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Nishino M, Egami Y, Nakamura H, Abe M, Ohsuga M, Nohara H, Kawanami S, Ukita K, Kawamura A, Yasumoto K, Tsuda M, Okamoto N, Matsunaga-Lee Y, Yano M. Clinical Impact of Perfusion Balloon for ST-Segment Elevated Myocardial Infarction: RYUSEI Study. Am J Cardiol 2024:S0002-9149(24)00355-2. [PMID: 38734400 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Drug-eluting stents have significantly contributed to reducing mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMIs), but slow-flow/no-reflow phenomenon (SFNR) and in-stent restenosis are still clinical problems. In contrast, perfusion balloons (PBs) can compress thrombi and ruptured plaque for long inflation without ischemia and can be used as a delivery device for infusion of nitroprusside to distal risk area during ballooning. We conducted a Reduction of risk bY perfUsion balloon for ST-segment Elevated myocardial Infarction (RYUSEI) study to evaluate whether PBs before stenting are more effective than conventional stenting for STEMIs. We divided consecutive patients with STEMIs who underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT)-guided percutaneous coronary intervention into PB group who were treated with PBs (Ryusei; Kaneka Medix Corporation, Osaka, Japan) before stenting and the conventional percutaneous coronary intervention (CP) group. We compared clinical results including SFNR, OCT findings, and clinical events between the 2 groups. We finally analyzed 34 patients in PB group and 90 in CP group. After propensity score-matching, PB and CP groups consisted of 23 patients, respectively. In the propensity score-matched cohort, SFNR and maximum protrusion area detected by OCT were significantly lower (p = 0.047 and p = 0.019), and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow grade 3 was higher (p = 0.022) in the PB group than CP group. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significantly better clinical outcome in PB group than CP group (p = 0.038). In conclusion, the RYUSEI study revealed a pre-stent lesion modification in addition to nitroprusside infusion using PB is useful to achieve better clinical courses in STEMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Nishino
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Nagasonecho, Kita-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Egami
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Nagasonecho, Kita-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakamura
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Nagasonecho, Kita-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Abe
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Nagasonecho, Kita-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mizuki Ohsuga
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Nagasonecho, Kita-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nohara
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Nagasonecho, Kita-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shodai Kawanami
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Nagasonecho, Kita-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohei Ukita
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Nagasonecho, Kita-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akito Kawamura
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Nagasonecho, Kita-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Yasumoto
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Nagasonecho, Kita-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Tsuda
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Nagasonecho, Kita-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naotaka Okamoto
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Nagasonecho, Kita-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Masamichi Yano
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Nagasonecho, Kita-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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Naguib M, Aljwaid A, Marella D, Flores RJ, Singh A. Nitroprusside Combined with Leg Raise at the Time of Right Heart Catheterization to Differentiate Precapillary from Other Hemodynamic Forms of Pulmonary Hypertension: A Single-Center Pilot Study. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:124. [PMID: 38667742 PMCID: PMC11050046 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) can arise from several distinct disease processes, with a percentage presenting with combined pre- and postcapillary pulmonary hypertension (cpcPH). Patients with cpcPH are unsuitable candidates for PH-directed therapies due to elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressures (PCWPs); however, the PCWP is dynamic and is affected by both preload and afterload. Many patients that are diagnosed with cpcPH are hypertensive at the time of right heart catheterization which has the potential to increase the PCWP and, therefore, mimic a more postcapillary-predominant phenotype. In this small pilot study, we examine the effect of nitroprusside combined with dynamic preload augmentation with a passive leg raise maneuver in hypertensive cpcPH patients at the time of right heart catheterization to identify a more precapillary-dominant PH phenotype. Patients that met the criteria of PCWP ≤ 15 mmHg with nitroprusside infusion and PCWP ≤ 18 mmHg with nitroprusside infusion and simultaneous leg raise were started on pulmonary vascular-targeted therapy. Long-term PH therapy was well tolerated, with increased six-minute walk distance, improved WHO functional class, decreased NT-proBNP, and improved REVEAL 2.0 Lite Risk Score in this precapillary-dominant PH phenotype. This small study highlights the importance of characterizing patient physiology beyond resting conditions at the time of right heart catheterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Naguib
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
| | - Ahmed Aljwaid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
| | - Dean Marella
- Department of Cardiology, Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
| | - Raul J. Flores
- Heart Success Program (Advanced Heart Failure Program), Department of Cardiology, Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Heart Success Program (Advanced Heart Failure Program), Department of Cardiology, Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
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Picek I, Matković-Čalogović D, Dražić G, Kapun G, Šket P, Popović J, Foretić B. Supramolecular Solid Complexes between Bis-pyridinium-4-oxime and Distinctive Cyanoiron Platforms. Molecules 2024; 29:1698. [PMID: 38675518 PMCID: PMC11052229 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The structural features and optical properties of supramolecular cyanoiron salts containing bis-pyridinium-4-oxime Toxogonin® (TOXO) as an electron acceptor are presented. The properties of the new TOXO-based cyanoiron materials were probed by employing two cyanoiron platforms: hexacyanoferrate(II), [Fe(CN)6]4- (HCF); and nitroprusside, [Fe(CN)5(NO)]2- (NP). Two water-insoluble inter-ionic donor-acceptor phases were characterized: the as-prepared microcrystalline reddish-brown (TOXO)2[Fe(CN)6]·8H2O (1a) with a medium-responsive, hydrochromic character; and the dark violet crystalline (TOXO)2[Fe(CN)6]·3.5H2O (1cr). Complex 1a, upon external stimulation, transforms to the violet anhydrous phase (TOXO)2[Fe(CN)6] (1b), which upon water uptake transforms back to 1a. Using the NP platform resulted in the water-insoluble crystalline salt TOXO[Fe(CN)5(NO)]·2H2O (2). The structures of 1cr and 2, solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, along with a comparative spectroscopic (UV-vis-NIR diffuse reflectance, IR, solid-state MAS-NMR, Mössbauer), thermal, powder X-ray diffraction, and microscopic analysis (SEM, TEM) of the isolated materials, provided insight for the supramolecular binding, electron-accepting, and H-bonding capabilities of TOXO in the self-assembly of these functionalized materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Picek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Dubravka Matković-Čalogović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Goran Dražić
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SLO-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (G.D.); (G.K.); (P.Š.)
| | - Gregor Kapun
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SLO-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (G.D.); (G.K.); (P.Š.)
| | - Primož Šket
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SLO-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (G.D.); (G.K.); (P.Š.)
| | - Jasminka Popović
- Division of Materials Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Blaženka Foretić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Titov VY, Dolgorukova AM, Osipov AN, Kochish II. DNIC is a Structure Providing Specificity of Physiological Effects of NO. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 176:160-164. [PMID: 38194076 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-024-05987-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Metabolism of nitric oxide (NO) donors: dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNIC), nitrosothiols (RSNO), and nitroprusside was studied on a chick embryo model. The obtained results give reason to assume that DNIC constituting the main pool of nitroso compounds in the vast majority of tissues are NO donors immediately interacting with the physiological target of NO, and other NO donors can perform this function after their transformation into DNIC. NO is released from DNIC not spontaneously, but under a joint influence of a factor destroying the complex and a target having chemical affinity for NO. A similar mechanism is apparently implicated in NO passage through the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Yu Titov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
- Federal Scientific Center "All-Russian Research and Technological Poultry Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sergiev Posad, Moscow region, Russia.
