A novel strategy for the quality control of carbonized Typhae pollen using colorimeter, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and efficacy evaluation coupled with multivariate statistical analysis

In this study, a novel quality control strategy was proposed, aiming to establish a multivariate specification for the processing step by exploring the correlation between colors, chemical components, and hemostatic effects of the carbonized Typhae pollen (CTP) using multivariate statistical analysis. The CTP samples were stir-fried at different durations. Afterward, the colorimeter and LC-MS techniques were applied to characterize the CTP samples, followed by the determination of bleeding time and clotting time using mice to evaluate their hemostatic effect. Then, principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and multi-block partial least squares were used for data analysis on colors, chemical components, and their correlation with the hemostatic effect. Consequently, 13 critical quality attributes (CQAs) of CTP were identified via multivariate statistical analysis-L*, a*, b*, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, azelaic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, naringenin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin. The multivariate specification method involving the 13 CQAs was developed and visualized in the latent variable space of the partial least squares model, indicating that the proposed method was successfully applied to assess the quality of CTP and the degree of carbonization. Most importantly, this study offers a novel insight into the control of processing for carbonized Chinese herbal medicines.

Chemical profile and difference analysis of four parts of Strobilanthes sarcorrhiza by ultrafast flow liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis

Strobilanthes sarcorrhiza (CTS) is a medicinal plant with various pharmacological effects such as tonifying kidney and anti-inflammatory. However, the chemical composition and difference of its four parts (leaves, stems, rhizomes, and root tubers) have been rarely reported. In this study, ultrafast flow liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight MS was applied to analyze the chemical profile of CTS and identify 55 compounds, including terpenoids, phenylethanol glycosides, fatty acid derivatives, chain glycosides, flavonoid glycosides, and others. Among these compounds, 34 compounds were first identified in CTS. They were mainly terpenoids, phenylethanol glycosides, fatty acid derivatives, and so forth. Multivariate statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis were also used to evaluate the difference in chemical compounds from the four parts of CTS. The results showed that phenylethanol glycosides were the main compounds of the underground parts, while terpenoids were the main compounds of the aboveground parts. This study revealed the chemical diversity and similarity of CTS and suggested that the rhizomes could be used as an alternative medicinal part to improve the resource utilization of CTS.

Characterization and Discrimination of Marigold Oleoresin from Different Origins Based on UPLC-QTOF-MS Combined Molecular Networking and Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Marigold oleoresin is an oil-soluble natural colorant mainly extracted from marigold flowers. Xinjiang of China, India, and Zambia of Africa are the three main production areas of marigold flowers. Therefore, this study utilized ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) technology, combined with Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) and multivariate statistical analysis, for the qualitative and discriminant analysis of marigold oleoresin obtained from three different regions. Firstly, 83 compounds were identified in these marigold oleoresin samples. Furthermore, the results of a principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) indicated significant differences in the chemical compositions of the marigold oleoresin samples from different regions. Finally, 12, 23, and 38 differential metabolites were, respectively, identified by comparing the marigold oleoresin from Africa with Xinjiang, Africa with India, and Xinjiang with India. In summary, these results can be used to distinguish marigold oleoresin samples from different regions, laying a solid foundation for further quality control and providing a theoretical basis for assessing its safety and nutritional aspects.

Interpreting the chemical changes and therapeutic effect of Coptidis Rhizoma against ulcerative colitis before and after processing based on mathematical statistics and network pharmacology

INTRODUCTION

Coptidis Rhizoma (CR) is one of the most frequently used herbs to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) and is often processed before usage. However, the composition changes and therapeutic effects of CR before and after processing in the treatment of UC are still unclear.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the study is to explore the chemical components and therapeutic effects of crude and processed CR.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

CR was processed according to the 2020 version of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and multivariate statistical analysis were used to screen the different compounds before and after processing. The network pharmacological prediction was carried out. The mechanism and therapeutic effects between crude and processed CR were verified by using dextran sulphate sodium-induced UC mice assay.

RESULTS

Ten compounds distinguish crude and processed CR based on multivariate statistical analysis. Network pharmacology predicts that the 10 compounds mainly play a role through TNF-α and IL-6 targets and PI3K/Akt and HIF-1 signalling pathways, and these results are verified by molecular biology experiments. For IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α inflammatory factors, CR is not effective, while CR stir-fried with Evodiae Fructus (CRFE) and ginger juice (CRGJ) are. For PI3K/p-Akt, Cleaved caspase3, NF- κBp65 and HIF-1α signalling pathways, CR has therapeutic effects, while CRFE and CRGJ are significant.

CONCLUSION

Overall, CRFE and CRGJ show better effects in treating UC. The chemical changes of processing and the efficacy of processed CR are correlated, which provides a scientific basis for the clinical use of crude and processed CR.

Multivariate Relationships Between Health Outcomes and Health System Performance Indicators: An Integrated Factor Analysis With Canonical Correlations

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between sets of variables related to health system performance indicators and health outcomes.

METHODS

The relationships between a set of health outcomes and a set of health system performance indicators of a developing country were examined using multivariate statistical analysis techniques. A combinative strategy of explanatory factor analysis and the canonical correlation coefficient was used to define linear structural relationships between study variables. Province-based data were gathered from2 official statistical records of the Turkish Statistical Institute for the year 2019. Life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate, and crude death rate were accepted as health outcome indicators.

RESULTS

The explanatory factor analysis indicated 2 independent variable groups, namely (1) health-related human resources and capacity and (2) health service utilization characteristics. The results of the canonical correlation analysis illustrated good performance to define sparse linear combinations of the 2 groups of variables. There existed strong positive correlations between health outcomes and health-related human resources and capacity indicators (rc = 0.83; P < .001) and health service utilization indicators (rc = 0.59; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study support the view that there is a linear and strong positive relationship between health outcomes and health-related human resources and capacity indicators. Further studies will combine big data analytics with multivariate statistical analysis techniques by studying large health system performance data sets.

Exploring the Effect of Milk Fat on Fermented Milk Flavor Based on Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry (GC-IMS) and Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Milk fat is a premium nutritional health product, yet there is a lack of high-fat dairy products for daily consumption in the current market. This study investigated the influence of different milk fat contents on the physicochemical and textural properties of fermented milk. The research revealed that an increase in milkfat content significantly improved the water-holding capacity, syneresis, color, hardness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness of fermented milk, while showing minimal changes in pH and total titratable acidity. Response surface analysis indicated that fermented milk with 25% milk fat, 2.5% inoculum, a fermentation time of 16 h, and a fermentation temperature of 30 °C exhibited the highest overall acceptability. Using GC-IMS technology, 36 volatile compounds were identified, with an increase in milk fat content leading to elevated levels of ketone compounds, and 14 compounds were defined as key aroma compounds (ROAV > 1). Electronic nose distinguished samples with different milk fat contents. The results demonstrate that an increase in milk fat content enhances the physicochemical and flavor attributes of fermented milk. This work provides theoretical references for the production and development of high-fat fermented milk.

Comparison of Aroma Compounds and Sensory Characteristics between Two Different Types of Rice-Based Baijiu

Rice-based Baijiu has gained popularity in the Chinese market. Qingya-flavored Baijiu, a variant of Xiaoqu-fermented Baijiu, employs rice as its primary raw material, with an improved production process compared to traditional rice-flavored Baijiu. We comprehensively characterized and compared the aroma profiles of these two rice-based Baijiu types using static sensory experiments (QDA, quantitative descriptive analysis) and dynamic sensory experiments (TDS, temporal dominance of sensations). Qingya-flavored Baijiu exhibited pronounced plant, oily, and roasted aromas, while traditional rice-flavored Baijiu displayed more prominent fruity, floral, and sour notes. Utilizing GC-O-MS (gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry) and multi-method quantification, we qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed 61 key aroma compounds, identifying 22 compounds with significant aroma contributions based on odor activity values (OAVs). Statistical analyses, combining sensory and chemical results, were conducted to predict important aroma compounds responsible for the aroma differences between the two Baijiu types. Aroma Recombination and Omission experiments showed that seven compounds play key roles in the aroma of Qingya-flavored Baijiu, including (2E,4E)-Deca-2,4-dienal, linalool, apricolin, ethyl acetate, ethyl isobutyrate, ethyl caprylate, and ethyl isovalerate.

