1
|
Caro C, Guzzi C, Moral-Sánchez I, Urbano-Gámez JD, Beltrán AM, García-Martín ML. Smart Design of ZnFe and ZnFe@Fe Nanoparticles for MRI-Tracked Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy: Challenging Classical Theories of Nanoparticles Growth and Nanomagnetism. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304044. [PMID: 38303644 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) hold the potential to exert significant influence on fighting cancer through their theranostics capabilities as contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and as mediators for magnetic hyperthermia (MH). In addition, these capabilities can be improved by doping IONPs with other elements. In this work, the synthesis and characterization of single-core and alloy ZnFe novel magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), with improved magnetic properties and more efficient magnetic-to-heat conversion, are reported. Remarkably, the results challenge classical nucleation and growth theories, which cannot fully predict the final size/shape of these nanoparticles and, consequently, their magnetic properties, implying the need for further studies to better understand the nanomagnetism phenomenon. On the other hand, leveraging the enhanced properties of these new NPs, successful tumor therapy by MH is achieved following their intravenous administration and tumor accumulation via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Notably, these results are obtained using a single low dose of MNPs and a single exposure to clinically suitable alternating magnetic fields (AMF). Therefore, as far as the authors are aware, for the first time, the successful application of intravenously administered MNPs for MRI-tracked MH tumor therapy in passively targeted tumor xenografts using clinically suitable conditions is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Caro
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Laboratory-BMRL, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Seville, 41092, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), Universidad de Málaga, C/Severo Ochoa, 35, Malaga, 29590, Spain
| | - Cinzia Guzzi
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Laboratory-BMRL, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Seville, 41092, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), Universidad de Málaga, C/Severo Ochoa, 35, Malaga, 29590, Spain
| | - Irene Moral-Sánchez
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Laboratory-BMRL, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Seville, 41092, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), Universidad de Málaga, C/Severo Ochoa, 35, Malaga, 29590, Spain
| | - Jesús David Urbano-Gámez
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Laboratory-BMRL, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Seville, 41092, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), Universidad de Málaga, C/Severo Ochoa, 35, Malaga, 29590, Spain
| | - Ana M Beltrán
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencia de los Materiales y del Transporte, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Virgen de África 7, Sevilla, 41011, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa García-Martín
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Laboratory-BMRL, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Seville, 41092, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), Universidad de Málaga, C/Severo Ochoa, 35, Malaga, 29590, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ognjanović M, Bošković M, Kolev H, Dojčinović B, Vranješ-Đurić S, Antić B. Synthesis, Surface Modification and Magnetic Properties Analysis of Heat-Generating Cobalt-Substituted Magnetite Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:782. [PMID: 38727376 PMCID: PMC11085861 DOI: 10.3390/nano14090782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Here, we present the results of the synthesis, surface modification, and properties analysis of magnetite-based nanoparticles, specifically Co0.047Fe2.953O4 (S1) and Co0.086Fe2.914O4 (S2). These nanoparticles were synthesized using the co-precipitation method at 80 °C for 2 h. They exhibit a single-phase nature and crystallize in a spinel-type structure (space group Fd3¯m). Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals that the particles are quasi-spherical in shape and approximately 11 nm in size. An observed increase in saturation magnetization, coercivity, remanence, and blocking temperature in S2 compared to S1 can be attributed to an increase in magnetocrystalline anisotropy due to the incorporation of Co ions in the crystal lattice of the parent compound (Fe3O4). The heating efficiency of the samples was determined by fitting the Box-Lucas equation to the acquired temperature curves. The calculated Specific Loss Power (SLP) values were 46 W/g and 23 W/g (under HAC = 200 Oe and f = 252 kHz) for S1 and S2, respectively. Additionally, sample S1 was coated with citric acid (Co0.047Fe2.953O4@CA) and poly(acrylic acid) (Co0.047Fe2.953O4@PAA) to obtain stable colloids for further tests for magnetic hyperthermia applications in cancer therapy. Fits of the Box-Lucas equation provided SLP values of 21 W/g and 34 W/g for CA- and PAA-coated samples, respectively. On the other hand, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis points to the catalytically active centers Fe2+/Fe3+ and Co2+/Co3+ on the particle surface, suggesting possible applications of the samples as heterogeneous self-heating catalysts in advanced oxidation processes under an AC magnetic field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Ognjanović
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.); (S.V.-Đ.); (B.A.)
| | - Marko Bošković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.); (S.V.-Đ.); (B.A.)
| | - Hristo Kolev
- Institute of Catalysis, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Biljana Dojčinović
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Sanja Vranješ-Đurić
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.); (S.V.-Đ.); (B.A.)
| | - Bratislav Antić
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.); (S.V.-Đ.); (B.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vajtai L, Nemes NM, Morales MDP, Molnár K, Pinke BG, Simon F. Incidence of the Brownian Relaxation Process on the Magnetic Properties of Ferrofluids. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:634. [PMID: 38607168 PMCID: PMC11013599 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Ferrofluids containing magnetic nanoparticles represent a special class of magnetic materials due to the added freedom of particle tumbling in the fluids. We studied this process, known as Brownian relaxation, and its effect on the magnetic properties of ferrofluids with controlled magnetite nanoparticle sizes. For small nanoparticles (below 10 nm diameter), the Néel process is expected to dominate the magnetic response, whereas for larger particles, Brownian relaxation becomes important. Temperature- and magnetic-field-dependent magnetization studies, differential scanning calorimetry, and AC susceptibility measurements were carried out for 6 and 13.5 nm diameter magnetite nanoparticles suspended in water. We identify clear fingerprints of Brownian relaxation for the sample of large-diameter nanoparticles as both magnetic and thermal hysteresis develop at the water freezing temperature, whereas the samples of small-diameter nanoparticles remain hysteresis-free down to the magnetic blocking temperature. This is supported by the temperature-dependent AC susceptibility measurements: above 273 K, the data show a low-frequency Debye peak, which is characteristic of Brownian relaxation. This peak vanishes below 273 K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Vajtai
- Department of Physics, Institute of Physics, HUN-REN-BME Condensed Matter Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (L.V.); (F.S.)
| | - Norbert Marcel Nemes
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria del Puerto Morales
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Kolos Molnár
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (K.M.); (B.G.P.)
- HUN–REN–BME Research Group for Composite Science and Technology, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME Lendület Sustainable Polymers Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gábor Pinke
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (K.M.); (B.G.P.)
| | - Ferenc Simon
- Department of Physics, Institute of Physics, HUN-REN-BME Condensed Matter Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (L.V.); (F.S.)
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Urrestarazu Larrañaga J, Sisodia N, Guedas R, Pham VT, Di Manici I, Masseboeuf A, Garello K, Disdier F, Fernandez B, Wintz S, Weigand M, Belmeguenai M, Pizzini S, Sousa RC, Buda-Prejbeanu LD, Gaudin G, Boulle O. Electrical Detection and Nucleation of a Magnetic Skyrmion in a Magnetic Tunnel Junction Observed via Operando Magnetic Microscopy. Nano Lett 2024; 24:3557-3565. [PMID: 38499397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions are topological spin textures which are envisioned as nanometer scale information carriers in magnetic memory and logic devices. The recent demonstrations of room temperature skyrmions and their current induced manipulation in ultrathin films were first steps toward the realization of such devices. However, important challenges remain regarding the electrical detection and the low-power nucleation of skyrmions, which are required for the read and write operations. Here, we demonstrate, using operando magnetic microscopy experiments, the electrical detection of a single magnetic skyrmion in a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) and its nucleation and annihilation by gate voltage via voltage control of magnetic anisotropy. The nucleated skyrmion can be manipulated by both gate voltages and external magnetic fields, leading to tunable intermediate resistance states. Our results unambiguously demonstrate the readout and voltage controlled write operations in a single MTJ device, which is a major milestone for low power skyrmion based technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Naveen Sisodia
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Rodrigo Guedas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Van Tuong Pham
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Ilaria Di Manici
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Aurélien Masseboeuf
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Kevin Garello
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Florian Disdier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Fernandez
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Sebastian Wintz
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Weigand
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohamed Belmeguenai
- LSPM (CNRS-UPR 3407), Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 99 Avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Stefania Pizzini
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Ricardo C Sousa
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Gilles Gaudin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Boulle
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cascales-Sandoval MA, Hierro-Rodriguez A, Ruiz-Gómez S, Skoric L, Donnelly C, Niño MA, McGrouther D, McVitie S, Flewett S, Jaouen N, Belkhou R, Foerster M, Fernandez-Pacheco A. Determination of optimal experimental conditions for accurate 3D reconstruction of the magnetization vector via XMCD-PEEM. J Synchrotron Radiat 2024; 31:336-342. [PMID: 38372673 PMCID: PMC10914169 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577524001073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
This work presents a detailed analysis of the performance of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism photoemission electron microscopy (XMCD-PEEM) as a tool for vector reconstruction of magnetization. For this, 360° domain wall ring structures which form in a synthetic antiferromagnet are chosen as the model to conduct the quantitative analysis. An assessment is made of how the quality of the results is affected depending on the number of projections that are involved in the reconstruction process, as well as their angular distribution. For this a self-consistent error metric is developed which allows an estimation of the optimum azimuthal rotation angular range and number of projections. This work thus proposes XMCD-PEEM as a powerful tool for vector imaging of complex 3D magnetic structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Cascales-Sandoval
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8–10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - A. Hierro-Rodriguez
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
- CINN, CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo, 33940 El Entrego, Spain
| | - S. Ruiz-Gómez
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - L. Skoric
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - C. Donnelly
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - M. A. Niño
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Facility, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - D. McGrouther
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - S. McVitie
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - S. Flewett
- Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - N. Jaouen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, 91192 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - R. Belkhou
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, 91192 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M. Foerster
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Facility, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - A. Fernandez-Pacheco