- K. I. Skryabin Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A M Dolgorukova
- Federal Scientific Center "All-Russian Research and Technological Poultry Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sergiev Posad, Moscow region, Russia
| | - A N Osipov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - I I Kochish
- K. I. Skryabin Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
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Lee HY, Jung YH, Mamadjonov N, Jeung KW, Lee BK, Kim T, Kim HJ, Gumucio JA, Salcido DD. Assessment of the Effects of Sodium Nitroprusside Administered Via Intracranial Subdural Catheters on the Cerebral Blood Flow and Lactate Using Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in a Pig Cardiac Arrest Model. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e029774. [PMID: 37776216 PMCID: PMC10727238 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.029774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is impaired in the early phase after return of spontaneous circulation. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) administration via intracranial subdural catheters improves cerebral cortical microcirculation. We determined whether the SNP treatment improves CBF in the subcortical tissue and evaluated the effects of this treatment on cerebral lactate. Methods and Results Sixty minutes after return of spontaneous circulation following 14 minutes of untreated cardiac arrest, 14 minipigs randomly received 4 mg SNP or saline via intracranial subdural catheters. CBF was measured in regions of interest within the cerebrum and thalamus using dynamic susceptibility contrast-magnetic resonance imaging. After return of spontaneous circulation, CBF was expressed as a percentage of the baseline value. In the saline group, the %CBF in the regions of interest within the cerebrum remained at approximately 50% until 3.5 hours after return of spontaneous circulation, whereas %CBF in the thalamic regions of interest recovered to approximately 73% at this time point. The percentages of the baseline values in the cortical gray matter and subcortical white matter were higher in the SNP group (group effect P=0.026 and 0.025, respectively) but not in the thalamus. The cerebral lactate/creatine ratio measured using magnetic resonance spectroscopy increased over time in the saline group but not in the SNP group (group-time interaction P=0.035). The thalamic lactate/creatine ratio was similar in the 2 groups. Conclusions SNP administered via intracranial subdural catheters improved CBF not only in the cortical gray matter but also in the subcortical white matter. The CBF improvement by SNP was accompanied by a decrease in cerebral lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Youn Lee
- Trauma CenterChonnam National University HospitalGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jung
- Department of Emergency MedicineChonnam National University HospitalGwangjuRepublic of Korea
- Department of Emergency MedicineChonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Najmiddin Mamadjonov
- Department of Medical ScienceChonnam National University Graduate SchoolGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Kyung Woon Jeung
- Department of Emergency MedicineChonnam National University HospitalGwangjuRepublic of Korea
- Department of Emergency MedicineChonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Byung Kook Lee
- Department of Emergency MedicineChonnam National University HospitalGwangjuRepublic of Korea
- Department of Emergency MedicineChonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Hoon Kim
- Medical Convergence Research CenterWonkwang UniversityIksanRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joong Kim
- Medical Science Research InstituteKyung Hee University HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jorge Antonio Gumucio
- Department of Emergency MedicineSchool of Medicine University of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - David D. Salcido
- Department of Emergency MedicineSchool of Medicine University of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
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da Silva Filho PM, Paz IA, Nascimento NRFD, Abreu DS, Lopes LGDF, Sousa EHS, Longhinotti E. Nitroprusside─Expanding the Potential Use of an Old Drug Using Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:6-22. [PMID: 36350781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
For more than 70 years, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) has been used to treat severe hypertension in hospital emergency settings. During this time, a few other clinical uses have also emerged such as in the treatment of acute heart failure as well as improving mitral incompetence and in the intra- and perioperative management during heart surgery. This drug functions by releasing nitric oxide (NO), which modulates several biological processes with many potential therapeutic applications. However, this small molecule has a short lifetime, and it has been administered through the use of NO donor molecules such as SNP. On the other hand, SNP also has some setbacks such as the release of cyanide ions, high water solubility, and very fast NO release kinetics. Currently, there are many drug delivery strategies that can be applied to overcome many of these limitations, providing novel opportunities for the use of old drugs, including SNP. This Perspective describes some nitroprusside properties and highlights new potential therapeutic uses arising from the use of drug delivery systems, mainly silica-based nanoparticles. There is a series of great opportunities to further explore SNP in many medical issues as reviewed, which deserves a closer look by the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Martins da Silva Filho
- Laboratório de Métodos de Análises e Modificação de Materiais (LABMA), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Laboratório de Bioinorgânica, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, PO Box 12200, Campus do Pici s/n, 60440-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Iury Araújo Paz
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, 60714-110, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Dieric S Abreu
- Laboratory of Materials & Devices (Lab MaDe), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga de França Lopes
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, PO Box 12200, Campus do Pici s/n, 60440-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Henrique Silva Sousa
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, PO Box 12200, Campus do Pici s/n, 60440-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Elisane Longhinotti
- Laboratório de Métodos de Análises e Modificação de Materiais (LABMA), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Laboratório de Bioinorgânica, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, PO Box 12200, Campus do Pici s/n, 60440-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Vaidy A, Sesay I, Delfiner MS, O'Murchu B, Patil P, Afari-Armah N, Hamad E, Rakita V. Invasive Hemodynamic Study Unmasks Intracardiac Shunt With Ventricular Assist Device. Circ Heart Fail 2022; 15:e008720. [PMID: 35078325 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.121.008720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anika Vaidy
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple Heart and Vascular Institute (A.V., M.S.D., P.P.), Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Isata Sesay
- Section of Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant (I.S., E.H., V.R.), Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Matthew S Delfiner
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple Heart and Vascular Institute (A.V., M.S.D., P.P.), Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brian O'Murchu
- Section of Interventional Cardiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (B.O.)
| | - Pravin Patil
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple Heart and Vascular Institute (A.V., M.S.D., P.P.), Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Eman Hamad
- Section of Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant (I.S., E.H., V.R.), Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Val Rakita
- Section of Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant (I.S., E.H., V.R.), Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
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Della Rovere F, Piacentini D, Fattorini L, Girardi N, Bellanima D, Falasca G, Altamura MM, Betti C. Brassinosteroids Mitigate Cadmium Effects in Arabidopsis Root System without Any Cooperation with Nitric Oxide. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:825. [PMID: 35055009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) affects root system development and quiescent center (QC)-definition in Arabidopsis root-apices. The brassinosteroids-(BRs)-mediated tolerance to heavy metals has been reported to occur by a modulation of nitric oxide (NO) and root auxin-localization. However, how BRs counteract Cd-action in different root types is unknown. This research aimed to find correlations between BRs and NO in response to Cd in Arabidopsis’s root system, monitoring their effects on QC-definition and auxin localization in root-apices. To this aim, root system developmental changes induced by low levels of 24-epibrassinolide (eBL) or by the BR-biosynthesis inhibitor brassinazole (Brz), combined or not with CdSO4, and/or with the NO-donor nitroprusside (SNP), were investigated using morpho-anatomical and NO-epifluorescence analyses, and monitoring auxin-localization by the DR5::GUS system. Results show that eBL, alone or combined with Cd, enhances lateral (LR) and adventitious (AR) root formation and counteracts QC-disruption and auxin-delocalization caused by Cd in primary root/LR/AR apices. Exogenous NO enhances LR and AR formation in Cd-presence, without synergism with eBL. The NO-signal is positively affected by eBL, but not in Cd-presence, and BR-biosynthesis inhibition does not change the low NO-signal caused by Cd. Collectively, results show that BRs ameliorate Cd-effects on all root types acting independently from NO.
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Håheim B, Kondratiev T, Dietrichs ES, Tveita T. Comparison Between Two Pharmacologic Strategies to Alleviate Rewarming Shock: Vasodilation vs. Inodilation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:566388. [PMID: 33282886 PMCID: PMC7689197 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.566388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rewarming from hypothermia is often challenged by coexisting cardiac dysfunction, depressed organ blood flow (OBF), and increased systemic vascular resistance. Previous research shows cardiovascular inotropic support and vasodilation during rewarming to elevate cardiac output (CO). The present study aims to compare the effects of inodilatation by levosimendan (LS) and vasodilation by nitroprusside (SNP) on OBF and global oxygen transport during rewarming from hypothermia. We used an in vivo experimental rat model of 4 h 15°C hypothermia and rewarming. A stable isotope-labeled microsphere technique was used to determine OBF. Cardiac and arterial pressures were monitored with fluid-filled pressure catheters, and CO was measured by thermodilution. Two groups were treated with either LS (n = 7) or SNP (n = 7) during the last hour of hypothermia and throughout rewarming. Two groups served as hypothermic (n = 7) and normothermic (n = 6) controls. All hypothermia groups had significantly reduced CO, oxygen delivery, and OBF after rewarming compared to their baseline values. After rewarming, LS had elevated CO significantly more than SNP (66.57 ± 5.6/+30% vs. 54.48 ± 5.2/+14%) compared to the control group (47.22 ± 3.9), but their ability to cause elevation of brain blood flow (BBF) was the same (0.554 ± 0.180/+81 vs. 0.535 ± 0.208/+75%) compared to the control group (0.305 ± 0.101). We interpret the vasodilator properties of LS and SNP to be the primary source to increase organ blood flow, superior to the increase in CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brage Håheim
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Timofei Kondratiev
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Erik Sveberg Dietrichs
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torkjel Tveita
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Division of Surgical Medicine and Intensive Care, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Lakhdhir S, Caulkett N, Duke-Novakovski T, Woodbury M, Boysen S. Evaluation of intramuscular sodium nitroprusside injection to improve oxygenation in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) anesthetized with medetomidine-alfaxalone-azaperone. Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 48:65-73. [PMID: 33279394 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In ungulates, α2-adrenergic agonists can decrease oxygenation possibly through alteration of pulmonary perfusion. Sodium nitroprusside can decrease pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and increase cardiac output (Q˙t) through vasodilation. The objective was to determine if sodium nitroprusside would improve pulmonary perfusion and attenuate the increased alveolar-arterial (a-a) gradient resulting from medetomidine-azaperone-alfaxalone (MAA) administration. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, crossover study with a 2 week rest period. ANIMALS A group of eight adult female captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). METHODS Deer were administered MAA intramuscularly (IM), and auricular artery and pulmonary artery balloon catheters were placed. Deer spontaneously breathed air. Saline or sodium nitroprusside (0.07 mg kg-1) were administered IM 40 minutes after MAA injection. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP), right atrial pressure (RAP), Q˙t, arterial pH, PaCO2 and PaO2 were obtained immediately before nitroprusside injection (baseline) and 5, 10 and 15 minutes afterwards. Mixed venous blood samples were obtained at baseline and at 5 minutes. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR), PVR, intrapulmonary shunt fraction (Q˙s/Q˙t), a-a gradient, oxygen delivery (D˙O2) and oxygen extraction ratio (O2ER) were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed with repeated measures analysis of variance with correction factors. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS With nitroprusside, MAP, MPAP, PAOP, RAP, SVR and O2ER significantly decreased and HR, Q˙t and D˙O2 increased compared with baseline and between treatments. There was a significant decrease in PVR and a-a gradient and increase in PaO2 compared with baseline and saline treatment. Changes were not sustained. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Nitroprusside temporarily changed hemodynamic variables, increased PaO2 and decreased a-a gradient. Nitroprusside possibly led to better pulmonary perfusion of ventilated alveoli. However, IM nitroprusside at this dose is not recommended because of severe systemic hypotension and short action.