Primary Human M2 Macrophage Subtypes Are Distinguishable by Aqueous Metabolite Profiles

The complexity of macrophage (MΦ) plasticity and polarization states, which include classically activated pro-inflammatory (M1) and alternatively activated anti-inflammatory (M2) MΦ phenotypes, is becoming increasingly appreciated. Within the M2 MΦ polarization state, M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d MΦ subcategories have been defined based on their expression of specific cell surface receptors, secreted cytokines, and specialized immune effector functions. The importance of immunometabolic networks in mediating the function and regulation of MΦ immune responses is also being increasingly recognized, although the exact mechanisms and extent of metabolic modulation of MΦ subtype phenotypes and functions remain incompletely understood. In this study, proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics was employed to determine the polar metabolomes of M2 MΦ subtypes and to investigate the relationship between aqueous metabolite profiles and M2 MΦ functional phenotypes. Results from this study demonstrate that M2a MΦs are most distinct from M2b, M2c, and M2d MΦ subtypes, and that M2b MΦs display several metabolic traits associated with an M1-like MΦ phenotype. The significance of metabolome differences for metabolites implicated in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, phospholipid metabolism, and creatine-phosphocreatine cycling is discussed. Altogether, this study provides biochemical insights into the role of metabolism in mediating the specialized effector functions of distinct M2 MΦ subtypes and supports the concept of a continuum of macrophage activation states rather than two well-separated and functionally distinct M1/M2 MΦ classes, as originally proposed within a classical M1/M2 MΦ framework.

Evaluation of the key ingredient from the main production areas of Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry

Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex (PAC) is a medicinal herb that has been generally used to treat diarrhea and jaundice. In order to comprehensively evaluate the PAC in the main production areas quality, a qualitative and quantitative method with highly effective, sensitive, and reliable was developed. The chemical compositions of PAC were analyzed, and fingerprints were established by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Then, the determination of berberine, canthin-6-one, dictamnine, γ-fagarine, and magnoflorine from PAC samples was simultaneously performed using UPLC-QQQ-MS. Furthermore, the chemical components of PAC from different regions were compared and analyzed by combining hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. A total of 58 compounds were identified, including 36 alkaloids, four phenylpropanoids, seven terpenoids, four flavonoids and their glycosides, an organic acid compound, and six other components. The fingerprint results show that samples have good similarity. Meanwhile, the content of the five ingredients in different habitats is quite different. By multivariate statistical analysis, 18 batches of PAC could be divided into three categories, and 20 components were identified as differential markers of various origins. A comprehensive method of PAC quality evaluation and chemical composition difference analysis was established, which provided the scientific basis for quality evaluation and further pharmacological mechanism research.

Comparative Analysis of Volatile Compounds in the Flower Buds of Three Panax Species Using Fast Gas Chromatography Electronic Nose, Headspace-Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry, and Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Multivariate Statistical Analysis

The flower buds of three Panax species (PGF: P. ginseng; PQF: P. quinquefolius; PNF: P. notoginseng) widely consumed as health tea are easily confused in market circulation. We aimed to develop a green, fast, and easy analysis strategy to distinguish PGF, PQF, and PNF. In this work, fast gas chromatography electronic nose (fast GC e-nose), headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS), and headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) were utilized to comprehensively analyze the volatile organic components (VOCs) of three flowers. Meanwhile, a principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap were applied to distinguish the VOCs identified in PGF, PQF, and PNF. A random forest (RF) analysis was used to screen key factors affecting the discrimination. As a result, 39, 68, and 78 VOCs were identified in three flowers using fast GC e-nose, HS-GC-IMS, and HS-SPME-GC-MS. Nine VOCs were selected as potential chemical markers based on a model of RF for distinguishing these three species. Conclusively, a complete VOC analysis strategy was created to provide a methodological reference for the rapid, simple, and environmentally friendly detection and identification of food products (tea, oil, honey, etc.) and herbs with flavor characteristics and to provide a basis for further specification of their quality and base sources.

Study on the quality evaluation of the leaves of Croton tiglium from different regions based on quality markers

METHODOLOGY

The chemical constituents of LCT were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. A characteristic fingerprint was then established and combined with multivariate statistical analysis of 16 common peaks and eight diterpenoids to identify the quality markers.

INTRODUCTION

The leaves of Croton tiglium (LCT) have long been used in folk and ethnic medicine in China. Owing to the various regions, the chemical composition and content of LCT may differ, and hence, the quality of medicinal materials may be different. However, quality standards have not yet been established, although some studies have been conducted on their composition.

OBJECTIVES

To quantitatively compare the chemical constituents of LCT from different areas and establish a quality evaluation of LCT based on quality markers.

RESULTS

Eight quality markers selected based on 16 common peaks and three quality markers selected based on eight diterpenoids can distinguish LCT from three regions. The diterpenoids, including 12-O-acetylphorbol-13-(2-methylbutyrate) (3), 12-O-tiglyl-4-deoxy-4α-phorbol-13-acetate (6), and 12-O-(2-methyl)butyrylphorbol-13-tiglate (8), can be used as potential quality markers for the quality evaluation of LCT.

CONCLUSION

Diterpenoids are highly efficient markers for quality evaluation. This study provides robust identification data and lays the foundation for formulating quality standards for LCT.

Evaluation of Lipid Oxidation Characteristics in Salmon after Simulation of Cold Chain Interruption Using Rapid Evaporation Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Temperature fluctuations occurring during the cold chain logistics of salmon contribute to lipid oxidation. This study aimed to simulate cold chain interruption through freeze-thaw operations and evaluate the lipidomics data from salmon samples subjected to different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles by using rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) combined with an intelligent surgical knife (iKnife). The results indicated significant differences in the relative abundance of characteristic ions among the samples (p < 0.05). A total of 34 ions with variable importance for the projection values ≥1 were identified as potential biomarkers, including m/z 719.4233 ([PCC36:5-NH(CH3)3]-), m/z 337.3134 ([FAC22:1]-), m/z 720.4666 ([PEC35:6-H]-), m/z 309.2780 ([FAC20:1]-), m/z 777.4985 ([PCC40:4-NH(CH3)3]-), m/z 745.4421 ([PCC38:6-NH(CH3)3]-/[PEC38:6-NH3]-), m/z 747.4665 ([PCC38:5-NH(CH3)3]-/[PEC38:5-NH3]-), etc. The degree of lipid oxidation was found to be associated with the number of freeze-thaw cycles, exhibiting the most significant alterations in the relative abundance of lipid ions in the 8T samples. Additionally, sensory evaluation by the CIE-L*a*b* method and volatile analysis by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry demonstrated significant differences (p < 0.05) in color and odor among the salmon samples, with a correlation to the number of freeze-thaw cycles. The primary compounds responsible for alterations in salmon odor were aldehydes with lower odor thresholds. In summary, the iKnife-REIMS method accurately differentiated salmon muscle tissues based on varying levels of lipid oxidation, thus expanding the application of REIMS.

Chemical Compositions of Essential Oil Extracted from Eight Thyme Species and Potential Biological Functions

Thymus is an herbaceous perennial or subshrub of the Lamiaceae family and is widely distributed worldwide. Essential oils extracted from thymus have attracted much attention, owing to their potential biological functions. Here, we evaluated the chemical compositions of eight thyme essential oils (TEOs) using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and assessed their antioxidant activity. The results showed that (1) the main components in eight TEOs were monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes (84.26-92.84%), and the chemical compositions of the TEOs were affected by the specie factor; (2) eight TEOs could be divided into three groups (thymol-, geraniol-, and nerol acetate-types), and thymol was the main type; (3) eight TEOs had some common compounds, such as thymol and p-cymene, which were the main components in seven TEOs; (4) eight TEOs had antioxidant activity, and Thymus pulegioides, Thymus thracicus, and Thymus serpyllum EOs had stronger antioxidant activity than vitamin E (0.07-0.27 fold) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, while Thymus quinquecostatus and Thymus longicaulis EOs had relatively weak antioxidant activity. In addition, three chemical type standards were used to evaluate potential roles in antibacterial and tumor therapy. The results showed that thymol had strong antibacterial activity against the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and antimigratory activity for A549 cell. Overall, our results can provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the function of natural products from thyme essential oils.