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8–10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kanistras N, Scheuer L, Anyfantis DI, Barnasas A, Torosyan G, Beigang R, Crisan O, Poulopoulos P, Papaioannou ET. Magnetic Properties and THz Emission from Co/CoO/Pt and Ni/NiO/Pt Trilayers. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:215. [PMID: 38276733 DOI: 10.3390/nano14020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
THz radiation emitted by ferromagnetic/non-magnetic bilayers is a new emergent field in ultra-fast spin physics phenomena with a lot of potential for technological applications in the terahertz (THz) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The role of antiferromagnetic layers in the THz emission process is being heavily investigated at the moment. In this work, we fabricate trilayers in the form of Co/CoO/Pt and Ni/NiO/Pt with the aim of studying the magnetic properties and probing the role of very thin antiferromagnetic interlayers like NiO and CoO in transporting ultrafast spin current. First, we reveal the static magnetic properties of the samples by using temperature-dependent Squid magnetometry and then we quantify the dynamic properties with the help of ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy. We show magnetization reversal that has large exchange bias values and we extract enhanced damping values for the trilayers. THz time-domain spectroscopy examines the influence of the antiferromagnetic interlayer in the THz emission, showing that the NiO interlayer in particular is able to transport spin current.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Kanistras
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Laura Scheuer
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Dimitrios I Anyfantis
- Department of Materials Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Alexandros Barnasas
- Department of Materials Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Garik Torosyan
- Photonik Center Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - René Beigang
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ovidiu Crisan
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Panagiotis Poulopoulos
- Department of Materials Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Evangelos Th Papaioannou
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nichterwitz M, Hiekel K, Wolf D, Eychmüller A, Leistner K. Voltage-Controlled ON-OFF-Switching of Magnetoresistance in FeO x/Fe/Au Aerogel Networks. ACS Mater Au 2024; 4:55-64. [PMID: 38221921 PMCID: PMC10786128 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Voltage control of magnetoresistance (MR) in nanoscale three-dimensional (3D) geometries is interesting from a fundamental point of view and a promising route toward novel sensors and energy-efficient computing schemes. Magneto-ionic mechanisms are favorable for low-voltage control of magnetism and room-temperature operation, but magneto-ionic control of MR has been studied only for planar geometries so far. We synthesize a 3D nanomaterial with magneto-ionic functionality by electrodepositing an iron hydroxide/iron coating on a porous nanoscale gold network (aerogel). To enable maximum magneto-ionic ON-OFF-switching, the thickness of the coating is adjusted to a few nanometers by a self-terminating electrodeposition process. In situ magnetotransport measurements during electrolytic gating of these nanostructures reveal large reversible changes in MR, including ON-OFF-switching of MR, with a small applied voltage difference (1.72 V). This effect is related to the electrochemical switching between a ferromagnetic iron shell/gold core nanostructure (negative MR at the reduction voltage) and an iron oxide shell/gold core nanostructure (negligible MR at the oxidation voltage).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Nichterwitz
- Electrochemical
Sensors and Energy Storage, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, TU Chemnitz, Strasse der Nationen 62, Chemnitz 09111, Germany
- Leibniz
IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Karl Hiekel
- Physical
Chemistry, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Daniel Wolf
- Leibniz
IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | | | - Karin Leistner
- Electrochemical
Sensors and Energy Storage, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, TU Chemnitz, Strasse der Nationen 62, Chemnitz 09111, Germany
- Leibniz
IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Orfila G, Sanchez-Manzano D, Arora A, Cuellar F, Ruiz-Gómez S, Rodriguez-Corvillo S, López S, Peralta A, Carreira SJ, Gallego F, Tornos J, Rouco V, Riquelme JJ, Munuera C, Mompean FJ, Garcia-Hernandez M, Sefrioui Z, Villegas JE, Perez L, Rivera-Calzada A, Leon C, Valencia S, Santamaria J. Large Magnetoresistance of Isolated Domain Walls in La 2/3 Sr 1/3 MnO 3 Nanowires. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2211176. [PMID: 37046341 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Generation, manipulation, and sensing of magnetic domain walls are cornerstones in the design of efficient spintronic devices. Half-metals are amenable for this purpose as large low field magnetoresistance signals can be expected from spin accumulation at spin textures. Among half metals, La1- x Srx MnO3 (LSMO) manganites are considered as promising candidates for their robust half-metallic ground state, Curie temperature above room temperature (Tc = 360 K, for x = 1/3), and chemical stability. Yet domain wall magnetoresistance is poorly understood, with large discrepancies in the reported values and conflicting interpretation of experimental data due to the entanglement of various source of magnetoresistance, namely, spin accumulation, anisotropic magnetoresistance, and colossal magnetoresistance. In this work, the domain wall magnetoresistance is measured in LSMO cross-shape nanowires with single-domain walls nucleated across the current path. Magnetoresistance values above 10% are found to be originating at the spin accumulation caused by the mistracking effect of the spin texture of the domain wall by the conduction electrons. Fundamentally, this result shows the importance on non-adiabatic processes at spin textures despite the strong Hund coupling to the localized t2g electrons of the manganite. These large magnetoresistance values are high enough for encoding and reading magnetic bits in future oxide spintronic sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Orfila
- GFMC, Department Física de Materiales, Facultad de Física, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | | | - Ashima Arora
- Department Spin and Topology in Quantum Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Cuellar
- GFMC, Department Física de Materiales, Facultad de Física, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Sandra Ruiz-Gómez
- Physics of Quantum Materials, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sara Rodriguez-Corvillo
- GFMC, Department Física de Materiales, Facultad de Física, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Sandra López
- GFMC, Department Física de Materiales, Facultad de Física, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Andrea Peralta
- GFMC, Department Física de Materiales, Facultad de Física, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Gallego
- GFMC, Department Física de Materiales, Facultad de Física, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Javier Tornos
- GFMC, Department Física de Materiales, Facultad de Física, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Victor Rouco
- GFMC, Department Física de Materiales, Facultad de Física, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Juan J Riquelme
- Departamento de Sistemas con baja dimensionalidad, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, 28049, Cantoblanco, Spain
- Unidad Asociada UCM/CSIC, Laboratorio de Heteroestructuras con aplicación en spintrónica, 28140, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Munuera
- Departamento de Sistemas con baja dimensionalidad, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, 28049, Cantoblanco, Spain
- Unidad Asociada UCM/CSIC, Laboratorio de Heteroestructuras con aplicación en spintrónica, 28140, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico J Mompean
- Departamento de Sistemas con baja dimensionalidad, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, 28049, Cantoblanco, Spain
- Unidad Asociada UCM/CSIC, Laboratorio de Heteroestructuras con aplicación en spintrónica, 28140, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Garcia-Hernandez
- Departamento de Sistemas con baja dimensionalidad, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, 28049, Cantoblanco, Spain
- Unidad Asociada UCM/CSIC, Laboratorio de Heteroestructuras con aplicación en spintrónica, 28140, Madrid, Spain
| | - Zouhair Sefrioui
- GFMC, Department Física de Materiales, Facultad de Física, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Unidad Asociada UCM/CSIC, Laboratorio de Heteroestructuras con aplicación en spintrónica, 28140, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lucas Perez
- GFMC, Department Física de Materiales, Facultad de Física, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados - IMDEA Nanoscience, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Rivera-Calzada
- GFMC, Department Física de Materiales, Facultad de Física, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Unidad Asociada UCM/CSIC, Laboratorio de Heteroestructuras con aplicación en spintrónica, 28140, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Leon
- GFMC, Department Física de Materiales, Facultad de Física, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Unidad Asociada UCM/CSIC, Laboratorio de Heteroestructuras con aplicación en spintrónica, 28140, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Valencia
- Department Spin and Topology in Quantum Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacobo Santamaria
- GFMC, Department Física de Materiales, Facultad de Física, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Unidad Asociada UCM/CSIC, Laboratorio de Heteroestructuras con aplicación en spintrónica, 28140, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lamb-Camarena S, Porrati F, Kuprava A, Wang Q, Urbánek M, Barth S, Makarov D, Huth M, Dobrovolskiy OV. 3D Magnonic Conduits by Direct Write Nanofabrication. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1926. [PMID: 37446442 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnonics is a rapidly developing domain of nanomagnetism, with application potential in information processing systems. Realisation of this potential and miniaturisation of magnonic circuits requires their extension into the third dimension. However, so far, magnonic conduits are largely limited to thin films and 2D structures. Here, we introduce 3D magnonic nanoconduits fabricated by the direct write technique of focused-electron-beam induced deposition (FEBID). We use Brillouin light scattering (BLS) spectroscopy to demonstrate significant qualitative differences in spatially resolved spin-wave resonances of 2D and 3D nanostructures, which originates from the geometrically induced non-uniformity of the internal magnetic field. This work demonstrates the capability of FEBID as an additive manufacturing technique to produce magnetic 3D nanoarchitectures and presents the first report of BLS spectroscopy characterisation of FEBID conduits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lamb-Camarena
- Faculty of Physics, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabrizio Porrati
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Kuprava
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Michal Urbánek
- CEITEC BUT, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sven Barth
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Huth
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- Faculty of Physics, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bharti DK, Verma R, Rani S, Agarwal D, Mehra S, Gangwar AK, Gupta BK, Singh N, Srivastava AK. Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Crystalline Bi-Functional Mn-Doped Zn 2SiO 4 Nanostructures by Low-Cost Sol-Gel Process. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:538. [PMID: 36770499 PMCID: PMC9921793 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate a process for the synthesis of a highly crystalline bi-functional manganese (Mn)-doped zinc silicate (Zn2SiO4) nanostructures using a low-cost sol-gel route followed by solid state reaction method. Structural and morphological characterizations of Mn-doped Zn2SiO4 with variable doping concentration of 0.03, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt% were investigated by using X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) techniques. HR-TEM-assisted elemental mapping of the as-grown sample was conducted to confirm the presence of Mn in Zn2SiO4. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra indicated that the Mn-doped Zn2SiO4 nanostructures exhibited strong green emission at 521 nm under 259 nm excitation wavelengths. It was observed that PL intensity increased with the increase of Mn-doping concentration in Zn2SiO4 nanostructures, with no change in emission peak position. Furthermore, magnetism in doped Zn2SiO4 nanostructures was probed by static DC magnetization measurement. The observed photoluminescence and magnetic properties in Mn-doped Zn2SiO4 nanostructures are discussed in terms of structural defect/lattice strain caused by Mn doping and the Jahn-Teller effect. These bi-functional properties of as-synthesized Zn2SiO4 nanostructures provide a new platform for their potential applications towards magneto-optical and spintronic and devices areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Kumar Bharti
- Nanoscale Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
- CSIR—Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- CSIR—National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Rajni Verma
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sonam Rani
- CSIR—National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Daksh Agarwal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lam Research Corporation, Fremont, CA 94538, USA