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Tymko MM, Lawley JS, Ainslie PN, Hansen AB, Hofstaetter F, Rainer S, Amin S, Moralez G, Gasho C, Vizcardo-Galindo G, Bermudez D, Villafuerte FC, Hearon CM. Global Reach 2018 Heightened α-Adrenergic Signaling Impairs Endothelial Function During Chronic Exposure to Hypobaric Hypoxia. Circ Res 2020; 127:e1-e13. [PMID: 32268833 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic exposure to hypoxia is associated with elevated sympathetic nervous activity and reduced vascular function in lowlanders, and Andean highlanders suffering from excessive erythrocytosis (EE); however, the mechanistic link between chronically elevated sympathetic nervous activity and hypoxia-induced vascular dysfunction has not been determined. OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of heightened sympathetic nervous activity on resistance artery endothelial-dependent dilation (EDD), and endothelial-independent dilation, in lowlanders and Andean highlanders with and without EE. METHODS AND RESULTS We tested healthy lowlanders (n=9) at sea level (344 m) and following 14 to 21 days at high altitude (4300 m), and permanent Andean highlanders with (n=6) and without (n=9) EE at high altitude. Vascular function was assessed using intraarterial infusions (3 progressive doses) of acetylcholine (ACh; EDD) and sodium nitroprusside (endothelial-independent dilation) before and after local α+β adrenergic receptor blockade (phentolamine and propranolol). Intraarterial blood pressure, heart rate, and simultaneous brachial artery diameter and blood velocity were recorded at rest and during drug infusion. Changes in forearm vascular conductance were calculated. The main findings were (1) chronic hypoxia reduced EDD in lowlanders (changes in forearm vascular conductance from sea level: ACh1: -52.7±19.6%, ACh2: -25.4±38.7%, ACh3: -35.1±34.7%, all P≤0.02); and in Andeans with EE compared with non-EE (changes in forearm vascular conductance at ACh3: -36.4%, P=0.007). Adrenergic blockade fully restored EDD in lowlanders at high altitude, and normalized EDD between EE and non-EE Andeans. (2) Chronic hypoxia had no effect on endothelial-independent dilation in lowlanders, and no differences were detected between EE and non-EE Andeans; however, EID was increased in the non-EE Andeans after adrenergic blockade (P=0.012), but this effect was not observed in the EE Andeans. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that chronic hypoxia reduces EDD via heightened α-adrenergic signaling in lowlanders and in Andeans with EE. These vascular mechanisms have important implications for understanding the physiological consequences of acute and chronic high altitude adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Tymko
- From the Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada (M.M.T., P.N.A.).,Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.M.T.)
| | - Justin S Lawley
- University of Innsbruck, Austria (J.S.L., A.B.H., F.H., S.R., S.A.)
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- From the Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada (M.M.T., P.N.A.)
| | | | | | - Simon Rainer
- University of Innsbruck, Austria (J.S.L., A.B.H., F.H., S.R., S.A.)
| | - Sachin Amin
- University of Innsbruck, Austria (J.S.L., A.B.H., F.H., S.R., S.A.)
| | - Gilbert Moralez
- Department of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.M.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher M Hearon
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas (C.M.H.).,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (C.M.H.)
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION According to current guidelines, malignant hypertension is one of the emergencies in hypertension. The definition requires the presence of bilateral retinal hemorrhages or exudates, with or without papilledema, acute heart failure and acute deterioration in renal function in severe hypertension. Patients with malignant hypertension are characterized by pronounced target organ damage, including structural and functional cardiac abnormalities and renal insufficiency. AREAS COVERED Knowledge of the available treatment options is extremely important as we know that we only have a limited time to reduce blood pressure. There are only four drugs dedicated to immediate blood pressure lowering in patients with malignant hypertension, including 'first-line' and alternative drugs. Our review aims to discuss all those drugs and gives practical suggestions on how to properly use them. EXPERT COMMENTARY The decision of which drug to use depends on numerous factors including the clinical indications, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and drug interactions. Furthermore, frequently, more than one of the recommended drugs is required for the successful lowering of the patient's blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Lewek
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz, Poland.,Department of Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute , Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Bielecka-Dąbrowa
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz, Poland.,Heart Failure Unit, Department of Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute , Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Maciejewski
- Department of Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute , Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz, Poland.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute , Lodz, Poland.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora , Zielona Gora, Poland
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13
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Boys JA, Bowdish ME, Subramanyan RK, Shemanski KA, Dhillon GS, Toda K, Perrillo J, Seoane L, Bates MJ, Parrino PE, Kooperkamp H, Valentine VG, Emory WB, Ochsner JL, McFadden PM. Fortification of Preservation Solution With Nitroprusside Does Not Alter Lung Allograft Survival in Clinical Human Lung Transplantation. Ochsner J 2019; 19:235-40. [PMID: 31528134 DOI: 10.31486/toj.19.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nitric oxide improves gas exchange following primary lung allograft dysfunction. Nitroprusside, a potent nitric oxide donor, has reduced reperfusion injury and improved oxygenation in experimental lung transplantation. Methods: We sought to study the effect on lung allograft outcomes of fortifying the preservation solution with nitroprusside. We conducted a single-center clinical study of 46 consecutive lung recipients between 1998 and 2000: 24 patients received donor organs preserved in modified Euro-Collins solution with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) (control group), and 22 patients received organs preserved in modified Euro-Collins with PGE1 and nitroprusside (NP group). The primary endpoint was overall survival. Results: Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups except for a significantly longer graft ischemic time in the NP group vs the control group (253.3 ± 52 vs 225.3 ± 41 minutes, respectively, P=0.04). No significant differences were found in partial pressure arterial oxygen to fraction inspired oxygen ratio at ≤48 hours, primary graft dysfunction, or bronchiolitis obliterans-free days. Overall survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 89%, 73%, and 63% in the control group and 76%, 38%, and 23% in the NP group. Log-rank survival analysis showed that the NP group had a significantly increased risk of mortality (P=0.034) compared to the control group. Conclusion: The addition of nitroprusside to the lung transplant perfusate in this clinical trial did not improve survival; however, a large randomized trial would likely reduce confounding ischemia times and increase the power of the study.
