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Matsui S, Akazawa H, Tsujikawa Y, Fukuda I, Suzuki Y, Yamamoto Y, Mukai T, Shirai Y, Osawa R. Milk oligosaccharide-mediated cross-feeding between Enterococcus gallinarum and lactobacilli in the gut microbiota of infant rats. Biosci Microbiota Food Health 2021; 40:204-211. [PMID: 34631332 PMCID: PMC8484008 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2021-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated bacteria that have a nutritional symbiotic relationship with respect to
milk oligosaccharides in gut microbiota of suckling rats, with specific reference to
sialyllactose (SL) degrading Enterococcus gallinarum. Our next generation
sequencing analysis of the colonic contents of 12-day-old suckling rats revealed that
almost half of the bacteria in the microbiota belonged to the Lactobacillaceae family.
Major Lactobacillus species in the contents were identified as L.
johnsonii, L. murinus, and L. reuteri. We
then monitored changes in numbers of the above Lactobacillus species,
E. gallinarum, and the bacteria belonging to the family
Enterobacteriaceae (i.e., enterobacteria) in the colonic contents of infant rats at 7, 12,
21, 28, and 35 days of age by using real-time PCR assays targeting these bacterial groups.
The 7-day-old infant rats had a gut microbiota in which enterobacteria were predominant.
Such dominance was replaced by L. johnsonii and the concomitant
E. gallinarum markedly increased in those of 12 and 21 days of ages.
During this period, the number of enterobacteria declined dramatically, but that of
L. reuteri surged dramatically. Our separate in vitro
experiment showed that supplementation of culture media with SL promoted the growth of
L. johnsonii and E. gallinarum, with marked production
of lactic acid. These findings revealed possible milk oligosaccharide-mediated
cross-feeding between E. gallinarum and L. johnsonii,
with the former degrading SL to release lactose to be utilized by the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Matsui
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hazuki Akazawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Tsujikawa
- Central Research Institute, ITO EN, Ltd., 21 Mekami, Makinohara, Shizuoka 421-0516, Japan
| | - Itsuko Fukuda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamamoto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Takao Mukai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Shirai
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ro Osawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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Lee M, Kim EJ, Woo DC, Shim WH, Yum MS. In vivo MRI Successfully Reveals the Malformation of Cortical Development in Infant Rats. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:510. [PMID: 32508585 PMCID: PMC7251149 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) are major causes of intractable epilepsies. To characterize the early neuroimaging findings of MCDs, we tried to identify the MRI features consistent with pathological findings in an infant rat MCD model, prenatally exposed to methylazoxymethanol (MAM), by using newly developed MRI techniques. Methods: At gestational day 15, two doses of MAM (15 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or normal saline were injected into pregnant rats. The offspring underwent in vivo MRI, including glutamate chemical exchange saturation transfer (GluCEST), 1H-MR spectroscopy, and diffusion tensor imaging, at postnatal day (P) 15 using a 7T small-animal imaging system. Another set of prenatally MAM-exposed rats were sacrificed for histological staining. Results: At P15, the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) of rats with MCDs showed decreased neuronal nuclei, parvalbumin, and reelin expressions. Moreover, dendritic arborization of pyramidal cells in the RSC significantly decreased in infant rats with MCDs. In vivo MRI showed significantly decreased GluCEST (%) in the RSC of rats with MCDs (p = 0.000) and a significant correlation between GluCEST (%) and RSC thickness (r = 0.685, p = 0.003). The rats with MCDs showed reduced glutamate (p = 0.002), N-acetylaspartate (p = 0.002), and macromolecule and lipid levels (p = 0.027) and significantly reduced fractional anisotropy values in the RSC. Conclusion: In vivo MRI revealed reduced neuronal population and dendritic arborization in the RSC of infant rats with MCDs during the early postnatal period. These pathological changes of the cortex could serve as clinical imaging biomarkers of MCDs in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Cheol Woo
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo-Hyun Shim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Yum
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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Cui GF, Hou M, Shao YF, Chen HL, Gao JX, Xie JF, Chen YN, Cong CY, Dai FQ, Hou YP. A Novel Continuously Recording Approach for Unraveling Ontogenetic Development of Sleep-Wake Cycle in Rats. Front Neurol 2019; 10:873. [PMID: 31456739 PMCID: PMC6700276 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep-wake development in postnatal rodent life could reflect the brain maturational stages. As the altricial rodents, rats are born in a very undeveloped state. Continuous sleep recording is necessary to study the sleep-wake cycle profiles. However, it is difficult to realize in infant rats since they rely on periodic feeding before weaning and constant warming and appropriate EEG electrodes. We developed a new approach including two types of EEG electrodes and milk-feeding