| | - Sonali Mehra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- CSIR—National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
| | | | - Bipin Kumar Gupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- CSIR—National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Nidhi Singh
- CSIR—National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Avanish Kumar Srivastava
- CSIR—Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- CSIR—National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Attanayake SB, Chanda A, Das R, Kapuruge N, Gutierrez HR, Phan MH, Srikanth H. Emergent magnetism and exchange bias effect in iron oxide nanocubes with tunable phase and size. J Phys Condens Matter 2022; 34:495301. [PMID: 36223791 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac99cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a systematic investigation of the magnetic properties including the exchange bias (EB) effect in an iron oxide nanocube system with tunable phase and average size (10, 15, 24, 34, and 43 nm). X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy reveal the presence of Fe3O4, FeO, andα-Fe2O3phases in the nanocubes, in which the volume fraction of each phase varies depending upon particle size. While the Fe3O4phase is dominant in all and tends to grow with increasing particle size, the FeO phase appears to coexist with the Fe3O4phase in 10, 15, and 24 nm nanocubes but disappears in 34 and 43 nm nanocubes. The nanocubes exposed to air resulted in anα-Fe2O3oxidized surface layer whose thickness scaled with particle size resulting in a shell made ofα-Fe2O3phase and a core containing Fe3O4or a mixture of both Fe3O4and FeO phases. Magnetometry indicates that the nanocubes undergo Morin (of theα-Fe2O3phase) and Verwey (of the Fe3O4phase) transitions at ∼250 K and ∼120 K, respectively. For smaller nanocubes (10, 15, and 24 nm), the EB effect is observed below 200 K, of which the 15 nm nanocubes showed the most prominent EB with optimal antiferromagnetic (AFM) FeO phase. No EB is reported for larger nanocubes (34 and 43 nm). The observed EB effect is ascribed to the strong interfacial coupling between the ferrimagnetic (FiM) Fe3O4phase and AFM FeO phase, while its absence is related to the disappearance of the FeO phase. The Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3(FiM/AFM) interfaces are found to have negligible influence on the EB. Our findings shed light on the complexity of the EB effect in mixed-phase iron oxide nanosystems and pave the way to design exchange-coupled nanomaterials with desirable magnetic properties for biomedical and spintronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supun B Attanayake
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States of America
| | - Amit Chanda
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States of America
| | - Raja Das
- SEAM Research Centre, South East Technological University, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Nalaka Kapuruge
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States of America
| | - Humberto R Gutierrez
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States of America
| | - Manh-Huong Phan
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States of America
| | - Hariharan Srikanth
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vidamour IT, Ellis MOA, Griffin D, Venkat G, Swindells C, Dawidek RWS, Broomhall TJ, Steinke NJ, Cooper JFK, Maccherozzi F, Dhesi SS, Stepney S, Vasilaki E, Allwood DA, Hayward TJ. Quantifying the computational capability of a nanomagnetic reservoir computing platform with emergent magnetisation dynamics. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:485203. [PMID: 35940063 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac87b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Devices based on arrays of interconnected magnetic nano-rings with emergent magnetization dynamics have recently been proposed for use in reservoir computing applications, but for them to be computationally useful it must be possible to optimise their dynamical responses. Here, we use a phenomenological model to demonstrate that such reservoirs can be optimised for classification tasks by tuning hyperparameters that control the scaling and input-rate of data into the system using rotating magnetic fields. We use task-independent metrics to assess the rings' computational capabilities at each set of these hyperparameters and show how these metrics correlate directly to performance in spoken and written digit recognition tasks. We then show that these metrics, and performance in tasks, can be further improved by expanding the reservoir's output to include multiple, concurrent measures of the ring arrays' magnetic states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I T Vidamour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - M O A Ellis
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DP, United Kingdom
| | - D Griffin
- Department of Computer Science, University of York, York YO10 5GH, United Kingdom
| | - G Venkat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - C Swindells
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - R W S Dawidek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - T J Broomhall
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - N J Steinke
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - J F K Cooper
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - F Maccherozzi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - S S Dhesi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - S Stepney
- Department of Computer Science, University of York, York YO10 5GH, United Kingdom
| | - E Vasilaki
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DP, United Kingdom
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - D A Allwood
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - T J Hayward
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fernández-González C, Guedeja-Marrón A, Rodilla BL, Arché-Nuñez A, Corcuera R, Lucas I, González MT, Varela M, de la Presa P, Aballe L, Pérez L, Ruiz-Gómez S. Electrodeposited Magnetic Nanowires with Radial Modulation of Composition. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12152565. [PMID: 35893533 PMCID: PMC9370789 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, magnetic nanowires have gained attention due to their potential implementation as building blocks in spintronics applications and, in particular, in domain-wall- based devices. In these devices, the control of the magnetic properties is a must. Cylindrical magnetic nanowires can be synthesized rather easily by electrodeposition and the control of their magnetic properties can be achieved by modulating the composition of the nanowire along the axial direction. In this work, we report the possibility of introducing changes in the composition along the radial direction, increasing the degrees of freedom to harness the magnetization. In particular, we report the synthesis, using template-assisted deposition, of FeNi (or Co) magnetic nanowires, coated with a Au/Co (Au/FeNi) bilayer. The diameter of the nanowire as well as the thickness of both layers can be tuned at will. In addition to a detailed structural characterization, we report a preliminary study on the magnetic properties, establishing the role of each layer in the global collective behavior of the system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fernández-González
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados—IMDEA Nanociencia, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.L.R.); (A.A.-N.); (M.T.G.)
| | - Alejandra Guedeja-Marrón
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (M.V.); (P.d.l.P.)
| | - Beatriz L. Rodilla
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados—IMDEA Nanociencia, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.L.R.); (A.A.-N.); (M.T.G.)
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (M.V.); (P.d.l.P.)
| | - Ana Arché-Nuñez
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados—IMDEA Nanociencia, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.L.R.); (A.A.-N.); (M.T.G.)
| | - Rubén Corcuera
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza—-CSIC, Mariano Esquillor, Edificio I+D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.C.); (I.L.)
- Departamento Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Irene Lucas
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza—-CSIC, Mariano Esquillor, Edificio I+D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.C.); (I.L.)
- Departamento Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Teresa González
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados—IMDEA Nanociencia, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.L.R.); (A.A.-N.); (M.T.G.)
| | - Maria Varela
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (M.V.); (P.d.l.P.)
| | - Patricia de la Presa
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (M.V.); (P.d.l.P.)
- Instituto de Magnetismo Aplicado, 28230 Las Rozas, Spain
| | - Lucía Aballe
- Alba Synchrotron Light Facility, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain;
| | - Lucas Pérez
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados—IMDEA Nanociencia, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.L.R.); (A.A.-N.); (M.T.G.)
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (M.V.); (P.d.l.P.)
- Surface Science and Magnetism of Low Dimensional Systems, UCM, Unidad Asociada al IQFR-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Sandra Ruiz-Gómez
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (S.R.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Almeida TP, Lequeux S, Palomino A, Sousa RC, Fruchart O, Prejbeanu IL, Dieny B, Masseboeuf A, Cooper D. Quantitative Visualization of Thermally Enhanced Perpendicular Shape Anisotropy STT-MRAM Nanopillars. Nano Lett 2022; 22:4000-4005. [PMID: 35576455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perpendicular shape anisotropy (PSA) offers a practical solution to downscale spin-transfer torque magnetoresistive random-access memory (STT-MRAM) beyond the sub-20 nm technology node while retaining thermal stability. However, our understanding of the thermomagnetic behavior of PSA-STT-MRAM is often indirect, relying on magnetoresistance measurements and micromagnetic modeling. Here, the magnetism of a NiFe PSA-STT-MRAM nanopillar is investigated using off-axis electron holography, providing spatially resolved magnetic information as a function of temperature. Magnetic induction maps reveal the micromagnetic configuration of the NiFe storage layer (∼60 nm high, ≤20 nm diameter), confirming the PSA induced by its 3:1 aspect ratio. In situ heating demonstrates that the PSA of the storage layer is maintained up to at least 250 °C, and direct quantitative measurements reveal a moderate decrease of magnetic induction. Hence, this study shows explicitly that PSA provides significant stability in STT-MRAM applications that require reliable performance over a range of operating temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor P Almeida
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glascow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Lequeux
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Alvaro Palomino
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ricardo C Sousa
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Fruchart
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ioan-Lucian Prejbeanu
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bernard Dieny
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Aurélien Masseboeuf
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - David Cooper
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Biswas K, Yang L, Ma J, Sánchez-Grande A, Chen Q, Lauwaet K, Gallego JM, Miranda R, Écija D, Jelínek P, Feng X, Urgel JI. Defect-Induced π-Magnetism into Non-Benzenoid Nanographenes. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:224. [PMID: 35055243 PMCID: PMC8780648 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of nanographenes (NGs) with open-shell ground states have recently attained increasing attention in view of their interesting physicochemical properties and great prospects in manifold applications as suitable materials within the rising field of carbon-based magnetism. A potential route to induce magnetism in NGs is the introduction of structural defects, for instance non-benzenoid rings, in their honeycomb lattice. Here, we report the on-surface synthesis of three open-shell non-benzenoid NGs (A1, A2 and A3) on the Au(111) surface. A1 and A2 contain two five- and one seven-membered rings within their benzenoid backbone, while A3 incorporates one five-membered ring. Their structures and electronic properties have been investigated by means of scanning tunneling microscopy, noncontact atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy complemented with theoretical calculations. Our results provide access to open-shell NGs with a combination of non-benzenoid topologies previously precluded by conventional synthetic procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Biswas
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (K.B.); (A.S.-G.); (K.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Lin Yang
- Center for Advancing Electronics, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (L.Y.); (X.F.)
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (L.Y.); (X.F.)
| | - Ana Sánchez-Grande
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (K.B.); (A.S.-G.); (K.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Qifan Chen
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, CZ-16253 Praha, Czech Republic;
| | - Koen Lauwaet
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (K.B.); (A.S.-G.); (K.L.); (R.M.)
| | - José M. Gallego
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rodolfo Miranda
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (K.B.); (A.S.-G.); (K.L.); (R.M.)