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14
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Abstract
Objectives- Coronary endothelial dysfunction is a precursor of atherosclerosis and adverse outcomes. Whether endothelial dysfunction is a localized or generalized phenomenon in humans remains uncertain. We simultaneously measured femoral and coronary vascular function with the hypothesis that peripheral vascular endothelial function will be reflective of coronary endothelial function. Approach and Results- Eighty-five subjects underwent coronary angiography for evaluation of chest pain or abnormal stress tests. Endothelium-dependent and -independent vascular function were measured using intracoronary and intrafemoral infusions of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, respectively. Coronary flow reserve was assessed using intracoronary adenosine infusion. Flow velocity was measured in each circulation using a Doppler wire (FloWire, EndoSonics). Coronary vascular resistance and femoral vascular resistance were calculated as mean arterial pressure (mm Hg)/coronary blood flow (mL/min) and mean arterial pressure (mm Hg)/femoral average peak velocity (cm/s), respectively. Mean age was 53±11 years, 37% were female, 44% had hypertension, 12% had diabetes mellitus, and 38% had obstructive coronary artery disease. There was a correlation between the change in femoral vascular resistance with acetylcholine and acetylcholine-mediated changes in both the coronary vascular resistance ( r=0.27; P=0.014) and in the epicardial coronary artery diameter ( r=-0.25; P=0.021), indicating that subjects with normal endothelial function in the femoral circulation had normal endothelial function in the coronary epicardial and microcirculation and vice versa. The coronary vasodilator response to adenosine also correlated with the femoral vasodilatation with acetylcholine ( r=0.4; P=0.0002). There was no correlation between the coronary and femoral responses to sodium nitroprusside. Conclusions- Endothelial functional changes in the peripheral and coronary circulations were modestly correlated. Thus, peripheral microvascular endothelial function reflects endothelium-dependent coronary epicardial and microvascular function and the coronary flow reserve. Visual Overview- An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Badri
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jeong Hwan Kim
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Chang Liu
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Puja K Mehta
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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15
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Cobb A, Thornton L. Hyperinflation of Nitroprusside. J Pharm Pract 2018; 31:382-389. [PMID: 30071785 DOI: 10.1177/0897190018762182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is a generically available and rapid-acting intravenous (IV) vasodilator that has been used clinically for decades. Prior to 2013, the cost of SNP was relatively low, and SNP was an affordable option for the treatment of acute hypertension. However, from 2013 to 2017, average wholesale prices for SNP rose to as high as $900 per vial, earning the drug its status as a "hyperinflation drug." Hyperinflation drugs such as SNP pose a significant challenge for pharmacy departments. A multidisciplinary effort involving stakeholders from many backgrounds, including pharmacists, physicians, and nurses, is key to developing an effective plan to address the problem. A therapeutic interchange, wherein a drug with similar efficacy is substituted for another, is often an appropriate strategy in this scenario. Fortunately, alternative drugs with a solid evidence base exist for the management of acute hypertension. The dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, clevidipine and nicardipine, are IV titratable antihypertensive agents with favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. Various studies indicate that clevidipine and nicardipine are effective alternatives to SNP for indications including hypertensive crisis and postoperative hypertension. Some hospitals have reported significant cost savings without adverse outcomes by substituting clevidipine or nicardipine for SNP. This article is intended to serve as a review of the evidence for clevidipine and nicardipine as potential substitutes for SNP and to provide strategies to successfully implement this therapeutic interchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Cobb
- 1 St. John Medical Center, Tulsa, OK, USA
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16
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Ringer SK, Clausen NG, Spielmann N, Ohlerth S, Schwarz A, Weiss M. Effects of moderate and severe arterial hypotension on intracerebral perfusion and brain tissue oxygenation in piglets. Br J Anaesth 2018; 121:1308-15. [PMID: 30442258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypotension is common in anaesthetised children, and its impact on cerebral oxygenation is unknown. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of moderate systemic arterial hypotension (mHT) and severe hypotension (sHT) on cerebral perfusion and brain tissue oxygenation in piglets. METHODS Twenty-seven anaesthetised piglets were randomly allocated to a control group, mHT group, or sHT group. Cerebral monitoring comprised a tissue oxygen partial pressure ( [Formula: see text] ) and laser Doppler (LD) perfusion probe advanced into the brain tissue, and a near-infrared spectroscopy sensor placed over the skin measuring regional oxygen saturation (rSO2). Arterial hypotension was induced by blood withdrawal and i.v. nitroprusside infusion [target MAP: 35-38 (mHT) and 27-30 (sHT) mm Hg]. Data were analysed at baseline, and every 20 min during and after treatment. RESULTS Compared with control, [Formula: see text] decreased equally with mHT and sHT [mean (SD) after 60 min: control: 17.1 (6.4); mHT: 6.4 (3.6); sHT: 7.2 (4.3) mm Hg]. No differences between groups were detected for rSO2 and LD during treatment. However, in the sHT group, rSO2 increased after restoring normotension [from 49.3 (9.5) to 58.9 (8.9)% Post60]. sHT was associated with an increase in blood lactate [from 1.5 (0.4) to 2.4 (0.9) mmol L-1], and a decrease in bicarbonate [28 (2.4) to 25.8 (2.6) mmol L-1] and base excess [4.7 (1.9) to 2.0 (2.7) mmol L-1] between baseline and 60 min after the start of the experiment. CONCLUSIONS Induction of mHT and sHT by hypovolaemia and nitroprusside infusion caused alterations in brain tissue oxygenation in a piglet model, but without detectable changes in brain tissue perfusion and regional oxygen saturation.
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Kopf PG, Phelps LE, Schupbach CD, Johnson AK, Peuler JD. Differential effects of long-term slow-pressor and subpressor angiotensin II on contractile and relaxant reactivity of resistance versus conductance arteries. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13623. [PMID: 29504268 PMCID: PMC5835495 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular reactivity was evaluated in three separate arteries isolated from rats after angiotensin II (Ang II) was infused chronically in two separate experiments, one using a 14-day high, slow-pressor dose known to produce hypertension and the other using a 7-day low, subpressor but hypertensive-sensitizing dose. There were three new findings. First, there was no evidence of altered vascular reactivity in resistance arteries that might otherwise explain the hypertension due to the high Ang II or the hypertensive-sensitizing effect of the low Ang II dose. Second, the high Ang II dose exerted a novel differential effect on arterial contractile responsiveness to the sympathetic neurotransmitter, norepinephrine, depending on the level of sympathetic innervation. It clearly enhanced that responsiveness in the sparsely innervated aorta but not in small mesenteric resistance arteries or the proximal (conductance) portion of the caudal artery, both of which are densely innervated. This suggests that the increased expression of alpha adrenergic receptors after long-term exposure to Ang II as previously reported for aortic smooth muscle, is prevented in densely innervated arteries, likely due to long-term Ang II-mediated increase in sympathetic neural traffic to those vessels. Third, the same high dose of Ang II impaired aortic relaxation in response to the nitric oxide (NO) donor nitroprusside without impairing aortic endothelium-dependent relaxation. NO is the main relaxing substance released by aortic endothelium. Accordingly, it is possible that this dose of Ang II is also associated with enhanced release of and/or enhanced smooth muscle responsiveness to other endothelial relaxing substances in a compensatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip G. Kopf
- Department of PharmacologyMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinois
| | - Laura E. Phelps
- Department of PharmacologyMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinois
| | - Chad D. Schupbach
- Department of PharmacologyMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinois
| | - Alan K. Johnson
- Departments of Psychological and Brain SciencesHealth and Human Physiology, and Pharmacologythe University of IowaIowa CityIowa
| | - Jacob D. Peuler
- Department of PharmacologyMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinois
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18
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Morris AA, Page RL, Baumgartner LJ, Mueller SW, MacLaren R, Fish DN, Kiser TH. Thiocyanate Accumulation in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Nitroprusside Infusions. J Intensive Care Med 2016; 32:547-553. [PMID: 27435907 DOI: 10.1177/0885066616657004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated thiocyanate concentrations and factors associated with thiocyanate accumulation in intensive care unit patients receiving nitroprusside with and without sodium thiosulfate coadministration. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study evaluated critically ill adults who received nitroprusside infusions and had at least one thiocyanate concentration. Patients with thiocyanate accumulation (concentrations ≥30 µg/mL) were compared to patients without accumulation. Factors associated with accumulation were determined by Spearman correlation and multivariate regression. RESULTS Thiocyanate concentrations (n = 192) were obtained from 87 patients. Fourteen of the 87 (16%) patients experienced thiocyanate accumulation with a mean (SD) thiocyanate concentration of 44 ± 11 µg/mL. Patients with accumulation had received greater cumulative nitroprusside doses (28 vs 8.2 mg/kg, P < .01), greater cumulative sodium thiosulfate doses (16.8 vs 10.1 mg/kg, P < .01), and longer infusion durations (10.9 vs 6.0 days, P < .01), compared to patients without accumulation. Sodium thiosulfate coadministration resulted in greater thiocyanate concentrations (22.8 ± 16.7 vs 16.8 ± 14.9 μg/mL, P = .01), despite utilization of lower cumulative nitroprusside doses (10.2 vs 14.6 mg/kg, P = .03). Cumulative nitroprusside dose ( r2 .44, P < .001) and cumulative sodium thiosulfate dose ( r2 .32, P < .001) demonstrated a significant correlation with measured thiocyanate concentrations. Thiocyanate accumulation was independently associated with cumulative nitroprusside dose in mg/kg (regression coefficient 0.75, 95% CI 0.63-0.89; P < .01). No clinically significant adverse effects of cyanide or thiocyanate toxicity were observed. CONCLUSIONS Cumulative nitroprusside dose was independently associated with thiocyanate accumulation. Despite elevated thiocyanate levels in 16% of patients, there was no clinical evidence of cyanide or thiocyanate toxicity. Routine monitoring of thiocyanate concentrations appears most warranted in patients receiving higher cumulative doses of nitroprusside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Morris
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Services, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert L Page
- 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura J Baumgartner
- 3 Department of Clinical Sciences, Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Scott W Mueller
- 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert MacLaren
- 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Douglas N Fish
- 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tyree H Kiser
- 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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Chan SL, Sweet JG, Bishop N, Cipolla MJ. Pial Collateral Reactivity During Hypertension and Aging: Understanding the Function of Collaterals for Stroke Therapy. Stroke 2016; 47:1618-25. [PMID: 27103017 PMCID: PMC4878286 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.013392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background and Purpose— We investigated vasoactive properties of leptomeningeal arterioles (LMAs) under normotensive conditions and during hypertension and aging that are known to have poor collateral flow and little salvageable tissue. Methods— LMAs, identified as distal anastomotic arterioles connecting middle and anterior cerebral arteries, were studied isolated and pressurized from young (18 weeks) or aged (48 weeks) normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY18, n=14; WKY48, n=6) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR18, n=16; SHR48, n=6). Myogenic tone and vasoactive responses to pressure as well as endothelial function and ion channel activity were measured. Results— LMAs from WKY18 had little myogenic tone at 40 mm Hg (8±3%) that increased in aged WKY48 (30±6%). However, LMAs from both WKY groups dilated to increased pressure and demonstrated little myogenic reactivity, a response that would be conducive to collateral flow. In contrast, LMAs from both SHR18 and SHR48 displayed considerable myogenic tone (56±8% and 43±7%; P<0.01 versus WKY) and constricted to increased pressure. LMAs from both WKY and SHR groups had similar basal endothelial nitric oxide and IK channel activity that opposed tone. However, dilation to sodium nitroprusside, diltiazem and 15 mmol/L KCl was impaired in LMAs from SHR18. Conclusions— This study shows for the first time that LMAs from young and aged SHR are vasoconstricted and have impaired vasodilatory responses that may contribute to greater perfusion deficit and little penumbral tissue. These results also suggest that therapeutic opening of pial collaterals is possible during middle cerebral artery occlusion to create penumbral tissue and prevent infarct expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Lung Chan
- From the Departments of Neurological Sciences (S.-L.C., J.G.S., N.B., M.J.C.), Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (M.J.C.), and Pharmacology (M.J.C.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Julie G Sweet
- From the Departments of Neurological Sciences (S.-L.C., J.G.S., N.B., M.J.C.), Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (M.J.C.), and Pharmacology (M.J.C.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Nicole Bishop
- From the Departments of Neurological Sciences (S.-L.C., J.G.S., N.B., M.J.C.), Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (M.J.C.), and Pharmacology (M.J.C.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Marilyn J Cipolla
- From the Departments of Neurological Sciences (S.-L.C., J.G.S., N.B., M.J.C.), Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (M.J.C.), and Pharmacology (M.J.C.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington.