Metabolomics analysis of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus at different harvest times during the whole growing period based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry

After medicinal market research, it was found that the harvest time of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus (LLF) was chaotic in practice. In order to determine the optimal harvest period of LLF to ensure its pharmacological activity, metabolomics analysis of LLF at different harvest times based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-(linear ion trap)-tandem mass spectrometry was established. In this study, 166 differential metabolites (DMs) in 448 metabolites at different harvest times were screened out based on variable importance in projection value, and among them, 94 DMs with regular trends of change in relative content (59 increased and 35 decreased with the growth period) were chosen to further research. The result of the multivariate statistical analysis showed that November was the optimal harvest period of LLF. Additionally, 10-hydroxyligustroside, oleoside 11-methyl ester, and salidroside were screened out to be used as the evaluation indicators of immature LLF, while specnuezhenide, nuezhenoside G13, and neonuezhenide were the evaluation indicators of mature LLF. This study provides fundamental insight for metabolite identification and proposes the best harvest period of LLF to avoid confusion in the medicinal market.

Metabolomics approach to growth-age discrimination in mountain-cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Mountain-cultivated ginseng is typically harvested after 10 years, while ginseng aged over 15 years is considered wild ginseng. This study aims to differentiate mountain-cultivated ginseng by age, as the fraudulent practice of selling low-aged cultivated ginseng disguised as high-aged one is damaging the market. In this study, LC-MS analyzed 98 ginseng samples, and multivariate statistical analysis identified patterns between samples to select influential components. Machine learning models were developed to identify ginseng samples of different ages. The untargeted metabolomic analysis clearly divided samples aged 4-20 years into three age groups. Twenty-two potential age-dependent biomarkers were discovered to differentiate the three sample groups. Three machine learning models were used to predict new samples, and the optimal model was selected. Some biomarkers could determine age phases according to the differentiation of mountain-cultivated ginseng samples. These biomarkers were thoroughly analyzed for variation trends. The machine learning models established using the screened biomarkers successfully predicted the age group of new samples.

Multivariate Independent Component Analysis Identifies Patients in Newborn Screening Equally to Adjusted Reference Ranges

Newborn screening (NBS) of inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) is based on the reference ranges established on a healthy newborn population using quantile statistics of molar concentrations of biomarkers and their ratios. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether multivariate independent component analysis (ICA) is a useful tool for the analysis of NBS data, and also to address the structure of the calculated ICA scores. NBS data were obtained from a routine NBS program performed between 2013 and 2022. ICA was tested on 10,213/150 free-diseased controls and 77/20 patients (9/3 different IEMs) in the discovery/validation phases, respectively. The same model computed during the discovery phase was used in the validation phase to confirm its validity. The plots of ICA scores were constructed, and the results were evaluated based on 5sd levels. Patient samples from 7/3 different diseases were clearly identified as 5sd-outlying from control groups in both phases of the study. Two IEMs containing only one patient each were separated at the 3sd level in the discovery phase. Moreover, in one latent variable, the effect of neonatal birth weight was evident. The results strongly suggest that ICA, together with an interpretation derived from values of the "average member of the score structure", is generally applicable and has the potential to be included in the decision process in the NBS program.

The Volatile Flavor Substances, Microbial Diversity, and Their Potential Correlations of Inner and Surface Areas within Chinese Qingcheng Mountain Traditional Bacon

The objective of this study was to explore the microbial diversity, volatile flavor substances, and their potential correlations in inner and surface Chinese Qingcheng Mountain traditional bacon (CQTB). The results showed that there were 39 volatile flavor substances in inner and surface CQTB detected by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Moreover, significant differences in volatile flavor substances between the inner and surface CQTB were observed. Sixteen key volatile flavor substances were screened (OAV > 1), including guaiacol, nonanal, ethyl isovalerate, and others. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) result indicated that Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the predominant bacterial phyla, and Ascomycota and Mucoromycota were the predominant fungal phyla. Staphylococcus, Psychrobacter, and Brochothrix were the predominant bacteria, and Debaryomyces, Penicillium, and Mucor were the predominant fungal genera. Spearman correlation coefficient analysis suggested that Apiotrichum and Lactobacillus were closely and positively correlated with the formation of key phenol compounds. The present work demonstrates the microbial diversity and related volatile flavor substances and their potential correlations in CQTB and provides a theoretical basis for the development of microbial starter culture and green processing of CQTB.

Metabolite Profiling of Conifer Needles: Tracing Pollution and Climate Effects

In the face of escalating environmental challenges, understanding the intricate relationship between plant metabolites, pollution stress, and climatic conditions is of paramount importance. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of metabolic variations generated through 1H and 13C NMR measurements in evergreen needles collected from different regions with varying pollution levels. Multivariate analyses were employed to identify specific metabolites responsive to pollution stress and climatic factors. Air pollution indicators were assessed through ANOVA and Pearson correlation analyses. Our results revealed significant metabolic changes attributed to geographical origin, establishing these conifer species as potential indicators for both air pollution and climatic conditions. High levels of air pollution correlated with increased glucose and decreased levels of formic acid and choline. Principal component analysis (PCA) unveiled a clear species separation, largely influenced by succinic acid and threonine. Discriminant analysis (DA) confirmed these findings, highlighting the positive correlation of glucose with pollution grade. Beyond pollution assessment, these metabolic variations could have ecological implications, impacting interactions and ecological functions. Our study underscores the dynamic interplay between conifer metabolism, environmental stressors, and ecological systems. These findings not only advance environmental monitoring practices but also pave the way for holistic research encompassing ecological and physiological dimensions, shedding light on the multifaceted roles of metabolites in conifer responses to environmental challenges.

Saponin composition comparison of black ginseng and white ginseng by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with multivariate statistical analysis

Black ginseng (BG) is one type of ginseng product, which is produced from fresh ginseng by steaming and drying several times. To characterize the differences in saponin composition of BG and white ginseng (WG), the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS) was used to analyze the ginseng samples. A total of 53 saponins were successfully identified, and the possible transformation pathways of several ginsenosides were described. Multivariate statistical analysis methods were used to perform the pattern recognition and further to select the marker compounds of samples. Twenty ginsenosides were considered to contribute most to the sample classification, six of which including Rg3, Rk1, Rh4, Rs3, Rs5, and Rk2 increased significantly in BG, while the other fourteen ginsenosides were greatly elevated in WG. The changes of ginsenoside in BG and WG were characterized by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS, which is of great significance for its quality control and effect evaluation.

Untargeted metabolomics liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry approach for the geographical origin assessment of Italian dehydrated apples

Geographical provenience is nowadays a relevant aspect of the authenticity and the quality of many food commodities. Dehydrated apple cubes/slices represent an ingredient commonly used by food companies for bakery products. However, this apple-based matrix is not so known and studied from an analytical point of view. In the present work, seven compounds were identified as key molecules to distinguish between Italian and non-Italian samples, through an untargeted ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) approach. This methodology was merged with multivariate statistical analysis, and the principal features were studied and identified considering several identification steps. Samples from 2020 and 2021 harvesting campaigns, with partial and total dehydration rates, with or without peel, and from different apple varieties were considered for the study, for a total of 91 samples. Afterward, the same analysis protocol was applied to an external set (n = 12 samples), included in the statistical models, searching for the key compounds identified in the training set. Interesting and significant results underlined the potentiality of the UHPLC-HRMS technology as a confirmatory strategy for the geographical origin assessment of dehydrated apple commodities.

Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Toxicity Based on the Sex and Sexual Maturity of Single Low-Dose DEHP Exposure

Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a prevalent environmental endocrine disruptor that affects homeostasis, reproduction, and developmental processes. The effects of DEHP have been shown to differ based on sex and sexual maturity. This study examines the metabolic profiles of mature adult rats from both sexes, aged 10 weeks, and adolescent female rats, aged 6 weeks, following a single 5 mg/kg of body weight DEHP oral administration. An untargeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on urine samples collected at multiple times to discern potential sex- and maturity-specific DEHP toxicities. Various multivariate statistical analyses were employed to identify the relevant metabolites. The findings revealed disruptions to the steroid hormone and primary bile acid biosynthesis. Notably, DEHP exposure increased hyocholic, muricholic, and ketodeoxycholic acids in male rats. Moreover, DEHP exposure was linked to heart, liver, and kidney damage, as indicated by increased plasma GOT1 levels when compared to the levels before DEHP exposure. This study provides detailed insights into the unique mechanisms triggered by DEHP exposure concerning sex and sexual maturity, emphasizing significant distinctions in lipid metabolic profiles across the different groups. This study results deepens our understanding of the health risks linked to DEHP, informing future risk assessments and policy decisions.

