetes (p = 0.018 and 0.0007, in the proportions 5:1 and 20:1 yeast: monocyte respectively in sensitized samples; Kruskal-Wallis) also showed lower phagocytic function of monocytes compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in the production of superoxide anion among the evaluated groups. Severe clinical attachment loss was associated with lower levels of HDL in periodontitis patients and a higher percentage of A1C in diabetes with periodontitis patients (p<0.05; Pearson and Spearman correlations, respectively). Patients with both associated diseases had higher levels of triglycerides and CRP (p<0.001, Kruskal-Wallis) compared to patients with diabetes only. The results of the present study suggest that periodontitis negatively interferes with the innate immune response and may represent a major risk of systemic complications such as cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients or even in healthy individuals.

Analyzing Correlation of Clinical Severity of COVID-19 with Other Biochemical Parameters: A Retrospective Study from Pakistan

The third wave of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing damage all over the world, especially in Pakistan and India. Although vaccines are available and preventive measures are being taken, but SARS-CoV-2 is unstoppable. Currently, there are around 841,636 positive cases in Pakistan and 18,429 deaths, whereas, in India, both are high. From April 8th to 12th, 2021, nasopharyngeal swabs of 190 patients were submitted to PRL (PACP) lab for the SARS-CoV-2 testing, and blood samples were collected at the Mayo Hospital lab for ferritin, D-dimers, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and C-reactive protein (CRP) testing. This study observed that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was more likely in individuals aged 51-60 than 61-70. In addition, our study found that COVID-19 patients exhibited a statistically significant increase in levels of ferritin, D-dimers, LDH, and CRP. In addition, this study found that COVID-19 patients had significantly higher levels of ferritin, D-dimers, LDH, and CRP. Our study revealed that SARS-CoV-2 relapsed. Furthermore, we concluded that these biochemical parameters are useful indicators for severity of COVID-19.

Correlation Between Clinical and Biochemical Markers in Patients With Acromegaly on Different Modalities of Treatment

Background

Acromegaly is a disabling disease caused by growth hormone (GH) over-secretion, associated with increased morbidity and mortality through different metabolic and somatic consequences involving soft tissue, acral overgrowth, and skin thickening, which will lead to different clinical manifestations. The study aimed to assess the correlation between biochemical markers of acromegaly with different clinical findings and biochemical control with the clinical findings.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was done on 56 patients with acromegaly attending a tertiary center for diabetes, endocrine, and metabolism in Southern Iraq Basrah. They were 32 (57.1%) males. Fatigue, headache, excessive sweating, joint pain, backache, soft tissue swelling, numbness, snoring, and visual problems were assessed on a four-point Likert scale. In addition, biochemical dynamic GH testing was done using a five-point random GH curve and/or standard GH suppression under the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

Results

No significant correlation was found between symptoms severity and five-point GH parameters in respect of mean, peak, and nadir. Only backache showed a significant correlation with GH under OGTT suppression parameters in respect to mean, peak, and nadir (P-values < 0.01, < 0.01, and < 0.01), respectively. No particular biochemical control cut-off value in the 9 am random GH, mean five-point GH curve, or nadir GH under OGTT was correlated with the degree of severity for any of the clinical symptoms, as there was no difference between the biochemically controlled and uncontrolled groups in respect to any of the clinical symptom’s severity scale.

Conclusion

Only backache correlated with the biochemical tests of disease activity in the form of GH under OGTT. It appears in this study that the severity of the clinical symptoms does not correlate with biochemical control so that thorough evaluation and treatment of clinical complaints besides biochemical control is an essential part of the management plan in patients with acromegaly.

The biology of burnout: Causes and consequences

OBJECTIVES

Burnout is a state of exhaustion resulting from prolonged and excessive workplace stress. We sought to examine biological underpinnings of burnout, focussing on mechanisms and physical consequences.

METHODS

We searched the literature on burnout and evaluated studies examining biological parameters in patient populations (i.e. 'clinical' burnout) as well as in individuals from the general population judged as having some degree of burnout evaluated using a dimensional approach.