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Eugene AR. The influences of nitric oxide, epinephrine, and dopamine on vascular tone: dose-response modeling and simulations. Hosp Chron 2016; 11:1-8. [PMID: 26839599 PMCID: PMC4733877 DOI: 10.2015/hc.v11i1.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sodium Nitroprusside has successfully been an excellent choice when considering a decrease in systemic vascular resistance in the critical care setting. However, reflex tachycardia and ventilation-perfusion mismatch are possible side effects of this agent. To maintaining cardiac output, cerebral perfusion pressure, and concurrently drop SVR, low-dose epinephrine or dopamine are viable options. The aim of this paper is to conduct dose-response simulations to identify the equivalent dopamine, epinephrine, and nitroprusside infusion doses to decrease the systemic vascular resistance by 20% and by 40% from baseline resting values. METHODS Three studies were identified in the literature with reported epinephrine, dopamine, and sodium nitroprusside infusion doses with corresponding systemic vascular resistance responses. Infusion doses were normalized to mcg/kg/min and SVR values were normalized and scaled to the percent decrease (%SVR) in SVR from baseline resting values. The original published studies were mathematically modeled and the Hill equation parameters used for further dose-response simulations of a virtual population. One-hundred patients were simulated various doses resulting in corresponding %SVR responses for each of the three drugs. RESULTS Equivalent infusion doses achieving in an approximate 20-25% decrease in SVR, from baseline, were identified for epinephrine, dopamine, and sodium nitroprusside. Moreover, equivalent infusion doses were identified for epinephrine and nitroprusside to decrease the SVR by 40% from baseline. CONCLUSION Even though sodium nitroprusside is traditionally used in decreasing SVR, low doses of dopamine or epinephrine are viable alternatives to patients with contraindications to nitroprusside infusions or who will require prolonged infusions to avoid toxicity. The multiple comparisons procedure-modeling approach is an excellent methodology for dose-finding exercises and has enabled identification of equivalent pharmacodynamic responses for epinephrine, dopamine, and sodium nitroprusside through mathematic simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy R Eugene
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Gonda 19, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Joyner Lab, Anesthesia Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Rochester, MN, USA
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Gao Y, Toubaei A, Kong X, Wu G. Solving the 170-Year-Old Mystery About Red-Violet and Blue Transient Intermediates in the Gmelin Reaction. Chemistry 2015; 21:17172-7. [PMID: 26412492 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Gmelin reaction between nitroprusside and sulfides in aqueous solution is known to produce two transient intermediates with distinct colors: an initial red-violet intermediate that subsequently converts into a blue intermediate. In this work, we use a combination of multinuclear ((17) O, (15) N, (13) C) NMR, UV/Vis, IR spectroscopic techniques and quantum chemical computation to show unequivocally that the red-violet intermediate is [Fe(CN)5 N(O)S](4-) and the blue intermediate is [Fe(CN)5 N(O)SS)](4-) . While the formation of [Fe(CN)5 N(O)S](4-) has long been postulated in the literature, this study provides the most direct proof of its structure. In contrast, [Fe(CN)5 N(O)SS)](4-) represents the first example of any metal coordination complex containing a perthionitro ligand. The new reaction pathways found in this study not only provide clues for the mode of action of nitroprusside for its pharmacological activity, but also have broader implications to the biological role of H2 S, potential reactions between H2 S and nitric oxide donor compounds, and the possible biological function of polysulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 (Canada)
| | - Abouzar Toubaei
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 (Canada)
| | - Xianqi Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 (Canada)
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 (Canada).
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Ishii K, Mitsuhiro I, Matsukawa K. Differential contribution of aortic and carotid sinus baroreflexes to control of heart rate and renal sympathetic nerve activity. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:471-80. [PMID: 26159318 PMCID: PMC10717140 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined the roles of aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors in control of heart rate (HR) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in 17 decerebrate rats. The baroreflex curves between the changes in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and HR or RSNA in response to intravenous injection of phenylephrine (10-20 μg/kg) or nitroprusside (10 μg/kg) were identified before and following sequential denervation of all four baroafferent nerves. The slope of the MAP-HR curve in the pressor range was decreased (P < 0.05) to 31 ± 7% of the control following denervation of bilateral aortic nerves, whereas it remained substantial (72 ± 10%) following denervation of bilateral carotid sinus nerves. The slope for HR became negligible following complete denervation of all four baroafferent nerves. In contrast, the slope of the MAP-RSNA curve decreased as the sequential baroafferent denervation progressed, irrespective of the denervation order, and it remained well as long as any single baroafferent nerve was intact. The similar influences of sequential baroafferent denervation on the responses of HR and RSNA were observed in the depressor range. Thus, it is likely that aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors play differential roles in control of HR but they contribute similarly to control of RSNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ishii
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Idesako Mitsuhiro
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Kanji Matsukawa
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
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Drover DR, Hammer GB, Barrett JS, Cohane CA, Reece T, Zajicek A, Schulman SR. Evaluation of sodium nitroprusside for controlled hypotension in children during surgery. Front Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26217225 PMCID: PMC4491614 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE (1) To define the onset and offset of the blood-pressure-lowering effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) for use in developing instructions for dose titration in children undergoing a surgical or medical procedure, and (2) to assess the safety of SNP administration in pediatric patients requiring controlled reduction of blood pressure. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, dose-ranging, effect-controlled, multicenter study of intravenous (IV) infusions of SNP in pediatric patients <17 years, who required controlled hypotension for at least 2 h while undergoing a surgical or medical procedure. A blinded SNP dose of 0.3, 1, 2, or 3 μg/kg/min was infused for 30 min, followed by open-label administration for at least 90 min. Both infusions were titrated to effect. RESULTS The final intent-to-treat group comprised 203 patients. Significant reductions in mean arterial pressure (MAP) from baseline were observed for all four doses at 20 and 25 min after the start of infusion (p ≤ 0.009 and p ≤ 0.010 for each time, respectively). Overall, 98.5% of the patients achieved the target MAP; 72.9% first achieved the target MAP during the blinded infusion. The mean infusion rate at target MAP was 1.07 μg/kg/min. CONCLUSION We determined that 0.3 μg/kg/m is a reasonable starting dose for SNP in pediatric patients requiring controlled hypotension. The infusion rate can then be increased to achieve the desired reduction in blood pressure. On the basis of our results, we found an average infusion rate of 1 μg/kg/min might be appropriate. Of note, no cyanide toxicity was reported, and no measureable cyanide levels were detected in any blood samples obtained during the study. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00135668.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Drover
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gregory B Hammer
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Barrett
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Division, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Medical School Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carol A Cohane
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tammy Reece
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anne Zajicek
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Scott R Schulman
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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Zhao YJ, Fu XH, Ma XX, Wang DY, Dong QL, Wang YB, Li W, Xing K, Gu XS, Jiang YF. Intracoronary fixed dose of nitroprusside via thrombus aspiration catheter for the prevention of the no-reflow phenomenon following primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:479-484. [PMID: 24137212 PMCID: PMC3786843 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that intracoronary (IC) nitroprusside (NTP) injection is a safe and effective strategy for the treatment of no-reflow (NR) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The present study tested the hypothesis that, on the basis of thrombus aspiration for the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the selective IC administration of a fixed dose of NTP (100 μg) plus tirofiban is a safe and superior treatment method compared with the IC administration of tirofiban alone for the prevention of NR during primary PCI. A total of 162 consecutive patients with STEMI, who underwent primary PCI within 12 h of onset, were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A, IC administration of a fixed dose of NTP (100 μg) plus tirofiban (10 μg/kg) and group B, IC administration of tirofiban (10 μg/kg) alone (n=80 and n=82, respectively). The drugs were selectively injected into the infarct-related artery (IRA) via a thrombus aspiration catheter advanced into the IRA. The primary end-point was post-procedural corrected thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count (CTFC). The proportion of complete (>70%) ST-segment resolution (STR); the TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG) 2–3 ratio following PCI; the peak value of creatine kinase (CK)-MB; the TIMI flow grade; the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after 6 months of follow-up were observed as the secondary end-points. There were no significant differences in the baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics between the two groups. Compared with group B, group A had i) a lower CTFC (23±7 versus 29±11, P=0.000); ii) a higher proportion of complete STR (72.5 versus 55.9%, P=0.040); iii) an enhanced TMPG 2–3 ratio (71.3 versus 53.7%, P=0.030) and iv) a lower peak CK-MB value (170±56 versus 210±48 U/l, P=0.010). There were no statistically significant differences in the final TIMI grade-3 flow between the two groups (92.5 versus 91.5% for groups A and B, respectively; P=0.956). The LVEF at 6 months was higher in group A than group B (63±9 versus 53±11%, respectively; P=0.001); however, the incidence of MACEs was not statistically different between the two groups, although there was a trend indicating improvement in group A (log rank χ2=0.953, P=0.489). The selective IC administration of a fixed dose of NTP (100 μg) plus tirofiban via a thrombus aspiration catheter advanced into the IRA is a safe and superior treatment method compared with tirofiban alone in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI. This novel therapeutic strategy improves the myocardial level perfusion, in addition to reducing the infarct size. Furthermore, it may improve the postoperative clinical prognosis following PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000