[Quality evaluation of Lysimachiae Herba from different habitats based on simultaneous determination of multiple bioactive constituents combined with multivariate statistical analysis]

A method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole linear ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry(UHPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 41 bioactive constituents of flavonoids, organic acids, nucleosides, and amino acids in Lysimachiae Herba. The content of multiple bioactive constituents was compared among the samples from different habitats. The chromatographic separation was performed in a Waters XBridge®C_(18) column(4.6 mm×100 mm, 3.5 μm) at 30 ℃. The gradient elution was performed with 0.4% methanol(A)-formic acid water(B) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min~(-1), and the multiple-reaction monitoring(MRM) mode was adopted. According to the content of 41 constituents, hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA), and gray relational analysis(GRA) were perfomed to comprehensively evaluate the samples from different habitats. The results showed that the 41 constituents exhibited good linear relationship within the tested concentration ranges, with the correlation coefficients(r) greater than 0.999 4. The method featured good precision, repeatability, and stability with the relative standard deviations(RSDs) less than 5.0%. The average recoveries of the 41 constituents ranged from 98.06% to 101.9%, with the RSDs of 0.62%-4.6%. HCA and OPLS-DA separated 48 batches of Lysimachiae Herba samples from different habitats into three categories: the producing areas in Sichuan and Chongqing, the producing areas in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi, and the producing areas in Guizhou. The content of 41 constituents varied among the Lysimachiae Herba samples from different habitats. The GRA results revealed that the Lysimachiae Herba sample from Nanchong City, Sichuan Province had the best comprehensive quality. The method developed in this study was accurate and reliable and thus can be used for comprehensive evaluation of Lysimachiae Herba quality and provide basic information for the selection of habitats.

Comparative Analysis of Key Odorants and Aroma Characteristics in Hot-Pressed Yellow Horn (Xanthoceras sorbifolia bunge) Seed Oil Via Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Olfactory-Mass Spectrometry

Volatile compounds (VOCs) present in the oil extracted from yellow horn seeds were first analyzed using GC-IMS and GC-O-MS at varying roasting temperatures. A total of 97 VOCs were detected using GC-IMS, while 77 were tentatively identified using GC-O-MS. Moreover, both methods allowed the identification of 24 VOCs, of which the type of aldehydes is the most abundant. Combining the results of GC-IMS, GC-O-MS, OAVs, and VIP, it was concluded that hexanal, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, heptanal, 2-pentylfuran, 1-hexanol, and 1-octen-3-ol were the key aroma compounds. The PLS-DA and OPLS-DA models have demonstrated the ability to discriminate between different oil roasting temperatures with high accuracy. The roasting temperature of 160 °C was found to yield the highest content of main aroma substances, indicating its optimality for yellow horn seed oil production. These findings will prove beneficial for optimizing industrial production and enhancing oil aroma control.

[Effects of growth patterns and years on quality of Saposhnikoviae Radix samples]

This study aims to reveal the effects of different growth patterns and years on the quality of Saposhnikoviae Radix samples. The apparent colors of the powder samples were quantified by a colorimeter, and the total color values(E~*ab) were calculated. The content of prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, cimifugin, 4'-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol, sec-O-glucosylhamaudol, and 3'-O-angeloylhamaudol in the samples was simultaneously determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Cluster analysis, principal component analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis were performed to analyze the powder chromatic values and the content of 5 components. The results showed that the E~*ab values of the samples were in the order of wild group<multiple-year-old group<one-year-old group. The content of cimifugin, sec-O-glucosylhamaudol, and 3'-O-angeloylhamaudol in the wild group was significantly higher than that in the multiple-year-old and one-year-old groups. The results of multivariate statistical analysis showed that the quality of multiple-year-old group varied greatly. The quality of the multiple-year-old samples was close to that of the wild group and better than that of the one-year-old group. The variable importance in the projection(VIP) values of b~*, 3'-O-angeloylhamaudol content, E~*ab, and L~* were all larger than 1, and that of cimifugin content was close to 1. The E~*ab value was negatively correlated with the content of prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, cimifugin, sec-O-glucosylhamaudol, and 3'-O-angeloylhamaudol, while it had no linear correlation with the 4'-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol content. The growth patterns and years had different effects on the quality of Saposhnikoviae Radix samples. The chromatic values of Saposhnikoviae Radix and the content of 5 components can be used to evaluate the quality of Saposhnikoviae Radix, and 3'-O-angeloylhamaudol and cinmifugin can be considered as markers for the quality control of Saposhnikovia divaricata during the growing process.

Evaluation of raw and processed Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex using the quality marker analysis strategy by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS and multivariate statistical analysis

Introduction: Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex is a necessary part of healthcare for its significant clinical efficacy. Raw and processed Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex is both documented in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015). After processing, the therapeutic effects are believed to differ according to traditional Chinese medicine theories. However, the chemical mechanism responsible for this processing, according to traditional Chinese medicine theories, is still not clear. Methods: In this study, the therapeutic effects of various ions were examined based on traditional Chinese medicine theories by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS) coupled with multivariate statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), to comprehensively compare the differences between raw and processed Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex for the first time. Results: A total of 48 compounds were screened, out and 10 of them simultaneously transformed with significant variation in processed products compared with raw materials. It was illustrated that the contents of berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, magnoflorine, menisperine, phellodendrine, tetrahydrojatrorrhizine, and tetrahydropalmatine decreased, while the compounds of berberrubine and fernloylquinic acid methyl ester newly appeared in processed herbs. This is likely to be related to the conversion of ingredients during processing. Discussion: Altogether, the fact that quality markers have been successfully identified to differentiate processed Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex from raw materials suggests that this approach could be used for the investigation of chemical transformation mechanisms involved in the processing of herbal medicine.

A multivariate approach to explore the volatolomic and sensory profiles of craft Italian Grape Ale beers produced with novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains

This study investigated the influence of three Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, selected from different matrices - CHE-3 (cherry), P4 (sourdough) and TA4-10 (grape must) - on characteristics of Italian Grape Ale (IGA) beers obtained at microbrewery scale. A multidisciplinary approach, combining results from analysis of chemical, volatile and organoleptic profiles of the beers, was adopted to underline the relationships between yeast starter and the quality of final products. Detection volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by Gas-Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) after extraction carried out by head-space micro-extraction (HS-SPME) revealed that the beer obtained by P4 strain differed from the others for its higher concentrations of esters, alcohols, and terpenes as confirmed by PCA (principal component analysis) and Cluster heatmap. Furthermore, sensorial analysis and consumer test showed that this sample differed from others by more pronounced notes of "fruity smell and floral" and "olfactory finesse," and it was the most appreciated beer for smell, taste, and overall quality. Conversely, CHE-3 was the sample with the lowest concentrations of the identified volatiles and, together TA4-10, showed the highest scores for smoked, yeast, malt, and hop notes. As far as we know, these are the first results on the application of indigenous S. cerevisiae strains in the production of craft IGA beers analyzed through a complex multivariate approach.

Quantitative and Differential Analysis between Bupleurum chinense DC. and Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. Using HPLC-MS and GC-MS Coupled with Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Bupleurum chinense DC. and Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. have different clinical efficacies, with the former typically used to treat typhoid fever and the latter mainly used to clear liver heat. The differences in their clinical efficacy are closely related to their complex chemical composition, especially the active components. In this study, the saponins and volatile oils in two varieties of Radix Bupleuri grown in different regions were extracted and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), and the absolute contents of five saikosaponins were accurately quantified using an established HPLC-MS method in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed to reveal the difference in the active components between the two varieties. The saikosaponin content was significantly affected by variety and growing region, with all five saikosaponins being significantly higher in Bupleurum chinense DC. than in Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. The results of principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis show a clear distinction between the two varieties in terms of both saponins and volatile oils. Twenty-one saponins, including saikosaponin b2 and b1, and fifty-two volatile oils, including 2-tetradecyloxirane and chloromethyl cyanide, were screened and identified as differential compounds contributing to the significant difference between the two varieties. These compounds may also be responsible for the difference in clinical efficacy between Bupleurum chinense DC. and Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. All the results suggest that the accumulation and diversity of active components in Radix Bupleuri are significantly affected by the variety. In contrast to previous reports, this study provides the absolute contents of five saikosaponins in Radix Bupleuri of different varieties and reduces the influence of the growing region on the analytical results by collecting samples from different regions. The results of this study may provide a reference for the identification and quality evaluation of different varieties of Radix Bupleuri.