system and temperature-controlled incubator to make continuously polysomnographic (PSG) recording possible. The results showed that there was no evident difference in weight gaining and behaviors between pups fed through the milk-feeding system and warmed with temperature-controlled incubator and those kept with their dam. Evolutional profiles of EEG and electromyogram (EMG) activities across sleep-wake states were achieved perfectly during dark and light period from postnatal day (P) 11 to P75 rats. The ontogenetic features of sleep-wake states displayed that the proportion of rapid eye movement (REM) was 57.0 ± 2.4% and 59.7 ± 1.7% and non-REM (NREM) sleep was 5.2 ± 0.8% and 4.9 ± 0.5% respectively, in dark and light phase at P11, and then REM sleep progressively decreased and NREM sleep increased with age. At P75, REM sleep in dark and light phase respectively, reduced to 6.3 ± 0.6% and 6.9 ± 0.5%, while NREM correspondingly increased to 37.5 ± 2.1% and 58.4 ± 1.7%. Wakefulness from P11 to P75 in dark phase increased from 37.8 ± 2.2% to 56.2 ± 2.6%, but the change in light phase was not obvious. P20 pups began to sleep more in light phase than in dark phase. The episode number of vigilance states progressively decreased with age, while the mean duration of that significantly increased. EEG power spectra in 0.5–4 Hz increased with age accompanied with prolonged duration of cortical slow wave activity. Results also indicated that the dramatic changes of sleep-wake cycle mainly occurred in the first month after birth. The novel approaches used in our study are reliable and valid for continuous PSG recording for infant rats and unravel the ontogenetic features of sleep-wake cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Fu Cui
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Hou
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Feng Shao
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hai-Lin Chen
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jin-Xian Gao
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun-Fan Xie
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Nong Chen
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chao-Yu Cong
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Feng-Qiu Dai
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ping Hou
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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He R, Wang HJ, Zhou Y, Li JJ, Xu XY. [Siwu decoction improves iron deficiency anemia in infant rats and regulates iron metabolism]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2017; 42:944-950. [PMID: 28994539 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20170121.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of Siwu decoction on improving iron deficiency anemia in infant rats and observe its regulatory effects on iron metabolism. SD rats were fed with low iron fodder for 2 weeks, and then the rats with hemoglobin level less than 75 g•L ⁻¹ were screened out and randomly divided into model group, Ferrous succinate 50 mg•kg ⁻¹ group, Siwu decoction 4 g•kg ⁻¹, 8 g•kg ⁻¹ and 16 g•kg ⁻¹ groups. After 4 weeks' gavage administration, Wright-Giemsa's staining of blood smear and HE staining of the livers were conducted, and all rats were tested for blood routine, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, serum ferritin, serum hepcidin and liver hepcidin. The expression levels of liver ferritin, transferrin and transferrin receptor 1 were also detected. The results showed that as compared with normal group, the activity level of model group was decreased, and the color and lustre of auricles and toes were pale white; the number of red blood cells was decreased; the volume was smaller, with an increased zone of central pallor; the body weight and blood routine parameters were decreased significantly; the livers were pale red, and the hepatic cords around thecentral veins were unclear and misaligned; the serum iron, serum ferritin, liver iron levels and the expression of liver ferritin were decreased significantly; the total iron binding capacity, serum hepcidin, liver hepcidin, the expression levels of liver transferrin and transferrin receptor 1 were significantly increased, indicating successful establishment of models. As compared with the model group, activity was increased in Siwu decoction group; the color and lustre of auricles and toes were ruddy; the number of red blood cells was increased; the volume was larger, with a decreased zone of central pallor; the body weight and blood routine parameters were increased significantly; the livers were red, hepatic cords around the central veins were clear and aligned;the serum iron, serum ferritin, liver iron levels and the expression of liver ferritin were significantly increased, the total iron binding capacity, serum hepcidin, liver hepcidin, the expression of liver transferrin and transferrin receptor 1 were decreased significantly. The results demonstrated that Siwu decoction had a certain effect on improving iron deficiency anemia in infant rats, and the mechanism may be associated with the regulatory effect of hepcidin iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran He
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hong-Jin Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Abstract