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Khanna AK, Maheshwari K, Esa WAS. Perioperative nitroprusside infusion in a patient with severe aortic stenosis: another component of afterload reduction uncovered. Ochsner J 2013; 13:264-266. [PMID: 23789015 PMCID: PMC3684338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The traditional goals of perioperative management of severe aortic stenosis are based on maintaining a high systemic vascular resistance (SVR) to allow for good coronary perfusion. CASE REPORT An 87-year-old male presented with septic arthritis of a prosthetic knee joint. Arthroplasty, implant removal, and joint washout were planned as surgical intervention. His comorbidities included severe aortic stenosis (peak/mean gradient 109/60 mmHg, aortic valve area of 0.80 cm(2)), new onset mitral regurgitation secondary to a flail posterior mitral valve leaflet, and a new third-degree conduction block. A nitroprusside infusion was initiated 72 hours preoperatively and continued throughout the intraoperative period and postoperative intensive care stay. This novel use of nitroprusside improved cardiac output and forward flow through the stenotic aortic valve. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, the use of nitroprusside infusion during the intraoperative period in patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing noncardiac surgery has not been described previously. Although contrary to the traditional goal of maintaining a high SVR, this important pharmacological intervention optimizes cardiac indices during the perioperative period in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K. Khanna
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
| | - Kamal Maheshwari
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
| | - Wael Ali Sakr Esa
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
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26
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Poliacek I, Morris KF, Lindsey BG, Segers LS, Rose MJ, Corrie LWC, Wang C, Pitts TE, Davenport PW, Bolser DC. Blood pressure changes alter tracheobronchial cough: computational model of the respiratory-cough network and in vivo experiments in anesthetized cats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:861-73. [PMID: 21719729 PMCID: PMC3174787 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00458.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis, motivated in part by a coordinated computational cough network model, that alterations of mean systemic arterial blood pressure (BP) influence the excitability and motor pattern of cough. Model simulations predicted suppression of coughing by stimulation of arterial baroreceptors. In vivo experiments were conducted on anesthetized spontaneously breathing cats. Cough was elicited by mechanical stimulation of the intrathoracic airways. Electromyograms (EMG) of inspiratory parasternal, expiratory abdominal, laryngeal posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA), and thyroarytenoid muscles along with esophageal pressure (EP) and BP were recorded. Transiently elevated BP significantly reduced cough number, cough-related inspiratory, and expiratory amplitudes of EP, peak parasternal and abdominal EMG, and maximum of PCA EMG during the expulsive phase of cough, and prolonged the cough inspiratory and expiratory phases as well as cough cycle duration compared with control coughs. Latencies from the beginning of stimulation to the onset of cough-related diaphragm and abdominal activities were increased. Increases in BP also elicited bradycardia and isocapnic bradypnea. Reductions in BP increased cough number; elevated inspiratory EP amplitude and parasternal, abdominal, and inspiratory PCA EMG amplitudes; decreased total cough cycle duration; shortened the durations of the cough expiratory phase and cough-related abdominal discharge; and shortened cough latency compared with control coughs. Reduced BP also produced tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypocapnic hyperventilation. These effects of BP on coughing likely originate from interactions between barosensitive and respiratory brainstem neuronal networks, particularly by modulation of respiratory neurons within multiple respiration/cough-related brainstem areas by baroreceptor input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Poliacek
- Dept. of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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27
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Sass N, Itamoto CH, Silva MP, Torloni MR, Atallah AN. Does sodium nitroprusside kill babies? A systematic review. SAO PAULO MED J 2007; 125:108-11. [PMID: 17625709 PMCID: PMC11014698 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802007000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether sodium nitroprusside causes fetal death in pregnancies complicated with hypertension. DATA SOURCES Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE; 1996 to 2003), Excerpta Medica (EMBASE; 1970 to 2003), Web of Science/Institute for Scientific Information (ISI; 1945 to 2003), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS; 1982 to 2003) and the Cochrane Library. REVIEW METHODS The medical subject headings used were "nitroprusside and pregnancy", "hypertension or eclampsia or preeclampsia" and "nitroprusside and pregnancy and hypertensive emergencies". The search was limited to humans and female gender, in all fields, publication types, languages and subsets. Articles were also identified by reviewing the references of articles and textbooks on hypertension and pregnancy. RESULTS The search located nine studies. The sum of all the publications yielded a total of 22 patients and 24 exposed fetuses (two pairs of twins). There were no randomized clinical trials and no prospective cohorts. All of the studies were observational in nature. CONCLUSIONS At present, there is insufficient evidence for definitive conclusions about any direct association between sodium nitroprusside use and fetal demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Sass
- Obstetrics Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina, Brazil.
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Abstract
Hypertension is an extremely common clinical problem, affecting approximately 50 million people in the USA and approximately 1 billion individuals worldwide. Approximately 1% of these patients will develop acute elevations in blood pressure at some point in their lifetime. A number of terms have been applied to severe hypertension, including hypertensive crises, emergencies, and urgencies. By definition, acute elevations in blood pressure that are associated with end-organ damage are called hypertensive crises. Immediate reduction in blood pressure is required only in patients with acute end-organ damage. This article reviews current concepts, and common misconceptions and pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of patients with acutely elevated blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Varon
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Clinical Associate Professor, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul E Marik
- Professor of Critical Care and Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
(1) On rat isolated pulmonary arteries, vasorelaxation by S-nitrosocaptopril (SNOcap) was compared with S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and nitroprusside, and inhibition by SNOcap of contractions to angiotensin I was compared with the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, captopril. (2) SNOcap was equipotent as a vasorelaxant on main (i.d. 2-3 mm) and intralobar (i.d. 600 micro m) pulmonary arteries (pIC(50) values: 5.00 and 4.85, respectively). Vasorelaxant responses reached equilibrium rapidly (2-3 min). (3) Pulmonary vasorelaxant responses to SNOcap, like GSNO, were (i) partially inhibited by the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, ODQ (1H-(1,2,4) oxadiazolo(4,3-a)-quinoxalin-1-one; 3 micro M) whereas responses to nitroprusside were abolished and (ii) potentiated by hydroxocobalamin (HCOB; NO. free radical scavenger; 100 micro M) whereas responses to nitroprusside were inhibited. (4) The relative potencies for pulmonary vasorelaxation compared with inhibition of platelet aggregation were: SNOcap 7 : 1; GSNO 25 : 1; nitroprusside >2000 : 1. (5) SNOcap, like captopril, concentration-dependently and time-dependently increased the EC(50) for angiotensin I but not angiotensin II. The dependence on incubation time was independent of the presence of tissue but differed for SNOcap and captopril. This difference reflected the slow dissociation of SNOcap and instability of captopril, and precluded a valid comparison of the potency of the two drugs. After prolonged incubation (>/=5.6 h) SNOcap was more effective than captopril. (6) Thus, in pulmonary arteries SNOcap (i) possesses NO donor properties characteristic of S-nitrosothiols but different from nitroprusside and (ii) inhibits ACE at least as effectively as captopril. These properties suggest that SNOcap could be valuable in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Y Y Tsui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Agatha Gambino
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Janet C Wanstall