Chemical Differentiation and Quantitative Analysis of Black Ginseng Based on an LC-MS Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis Approach

Black ginseng is a new type of processed ginseng that is traditionally used in herbal medicine in East Asian countries. It is prepared from fresh, white, or red ginseng by undergoing a process of steaming and drying several times. However, the chemical differentiation of black ginseng with different processing levels is not well understood. The aim of this study was to propose a new method for discriminating and quantifying black ginseng. Six ginsenosides from black ginseng were accurately quantified, and based on this, the black ginseng samples were divided into incomplete and complete black ginseng. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) combined with a multivariate statistical analysis strategy was then employed to differentiate the two groups. A total of 141 ions were selected as analytical markers of black ginseng, with 45 of these markers being annotated by matching precise m/z and MS/MS data from prior studies.

[Analysis and evaluation of bioactive constituents from different parts of Epimedium brevicornum]

A comprehensive analytical method based on ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole/linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry(UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS) was established for simultaneous determination of the content of 45 bioactive constituents including flavonoids, alkaloids, amino acids, phenolic acids, and nucleosides in Epimedium brevicornum. The multiple bioactive constituents in leaves, petioles, stems and rhizomes of E. brevicornum were analyzed. The gradient elution was performed at 30 ℃ in an XBridge~® C_(18) column(4.6 mm×100 mm, 3.5 μm) with 0.4% formic acid aqueous solution-acetonitrile as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min~(-1). Single factor experiment and response surface methodology were employed to optimize the extraction conditions. Multivariate statistical analyses including systematic cluster analysis(SCA), principal component analysis(PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA), and one-way analysis of variance(One-way ANOVA) were carried out to classify the samples from different parts and identify different constituents. Grey relation analysis(GRA) and entropy weight-TOPSIS analysis were performed to build a multi-index comprehensive evaluation model for different parts of E. brevicornum. The results showed that there was a good relationship between the mass concentrations of 45 constituents and the corresponding peak areas, with the correlation coefficients(r) not less than 0.999 0. The precision, repeatability, and stability of the established method were good for all the target constituents in this study, with the relative standard deviations(RSDs) less than 5.0%(0.62%-4.9%) and the average recovery of 94.51%-105.7%. The above results indicated that the bioactive constituents varied in different parts of E. brevicornum, and the overall quality followed the trend of leaves &gt; petioles &gt; rhizomes &gt; stems. This study verified the rationality of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition) stipulating that the medicinal part of E. brevicornum is the leaf. Moreover, our study indicated that the rhizome had the potential for medicinal development. The established method was accurate and reliable, which can be used to comprehensive evaluate and control the quality of E. brevicornum. This study provides data reference for clarifying the medicinal parts and rationally utilizing the resources of E. brevicornum.

[Quality evaluation of Huocao based on UPLC fingerprint and multi-component content determination]

Huocao(a traditional Chinese herbal medicine) moxibustion is a characteristic technology in Yi medicine suitable for cold-dampness diseases. Huocao, as the moxibustion material, is confusedly used in clinical practice and little is known about its quality control. In this study, UPLC method was used to establish the chemical fingerprint of non-volatile components in Huocao, and the contents of eight phenolic acids such as chlorogenic acid were determined. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed to obtain the indicator components of Huocao for quality evaluation, and thus a comprehensive evaluation system for the quality of Huocao was built. The UPLC fingerprints of 49 batches of Huocao were established, and there were 20 common peaks, of which eight phenolic acids including neochlorogenic acid and chlorogenic acid were identified. Except for three batches of Huocao, the similarity of the other 46 batches was higher than 0.89, suggesting that the established fingerprint method could be used for quality control of the medicinal herb. The correlation coefficient between entropy weight score of the eight phenolic acids and comprehensive fingerprint score in Huocao was 0.875(P&lt;0.01), which indicated that the eight phenolic acids could be used as indicator components for the quality evaluation of Huocao. Furthermore, in multivariate statistical analysis on the common peaks of fingerprint and the contents of the eight phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid C were screened to be the indicator components. The results revealed that the proposed method achieved a simple and accurate quality control of Huocao based on UPLC fingerprint and multi-component content determination, which provided useful data for establishing the quality standard of Huocao.

The Cultivar Effect on the Taste and Aroma Substances of Hakka Stir-Fried Green Tea from Guangdong

The flavor and quality of tea largely depends on the cultivar from which it is processed; however, the cultivar effect on the taste and aroma characteristics of Hakka stir-fried green tea (HSGT) has received little attention. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and sensory evaluations were used to detect and predict the essential taste and aroma-contributing substances of HSGTs made from Huangdan (HD), Meizhan (MZ) and Qingliang Mountain (QL) cultivars. Orthogonal partial least squares data analysis (OPLS-DA) ranked four substances that putatively distinguished the tastes of the HSGTs, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) > theanine > epigallocatechin (EGC) > epicatechin gallate (ECG). Ten substances with variable importance in projections (VIPs) ≥ 1 and odor activation values (OAVs) ≥ 1 contributed to their overall aromas, with geranylacetone having the most significant effect on HD (OAV 1841), MZ (OAV 4402), and QL (OAV 1211). Additionally, sensory evaluations found that HD was relatively equivalent to QL in quality, and both were superior to MZ. HD had a distinct floral aroma, MZ had a distinct fried rice aroma, and QL had a balance of fried rice and fresh aromas. The results provide a theoretical framework for evaluating the cultivar effect on the quality of HSGT and put forward ideas for future HSGT cultivar development.

Differentiation of Medicinal Plants According to Solvents, Processing, Origin, and Season by Means of Multivariate Analysis of Spectroscopic and Liquid Chromatography Data

Effects of processing and extraction solvents on antioxidant properties and other characteristics were evaluated for ten medicinal plant species originating from two different localities and two production years. A combination of spectroscopic and liquid chromatography techniques possessed data for multivariate statistics. Water, 50% (v/v) ethanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were compared to select the most suitable solvent for the isolation of functional components from the frozen/dried medicinal plants. DMSO and 50% (v/v) ethanol were evaluated as more efficient for phenolic compounds and colorants extraction, while water was more useful for element extraction. Drying and extraction of herbs with 50% (v/v) ethanol was the most appropriate treatment to ensure a high yield of most compounds. The satisfactory differentiation of herbs (61.8-100%) confirmed the significant effect of the processing, geographical, and seasonal factors on target functional component concentrations. Total phenolic and total flavonoid compounds content, total antioxidant activity expressed as TAA, yellowness, chroma, and browning index were identified as the most important markers for medicinal plant differentiation.

Comprehensive Screening for EPA/DHA-Structured Phospholipids in Aquatic Products by a Specific Precursor Ion Scanning-Based HILIC-MS/MS Method

Comprehensive screening for functional substances from natural resources is always a hot research topic. Eicosapentaenoic acid- (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-structured phospholipids (PL_EPA/DHA) have versatile cardiovascular benefits as well as superior bioavailability. Herein, the abundance of PL_EPA/DHA in 16 aquatic products was specifically and selectively screened using a recently developed precursor ion scan-driven hydrophilic interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry (PreIS-HILIC/MS) method with the fatty acyl moieties of EPA (m/z 301.6) and DHA (m/z 327.6) locked. The aim focused on the characteristics and differences in the varieties and contents of EPA/DHA-structured phosphatidylcholine (PC_EPA/DHA) and EPA/DHA-structured phosphatidylethanolamine (PE_EPA/DHA) molecular species. A total of 80 PL_EPA/DHA molecules were identified in these natural sources, including 47 PC_EPA/DHA and 33 PE_EPA/DHA. After analysis, PC 16:0/20:5 and PC 16:0/22:6 are present in all aquatic products and at high levels. Antarctic krill was found to be the best resource of PL_EPA/DHA in total (2574.69 μg·g^-1), followed by mackerel (2330.11 μg·g^-1), salmon (2109.91 μg·g^-1), and Farrer's scallop (1883.59 μg·g^-1), while abalone contained the lowest level of PL_EPA/DHA (310.44 μg·g^-1). Besides, sea cucumber and sea bass contained the highest contents of EPA-structured and DHA-structured ether phospholipids, respectively, which could be highly recommended as dietary sources of special functional phospholipids. Finally, the multiple discrepancies between the 16 aquatic products were revealed by multivariate statistical analysis. These findings improve the awareness of the composition and content of PL_EPA/DHA contained in aquatic products, providing a reference for their integrated development.