RESULTS

Findings suggest that burnout is associated with sustained activation of the autonomic nervous system and dysfunction of the sympathetic adrenal medullary axis, with alterations in cortisol levels. Limited studies have also shown altered immune function and changes in other endocrine systems. Consequences of burnout include increased allostatic load, structural and functional brain changes, excito-toxicity, systemic inflammation, immunosuppression, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and premature death. Limitations of studies include variability in study populations, low specificity of burnout measures, and mostly cross-sectional studies precluding examination of changes across the course of burnout.

CONCLUSIONS

Further examination of biological mechanisms of burnout would benefit from more homogeneous clinical samples, challenge tests and prospective studies. This would assist in differentiation from conditions such as depression and aid with development of specific treatment targets for burnout.

Evaluation of bone metabolism-associated biomarkers in Tibet, China

Aim

To measure and evaluate the distribution and possible contributing factors of seven bone metabolism‐associated biomarkers in Tibet, a plateau province of China.

Methods

A total of 1615 individuals were recruited from Tibet at three different altitudes. The levels and possible contributing factors of serum calcium, serum phosphorus, ALP, 25OHD, PINP, CTX, and PTH were evaluated.

Results

In total, 1246 Tibetan adults (males: n = 543) were eventually enrolled in this study. Multiple linear regression recognized age, sex, altitude, and BMI as the major effect factors. The levels of ALP, PINP, and CTX in males continuously decreased with age; however, those in females increased after approximately 39 years of age. Males had higher 25OHD levels (23.9 vs. 15.4 ng/ml) but lower levels of serum phosphorus (1.12 vs. 1.19 mmol/L) and PTH (41.3 vs. 47.4 pg/ml) than females. Before the age of 50, males had higher levels of calcium, ALP, PINP, and CTX than females, and the opposite trend was observed after the age of 50. The highest levels of serum calcium and phosphorus and the lowest levels of PINP and CTX were found in the Shigatse/Lhasa region, suggesting a better bone metabolism status. Compared with reports from plain areas of China, significantly higher levels of PINP (65.3 vs. 49.36 ng/ml) and CTX (0.46 vs. 0.37 ng/ml) were recorded in Tibetan adults.

Conclusion

A more active bone turnover status was found in Tibetan adults than in individuals from the plain areas of China.

Early biochemical markers in the assessment of acute kidney injury in children after cardiac surgery

Our aim was to evaluate biochemical markers in plasma (NGAL, CysC) and urine (NGAL, KIM-1) in children's early onset of acute kidney injury after congenital heart defect surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass. This study prospectively included 100 children with congenital heart defects who developed AKI. Patients with acute kidney injury had significantly higher CysC levels 6 and 12 h after cardiac surgery and plasma NGAL levels 2 and 6 h after cardiac surgery. The best predictive properties for the development of acute kidney injury are the combination (+CysCpl or +NGALu) after 12 h and a combination (+CysCpl and +NGALu) 6 and 24 h after cardiac surgery. We showed that plasma CysC and urinary NGAL could reliably predict the development of acute kidney injury. Measurement of early biochemical markers in plasma and urine, individually and combination, may predict the development of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury in children.

Metabolic Syndrome and Its Related Factors among Hospital Employees: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Several studies have reported on metabolic syndrome (MetS) based on cross-sectional designs, which cannot show a long-term result. Information is lacking on MetS and related factors based on a longitudinal cohort. This study aimed to examine the relationship between MetS and related factors for a total of six years among hospital employees. A population-based study was conducted, including 746 staff. A total of 680 staff without MetS in 2012 were enrolled in the analysis for repeated measurement of six years of the longitudinal cohort. Data were retrieved from the hospital’s Health Management Information System. Analyses were performed using Student’s t-test, chi-square test, logistic regression, and generalised estimating equations. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Hospital employees aged between 31 and 40 (odds ratio (OR) = 4.596, p = 0.009), aged between 41 and 50 (OR = 7.866, p = 0.001), aged greater than 50 (OR = 10.312, p < 0.001), with a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0~29.9 kg/m² (OR = 3.934, p < 0.001), a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² (OR = 13.197, p < 0.001), higher level of white blood counts (β = 0.177, p = 0.001), alanine aminotransferase (β = 0.013, p = 0.002), and uric acid (β = 0.223, p = 0.005) were at risk of being diagnosed with MetS. The identification of at-risk hospital employees and disease management programs addressing MetS-related factors are of great importance in hospital-based interventions.