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
- Author for correspondence:
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Loufrani L, Matrougui K, Gorny D, Duriez M, Blanc I, Lévy BI, Henrion D. Flow (shear stress)-induced endothelium-dependent dilation is altered in mice lacking the gene encoding for dystrophin. Circulation 2001; 103:864-70. [PMID: 11171796 PMCID: PMC2233878 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.103.6.864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dystrophin has a key role in striated muscle mechanotransduction of physical forces. Although cytoskeletal elements play a major role in the mechanotransduction of pressure and flow in vascular cells, the role of dystrophin in vascular function has not yet been investigated. Thus, we studied endothelial and muscular responses of arteries isolated from mice lacking dystrophin (mdx mice). METHODS AND RESULTS Carotid and mesenteric resistance arteries 120 micrometer in diameter were isolated and mounted in vitro in an arteriograph to control intraluminal pressure and flow. Blood pressure was not affected by the absence of dystrophin. Pressure-induced (myogenic), phenylephrine-induced, and KCl-induced forms of tone were unchanged. Flow (shear stress)-induced dilation in arteries isolated from mdx mice was decreased by 50% to 60%, whereas dilation to acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside was unaffected. NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester-sensitive flow dilation was also decreased in arteries from mdx mice. Thus, the absence of dystrophin was associated with a defect in signal transduction of shear stress. Dystrophin was present in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, as shown by immunolocalization, and localized at the level of the plasma membrane, as seen by confocal microscopy of perfused isolated arteries. CONCLUSIONS -This is the first functional study of arteries lacking the gene for dystrophin. Vascular reactivity was normal, with the exception of flow-induced dilation. Thus, dystrophin could play a specific role in shear-stress mechanotransduction in arterial endothelial cells. Organ damage in such diseases as Duchenne dystrophy might be aggravated by such a defective arterial response to flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Loufrani
- Biologie et physiologie moléculaire du vaisseau
INSERM : U541Hôpital Lariboisière
41, boulevard de la chapelle
75475 Paris Cedex 10,FR
| | - Khalid Matrougui
- Biologie et physiologie moléculaire du vaisseau
INSERM : U541Hôpital Lariboisière
41, boulevard de la chapelle
75475 Paris Cedex 10,FR
| | - Diane Gorny
- Biologie et physiologie moléculaire du vaisseau
INSERM : U541Hôpital Lariboisière
41, boulevard de la chapelle
75475 Paris Cedex 10,FR
| | - Micheline Duriez
- Biologie et physiologie moléculaire du vaisseau
INSERM : U541Hôpital Lariboisière
41, boulevard de la chapelle
75475 Paris Cedex 10,FR
| | - Isabelle Blanc
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire
Institut Pasteur de Paris25 rue de Docteur Roux
75724 Paris Cedex 15,FR
| | - Bernard I. Lévy
- Service de physiologie et explorations fonctionnelles multidisciplinaires
AP-HPHôpital LariboisièreUniversité Denis Diderot - Paris VIIParis,FR
| | - Daniel Henrion
- Biologie et physiologie moléculaire du vaisseau
INSERM : U541Hôpital Lariboisière
41, boulevard de la chapelle
75475 Paris Cedex 10,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Daniel Henrion
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Karanth S, Yu WH, Walczewska A, Mastronardi C, McCann SM. Ascorbic acid acts as an inhibitory transmitter in the hypothalamus to inhibit stimulated luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release by scavenging nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:1891-6. [PMID: 10677552 PMCID: PMC26532 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.4.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/1999] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Because ascorbic acid (AA) is concentrated in synaptic vesicles containing glutamic acid, we hypothesized that AA might act as a neurotransmitter. Because AA is an antioxidant, it might therefore inhibit nitric oxidergic (NOergic) activation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) release from medial basal hypothalamic explants by chemically reducing NO. Cell membrane depolarization induced by increased potassium concentration [K(+)] increased medium concentrations of both AA and LH-RH. An inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS), N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine (NMMA), prevented the increase in medium concentrations of AA and LH-RH induced by high [K(+)], suggesting that NO mediates release of both AA and LH-RH. Calcium-free medium blocked not only the increase in AA in the medium but also the release of LH-RH. Sodium nitroprusside, which releases NO, stimulated LH-RH release and decreased the concentration of AA in the incubation medium, presumably because the NO released oxidized AA to dehydro-AA. AA (10(-5) to 10(-3) M) had no effect on basal LH-RH release but completely blocked high [K(+)]- and nitroprusside-induced LH-RH release. N-Methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA), which mimics the action of the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter glutamic acid, releases LH-RH by releasing NO. AA (10(-5) to 10(-3) M) inhibited the LH-RH-releasing action of NMDA. AA may be an inhibitory neurotransmitter that blocks NOergic stimulation of LH-RH release by chemically reducing the NO released by the NOergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karanth
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (Louisiana State University), 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA
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Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Cogolludo AL, Zaragozá-Arnáez F, Fajardo S, Ibarra M, López-López JG, Tamargo J. Vasodilator effects of sodium nitroprusside, levcromakalim and their combination in isolated rat aorta. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 128:1419-26. [PMID: 10602320 PMCID: PMC1571775 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The endothelial modulation of the relaxant responses to the nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and the KATP channel opener levcromakalim (LEM) and the interactions between these agents were analysed in isolated rat aorta. 2. LEM-induced relaxation was unchanged by endothelium removal or by the presence of L-NAME (10-4 M) or ODQ (10-6 M). In contrast, in KCl- (25 mM), but not in noradrenaline- (NA, 10-6 M) contracted arteries, SNP-induced relaxation was augmented by endothelium removal but not by L-NAME, indomethacin, glibenclamide nor charybdotoxin plus apamin. 3. The isobolographic analysis of the interactions between exogenously activated KATP channels and cyclic GMP using mixtures of SNP and LEM revealed that there were no interactions between both drugs at the proportions at which both drugs were active. However, the points for the SNP : LEM mixtures in proportions 10:1 and 1:10,000 (i.e. at concentrations at which LEM and SNP were inactive, respectively) fell significantly above the line of additivity indicating that there were negative interactions between both drugs at these selected proportions (about 5- and 2 fold inhibition, respectively). The former interaction was sensitive to glibenclamide, whereas the latter was insensitive ODQ. The magnitude of the 10:1 SNP:LEM interaction was smaller in endothelium-intact arteries and was absent in arteries stimulated by NA. 4. In conclusion, the relaxations induced by LEM and SNP were additive. However, the presence of endothelium and low concentrations of LEM inhibited SNP-induced relaxation. Both inhibitory effects were not additive and were only observed in KCl- and not in NA-contracted aortae.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/physiology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiology
- Cromakalim/pharmacology
- Cyclic GMP/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclic GMP/biosynthesis
- Cyclic GMP/physiology
- Drug Combinations
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Muscle Relaxation/drug effects
- Muscle Relaxation/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Nitric Oxide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nitroprusside/pharmacology
- Potassium Channels/drug effects
- Potassium Channels/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pérez-Vizcaíno
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto de Farmacología y Toxicología (CSIC), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
1 Various classes of nitrovasodilators release nitric oxide (NO) through distinct reaction pathways, many of which involve endogenous reductants and/or oxidants. This study examined relaxations of isolated rat coronary arteries induced by spermine NONOate (SPNO), 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), nitroprusside (NP), S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and nitroglycerin (NTG) in order to assess whether their potency was influenced by any of six redox compounds: 1 mM ascorbate, 1 mM dehydroascorbate, 0.1 mM dithiothreitol, 10 microM diamide, 0.1 mM ferrocyanide, and 0.1 mM ferricyanide. 2 Only SPNO spontaneously generated NO at measurable levels. These levels were decreased by the presence of ascorbate and dithiothreitol, which likewise decreased the potency of SPNO. 3 The potency of SIN-1 was unaffected by any redox compound except ferricyanide, which increased the potency not only of SIN-1, but also of other nitrovasodilators and NO-independent vasodilators. 4 The potency of NP was decreased by two structurally similar multivalent anions, ferrocyanide and ferricyanide, suggesting that NP metabolism requires ionic binding to tissue. 5 SNAP lost its potency in solutions containing ascorbate or dehydroascorbate. SNAP potency was also decreased by the glutathione oxidant, diamide, and by ferrocyanide and ferricyanide, suggesting that glutathione and ionic binding may be required for NO release. 6 NTG appeared to relax arteries via two pathways. One required only low concentrations of NTG and a labile endogenous factor that was preserved by dithiothreitol and eliminated by ferricyanide. A distinct second pathway required higher concentrations of NTG. 7 These distinct attributes of nitrovasodilator metabolism may underlie differences in regional specificity or tolerance development, and therefore might eventually be exploited in the development and use of nitrovasodilators.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, The Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York, NY 12208-3479, USA.