The overview of analytical methods for studying of fossil natural resins

The review presents methods that are used frequently for multi-analytical study of fossil resins. The preliminary characterization relies on physical methods such as microhardness, density and fluorescence in UV light measurements. The spectroscopic methods: infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy are also presented in the paper. Besides that, the review also contains examples of the application of chromatographic methods: gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry as well as sample preparation methods for chromatographic studies such as pyrolysis. Additionally, thermal methods such as thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry also are covered by the review. Beside the examples of application, a detailed description with development history and perspective for further improvement are presented for each method. Moreover, fit-for-purpose assessment of each method is illustrated based on many examples from literature. The paper also contains examples of the application of multivariate statistical analysis and chemometric methods for comparing multiple properties of different fossil resin specimens for differentiation and classification purposes.

1H NMR-Based Metabolomics to Assess the Impact of Soil Type on the Chemical Composition of Nero d'Avola Red Wines

In this study, the soil effect on the micro-component composition of Nero d'Avola wines obtained from different locations was investigated through ¹H NMR-based metabolomics. Two different approaches were applied: the targeted (TA) and the non-targeted one (NTA). The former differentiated the wines by profiling (i.e., by identifying and quantifying) a number of different metabolites. The latter provided wine fingerprinting by processing the entire spectra with multivariate statistical analysis. NTA also allowed investigation of the hydrogen bond network inside wines via the analysis of ¹H NMR chemical shift dispersions. Results showed that the differences among wines were due not only to the concentrations of various analytes but also to the characteristics of the H-bond network where different solutes were involved. The H-bond network affects both gustatory and olfactory perceptions by modulating the way how solutes interact with the human sensorial receptors. Moreover, the aforementioned H-bond network is also related to the soil properties from which the grapes were taken. Therefore, the present study can be considered a good attempt to investigate terroir, i.e., the relationship between wine quality and soil characteristics.

Discrepancy Study of the Chemical Constituents of Panax Ginseng from Different Growth Environments with UPLC-MS-Based Metabolomics Strategy

Panax ginseng (P. ginseng), the dried root and rhizome of P. ginseng C. A. Meyer, is widely used in many fields as dietary supplements and medicine. To characterize the chemical constituents in P. ginseng cultivated in different growth environments, a UPLC-TOF-MS method was established for qualitative analysis. Four hundred and eight ginsenosides, including 81 new compounds, were characterized in P. ginseng from different regions. Among the detected compounds, 361 ginsenosides were recognized in P. ginseng cultivated in the region of Monsoon Climate of Medium Latitudes, possessing the largest amount of ginsenosides in all samples. Furthermore, 41 ginsenosides in 12 batches of P. ginsengs were quantified with a UPLC-MRM-MS method, and P. ginsengs from different regions were distinguished via chemometric analysis. This study showed that the different environments have a greater influence on P. ginseng, which laid a foundation for further quality control of the herb.

Quality consistency evaluation of commercial Prunellae Spica by integrating determination of secondary metabolites and saccharides

INTRODUCTION

Prunellae Spica (PS) is a commonly used medicinal herb in China. Secondary metabolites and saccharides are major bioactive components of PS. However, holistic quality consistency of commercial PS is ambiguous due to lack of comprehensive evaluation methods and reliable quality control markers.

OBJECTIVES

Integrating multiple chromatographic and chemometric methods to comprehensively evaluate the holistic quality of PS.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQ-MS/MS) was applied to quantify 12 secondary metabolites of PS. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array/evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-PDA/ELSD) and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) methods were used to characterise the saccharides. Multivariate statistical analysis was adopted to evaluate the quality consistency of commercial PS and explore the potential quality control markers.

RESULTS

The contents of secondary metabolites and saccharides were significantly different among commercial PS. All samples could be classified into three groups with ferulic acid, protocatechualdehyde, gallic acid, ursolic acid/oleanolic acid, sucrose, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid as the major contributing components responsible for the difference. The content of rosmarinic acid was correlated with that of betulinic acid, hyperposide, chlorogenic acid, rutin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and glucose, whereas polysaccharides, ferulic acid, protocatechualdehyde and ursolic acid/oleanolic acid, quercetin, sucrose and majority monosaccharides were not.

CONCLUSION

The holistic quality of commercial PS was inconsistent. Together with rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid, protocatechualdehyde, ursolic acid/oleanolic acid, polysaccharides and sucrose might be recommended as potential quality control markers for the holistic quality control of PS.

Integrated metabolic and transcriptomic profiles reveal the germination-associated dynamic changes for the seeds of Cassia obtusifolia L

INTRODUCTION

The seeds of Cassia obtusifolia L. (Cassiae [C.] semen) have been widely used as both food and traditional Chinese medicine in China.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to analyze the metabolic mechanisms underlying C. semen germination.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Different samples of C. semen at various germination stages were collected. These samples were subjected to ¹ H-NMR and UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS-based untargeted metabolomics analysis together with transcriptomics analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 50 differential metabolites (mainly amino acids and sugars) and 20 key genes involved in multiple pathways were identified in two comparisons of different groups (36 h vs 12 h and 84 h vs 36 h). The metabolite-gene network for seed germination was depicted. In the germination of C. semen, fructose and mannose metabolism was activated in the testa rupture period, indicating more energy was needed (36 h). In the embryonic axis elongation period (84 h), the pentose and glucuronate interconversions pathway and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were activated, which suggested some nutrient sources (nitrogen and sugar) were in demand. Furthermore, oxygen, energy, and nutrition should be supplied throughout the whole germination process. These global views open up an integrated perspective for understanding the complex biological regulatory mechanisms during the germination process of C. semen.

Identification of Differential Compositions of Aqueous Extracts of Cinnamomi Ramulus and Cinnamomi Cortex

Cinnamomi ramulus (CR) and Cinnamomi cortex (CC), both sourced from Cinnamomum cassia Presl, are commonly used Chinese medicines in the Chinese Pharmacopeia. However, while CR functions to dissipate cold and to resolve external problems of the body, CC functions to warm the internal organs. To clarify the material basis of these different functions and clinical effects, a simple and reliable UPLC-Orbitrap-Exploris-120-MS/MS method combined with multivariate statistical analyses was established in this study with the aim of exploring the difference in chemical compositions of aqueous extracts of CR and CC. As the results indicated, a total of 58 compounds was identified, including nine flavonoids, 23 phenylpropanoids and phenolic acids, two coumarins, four lignans, four terpenoids, 11 organic acids and five other components. Of these compounds, 26 significant differential compounds were identified statistically including six unique components in CR and four unique components in CC. Additionally, a robust HPLC method combined with hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) was developed to simultaneously determine the concentrations and differentiating capacities of five major active ingredients in CR and CC: coumarin, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, 2-methoxycinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde. The HCA results showed that these five components could be used as markers for successfully distinguishing CR and CC. Finally, molecular docking analyses were conducted to obtain the affinities between each of the abovementioned 26 differential components, focusing on targets involved in diabetes peripheral neuropathy (DPN). The results indicated that the special and high-concentration components in CR showed high docking scores of affinities with targets such as HbA1c and proteins in the AMPK-PGC1-SIRT3 signaling pathway, suggesting that CR has greater potential than CC for treating DPN.

