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Bouchard G, Garcia Marques FJ, Karacosta LG, Zhang W, Bermudez A, Riley NM, Varma S, Mehl LC, Benson JA, Shrager JB, Bertozzi CR, Pitteri S, Giaccia AJ, Plevritis SK. Multiomics Analysis of Spatially Distinct Stromal Cells Reveals Tumor-Induced O-Glycosylation of the CDK4-pRB Axis in Fibroblasts at the Invasive Tumor Edge. Cancer Res 2022; 82:648-664. [PMID: 34853070 PMCID: PMC9075699 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The invasive leading edge represents a potential gateway for tumor metastasis. The role of fibroblasts from the tumor edge in promoting cancer invasion and metastasis has not been comprehensively elucidated. We hypothesize that cross-talk between tumor and stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment results in activation of key biological pathways depending on their position in the tumor (edge vs. core). Here we highlight phenotypic differences between tumor-adjacent-fibroblasts (TAF) from the invasive edge and tumor core fibroblasts from the tumor core, established from human lung adenocarcinomas. A multiomics approach that includes genomics, proteomics, and O-glycoproteomics was used to characterize cross-talk between TAFs and cancer cells. These analyses showed that O-glycosylation, an essential posttranslational modification resulting from sugar metabolism, alters key biological pathways including the cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein axis in the stroma and indirectly modulates proinvasive features of cancer cells. In summary, the O-glycoproteome represents a new consideration for important biological processes involved in tumor-stroma cross-talk and a potential avenue to improve the anticancer efficacy of CDK4 inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE A multiomics analysis of spatially distinct fibroblasts establishes the importance of the stromal O-glycoproteome in tumor-stroma interactions at the leading edge and provides potential strategies to improve cancer treatment. See related commentary by De Wever, p. 537.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Bouchard
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Palo Alto CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Weiruo Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abel Bermudez
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Palo Alto CA, 94304, USA
| | | | - Sushama Varma
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Jalen Anthony Benson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph B Shrager
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Sharon Pitteri
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Palo Alto CA, 94304, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sylvia Katina Plevritis
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Palo Alto CA, 94304, USA
- Corresponding author; Sylvia K. Plevritis, James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Room S255, Stanford, CA 94305. Phone: 650- 498-5261; Fax: 650-498-5261;
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Hu WT, Yeh CC, Liu SY, Huang MC, Lai IR. The O-glycosylating enzyme GALNT2 suppresses the malignancy of gastric adenocarcinoma by reducing EGFR activities. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:1739-1751. [PMID: 30323967 PMCID: PMC6176175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation affects the malignant progression of cancers. Here, we report that N-acetyl-galactosaminyltransferase 2 (GALNT2), an enzyme that initiates the mucin type-O glycosylation, suppresses malignant phenotypes in gastric adenocarcinoma (GCA) cells by modifying epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity. GALNT2 was knocked down using siRNA in AGS and MKN28 cells. The expression of phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR), phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) and Tn antigen were detected by western blotting. Proliferation, migration and invasion of cells with/without GLANT2-knockdown were assessed. Expression of pEGFR in the resected gastric cancer tissue was analyzed by Immunohistochemical staining, and was correlated with clinicopathological factors. The results showed that GALNT2 knockdown enhanced phosphorylation of EGFR and decreased expression of the Tn antigen on EGFR. Inhibiting EGFR activity with Gefitinib decreased the migration/invasion abilities and reversed the increase pAkt caused by GALNT2 knockdown in GCA cells. The addition of MK2206 (Akt inhibitor) mitigated the migration and invasion abilities of the GALNT2-knockdown cells. Patients with increased expressions of pEGFR in their cancer tissues were associated more metastasis, advanced stage and recurrence after surgical resection. Our results indicate that GALNT2 suppresses the malignant potential of GCA cells through the EGFR-Akt signaling pathway. The significance of O-glycosylation in receptor tyrosine kinases activities and GCA progression deserve further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Hu
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chuan Yeh
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education, National Taiwan University HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yun Liu
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chuan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Rue Lai
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