[Diagnostic value of biomarkers of bone metabolism in the gingival fluid in inflammatory-destructive and tumor oral pathology]

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the work was to determine the informativeness of the assessment of biochemical markers in the gingival fluid with destructive bone changes in the peri-implantation area, primary tumor lesion of the alveolar processes of the jaws and metastatic destruction of the jaw bone tissue in cancer of the large salivary glands. The study included 51 patients aged 30 to 75 years of both sexes. Depending on the genesis of destruction of the bone tissue of the lower jaw, three groups of patients were identified. Group 1 - 20 patients with peri-implantitis. Group 2 - 22 patients diagnosed with cancer of the oral floor mucosa (ICD C04) with erosion of the cortical bone or dental socket by a primary tumor. Group 3 - 9 patients with adenocarcinoma of the large salivary glands with metastatic lesions of the lower jaw. 15 people were practically healthy persons without periodontal pathology. The test material was gingival fluid or exudate from peri-implantation pockets. The content of cathepsin K, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TAP) was determined by the enzyme immunoassay, and the bone fraction of alkaline phosphatase (BAP) was determined by the kinetic method.

RESULTS

As a result, it was found that in group 1 in the exudate of the peri-implantation sulcus, the content of cathepsin K increased in comparison with the control by 2.5 times (p<0.05), TAP by 1.6 times (p<0.05). in groups 1 and 2, there was a moderate increase in the production of activated osteoblasts of KAP. In cancer of the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth, a tenfold increase in the concentration of cathepsin K and TAP in the gingival fluid was observed. With metastatic lesions of the jaw in patients with adenocarcinoma of the large salivary glands, along with a multiple increase in the concentration of cathepsin K and TAP in the gingival fluid, there was a twenty-fold increase in the bone formation marker BAP, which indicated a mixed type of metastases and was a differential diagnostic criterion for metastatic lesion of bone tissue in comparison with the primary metastatic lesion of bone tissue.

CONCLUSION

Thus, biochemical markers are sensitive indicators of remodeling of bone tissue both in local inflammatory and destructive processes in peri-implantitis and in primary and metastatic tumor lesions of the jaws.

Plasma redox and inflammatory patterns during major depressive episodes: a cross-sectional investigation in elderly patients with mood disorders

BACKGROUND

While both depression and aging have been associated with oxidative stress and impaired immune response, little is known about redox patterns in elderly depressed subjects. This study investigates the relationship between redox/inflammatory patterns and depression in a sample of elderly adults.

METHODS

The plasma levels of the advanced products of protein oxidation (AOPP), catalase (CAT), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), glutathione transferase (GST), interleukin 6 (IL-6), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total thiols (TT), and uric acid (UA) were evaluated in 30 patients with mood disorders with a current depressive episode (depressed patients, DP) as well as in 30 healthy controls (HC) aged 65 years and over. Subjects were assessed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A), the Geriatric Depression Rating Scale (GDS), the Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI), the Reason for Living Inventory (RFL), the Activities of Daily Living (ADL), and the Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL).

RESULTS

DP showed higher levels than HC of AOPP and IL-6, while displaying lower levels of FRAP, TT, and CAT. In the DP group, specific correlations were found among biochemical parameters. SOD, FRAP, UA, and TT levels were also significantly related to psychometric scale scores.

CONCLUSION

Specific alterations of redox systems are detectable among elderly DP.

Current and Emerging Strategies for Prediction and Diagnosis of Prelabour Rupture of the Membranes: A Narrative Review

Prelabour rupture of membranes (PROM) refers to the disruption of foetal membranes before the onset of labour, resulting in the leakage of amniotic fluid. PROM complicates 3% and 8% of preterm and term pregnancies, respectively. Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for effective management to prevent adverse maternal- and foetal-outcomes. The diagnosis of equivocal PROM cases with traditional methods often becomes challenging in current obstetrics practice; therefore, various novel biochemical markers have emerged as promising diagnostic tools. This narrative review is sought to review the published data to understand the current and emerging trends in diagnostic modalities in term and preterm pregnancies complicated with PROM and the potential role of various markers for predicting preterm PROM (pPROM) and chorioamnionitis in women with pPROM.