Multiple Evaluations of the Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Surface Water Quality in the Typical Area of the Yangtze River Delta of China Using the Water Quality Index and Multivariate Statistical Analysis: A Case Study in Shengzhou City

Surface water assessments are of critical importance for balancing economic development with the ecological environment in rapidly developing regions. In this research, Shengzhou City, a typical town in the Yangtze River Delta region of China, was chosen to conduct a surface water quality study. As a region with a well-developed water system, monthly water quality monitoring data from eight sampling sites on the major tributaries and the mainstream were selected for six consecutive years from 2013 to 2018, containing seven important water quality indicators (pH, DO, CODMn, CODCr, BOD, NH4+-N, and TP). The comprehensive evaluation method based on the water quality index (WQI) and multivariate statistical analysis methods of cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to explore the spatial and temporal changes of water quality in Shengzhou City. The main findings are as follows: (1) spatially, for three main tributaries, Xinchang River had the worst water quality, followed by Changle River, while Huangze River had the best. The water quality of the tributaries had higher volatility than the mainstream. (2) The sampling sites with similar locations had similar water quality characteristics. (3) Seasonally, for the four indicators of DO, CODMn, CODCr, and BOD, the water quality was better in the dry season while, for NH4+-N and TP, water quality was better in the wet season. The low WQI points were more likely to appear in the wet season. (4) The results of WQI assessment showed an improving trend in water quality. (5) Nitrogenous substances and organic matter were the key pollutants in this area. The research results prove that water quality evaluation methods and multivariate statistical methods are effective for the study of regional surface water quality.

[Discrimination of cultivation modes of Dendrobium nobile based on content of mineral elements and ratios of nitrogen stable isotopes]

This study explored the feasibility of mineral element content and ratios of nitrogen isotopes to discriminate the cultivation mode of Dendrobium nobile in order to provide theoretical support for the discrimination of the cultivation mode of D. nobile. The content of 11 mineral elements(N, K, Ca, P, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and B) and nitrogen isotope ratios in D. nobile and its substrate samples in three cultivation methods(greenhouse cultivation, tree-attached cultivation, and stone-attached cultivation) were determined. According to the analysis of variance, principal component analysis, and stepwise discriminant analysis, the samples of different cultivation types were classified. The results showed that the nitrogen isotope ratios and the content of elements except for Zn were significantly different among different cultivation types of D. nobile(P&lt;0.05). The results of correlation analysis showed that the nitrogen isotope ratios, mineral element content, and effective component content in D. nobile were correlated with the nitrogen isotope ratio and mineral element content in the corresponding substrate samples to varying degrees. Principal component analysis can preliminarily classify the samples of D. nobile, but some samples overlapped. Through stepwise discriminant analysis, six indicators, including δ~(15)N, K, Cu, P, Na, and Ca, were screened out, which could be used to establish the discriminant model of D. nobile cultivation methods, and the overall correct discrimination rates after back-substitution test, cross-check, and external validation were all 100%. Therefore, nitrogen isotope ratios and mineral element fingerprints combined with multivariate statistical analysis could effectively discriminate the cultivation types of D. nobile. The results of this study provide a new method for the identification of the cultivation type and production area of D. nobile and an experimental basis for the quality evaluation and quality control of D. nobile.

Characterization and Discrimination of Ophiopogonis Radix with Different Levels of Sulfur Fumigation Based on UPLC-QTOF-MS Combined Molecular Networking with Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Ophiopogonis Radix, also known as "Maidong" (MD) in China, is frequently sulfur-fumigated (SF) in the pretreatment process of MD to improve the appearance and facilitate preservation. However, the process leads to changes in chemical composition, so it is essential to develop an approach to identify the chemical characteristics between nonfumigated and sulfur-fumigated products. This paper provided a practical method based on UPLC-QTOF-MS combined Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) with multivariate statistical analysis for the characterization and discrimination of MD with different levels of sulfur fumigation, high concentration sulfur fumigation (HS), low concentration sulfur fumigation (LS) and without sulfur fumigation (WS). First, a number of 98 compounds were identified in those MD samples. Additionally, the results of Principal component analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) demonstrated that there were significant chemical differences in the chemical composition of MD with different degrees of SF. Finally, fourteen and sixteen chemical markers were identified upon the comparison between HS and WS, LS and WS, respectively. Overall, these results can be able to discriminate MD with different levels of SF as well as establish a solid foundation for further quality control and pharmacological research.

Molecular genetics and phenotypic assessment of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) landraces revealed remarkable variability of morpho-physiological, yield, and yield-related traits

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) is highly valued for nutritional traits, stress tolerance and sustainability in resource-poor dryland agriculture. However, the low productivity of this crop in semi-arid regions of Southern India, is further threatened by climate stress. Landraces are valuable genetic resources, regionally adapted in form of novel alleles that are responsible for cope up the adverse conditions used by local farmers. In recent years, there is an erosion of genetic diversity. We have hypothesized that plant genetic resources collected from the semi-arid climatic zone would serve as a source of novel alleles for the development of climate resilience foxtail millet lines with enhanced yield. Keeping in view, there is an urgent need for conservation of genetic resources. To explore the genetic diversity, to identify superior genotypes and novel alleles, we collected a heterogeneous mixture of foxtail millet landraces from farmer fields. In an extensive multi-year study, we developed twenty genetically fixed foxtail millet landraces by single seed descent method. These landraces characterized along with four released cultivars with agro-morphological, physiological, yield and yield-related traits assessed genetic diversity and population structure. The landraces showed significant diversity in all the studied traits. We identified landraces S3G5, Red, Black and S1C1 that showed outstanding grain yield with earlier flowering, and maturity as compared to released cultivars. Diversity analysis using 67 simple sequence repeat microsatellite and other markers detected 127 alleles including 11 rare alleles, averaging 1.89 alleles per locus, expected heterozygosity of 0.26 and an average polymorphism information content of 0.23, collectively indicating a moderate genetic diversity in the landrace populations. Euclidean Ward's clustering, based on the molecular markers, principal coordinate analysis and structure analysis concordantly distinguished the genotypes into two to three sub-populations. A significant phenotypic and genotypic diversity observed in the landraces indicates a diverse gene pool that can be utilized for sustainable foxtail millet crop improvement.

A Comparative UHPLC-Q-Trap-MS/MS-Based Metabolomics Analysis to Distinguish Foeniculum vulgare Cultivars' Antioxidant Extracts

Among the environmental factors, seasonality is the one which most affects the metabolome of a plant. Depending on the harvest season, the plant may have a variable content of certain metabolites and thus may have different biological properties. Foeniculum vulgare is an annual plant whose cultivation creates large amounts of waste rich in bioactive compounds. The present investigation was performed with the aim of determining the amount of biologically active compounds in F. vulgare wastes obtained from varieties of different seasonality. Ten polyphenolic compounds were quantified in the little stems and leaves of Tiziano, Pegaso, and Preludio cultivars by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) hyphenated to QTRAP mass spectrometry by using the MRM (multiple reaction monitoring) method. The antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extracts was then evaluated using TEAC and DPPH spectrophotometric assays, followed by a multivariate statistical analysis to determine the correlation between metabolite expression and antioxidant activity. The Preludio variety, grown in summer, showed a higher content of bioactive compounds, which guarantees it a better antioxidant power; kaempferol 3-O-glucuronide, quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, and quercetin 3-O-glucoside are the polyphenolic compounds that could be mainly responsible for the antioxidant effect of fennel. The PLS chemometric model, which correlated quantitative data obtained by a sensitive and selective LC-ESI-QTrap-MS/MS analysis of antioxidant activity, resulted in a selective tool to detect the compounds responsible for the activity shown by the extracts in chemical tests.

Serum metabolomics analysis in patients with alcohol dependence

Objective

Alcohol dependence (AD) is a chronic recurrent mental disease caused by long-term drinking. It is one of the most prevalent public health problems. However, AD diagnosis lacks objective biomarkers. This study was aimed to shed some light on potential biomarkers of AD patients by investigating the serum metabolomics profiles of AD patients and the controls.

Methods

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to detect the serum metabolites of 29 AD patients (AD) and 28 controls. Six samples were set aside as the validation set (Control: n = 3; AD group: n = 3), and the remaining were used as the training set (Control: n = 26; AD group: n = 25). Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PCA-DA) were performed to analyze the training set samples. The metabolic pathways were analyzed using the MetPA database. The signal pathways with pathway impact >0.2, value of p <0.05, and FDR < 0.05 were selected. From the screened pathways, the metabolites whose levels changed by at least 3-fold were screened. The metabolites with no numerical overlap in their concentrations in the AD and the control groups were screened out and verified with the validation set.