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Écija
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (K.B.); (A.S.-G.); (K.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, CZ-16253 Praha, Czech Republic;
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, CZ-77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (L.Y.); (X.F.)
| | - José I. Urgel
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (K.B.); (A.S.-G.); (K.L.); (R.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Makarov D, Volkov OM, Kákay A, Pylypovskyi OV, Budinská B, Dobrovolskiy OV. New Dimension in Magnetism and Superconductivity: 3D and Curvilinear Nanoarchitectures. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2101758. [PMID: 34705309 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the primary field, where curvature has been at the heart of research, is the theory of general relativity. In recent studies, however, the impact of curvilinear geometry enters various disciplines, ranging from solid-state physics over soft-matter physics, chemistry, and biology to mathematics, giving rise to a plethora of emerging domains such as curvilinear nematics, curvilinear studies of cell biology, curvilinear semiconductors, superfluidity, optics, 2D van der Waals materials, plasmonics, magnetism, and superconductivity. Here, the state of the art is summarized and prospects for future research in curvilinear solid-state systems exhibiting such fundamental cooperative phenomena as ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and superconductivity are outlined. Highlighting the recent developments and current challenges in theory, fabrication, and characterization of curvilinear micro- and nanostructures, special attention is paid to perspective research directions entailing new physics and to their strong application potential. Overall, the perspective is aimed at crossing the boundaries between the magnetism and superconductivity communities and drawing attention to the conceptual aspects of how extension of structures into the third dimension and curvilinear geometry can modify existing and aid launching novel functionalities. In addition, the perspective should stimulate the development and dissemination of research and development oriented techniques to facilitate rapid transitions from laboratory demonstrations to industry-ready prototypes and eventual products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksii M Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Attila Kákay
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksandr V Pylypovskyi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
| | - Barbora Budinská
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rana B, Mondal AK, Bandyopadhyay S, Barman A. Applications of nanomagnets as dynamical systems: II. Nanotechnology 2021; 33:082002. [PMID: 34644699 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac2f59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In Part I of this topical review, we discussed dynamical phenomena in nanomagnets, focusing primarily on magnetization reversal with an eye to digital applications. In this part, we address mostly wave-like phenomena in nanomagnets, with emphasis on spin waves in myriad nanomagnetic systems and methods of controlling magnetization dynamics in nanomagnet arrays which may have analog applications. We conclude with a discussion of some interesting spintronic phenomena that undergird the rich physics exhibited by nanomagnet assemblies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bivas Rana
- Institute of Spintronics and Quantum Information, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, Poznań 61-614, Poland
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Amrit Kumar Mondal
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700 106, India
| | - Supriyo Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States of America
| | - Anjan Barman
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700 106, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rana B, Mondal AK, Bandyopadhyay S, Barman A. Applications of nanomagnets as dynamical systems: I. Nanotechnology 2021; 33:062007. [PMID: 34633310 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac2e75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
When magnets are fashioned into nanoscale elements, they exhibit a wide variety of phenomena replete with rich physics and the lure of tantalizing applications. In this topical review, we discuss some of these phenomena, especially those that have come to light recently, and highlight their potential applications. We emphasize what drives a phenomenon, what undergirds the dynamics of the system that exhibits the phenomenon, how the dynamics can be manipulated, and what specific features can be harnessed for technological advances. For the sake of balance, we point out both advantages and shortcomings of nanomagnet based devices and systems predicated on the phenomena we discuss. Where possible, we chart out paths for future investigations that can shed new light on an intriguing phenomenon and/or facilitate both traditional and non-traditional applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bivas Rana
- Institute of Spintronics and Quantum Information, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, Poznań 61-614, Poland
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Amrit Kumar Mondal
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700 106, India
| | - Supriyo Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States of America
| | - Anjan Barman
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700 106, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gallina D, Pastor GM. Structural Disorder and Collective Behavior of Two-Dimensional Magnetic Nanostructures. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:1392. [PMID: 34070306 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Structural disorder has been shown to be responsible for profound changes of the interaction-energy landscapes and collective dynamics of two-dimensional (2D) magnetic nanostructures. Weakly-disordered 2D ensembles have a few particularly stable magnetic configurations with large basins of attraction from which the higher-energy metastable configurations are separated by only small downward barriers. In contrast, strongly-disordered ensembles have rough energy landscapes with a large number of low-energy local minima separated by relatively large energy barriers. Consequently, the former show good-structure-seeker behavior with an unhindered relaxation dynamics that is funnelled towards the global minimum, whereas the latter show a time evolution involving multiple time scales and trapping which is reminiscent of glasses. Although these general trends have been clearly established, a detailed assessment of the extent of these effects in specific nanostructure realizations remains elusive. The present study quantifies the disorder-induced changes in the interaction-energy landscape of two-dimensional dipole-coupled magnetic nanoparticles as a function of the magnetic configuration of the ensembles. Representative examples of weakly-disordered square-lattice arrangements, showing good structure-seeker behavior, and of strongly-disordered arrangements, showing spin-glass-like behavior, are considered. The topology of the kinetic networks of metastable magnetic configurations is analyzed. The consequences of disorder on the morphology of the interaction-energy landscapes are revealed by contrasting the corresponding disconnectivity graphs. The correlations between the characteristics of the energy landscapes and the Markovian dynamics of the various magnetic nanostructures are quantified by calculating the field-free relaxation time evolution after either magnetic saturation or thermal quenching and by comparing them with the corresponding averages over a large number of structural arrangements. Common trends and system-specific features are identified and discussed.
Collapse
|
20
|
Das R, Masa JA, Kalappattil V, Nemati Z, Rodrigo I, Garaio E, García JÁ, Phan MH, Srikanth H. Iron Oxide Nanorings and Nanotubes for Magnetic Hyperthermia: The Problem of Intraparticle Interactions. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:1380. [PMID: 34073685 PMCID: PMC8225017 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic interactions can play an important role in the heating efficiency of magnetic nanoparticles. Although most of the time interparticle magnetic interactions are a dominant source, in specific cases such as multigranular nanostructures intraparticle interactions are also relevant and their effect is significant. In this work, we have prepared two different multigranular magnetic nanostructures of iron oxide, nanorings (NRs) and nanotubes (NTs), with a similar thickness but different lengths (55 nm for NRs and 470 nm for NTs). In this way, we find that the NTs present stronger intraparticle interactions than the NRs. Magnetometry and transverse susceptibility measurements show that the NTs possess a higher effective anisotropy and saturation magnetization. Despite this, the AC hysteresis loops obtained for the NRs (0-400 Oe, 300 kHz) are more squared, therefore giving rise to a higher heating efficiency (maximum specific absorption rate, SARmax = 110 W/g for the NRs and 80 W/g for the NTs at 400 Oe and 300 kHz). These results indicate that the weaker intraparticle interactions in the case of the NRs are in favor of magnetic hyperthermia in comparison with the NTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Das
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
- Phenikaa Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A&A Green Phoenix Group, 167 Hoang Ngan, Hanoi 13313, Vietnam
| | | | - Vijaysankar Kalappattil
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida (USF), Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (V.K.); (Z.N.); (M.-H.P.)
| | - Zohreh Nemati
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida (USF), Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (V.K.); (Z.N.); (M.-H.P.)
| | - Irati Rodrigo
- Departamento de Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - Eneko Garaio
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPN), 31006 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - José Ángel García
- Departamento de Física, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - Manh-Huong Phan
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida (USF), Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (V.K.); (Z.N.); (M.-H.P.)
| | - Hariharan Srikanth
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida (USF), Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (V.K.); (Z.N.); (M.-H.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Myrovali E, Papadopoulos K, Iglesias I, Spasova M, Farle M, Wiedwald U, Angelakeris M. Long-Range Ordering Effects in Magnetic Nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:21602-21612. [PMID: 33929817 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The challenge for synthesizing magnetic nanoparticle chains may be achieved under the application of fixation fields, which are the externally applied fields, enhancing collective magnetic features due to adequate control of dipolar interactions among magnetic nanoparticles. However, relatively little attention has been devoted to how size, concentration of magnetic nanoparticles, and intensity of an external magnetic field affect the evolution of chain structures and collective magnetic features. Here, iron oxide nanoparticles are developed by the coprecipitation method at diameters below (10 and 20 nm) and above (50 and 80 nm) their superparamagnetic limit (at about 25 nm) and then are subjected to a tunable fixation field (40-400 mT). Eventually, the fixation field dictates smaller particles to form chain structures in two steps, first forming clusters and then guiding chain formation via "cluster-cluster" interactions, whereas larger particles readily form chains via "particle-particle" interactions. In both cases, dipolar interactions between the neighboring nanoparticles augment, leading to a substantial increase in their collective magnetic features which in turn results in magnetic particle hyperthermia efficiency enhancement of up to one order of magnitude. This study provides new perspectives for magnetic nanoparticles by arranging them in chain formulations as enhanced performance magnetic actors in magnetically driven magnetic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Myrovali
- School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
- Magnetic Nanostructure Characterization: Technology and Applications, CIRI-AUTH, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
| | - Kyrillos Papadopoulos
- School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
- Magnetic Nanostructure Characterization: Technology and Applications, CIRI-AUTH, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
| | - Irene Iglesias
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47048, Germany
| | - Marina Spasova
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47048, Germany
| | - Michael Farle
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47048, Germany
| | - Ulf Wiedwald
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47048, Germany
| | - Makis Angelakeris
- School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
- Magnetic Nanostructure Characterization: Technology and Applications, CIRI-AUTH, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zighem F, Faurie D. A review on nanostructured thin films on flexible substrates: links between strains and magnetic properties. J Phys Condens Matter 2021; 33:233002. [PMID: 33973532 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abe96c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a topical review of work on systems based on magnetic nanostructured thin films on polymer substrates. This topic has indeed experienced a significant growth in the last ten years. Several studies show a strong potential of these systems for a number of applications requiring functionalities on non-planar surfaces. However, the deformations necessary for this type of applications are likely to modify their magnetic properties, and the relationships between strain fields, potential damages and functional properties must be well understood. This review focuses both on the development of techniques dedicated to this research, on the synthesis of the experimental results obtained over the last ten years and on the perspectives related to stretchable or flexible magnetoelectric systems. In particular, the article focuses on the links between magnetic behavior and the strain field developing during the whole history of these systems (elaboration, reversible and irreversible loading).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Zighem
- LSPM-CNRS, UPR3407, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430, Villetaneuse, France
| | - D Faurie
- LSPM-CNRS, UPR3407, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430, Villetaneuse, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Saha S, Zhou J, Hofhuis K, Kákay A, Scagnoli V, Heyderman LJ, Gliga S. Spin-Wave Dynamics and Symmetry Breaking in an Artificial Spin Ice. Nano Lett 2021; 21:2382-2389. [PMID: 33689358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Artificial spin ices are periodic arrangements of interacting nanomagnets which allow investigating emergent phenomena in the presence of geometric frustration. Recently, it has been shown that artificial spin ices can be used as building blocks for creating functional materials, such as magnonic crystals. We investigate the magnetization dynamics in a system exhibiting anisotropic magnetostatic interactions owing to locally broken structural inversion symmetry. We find a rich spin-wave spectrum and investigate its evolution in an external magnetic field. We determine the evolution of individual modes, from building blocks up to larger arrays, highlighting the role of symmetry breaking in defining the mode profiles. Moreover, we demonstrate that the mode spectra exhibit signatures of long-range interactions in the system. These results contribute to the understanding of magnetization dynamics in spin ices beyond the kagome and square ice geometries and are relevant for the realization of reconfigurable magnonic crystals based on spin ices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Saha
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jingyuan Zhou
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Hofhuis
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Attila Kákay
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - Valerio Scagnoli
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Laura J Heyderman
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Gliga
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lendinez S, Kaffash MT, Jungfleisch MB. Emergent Spin Dynamics Enabled by Lattice Interactions in a Bicomponent Artificial Spin Ice. Nano Lett 2021; 21:1921-1927. [PMID: 33600721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Artificial spin ice (ASI) networks are arrays of nanoscaled magnets that can serve both as models for frustration in atomic spin ice as well as for exploring new spin-wave-based strategies to transmit, process, and store information. Here, we exploit the intricate interplay of the magnetization dynamics of two dissimilar ferromagnetic metals arranged on complementary lattice sites in a square ASI to modulate the spin-wave properties effectively. We show that the interaction between the two sublattices results in unique spectra attributed to each sublattice, and we observe inter- and intralattice dynamics facilitated by the distinct magnetization properties of the two materials. The dynamic properties are systematically studied by angular-dependent broadband ferromagnetic resonance and confirmed by micromagnetic simulations. We show that combining materials with dissimilar magnetic properties enables the realization of a wide range of two-dimensional structures, potentially opening the door to new concepts in nanomagnonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Lendinez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Mojtaba T Kaffash
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - M Benjamin Jungfleisch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Magén C, Pablo-Navarro J, De Teresa JM. Focused-Electron-Beam Engineering of 3D Magnetic Nanowires. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11020402. [PMID: 33557442 PMCID: PMC7914621 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Focused-electron-beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is the ultimate additive nanofabrication technique for the growth of 3D nanostructures. In the field of nanomagnetism and its technological applications, FEBID could be a viable solution to produce future high-density, low-power, fast nanoelectronic devices based on the domain wall conduit in 3D nanomagnets. While FEBID has demonstrated the flexibility to produce 3D nanostructures with almost any shape and geometry, the basic physical properties of these out-of-plane deposits are often seriously degraded from their bulk counterparts due to the presence of contaminants. This work reviews the experimental efforts to understand and control the physical processes involved in 3D FEBID growth of nanomagnets. Co and Fe FEBID straight vertical nanowires have been used as benchmark geometry to tailor their dimensions, microstructure, composition and magnetism by smartly tuning the growth parameters, post-growth purification treatments and heterostructuring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- César Magén
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.P.-N.); (J.M.D.T.)