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Hofmann BT, Schlüter L, Lange P, Mercanoglu B, Ewald F, Fölster A, Picksak AS, Harder S, El Gammal AT, Grupp K, Güngör C, Drenckhan A, Schlüter H, Wagener C, Izbicki JR, Jücker M, Bockhorn M, Wolters-Eisfeld G. COSMC knockdown mediated aberrant O-glycosylation promotes oncogenic properties in pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:109. [PMID: 26021314 PMCID: PMC4447007 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive and lethal malignancies in the world and despite great efforts in research types of treatment remain limited. A frequently detected alteration in PDACs is a truncated O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) glycosylation with expression of the Tn antigen. Changes in O-glycosylation affect posttranslationally modified O-GalNAc proteins resulting in profound cellular alterations. Tn antigen is a tumor associated glycan detected in 75-90 % of PDACs and up to 67 % in its precursor lesions. Since the role of Tn antigen expression in PDAC is insufficiently understood we analyzed the impact of COSMC mediated Tn antigen expression in two human PDAC cell lines on cellular oncogenic properties. METHODS Forced expression of Tn antigen on O-glycosylated proteins in pancreatic cancer cells was induced by lentiviral-mediated knockdown of the COSMC chaperone, which prevented O-glycan elongation beyond the initial GalNAcα1- residue on O-linked glycoproteins. Altered O-GalNAc glycosylation was analyzed in human pancreatic cancer cell lines Panc-1 and L3.6pl using Western and Far-Western blot as well as immunocytochemical techniques. To assess the biological implications of COSMC function on oncogenic properties, cell viability assays, scratch assays combined with live cell imaging, migration and apoptosis assays were performed. Lectin based glycoprotein enrichment with subsequent mass spectrometric analysis identified new cancer O-GalNAc modified proteins. Expression of Tn antigen bearing Nucleolin in patient derived PDAC tumor specimens was evaluated and correlated with clinicopathological data. RESULTS Tn antigen expression was induced on various O-GalNAc glycoproteins in COSMC deficient cell lines compared to the control. Proliferation was reduced (p < 0.001) in COSMC knockdown cells, whereas migration was increased (p < 0.001) and apoptosis was decreased (p = 0.03), highlighting the importance of Tn antigen expression on metastatic and anti-apoptotic behavior of PDAC derived cells. Nucleolin was identified as O-GalNAc modified protein in COSMC deficient PDAC cell lines. Interestingly, immunohistochemical staining and co-localization studies of patient derived PDACs revealed poor survival for patients with strong co-localization of Tn antigen and Nucleolin (p = 0.037). CONCLUSION This study substantiates the influence of altered O-glycan (Tn/STn) expression on oncogenic properties in pancreatic cancer and identifies O-GalNAc modified Nucleolin as novel prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca T Hofmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Laura Schlüter
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Philip Lange
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Baris Mercanoglu
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Florian Ewald
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Aljonna Fölster
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Aeint-Steffen Picksak
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sönke Harder
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Alexander T El Gammal
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Katharina Grupp
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Cenap Güngör
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Astrid Drenckhan
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wagener
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jakob R Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute for Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Bockhorn
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Gerrit Wolters-Eisfeld
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are an effective tool to study the structure, dynamics, and thermodynamics of carbohydrates and proteins. However, the simulations of heterogeneous glycoprotein systems have been limited due to the lack of appropriate molecular force field parameters describing the linkage between the carbohydrate and the protein regions as well as the tools to prepare these systems for modeling studies. In this work we outline the recent developments in the CHARMM carbohydrate force field to treat glycoproteins and describe in detail the step-by-step procedures involved in building glycoprotein geometries using CHARMM-GUI Glycan Reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairam S. Mallajosyula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn St., HSF II-629, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Sunhwan Jo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Bioinformatics, The University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Bioinformatics, The University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Alexander D. MacKerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn St., HSF II-629, Baltimore, MD 21201
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5
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Taus C, Windwarder M, Altmann F, Grabherr R, Staudacher E. UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase from the snail Biomphalaria glabrata - substrate specificity and preference of glycosylation sites. Glycoconj J 2014; 31:661-70. [PMID: 25338825 PMCID: PMC4245494 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-014-9565-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