Results

The serum metabolomic profiles of the control and the AD groups were significantly different. We identified six significantly altered metabolic signal pathways, including protein digestion and absorption; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; arginine biosynthesis; linoleic acid metabolism; butanoate metabolism; and GABAergic synapse. In these six signal pathways, the levels of 28 metabolites were found to be significantly altered. Of these, the alterations of 11 metabolites changed by at least 3-fold compared to the control group. Of these 11 metabolites, those with no numerical overlap in their concentrations between the AD and the control groups were GABA, 4-hydroxybutanoic acid, L-glutamic acid, citric acid and L-glutamine.

Conclusion

The metabolite profile of the AD group was significantly different from that of the control group. GABA, 4-hydroxybutanoic acid, L-glutamic acid, citric acid, and L-glutamine could be used as potential diagnostic markers for AD.

[Effect of processing method on chemical constituents of Rehmanniae Radix: based on UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS]

This study aims to explore the chemical composition of Rehmanniae Radix braised with mild fire and compare the effect of processing method on the chemical composition of Rehmanniae Radix. To be specific, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with linear ion trap-orbitrap mass spectrometry(UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS) was used to screen the chemical constituents of Rehmanniae Radix. The chemical constituents were identified based on the relative molecular weight and fragment ions, literature information, and Human Metabolome Database(HMDB). The ion peak area ratio of each component before and after processing was used as the index for the variation. SIMCA was employed to establish principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) models of different processed products. According to the PCA plot, OPLS-DA plot, and VIP value, the differential components before and after the processing were screened out. The changes of the content of differential components with the processing method were analyzed. A total of 66 chemical components were identified: 57 of raw Rehmanniae Radix, 55 of steamed Rehmanniae Radix, 55 of wine-stewed Rehmanniae Radix, 51 of repeatedly steamed and sundried Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata, 62 of traditional bran-braised Rehmanniae Radix, and 63 of electric pot-braised Rehmanniae Radix. Among them, the 9 flavonoids of braised Rehmanniae Radix were from Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium. PCA suggested significant differences in the chemical composition of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata prepared with different processing methods. OPLS-DA screened out 32 chemical components with VIP value &gt;1 as the main differential components. Among the differential components, 9 were unique to braised Rehmanniae Radix(traditional bran-braised, electric pot-braised) and the degradation rate of the rest in braised(traditional bran-braised, electric pot-braised) or repeatedly steamed and sundried Rehmanniae Radix was higher than that in the steamed or wine-stewed products. The results indicated the chemical species and component content of Rehmanniae Radix changed significantly after the processing. The 32 components, such as rehmapicrogenin, martynoside, jionoside D, aeginetic acid, hesperidin, and naringin, were the most important compounds to distinguish different processed products of Rehmanniae Radix. The flavonoids introduced by Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium as excipient may be the important material basis for the effectiveness of braised Rehmanniae Radix compared with other processed products.

Groundwater Contamination Monitoring for Pollution Measurement and Transmission Applying WQI Approaches from a Region of the Erode District, Tamilnadu, India

The present research deals with the Risk assessment of groundwater quality. 79 groundwater samples were collected from domestic and agricultural usage open and bore wells during January 2021(COVID-19 Pandemic Period). Groundwater samples were tested to determine the physicochemical parameters using standard testing procedure for the preparation of spatial distribution maps of each parameter based on the World Health Organization (WHO) standard. Multivariate statistical analysis has shown the source of groundwater pollution from secondary leaching of chemical weathering of rocks. From the Water Quality Index and bivariate plot reveals that less than 20% of the area comes under high and very high-risk zone. The types of hardness diagram showed 32.91% of the samples fall in hard brackish water as illustrated by the Piper trilinear diagram. The research outcome result shows that the least percentage of industrials effluents due to the COVID-19 pandemic, not working for all industries during lock down period.

A Comparative Study of Serum Pharmacochemistry of Kai-Xin-San in Normal and AD Rats Using UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS

Kai-Xin-San (KXS) is a classic formula for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). KXS has been widely used to treat emotional diseases; however, its active components remain unknown. There have been some reports about the efficacy and metabolic analysis of KXS, which are mainly based on studying normal animals. The current work first established an AD rat model by injecting D-galactose into the abdominal cavity and injecting Aβ_25-35 into the hippocampus on both sides, followed by intragastric administration of KXS for a consecutive week; then, the analytical method for ethanol extraction from the serum of normal and model rats was developed using UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS; finally, the transitional components in the blood were systematically compared and analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis. A total of 36 components of KXS were identified in the rat serum of the normal group, including 24 prototype components (including ginsenosides, triterpenoid acids of Poria cocos, polygala saponins, polygala xanthones and polygala ester) and 13 metabolites (including desugar, hydration and oxidation products of ginsenosides, triterpenoid acid hydroxylation, deoxygenation, demethylation, desaturation, and glycine-conjugated products of Poria cocos). Twenty KXS-relevant components were detected in the rat serum of the model group, including 11 prototypes and 9 metabolites. The normal group and the model group shared 12 common components, including 9 prototypes and 3 metabolites. The intestinal microecological balance of the model rats probably was destroyed, affecting the absorption/metabolism of saponins by the body, which resulted in fewer transitional components in the model group. This study reflected the drug-body interaction from an objective and accurate perspective, offering references and insights for elucidating the basis of active components and mechanism of action of KXS for treating AD.

Insights into Characteristic Volatiles in Wuyi Rock Teas with Different Cultivars by Chemometrics and Gas Chromatography Olfactometry/Mass Spectrometry

Wuyi rock tea (WRT) is one of the most famous subcategories of oolong tea, exhibiting distinct aroma characteristics with the application of different cultivars. However, a comprehensive comparison of the characteristic volatiles among WRTs with different cultivars has rarely been carried out. In this study, non-targeted analyses of volatile fragrant compounds (VFCs) and targeted aroma-active compounds in WRTs from four different cultivars were performed using chemometrics and gas chromatography olfactometry/mass spectrometry (GC-O/MS). A total of 166, 169, 166, and 169 VFCs were identified for Dahongpao (DHP), Rougui (RG), Shuixian (SX), and Jinfo (JF), respectively; and 40 components were considered as the key differential VFCs among WRTs by multivariate statistical analysis. Furthermore, 56 aroma-active compounds were recognized with predominant performances in "floral & fruity", "green & fresh", "roasted and caramel", "sweet", and "herbal" attributes. The comprehensive analysis of the chemometrics and GC-O/MS results indicated that methyl salicylate, p-cymene, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, and 1-furfurylpyrrole in DHP; phenylethyl alcohol, phenethyl acetate, indole, and (E)-β-famesene in RG; linalool, phenethyl butyrate, hexyl hexanoate, and dihydroactinidiolide in JF; and naphthalene in SX were the characteristic volatiles for each type of WRT. The obtained results provide a fundamental basis for distinguishing tea cultivars, recombination, and simulation of the WRT aroma.

Comparative Analysis of Acanthopanacis Cortex and Periplocae Cortex Using an Electronic Nose and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHMs) can be identified by experts according to their odors. However, the identification of these medicines is subjective and requires long-term experience. The samples of Acanthopanacis Cortex and Periplocae Cortex used were dried cortexes, which are often confused in the market due to their similar appearance, but their chemical composition and odor are different. The clinical use of the two herbs is different, but the phenomenon of being confused with each other often occurs. Therefore, we used an electronic nose (E-nose) to explore the differences in odor information between the two species for fast and robust discrimination, in order to provide a scientific basis for avoiding confusion and misuse in the process of production, circulation and clinical use. In this study, the odor and volatile components of these two medicinal materials were detected by the E-nose and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. An E-nose combined with pattern analysis methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) was used to discriminate the cortex samples. The E-nose was used to determine the odors of the samples and enable rapid differentiation of Acanthopanacis Cortex and Periplocae Cortex. GC-MS was utilized to reveal the differences between the volatile constituents of Acanthopanacis Cortex and Periplocae Cortex. In all, 82 components including 9 co-contained components were extracted by chromatographic peak integration and matching, and 24 constituents could be used as chemical markers to distinguish these two species. The E-nose detection technology is able to discriminate between Acanthopanacis Cortex and Periplocae Cortex, with GC-MS providing support to determine the material basis of the E-nose sensors' response. The proposed method is rapid, simple, eco-friendly and can successfully differentiate these two medicinal materials by their odors. It can be applied to quality control links such as online detection, and also provide reference for the establishment of other rapid detection methods. The further development and utilization of this technology is conducive to the further supervision of the quality of CHMs and the healthy development of the industry.