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-876-555369; Fax: +34-976-762-776
| | - Javier Pablo-Navarro
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.P.-N.); (J.M.D.T.)
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.P.-N.); (J.M.D.T.)
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Stenning KD, Gartside JC, Dion T, Vanstone A, Arroo DM, Branford WR. Magnonic Bending, Phase Shifting and Interferometry in a 2D Reconfigurable Nanodisk Crystal. ACS Nano 2021; 15:674-685. [PMID: 33320533 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Strongly interacting nanomagnetic systems are pivotal across next-generation technologies including reconfigurable magnonics and neuromorphic computation. Controlling magnetization states and local coupling between neighboring nanoelements allows vast reconfigurability and a host of associated functionalities. However, existing designs typically suffer from an inability to tailor interelement coupling post-fabrication and nanoelements restricted to a pair of Ising-like magnetization states. Here, we propose a class of reconfigurable magnonic crystals incorporating nanodisks as the functional element. Ferromagnetic nanodisks are crucially bistable in macrospin and vortex states, allowing interelement coupling to be selectively activated (macrospin) or deactivated (vortex). Through microstate engineering, we leverage the distinct coupling behaviors and magnonic band structures of bistable nanodisks to achieve reprogrammable magnonic waveguiding, bending, gating, and phase-shifting across a 2D network. The potential of nanodisk-based magnonics for wave-based computation is demonstrated via an all-magnon interferometer exhibiting XNOR logic functionality. Local microstate control is achieved here via topological magnetic writing using a magnetic force microscope tip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kilian D Stenning
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jack C Gartside
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Troy Dion
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Vanstone
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Daan M Arroo
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Will R Branford
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Khalid K, Tan X, Mohd Zaid HF, Tao Y, Lye Chew C, Chu DT, Lam MK, Ho YC, Lim JW, Chin Wei L. Advanced in developmental organic and inorganic nanomaterial: a review. Bioengineered 2020; 11:328-355. [PMID: 32138595 PMCID: PMC7161543 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1736240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the unique properties such as high surface area to volume ratio, stability, inertness, ease of functionalization, as well as novel optical, electrical, and magnetic behaviors, nanomaterials have a wide range of applications in various fields with the common types including nanotubes, dendrimers, quantum dots, and fullerenes. With the aim of providing useful insights to help future development of efficient and commercially viable technology for large-scale production, this review focused on the science and applications of inorganic and organic nanomaterials, emphasizing on their synthesis, processing, characterization, and applications on different fields. The applications of nanomaterials on imaging, cell and gene delivery, biosensor, cancer treatment, therapy, and others were discussed in depth. Last but not least, the future prospects and challenges in nanoscience and nanotechnology were also explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalisanni Khalid
- Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xuefei Tan
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
- Dalian SEM Bio-Engineering Technology Co., Ltd, Dalian, PR China
| | - Hayyiratul Fatimah Mohd Zaid
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Centre of Innovative Nanostructures & Nanodevices (COINN), Institute of Autonomous System, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Yang Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chien Lye Chew
- Sime Darby Plantation Research (Formerly Known as Sime Darby Research), R&D Centre – Carey Island, Pulau Carey, Malaysia
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Yeek-Chia Ho
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Univesiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
- Center for Urban Resource Sustainably, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
- Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia Lim
| | - Lai Chin Wei
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jefremovas EM, Rodríguez MDLF, Alonso J, Fernández JR, Espeso JI, Puente-Orench I, Rojas DP, García-Prieto A, Fdez-Gubieda ML, Fernández LR, Barquín LF. Exploring the Different Degrees of Magnetic Disorder in Tb xR 1-xCu 2 Nanoparticle Alloys. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E2148. [PMID: 33126564 PMCID: PMC7694043 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently, potential technological interest has been revealed for the production of magnetocaloric alloys using Rare-Earth intermetallics. In this work, three series of TbxR1-xCu2 (R ≡ Gd, La, Y) alloys have been produced in bulk and nanoparticle sizes via arc melting and high energy ball milling. Rietveld refinements of the X-ray and Neutron diffraction patterns indicate that the crystalline structure in all alloys is consistent with TbCu2 orthorhombic Imma bulk crystalline structure. The analyses of the DC-magnetisation (MDC) and AC-susceptibility (χAC) show that three distinct degrees of disorder have been achieved by the combination of both the Tb3+ replacement (dilution) and the nanoscaling. These disordered states are characterised by transitions which are evident to MDC, χAC and specific heat. There exists an evolution from the most ordered Superantiferromagnetic arrangement of the Tb0.5La0.5Cu2 NPs with Néel temperature, TN∼ 27 K, and freezing temperature, Tf∼ 7 K, to the less ordered weakly interacting Superparamagnetism of the Tb0.1Y0.9Cu2 nanoparticles (TN absent, and TB∼ 3 K). The Super Spin Glass Tb0.5Gd0.5Cu2 nanoparticles (TN absent, and Tf∼ 20 K) are considered an intermediate disposition in between those two extremes, according to their enhanced random-bond contribution to frustration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Jefremovas
- Departamento CITIMAC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.d.l.F.R.); (J.A.); (J.R.F.); (J.I.E.); (L.F.B.)
| | - María de la Fuente Rodríguez
- Departamento CITIMAC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.d.l.F.R.); (J.A.); (J.R.F.); (J.I.E.); (L.F.B.)
| | - Javier Alonso
- Departamento CITIMAC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.d.l.F.R.); (J.A.); (J.R.F.); (J.I.E.); (L.F.B.)
| | - Jesús Rodríguez Fernández
- Departamento CITIMAC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.d.l.F.R.); (J.A.); (J.R.F.); (J.I.E.); (L.F.B.)
| | - José Ignacio Espeso
- Departamento CITIMAC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.d.l.F.R.); (J.A.); (J.R.F.); (J.I.E.); (L.F.B.)