The most significant adverse effect of inhaled steroid administration in children is suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness and suppression of growth. This study evaluates the effects of inhaled corticosteroids on the growth plates in infant rats. Rats aged 10 days were divided into five groups. Low and high doses of budesonide and fluticasone propionate (50-200-250 mcg/day) were applied with a modified spacer for 10 days. The rat's tibias were then removed and the effects of the steroids on the growth plates were compared. Growth cartilage chondrocyte proliferation and apoptosis rates; IGF-1 and glucocorticoid receptor levels; and resting, proliferative, hypertrophic, and total zone (TZ) measurements were compared using immunohistochemical-staining methods. With high doses of fluticasone, growth plates were affected much more than with high doses of budesonide (p = 0.01). Fluticasone, particularly at a dose of 250 mcg, inhibited the growth plate with an intensive negative impact on all parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Kemer
- Department of Pediatrics, Van Military Hospital , Van , Turkey
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Boulanger Bertolus J, Hegoburu C, Ahers JL, Londen E, Rousselot J, Szyba K, Thévenet M, Sullivan-Wilson TA, Doyère V, Sullivan RM, Mouly AM. Infant rats can learn time intervals before the maturation of the striatum: evidence from odor fear conditioning. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:176. [PMID: 24860457 PMCID: PMC4030151 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interval timing refers to the ability to perceive, estimate and discriminate durations in the range of seconds to minutes. Very little is currently known about the ontogeny of interval timing throughout development. On the other hand, even though the neural circuit sustaining interval timing is a matter of debate, the striatum has been suggested to be an important component of the system and its maturation occurs around the third post-natal (PN) week in rats. The global aim of the present study was to investigate interval timing abilities at an age for which striatum is not yet mature. We used odor fear conditioning, as it can be applied to very young animals. In odor fear conditioning, an odor is presented to the animal and a mild footshock is delivered after a fixed interval. Adult rats have been shown to learn the temporal relationships between the odor and the shock after a few associations. The first aim of the present study was to assess the activity of the striatum during odor fear conditioning using 2-Deoxyglucose autoradiography during development in rats. The data showed that although fear learning was displayed at all tested ages, activation of the striatum was observed in adults but not in juvenile animals. Next, we assessed the presence of evidence of interval timing in ages before and after the inclusion of the striatum into the fear conditioning circuit. We used an experimental setup allowing the simultaneous recording of freezing and respiration that have been demonstrated to be sensitive to interval timing in adult rats. This enabled the detection of duration-related temporal patterns for freezing and/or respiration curves in infants as young as 12 days PN during odor fear conditioning. This suggests that infants are able to encode time durations as well as and as quickly as adults while their striatum is not yet functional. Alternative networks possibly sustaining interval timing in infant rats are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chloe Hegoburu
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon1Lyon, France
| | - Jessica L. Ahers
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Londen
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Juliette Rousselot
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon1Lyon, France
| | - Karina Szyba
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Thévenet
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon1Lyon, France
| | - Tristan A. Sullivan-Wilson
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Valérie Doyère
- Centre de Neurosciences Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8195, University Paris-SudOrsay, France
| | - Regina M. Sullivan
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Mouly
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon1Lyon, France
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Roth TL, Sullivan RM. Endogenous opioids and their role in odor preference acquisition and consolidation following odor-shock conditioning in infant rats. Dev Psychobiol 2001; 39:188-98. [PMID: 11745312 PMCID: PMC1880873 DOI: 10.1002/dev.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the neurochemical basis of olfactory learning induced by presentations of odor and moderate shock in infant rats. Paradoxically, shock conditioning produces an odor preference in 8-day-olds, but an odor aversion in 12-day-olds. Studies have demonstrated the importance of opioids in early olfactory learning; their specific role remains undefined. In this study, postnatal Days 8 and 12 pups were systemically injected with naltrexone, a nonspecific opioid antagonist, or saline and received either paired or backward presentations of odor-moderate shock or odor-only presentations. Blocking the opioid system during conditioning disrupted acquisition of the Day 8 odor preference, but not the Day 12 odor aversion. Additional Day 8 pups were given naltrexone posttraining. Naltrexone not only blocked consolidation of an odor preference but also yielded an odor aversion. These results suggest that the opioid system has a critical role in both olfactory learning and consolidation of odor preferences during the sensitive period.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Roth
- Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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