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Cogolludo AL, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Fajardo S, Ibarra M, Tamargo J. Effects of nicorandil as compared to mixtures of sodium nitroprusside and levcromakalim in isolated rat aorta. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 126:1025-33. [PMID: 10193784 PMCID: PMC1571231 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The contribution of the relaxant mechanisms of nicorandil (NIC) were analysed by comparing its effects with those of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), levcromakalim (LEM) and mixtures (1:10, 1:30 and 1:100) of SNP:LEM in isolated endothelium-denuded rat aorta. 2. In rings precontracted with KCl (25 mM), the relative inhibitory potency of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ and the K(ATP) channel inhibitor glibenclamide (GLI) on SNP:LEM mixtures showed a good correlation with the relative proportion of SNP and LEM in the mixtures. Furthermore, the degree of the inhibition by ODQ and GLI of the effects of the 1:30 SNP:LEM mixture varied as a function of the relative potency of SNP and LEM in KCl-, noradrenaline- (NA) or NA plus nifedipine-treated arteries. 3. The inhibitory effects of ODQ, GLI and ODQ plus GLI on NIC-induced relaxation was similar to that for the 1:30 SNP:LEM mixture in NA plus nifedipine-contracted arteries, but the inhibition of GLI or ODQ plus GLI was smaller in KCl-contracted arteries. 4. In conclusion, the relative importance of activation of the cyclic GMP pathway and K(ATP) channel opening in mixtures of SNP and LEM could be predicted by the proportion of the drugs in the mixtures and by the relative potency of SNP vs LEM in different experimental conditions. Furthermore, the present results suggest that besides these two mechanisms, a third ODQ- and GLI-insensitive mechanism, possibly involving Ca2+ channel blockade, also participates in the relaxant effects of NIC in KCl-induced contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel L Cogolludo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto de Farmacología y Toxicología (CSIC), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez-Vizcaíno
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto de Farmacología y Toxicología (CSIC), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Susan Fajardo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto de Farmacología y Toxicología (CSIC), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ibarra
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Tamargo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto de Farmacología y Toxicología (CSIC), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Cogolludo AL, Villamor E, Tamargo J. Role of K+ channel opening and stimulation of cyclic GMP in the vasorelaxant effects of nicorandil in isolated piglet pulmonary and mesenteric arteries: relative efficacy and interactions between both pathways. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 123:847-54. [PMID: 9535012 PMCID: PMC1565245 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The effects of the K+ channel opener levcromakalim, the guanylate cyclase stimulant nitroprusside and the dual drug nicorandil (K+ channel opener and guanylate cyclase stimulant) were analysed in piglet isolated endothelium-denuded pulmonary (PA) and mesenteric (MA) arteries stimulated by noradrenaline (NA) or by the thromboxane A2 mimetic U46619. 2. Nicorandil, levcromakalim and verapamil were less potent in PA than in MA, the efficacy of levcromakalim was also reduced in PA. The effects of nicorandil and levcromakalim were similar in arteries pre-contracted by NA and U46619, whereas verapamil was more potent in arteries pre-contracted by NA. Nitroprusside was equipotent in MA pre-contracted by either NA or U46619 and in PA pre-contracted by NA whereas in PA pre-contracted by U46619, nitroprusside showed lower potency and efficacy. 3. The relaxant effects of levcromakalim and nitroprusside were inhibited by 10(-5) M glibenclamide and 10(-6) M ODQ, respectively. Nicorandil-induced relaxation was inhibited by ODQ in all experimental conditions, whereas glibenclamide had inhibitory effects in PA and MA pre-contracted by U46619, had no effect in PA pre-contracted by NA and in MA pre-contracted by NA it was only inhibitory in the presence of ODQ. 4. No apparent interactions were found between nitroprusside and levcromakalim as indicated by the lack of effects of pretreatment with one of them (producing 20-35% relaxation) on the potency of the relaxant response to the other. However, in PA pre-contracted by U46619, where nitroprusside or levcromakalim induced only partial relaxation, the combination of both mechanisms (either by combining nitroprusside plus levcromakalim or by nicorandil) was able to induce full vasodilatation. 5. In conclusion, K+ channel opening and guanylate cyclase stimulation are independent pathways that induce additive vasorelaxation in piglet PA and MA. The mechanism of action of nicorandil is dependent on the artery and on the nature of the agonist employed to precontract the artery. The relative efficacy of K+ channel opening vs guanylate cyclase stimulation may partially explain the preferential contribution of each mechanism to the relaxant effects of nicorandil.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pérez-Vizcaíno
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (CSIC), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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He GW, Yang CQ. Comparison of nitroprusside and nitroglycerin in inhibition of angiotensin II and other vasoconstrictor-mediated contraction in human coronary bypass conduits. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 44:361-7. [PMID: 9354311 PMCID: PMC2042862 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1997.t01-2-00589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To compare the effect of nitroprusside (SNP) and nitroglycerin (NTG) on angiotensin II (ANGII), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and alpha1-adrenoceptor (phenylephrine, PE)-mediated contraction in internal mammary artery (IMA). METHODS Human IMA segments (n=120) taken from 37 patients were studied. Concentration-relaxation curves for SNP and NTG were established in IMA precontracted with these vasoconstrictors. Concentration-contraction curves were also constructed in IMA rings incubated with SNP and NTG (0.1 and 1 microM) for 10 min. RESULTS Both SNP and NTG caused full relaxation with similar EC50s except NTG was four-fold more potent than SNP in PE-induced contraction (-7.92 +/- 0.06 vs -7.32 +/- 0.2 log M, mean +/- s.e. mean, P<0.01; 95% confidence interval for the difference of the means: 0.19, 1.01 log M). Pretreatment with SNP (0.1 and 1 microM) significantly depressed the contraction by ANGII from 56.6 +/- 7.7% (of 100 mM K+-contraction) to 18.3 +/- 8.6% and 3.9 +/- 2.1% (P=0.0001). In four rings treated with SNP, the contraction to ANGII was abolished whereas NTG did not depress ANGII-mediated contraction. Pretreatment with SNP (1 microM), but not NTG, significantly depressed the magnitude of the PE-induced contraction from 4.7 +/- 1.2 to 1.7 +/- 0.4 g (P<0.05). Treatment with both SNP and NTG significantly increased the EC50 (-5.09 +/- 0.17 log M, P=0.0007 for SNP and -5.40 +/- 0.06 log M, P=0.02 for NTG). Pretreatment with SNP did not significantly change either the magnitude or the EC50 of the ET-1-induced contraction. CONCLUSIONS SNP may be advantageous compared with NTG in preventing coronary arterial graft contraction. However, once grafts have constricted to ANGII, alpha1-adrenoceptor agonists, and ET-1, NTG may be only marginally advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W He
- Grantham Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Pavcovich LA, Valentino RJ. Regulation of a putative neurotransmitter effect of corticotropin-releasing factor: effects of adrenalectomy. J Neurosci 1997; 17:401-8. [PMID: 8987765 PMCID: PMC6793674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that endogenous glucocorticoids regulate a putative neurotransmitter function of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the locus coeruleus (LC). LC spontaneous discharge and activation by intracerebroventricularly administered CRF, hypotensive challenge, sciatic nerve stimulation, and carbachol were compared in adrenalectomized and sham-operated halothane-anesthetized rats. LC spontaneous discharge was higher in adrenalectomized versus sham-operated rats. Intracoerulear microinfusion of a CRF antagonist decreased LC discharge rates of adrenalectomized rats to rates comparable with those observed in sham-operated rats but had no effect in sham-operated rats. The CRF dose-response curve was shifted in a complex manner in adrenalectomized rats, suggesting that a proportion of CRF receptors were occupied before CRF administration, and low doses of CRF were additive. Higher doses of CRF produced effects that were greater than predicted by simple additivity. Hypotensive challenge increased LC discharge rates of adrenalectomized rats by a magnitude greater than that predicted on the basis of additivity. In contrast, LC responses to carbachol and sciatic nerve stimulation were similar in both groups. The results suggest that adrenalectomy enhances tonic and stress-induced CRF release within the LC and also alters postsynaptic sensitivity of LC neurons to CRF. Because adrenalectomy also alters release of neurohormone CRF, the present study suggests that CRF actions as a neurohormone and as a neurotransmitter in the LC may be co-regulated. Such parallel regulation may underlie the coexistence of neuroendocrine and noradrenergic dysfunctions in stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Pavcovich
- Department of Psychiatry, Allegheny University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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Ferguson JJ, Momomura S, Sahagian P, Miller MJ, McKay RG. The use of nitroprusside to characterize aortic pressure-diameter relationships. Tex Heart Inst J 1989; 16:5-10. [PMID: 15227229 PMCID: PMC324835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The viscoelastic properties of the wall of the ascending aorta can be determined by calculating the relationship between pressure and diameter of the vessel. Because of potential nonlinearities in aortic pressure-diameter relationships, however, pressure-diameter curves are more accurate than compliance expressed as a single value in measuring aortic viscoelastic properties. To determine whether nitroprusside could be used to obtain aortic pressure-diameter curves over a wide range, we measured simultaneous aortic pressure and diameter in anesthetized dogs. The inferior vena cava (IVC) of each animal was briefly occluded to generate a baseline series of pressure-diameter points over a wide range of pressure and diameter. We found that moderate lowering of systolic arterial pressure (30 mmHg) with nitroprusside did not significantly affect the aortic pressure-diameter relationship in comparison with control measurements during brief IVC occlusions at similar pressures and diameters. Prolonged inferior vena caval occlusion and a more profound lowering of arterial pressure with nitroprusside or IVC occlusion resulted in a leftward and upward shift of the aortic pressure-diameter relationship, with higher pressures at comparable diameters and lower diameters at comparable pressures. However, with more profound changes in arterial pressure, possible reflex-mediated mechanisms that alter the baseline aortic pressure-diameter relationship may be activated. We conclude that nitroprusside can be used to obtain aortic pressure-diameter data over a wider range than that possible from a single cardiac cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ferguson
- The Charles A. Dana Research Institute and the Harvard-Thorndike Laboratory of Beth Israel Hospital, Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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