| | - Inés Puente-Orench
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, CEDEX 9, 38042 Grenoble, France;
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daniel P. Rojas
- Departamento Estructuras y Física de la Edificación, ETSAM, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana García-Prieto
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Escuela de Ingeniería de Bilbao, 48013 Bilbao, Spain;
| | - María Luisa Fdez-Gubieda
- Departamento de Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad del País Vasco—UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | | | - Luis Fernández Barquín
- Departamento CITIMAC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.d.l.F.R.); (J.A.); (J.R.F.); (J.I.E.); (L.F.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dunne P, Fowley C, Hlawacek G, Kurian J, Atcheson G, Colis S, Teichert N, Kundys B, Venkatesan M, Lindner J, Deac AM, Hermans TM, Coey JMD, Doudin B. Helium Ion Microscopy for Reduced Spin Orbit Torque Switching Currents. Nano Lett 2020; 20:7036-7042. [PMID: 32931289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spin orbit torque driven switching is a favorable way to manipulate nanoscale magnetic objects for both memory and wireless communication devices. The critical current required to switch from one magnetic state to another depends on the geometry and the intrinsic properties of the materials used, which are difficult to control locally. Here, we demonstrate how focused helium ion beam irradiation can modulate the local magnetic anisotropy of a Co thin film at the microscopic scale. Real-time in situ characterization using the anomalous Hall effect showed up to an order of magnitude reduction of the magnetic anisotropy under irradiation, with multilevel switching demonstrated. The result is that spin-switching current densities, down to 800 kA cm-2, can be achieved on predetermined areas of the film, without the need for lithography. The ability to vary critical currents spatially has implications not only for storage elements but also neuromorphic and probabilistic computing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dunne
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ciaran Fowley
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gregor Hlawacek
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jinu Kurian
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Silviu Colis
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Niclas Teichert
- AMBER and School of Physics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Bohdan Kundys
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Jürgen Lindner
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alina Maria Deac
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas M Hermans
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - J M D Coey
- AMBER and School of Physics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Bernard Doudin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Baumgaertl K, Gräfe J, Che P, Mucchietto A, Förster J, Träger N, Bechtel M, Weigand M, Schütz G, Grundler D. Nanoimaging of Ultrashort Magnon Emission by Ferromagnetic Grating Couplers at GHz Frequencies. Nano Lett 2020; 20:7281-7286. [PMID: 32830984 PMCID: PMC7564445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
On-chip signal processing at microwave frequencies is key for modern mobile communication. When one aims at small footprints, low power consumption, reprogrammable filters, and delay lines, magnons in low-damping ferrimagnets offer great promise. Ferromagnetic grating couplers have been reported to be specifically useful as microwave-to-magnon transducers. However, their interconversion efficiency is unknown and real-space measurements of the emitted magnon wavelengths have not yet been accomplished. Here, we image with subwavelength spatial resolution the magnon emission process into ferrimagnetic yttrium iron garnet (YIG) at frequencies up to 8 GHz. We evidence propagating magnons of a wavelength of 98.7 nm underneath the gratings, which enter the YIG without a phase jump. Counterintuitively, the magnons exhibit an even increased amplitude in YIG, which is unexpected and due to a further wavelength conversion process. Our results are of key importance for magnonic components, which efficiently control microwave signals on the nanoscale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Baumgaertl
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Magnonics, Institute of Materials
(IMX), École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Gräfe
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Intelligent Systems, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ping Che
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Magnonics, Institute of Materials
(IMX), École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Mucchietto
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Magnonics, Institute of Materials
(IMX), École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Förster
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Intelligent Systems, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nick Träger
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Intelligent Systems, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Bechtel
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Intelligent Systems, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Weigand
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Intelligent Systems, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gisela Schütz
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Intelligent Systems, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dirk Grundler
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Magnonics, Institute of Materials
(IMX), École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute
of Microengineering (IMT), École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Puttock R, Manzin A, Neu V, Garcia-Sanchez F, Fernandez Scarioni A, Schumacher HW, Kazakova O. Modal Frustration and Periodicity Breaking in Artificial Spin Ice. Small 2020; 16:e2003141. [PMID: 32985104 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Here, an artificial spin ice lattice is introduced that exhibits unique Ising and non-Ising behavior under specific field switching protocols because of the inclusion of coupled nanomagnets into the unit cell. In the Ising regime, a magnetic switching mechanism that generates a uni- or bimodal distribution of states dependent on the alignment of the field is demonstrated with respect to the lattice unit cell. In addition, a method for generating a plethora of randomly distributed energy states across the lattice, consisting of Ising and Landau states, is investigated through magnetic force microscopy and micromagnetic modeling. It is demonstrated that the dispersed energy distribution across the lattice is a result of the intrinsic design and can be finely tuned through control of the incident angle of a critical field. The present manuscript explores a complex frustrated environment beyond the 16-vertex Ising model for the development of novel logic-based technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Puttock
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | | | - Volker Neu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Felipe Garcia-Sanchez
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino, 10135, Italy
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, Pza de la Merced s/n, Salamanca, 37008, Spain
| | | | | | - Olga Kazakova
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Fernández-Pacheco A, Skoric L, De Teresa JM, Pablo-Navarro J, Huth M, Dobrovolskiy OV. Writing 3D Nanomagnets Using Focused Electron Beams. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E3774. [PMID: 32859076 PMCID: PMC7503546 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a direct-write nanofabrication technique able to pattern three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures at resolutions comparable to the characteristic magnetic length scales. FEBID is thus a powerful tool for 3D nanomagnetism which enables unique fundamental studies involving complex 3D geometries, as well as nano-prototyping and specialized applications compatible with low throughputs. In this focused review, we discuss recent developments of this technique for applications in 3D nanomagnetism, namely the substantial progress on FEBID computational methods, and new routes followed to tune the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic FEBID materials. We also review a selection of recent works involving FEBID 3D nanostructures in areas such as scanning probe microscopy sensing, magnetic frustration phenomena, curvilinear magnetism, magnonics and fluxonics, offering a wide perspective of the important role FEBID is likely to have in the coming years in the study of new phenomena involving 3D magnetic nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amalio Fernández-Pacheco
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK;
| | - Luka Skoric
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK;
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA) and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Javier Pablo-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA) and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Huth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Oleksandr V. Dobrovolskiy
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Coene A, Leliaert J. Simultaneous Coercivity and Size Determination of Magnetic Nanoparticles. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E3882. [PMID: 32664673 PMCID: PMC7411963 DOI: 10.3390/s20143882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles are increasingly employed in biomedical applications such as disease detection and tumor treatment. To ensure a safe and efficient operation of these applications, a noninvasive and accurate characterization of the particles is required. In this work, a magnetic characterization technique is presented in which the particles are excited by specific pulsed time-varying magnetic fields. This way, we can selectively excite nanoparticles of a given size so that the resulting measurement gives direct information on the size distribution without the need for any a priori assumptions or complex postprocessing procedures to decompose the measurement signal. This contrasts state-of-the-art magnetic characterization techniques. The possibility to selectively excite certain particle types opens up perspectives in "multicolor" particle imaging, where different particle types need to be imaged independently within one sample. Moreover, the presented methodology allows one to simultaneously determine the size-dependent coercivity of the particles. This is not only a valuable structure-property relation from a fundamental point of view, it is also practically relevant to optimize applications like magnetic particle hyperthermia. We numerically demonstrate that the novel characterization technique can accurately reconstruct several particle size distributions and is able to retrieve the coercivity-size relation of the particles. The developed technique advances current magnetic nanoparticle characterization possibilities and opens up exciting pathways for biomedical applications and particle imaging procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Coene
- Department of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Leliaert
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lo Conte R, Nandy AK, Chen G, Fernandes Cauduro AL, Maity A, Ophus C, Chen Z, N'Diaye AT, Liu K, Schmid AK, Wiesendanger R. Tuning the Properties of Zero-Field Room Temperature Ferromagnetic Skyrmions by Interlayer Exchange Coupling. Nano Lett 2020; 20:4739-4747. [PMID: 32459968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic materials offer an opportunity to overcome the scalability and energy consumption limits affecting the semiconductor industry. New computational device architectures, such as low-power solid state magnetic logic and memory-in-logic devices, have been proposed which rely on the unique properties of magnetic materials. Magnetic skyrmions, topologically protected quasi-particles, are at the core of many of the newly proposed spintronic devices. Many different materials systems have been shown hosting ferromagnetic skyrmions at room temperature. However, a magnetic field is a key ingredient to stabilize skyrmions, and this is not desirable for applications, due to the poor scalability of active components generating magnetic fields. Here we report the observation of ferromagnetic skyrmions at room temperature and zero magnetic field, stabilized through interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) between a reference magnet and a free magnet. Most importantly, by tuning the strength of the IEC, we are able to tune the skyrmion size and areal density. Our findings are relevant to the development of skyrmion-based spintronic devices suitable for general-use applications which go beyond modern nanoelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Lo Conte
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ashis K Nandy
- School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, P.O. Jatni, 752050, Jatni, India
| | - Gong Chen
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Andre L Fernandes Cauduro
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ajanta Maity
- School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, P.O. Jatni, 752050, Jatni, India
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Physics Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Alpha T N'Diaye
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Physics Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Andreas K Schmid
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Park J, Lüpke F, Jiang J, Zhang XG, Li AP. Spin-Dependent Thermoelectric Power of Nanoislands. Nano Lett 2020; 20:4910-4915. [PMID: 32469223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Seebeck effect explains the generation of electric voltage as a result of a temperature gradient. Its efficiency, defined as the ratio of the generated electric voltage to the temperature difference, is sensitive to local inhomogeneities that alter the scattering rate and the density of the conduction electrons. Spin-polarized Seebeck tunneling generates a distinct thermovoltage in spin-up and spin-down charge transport channels, which, as a key to spin caloritronics, focuses on transport phenomena related to spin and heat. Here, we report spatially resolved measurement of the spin-dependent thermovoltage in a tunneling junction formed by ferromagnetic Co nanoislands and a Ni tip using spin-dependent scanning tunneling thermovoltage microscopy (SP-STVthM). We resolve the nanoscale thermoelectric powers with respect to spin polarization, nanoisland size, stacking order of Co layers on a Cu substrate, and local sample heterogeneities. The observed thermally generated spin voltages are supported by first-principles and model calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jewook Park
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6487, United States
- Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Felix Lüpke
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6487, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Physics and the Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Xiao-Guang Zhang
- Department of Physics and the Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - An-Ping Li
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6487, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wyss M, Gliga S, Vasyukov D, Ceccarelli L, Romagnoli G, Cui J, Kleibert A, Stamps RL, Poggio M. Stray-Field Imaging of a Chiral Artificial Spin Ice during Magnetization Reversal. ACS Nano 2019; 13:13910-13916. [PMID: 31820931 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b05428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Artificial spin ices are a class of metamaterials consisting of magnetostatically coupled nanomagnets. Their interactions give rise to emergent behavior, which has the potential to be harnessed for the creation of functional materials. Consequently, the ability to map the stray field of such systems can be decisive for gaining an understanding of their properties. Here, we use a scanning nanometer-scale superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) to image the magnetic stray field distribution of an artificial spin ice system exhibiting structural chirality as a function of applied magnetic fields at 4.2 K. The images reveal that the magnetostatic interaction gives rise to a measurable bending of the magnetization at the edges of the nanomagnets. Micromagnetic simulations predict that, owing to the structural chirality of the system, this edge bending is asymmetric in the presence of an external field and gives rise to a preferred direction for the reversal of the magnetization. This effect is not captured by models assuming a uniform magnetization. Our technique thus provides a promising means for understanding the collective response of artificial spin ices and their interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Wyss
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Gliga
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
- Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen 5232 , Switzerland
| | - Denis Vasyukov
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | | | - Giulio Romagnoli
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Jizhai Cui
- Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen 5232 , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | | | - Robert L Stamps
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , R3T 2N2 , Canada
| | - Martino Poggio
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Safronov AP, Stadler BJH, Um J, Zamani Kouhpanji MR, Alonso Masa J, Galyas AG, Kurlyandskaya GV. Polyacrylamide Ferrogels with Ni Nanowires. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12162582. [PMID: 31412653 PMCID: PMC6721771 DOI: 10.3390/ma12162582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nickel magnetic nanowires (NWs) have attracted significant attention due to their unique properties, which are useful for basic studies and technological applications, for example in biomedicine. Their structure and magnetic properties were systematically studied in the recent years. In this work, Ni NWs with high aspect ratios (length/diameter ~250) were fabricated by electrodeposition into commercial anodic aluminum oxide templates. The templates were then etched and the NWs were suspended in water, where their hydrodynamic size was evaluated by dynamic light scattering. The magnetic response of these NWs as a function of an external magnetic field indicates a dominant shape anisotropy with propagation of the vortex domain wall as the main magnetization reversal process. The suspension of Ni NWs was used in the synthesis of two types of polyacrylamide ferrogels (FGs) by free radical polymerization, with weight fractions of Ni NWs in FGs of 0.036% and 0.169%. The FGs were reasonably homogeneous. The magnetic response of these FGs (hysteresis loops) indicated that the NWs are randomly oriented inside the FG, and their magnetic response remains stable after embedding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Safronov
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Division RAS, 620016 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Bethanie J H Stadler
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joseph Um
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | - Andrey G Galyas
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Galina V Kurlyandskaya
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
- Departamento Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad del País Vasco UPV-EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Laskin G, Wang H, Boschker H, Braun W, Srot V, van Aken PA, Mannhart J. Magnetic Properties of Epitaxially Grown SrRuO 3 Nanodots. Nano Lett 2019; 19:1131-1135. [PMID: 30645131 PMCID: PMC6728099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present the fabrication and exploration of arrays of nanodots of SrRuO3 with dot sizes between 500 and 15 nm. Down to the smallest dot size explored, the samples were found to be magnetic with a maximum Curie temperature TC achieved by dots of 30 nm diameter. This peak in TC is associated with a dot-size-induced relief of the epitaxial strain, as evidenced by scanning transmission electron microscopy.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
We present a scanning magnetic force sensor based on an individual magnet-tipped GaAs nanowire (NW) grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Its magnetic tip consists of a final segment of single-crystal MnAs formed by sequential crystallization of the liquid Ga catalyst droplet. We characterize the mechanical and magnetic properties of such NWs by measuring their flexural mechanical response in an applied magnetic field. Comparison with numerical simulations allows the identification of their equilibrium magnetization configurations, which in some cases include magnetic vortices. To determine a NW's performance as a magnetic scanning probe, we measure its response to the field profile of a lithographically patterned current-carrying wire. The NWs' tiny tips and their high force sensitivity make them promising for imaging weak magnetic field patterns on the nanometer-scale, as required for mapping mesoscopic transport and spin textures or in nanometer-scale magnetic resonance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Rossi
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - B Gross
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - F Dirnberger
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik , Universität Regensburg , D-93040 Regensburg , Germany
| | - D Bougeard
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik , Universität Regensburg , D-93040 Regensburg , Germany
| | - M Poggio
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lan G, Shen L, Lu L, Cao C, Jiang C, Fu H, You C, Lu X, Ma C, Liu M, Jia CL. Flexible Lithium Ferrite Nanopillar Arrays for Bending Stable Microwave Magnetism. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:39422-39427. [PMID: 30394081 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent development in magnetic nanostructures has promoted flexible electronics into the application of integrated devices. However, the magnetic properties of flexible devices strongly depend on the bending states. In order to realize the design of new flexible devices driven by an external field, the first step is to make the magnetic properties insensitive to the bending. Herein, a series of LiFe5O8 nanopillar arrays were fabricated, whose microwave magnetic properties can be modulated by tuning the nanostructure. This work demonstrates that nanostructure engineering is useful to control the bending sensitivity of microwave magnetism and further design stable flexible devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Lan
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Lvkang Shen
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Lu Lu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Cuimei Cao
- School of Physics Science and Technology , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Changjun Jiang
- School of Physics Science and Technology , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Huarui Fu
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Xi'an University of Technology , Xi'an 710048 , China
| | - Caiyin You
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Xi'an University of Technology , Xi'an 710048 , China
| | - Xiaoli Lu
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics , Xidian University , Xi'an 710071 , China
| | - Chunrui Ma
- School of Material Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Ming Liu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Chun-Lin Jia
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
- Ernst Ruska Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons , Forschungszentrum Jülich , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Efremova MV, Nalench YA, Myrovali E, Garanina AS, Grebennikov IS, Gifer PK, Abakumov MA, Spasova M, Angelakeris M, Savchenko AG, Farle M, Klyachko NL, Majouga AG, Wiedwald U. Size-selected Fe 3O 4-Au hybrid nanoparticles for improved magnetism-based theranostics. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2018; 9:2684-2699. [PMID: 30416920 PMCID: PMC6204820 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Size-selected Fe3O4-Au hybrid nanoparticles with diameters of 6-44 nm (Fe3O4) and 3-11 nm (Au) were prepared by high temperature, wet chemical synthesis. High-quality Fe3O4 nanocrystals with bulk-like magnetic behavior were obtained as confirmed by the presence of the Verwey transition. The 25 nm diameter Fe3O4-Au hybrid nanomaterial sample (in aqueous and agarose phantom systems) showed the best characteristics for application as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging and for local heating using magnetic particle hyperthermia. Due to the octahedral shape and the large saturation magnetization of the magnetite particles, we obtained an extraordinarily high r 2-relaxivity of 495 mM-1·s-1 along with a specific loss power of 617 W·gFe -1 and 327 W·gFe -1 for hyperthermia in aqueous and agarose systems, respectively. The functional in vitro hyperthermia test for the 4T1 mouse breast cancer cell line demonstrated 80% and 100% cell death for immediate exposure and after precultivation of the cells for 6 h with 25 nm Fe3O4-Au hybrid nanomaterials, respectively. This confirms that the improved magnetic properties of the bifunctional particles present a next step in magnetic-particle-based theranostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Efremova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Yulia A Nalench
- National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Eirini Myrovali
- Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Anastasiia S Garanina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Ivan S Grebennikov
- National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Polina K Gifer
- National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Maxim A Abakumov
- National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, 119049, Russia
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Marina Spasova
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Duisburg, 47057, Germany
| | - Makis Angelakeris
- Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | | | - Michael Farle
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Duisburg, 47057, Germany
| | - Natalia L Klyachko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Alexander G Majouga
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, 119049, Russia
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, 125047, Russia
| | - Ulf Wiedwald
- National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, 119049, Russia
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Duisburg, 47057, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Solyom A, Flansberry Z, Tschudin MA, Leitao N, Pioro-Ladrière M, Sankey JC, Childress LI. Probing a Spin Transfer Controlled Magnetic Nanowire with a Single Nitrogen-Vacancy Spin in Bulk Diamond. Nano Lett 2018; 18:6494-6499. [PMID: 30212215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The point-like nature and exquisite magnetic field sensitivity of the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond can provide information about the inner workings of magnetic nanocircuits in complement with traditional transport techniques. Here, we use a single NV in bulk diamond to probe the stray field of a ferromagnetic nanowire controlled by spin transfer (ST) torques. We first report an unambiguous measurement of ST tuned, parametrically driven, large-amplitude magnetic oscillations. At the same time, we demonstrate that such magnetic oscillations alone can directly drive NV spin transitions, providing a potential new means of control. Finally, we use the NV as a local noise thermometer, observing strong ST damping of the stray field noise, consistent with magnetic cooling from room temperature to ∼150 K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Solyom
- Department of Physics , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 2T8 , Canada
| | - Zackary Flansberry
- Department of Physics , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 2T8 , Canada
| | - Märta A Tschudin
- Department of Physics , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 2T8 , Canada
| | - Nathaniel Leitao
- Department of Physics , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 2T8 , Canada
| | - Michel Pioro-Ladrière
- Institut Quantique and Département de Physique , Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Quebec J1K 2R1 , Canada
- Quantum Information Science Program , Canadian Institute for Advanced Research , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1M1 , Canada
| | - Jack C Sankey
- Department of Physics , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 2T8 , Canada
| | - Lilian I Childress
- Department of Physics , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 2T8 , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sanz-Hernández D, Hamans RF, Osterrieth J, Liao JW, Skoric L, Fowlkes JD, Rack PD, Lippert A, Lee SF, Lavrijsen R, Fernández-Pacheco A. Fabrication of Scaffold-Based 3D Magnetic Nanowires for Domain Wall Applications. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2018; 8:E483. [PMID: 29966338 DOI: 10.3390/nano8070483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures hold great potential to revolutionize information technologies and to enable the study of novel physical phenomena. In this work, we describe a hybrid nanofabrication process combining bottom-up 3D nano-printing and top-down thin film deposition, which leads to the fabrication of complex magnetic nanostructures suitable for the study of new 3D magnetic effects. First, a non-magnetic 3D scaffold is nano-printed using Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition; then a thin film magnetic material is thermally evaporated onto the scaffold, leading to a functional 3D magnetic nanostructure. Scaffold geometries are extended beyond recently developed single-segment geometries by introducing a dual-pitch patterning strategy. Additionally, by tilting the substrate during growth, low-angle segments can be patterned, circumventing a major limitation of this nano-printing process; this is demonstrated by the fabrication of ‘staircase’ nanostructures with segments parallel to the substrate. The suitability of nano-printed scaffolds to support thermally evaporated thin films is discussed, outlining the importance of including supporting pillars to prevent deformation during the evaporation process. Employing this set of methods, a set of nanostructures tailored to precisely match a dark-field magneto-optical magnetometer have been fabricated and characterized. This work demonstrates the versatility of this hybrid technique and the interesting magnetic properties of the nanostructures produced, opening a promising route for the development of new 3D devices for applications and fundamental studies.
Collapse
|
44
|
Li W, Wang Y, Cui XY, Yu S, Li Y, Hu Y, Zhu M, Zheng R, Ringer SP. Crystal Facet Effects on Nanomagnetism of Co 3O 4. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:19235-19247. [PMID: 29706073 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic performance of nanomaterials depends on size, shape, and surface of the nanocrystals. Here, the exposed crystal planes of Co3O4 nanocrystals were analyzed to research the dependence of magnetic properties on the configuration environment of the ions exposed on different surfaces. The Co3O4 nanocrystals with exposed (1 0 0), (1 1 0), (1 1 1), and (1 1 2) planes were synthesized using a hydrothermal method in the shapes of nanocube, nanorod, hexagonal nanoplatelet, and nanolaminar, respectively. Ferromagnetic performance was detected in the (1 0 0) and (1 1 1) plane-exposed samples. First-principles calculation results indicate that unlike the nonmagnetic nature in the bulk, the Co3+ ions exposed on or close to the surface possess sizable magnetic moments because of the variation of coordination numbers and lattice distortion, which is responsible for the ferromagnetic-like behavior. The (1 1 0)-exposed sample keeps the natural antiferromagnetic behavior of bulk Co3O4 because either the surface Co3+ ions have no magnetic moments or their moments are in antiferromagnetic coupling. The (1 1 2)-exposed sample also displays antiferromagnetism because the interaction distances between the magnetized Co3+ ions are too long to form effective ferromagnetic coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Li
- Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai University , 149 Yanchang Road , Shanghai 200072 , China
- Institute for Sustainable Energy , Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 , China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors , Shanghai 200444 , China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai University , 149 Yanchang Road , Shanghai 200072 , China
| | | | - Shangjia Yu
- Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai University , 149 Yanchang Road , Shanghai 200072 , China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai University , 149 Yanchang Road , Shanghai 200072 , China
- Institute for Sustainable Energy , Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 , China
| | - Yemin Hu
- Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai University , 149 Yanchang Road , Shanghai 200072 , China
| | - Mingyuan Zhu
- Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai University , 149 Yanchang Road , Shanghai 200072 , China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Li Z, Lopez-Ortega A, Aranda-Ramos A, Tajada JL, Sort J, Nogues C, Vavassori P, Nogues J, Sepulveda B. Simultaneous Local Heating/Thermometry Based on Plasmonic Magnetochromic Nanoheaters. Small 2018; 14:e1800868. [PMID: 29761629 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A crucial challenge in nanotherapies is achieving accurate and real-time control of the therapeutic action, which is particularly relevant in local thermal therapies to minimize healthy tissue damage and necrotic cell deaths. Here, a nanoheater/thermometry concept is presented based on magnetoplasmonic (Co/Au or Fe/Au) nanodomes that merge exceptionally efficient plasmonic heating and simultaneous highly sensitive detection of the temperature variations. The temperature detection is based on precise optical monitoring of the magnetic-induced rotation of the nanodomes in solution. It is shown that the phase lag between the optical signal and the driving magnetic field can be used to detect viscosity variations around the nanodomes with unprecedented accuracy (detection limit 0.0016 mPa s, i.e., 60-fold smaller than state-of-the-art plasmonic nanorheometers). This feature is exploited to monitor the viscosity reduction induced by optical heating in real-time, even in highly inhomogeneous cell dispersions. The magnetochromic nanoheater/thermometers show higher optical stability, much higher heating efficiency and similar temperature detection limits (0.05 °C) compared to state-of-the art luminescent nanothermometers. The technological interest is also boosted by the simpler and lower cost temperature detection system, and the cost effectiveness and scalability of the nanofabrication process, thereby highlighting the biomedical potential of this nanotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Física, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Aranda-Ramos
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Tajada
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sort
- Departament de Física, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Nogues
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Vavassori
- CIC nanoGUNE, E-20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, E-40013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Josep Nogues
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Borja Sepulveda
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Merabtine S, Zighem F, Faurie D, Garcia-Sanchez A, Lupo P, Adeyeye AO. Multicracking and Magnetic Behavior of Ni 80Fe 20 Nanowires Deposited onto a Polymer Substrate. Nano Lett 2018; 18:3199-3202. [PMID: 29668289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the effect of large strains (up to 20%) on the behavior of magnetic nanowires (Ni80Fe20) deposited on a Kapton substrate. The multicracking phenomenon was followed by in situ tensile tests combined with atomic force microscopy measurements. These measurements show, on the one hand, a delay in crack initiation relative to the nonpatterned thin film and, on the other hand, a saturation of the length of the nanowire fragments. The latter makes it possible to retain the initial magnetic anisotropy measured after deformation by ferromagnetic resonance. In addition, the ferromagnetic resonance line profile (intensity, width) is minimally affected by the numerous cracks, which is explained by the small variation in magnetic anistropy and the low magnetostriction coefficient of Ni80Fe20.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Skander Merabtine
- Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux, UPR 3407 CNRS , Université Paris 13-Sorbonne Paris Cité , Villetaneuse 93430 , France
| | - Fatih Zighem
- Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux, UPR 3407 CNRS , Université Paris 13-Sorbonne Paris Cité , Villetaneuse 93430 , France
| | - Damien Faurie
- Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux, UPR 3407 CNRS , Université Paris 13-Sorbonne Paris Cité , Villetaneuse 93430 , France
| | - Alexis Garcia-Sanchez
- Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux, UPR 3407 CNRS , Université Paris 13-Sorbonne Paris Cité , Villetaneuse 93430 , France
| | - Pierpaolo Lupo
- Information Storage Materials Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117576 , Singapore
| | - Adekunle O Adeyeye
- Information Storage Materials Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117576 , Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sanz-Hernández D, Hamans RF, Liao JW, Welbourne A, Lavrijsen R, Fernández-Pacheco A. Fabrication, Detection, and Operation of a Three-Dimensional Nanomagnetic Conduit. ACS Nano 2017; 11:11066-11073. [PMID: 29072836 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) nanomagnetic devices are attracting significant interest due to their potential for computing, sensing, and biological applications. However, their implementation faces great challenges regarding fabrication and characterization of 3D nanostructures. Here, we show a 3D nanomagnetic system created by 3D nanoprinting and physical vapor deposition, which acts as a conduit for domain walls. Domains formed at the substrate level are injected into a 3D nanowire, where they are controllably trapped using vectorial magnetic fields. A dark-field magneto-optical method for parallel, independent measurement of different regions in individual 3D nanostructures is also demonstrated. This work will facilitate the advanced study and exploitation of 3D nanomagnetic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dédalo Sanz-Hernández
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Ruben F Hamans
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jung-Wei Liao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Welbourne
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Reinoud Lavrijsen
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Amalio Fernández-Pacheco
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hong J, Jin C, Yuan J, Zhang Z. Atomic Defects in Two-Dimensional Materials: From Single-Atom Spectroscopy to Functionalities in Opto-/Electronics, Nanomagnetism, and Catalysis. Adv Mater 2017; 29. [PMID: 28295728 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional layered graphene-like crystals including transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have received extensive research interest due to their diverse electronic, valleytronic, and chemical properties, with the corresponding optoelectronics and catalysis application being actively explored. However, the recent surge in two-dimensional materials science is accompanied by equally great challenges, such as defect engineering in large-scale sample synthesis. It is necessary to elucidate the effect of structural defects on the electronic properties in order to develop an application-specific strategy for defect engineering. Here, two aspects of the existing knowledge of native defects in two-dimensional crystals are reviewed. One is the point defects emerging in graphene and hexagonal boron nitride, as probed by atomically resolved electron microscopy, and their local electronic properties, as measured by single-atom electron energy-loss spectroscopy. The other will focus on the point defects in TMDs and their influence on the electronic structure, photoluminescence, and electric transport properties. This review of atomic defects in two-dimensional materials will offer a clear picture of the defect physics involved to demonstrate the local modulation of the electronic properties and possible benefits in potential applications in magnetism and catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chuanhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Cortie DL, Khaydukov Y, Keller T, Sprouster DJ, Hughes JS, Sullivan JP, Wang XL, Le Brun AP, Bertinshaw J, Callori SJ, Aughterson R, James M, Evans PJ, Triani G, Klose F. Enhanced Magnetization of Cobalt Defect Clusters Embedded in TiO 2-δ Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:8783-8795. [PMID: 28229601 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High magnetizations are desirable for spintronic devices that operate by manipulating electronic states using built-in magnetic fields. However, the magnetic moment in promising dilute magnetic oxide nanocomposites is very low, typically corresponding to only fractions of a Bohr magneton for each dopant atom. In this study, we report a large magnetization formed by ion implantation of Co into amorphous TiO2-δ films, producing an inhomogeneous magnetic moment, with certain regions producing over 2.5 μB per Co, depending on the local dopant concentration. Polarized neutron reflectometry was used to depth-profile the magnetization in the Co:TiO2-δ nanocomposites, thus confirming the pivotal role of the cobalt dopant profile inside the titania layer. X-ray photoemission spectra demonstrate the dominant electronic state of the implanted species is Co0, with a minor fraction of Co2+. The detected magnetizations have seldom been reported before and lie near the upper limit set by Hund's rules for Co0, which is unusual because the transition metal's magnetic moment is usually reduced in a symmetric 3D crystal-field environment. Low-energy positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy indicates that defect structures within the titania layer are strongly modified by the implanted Co. We propose that a clustering motif is promoted by the affinity of the positively charged implanted species to occupy microvoids native to the amorphous host. This provides a seed for subsequent doping and nucleation of nanoclusters within an unusual local environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Cortie
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University , Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- The Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization , Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Yury Khaydukov
- Max Planck Institute für Festkörperforschung , Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Max Planck Society , Outstation at the MLZ, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Thomas Keller
- Max Planck Institute für Festkörperforschung , Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Max Planck Society , Outstation at the MLZ, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - David J Sprouster
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
- ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, Australian National University , Canberra Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Jacob S Hughes
- ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, Australian National University , Canberra Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - James P Sullivan
- ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, Australian National University , Canberra Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Xiaolin L Wang
- The Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Anton P Le Brun
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization , Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Joel Bertinshaw
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization , Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Sara J Callori
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization , Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Physics, California State University , San Bernardino, California 92407, United States
| | - Robert Aughterson
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization , Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Michael James
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization , Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Peter J Evans
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization , Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Gerry Triani
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization , Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Frank Klose
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization , Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Pinkowicz D, Birk FJ, Magott M, Schulte K, Dunbar KR. Systematic Study of Open-Shell Trigonal Pyramidal Transition-Metal Complexes with a Rigid-Ligand Scaffold. Chemistry 2017; 23:3548-3552. [PMID: 28055144 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A family of distorted trigonal pyramidal transition-metal complexes [MII (N3 N)Li(THF)] (M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) have been studied as candidates for mononuclear single-molecule magnets. Magnetic anisotropy of the family depends on the electronic configuration of the central ion, with the Co analogue exhibiting pronounced SMM behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Pinkowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
| | - Francisco J Birk
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
| | - Michał Magott
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kelsey Schulte
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
| | - Kim R Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
| |
Collapse
|