O-glycosylation is a widely occurring posttranslational modification of proteins. The glycosylation status of a specific site may influence the location, activity and function of a protein. The initiating enzyme of mucin-type O-glycosylation is UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide GalNAc transferase (ppGalNAcT; EC 2.4.1.41). Using electron-transfer dissociation mass spectrometry, ppGalNAcT from the snail Biomphalaria glabrata was characterized regarding its ability to glycosylate threonine and serine residues in different peptide sequence environments. The preferences of the snail enzyme for flanking amino acids of the potential glycosylation site were very similar to vertebrate and insect members of the family. Acceptor sites with adjacent proline residues were highly preferred, while other residues caused less pronounced effects. No specific O-glycosylation consensus sequence was found. The results obtained from synthetic peptides were in good correlation with the observed glycosylation patterns of native peptides and with the order of attachment in a multi-glycosylated peptide. The snail enzyme clearly preferred threonine over serine in the in vitro assays. No significant differences of transfer speed or efficiency could be detected using a mutant of the enzyme lacking the lectin domain. This is the first characterisation of the substrate specificity of a member of the ppGalNAcT family from mollusc origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Taus
- Department of Chemistry, Glycobiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Present Address: Institute of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Windwarder
- Department of Chemistry, Glycobiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, Glycobiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Staudacher
- Department of Chemistry, Glycobiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Taus C, Lucini C, Sato T, Furukawa K, Grabherr R, Staudacher E. Expression and characterization of the first snail-derived UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:825-33. [PMID: 23877648 PMCID: PMC3825155 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide GalNAc transferase (ppGalNAcT; EC 2.4.1.41) catalyzes the first step in mucin-type O-glycosylation. To date, several members of this large enzyme family have been analyzed in detail. In this study we present cloning, expression and characterization of the first representative of this type of glycosyltransferase from mollusk origin, namely from Biomphalaria glabrata. The full length sequence of the respective gene was obtained by screening of a cDNA library using homology-based PCR. The entire gene codes for a protein consisting of 600 amino acids comprising the features of a typical type II membrane protein containing a cytoplasmic tail at the N-terminus, a transmembrane and a catalytic domain as well as a ricin-like motif at the C-terminus. Sequence comparison with ppGalNAcTs from various species revealed high similarities in terms of structural architecture. The enzyme is O-glycosylated but does not have any putative N-glycosylation sites. All four tested acceptor peptides were functional substrates, with Muc2 being the best one. Further biochemical parameters tested, confirmed a close relationship to the family of yet known ppGalNAcTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Taus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chantal Lucini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Takeshi Sato
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Kamitomioka 1603-1, Niigata, 940-2188 Nagaoka Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Furukawa
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Kamitomioka 1603-1, Niigata, 940-2188 Nagaoka Japan
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Staudacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, Glycobiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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7
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Nakayama Y, Nakamura N, Oki S, Wakabayashi M, Ishihama Y, Miyake A, Itoh N, Kurosaka A. A putative polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase/Williams-Beuren syndrome chromosome region 17 (WBSCR17) regulates lamellipodium formation and macropinocytosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:32222-35. [PMID: 22787146 PMCID: PMC3442553 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.370932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a novel polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAc-T) gene, which is designated Williams-Beuren syndrome chromosome region 17 (WBSCR17) because it is located in the chromosomal flanking region of the Williams-Beuren syndrome deletion. Recent genome-scale analysis of HEK293T cells treated with a high concentration of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) demonstrated that WBSCR17 was one of the up-regulated genes possibly involved in endocytosis (Lau, K. S., Khan, S., and Dennis, J. W. (2008) Genome-scale identification of UDP-GlcNAc-dependent pathways. Proteomics 8, 3294-3302). To assess its roles, we first expressed recombinant WBSCR17 in COS7 cells and demonstrated that it was N-glycosylated and localized mainly in the Golgi apparatus, as is the case for the other GalNAc-Ts. Assay of recombinant WBSCR17 expressed in insect cells showed very low activity toward typical mucin peptide substrates. We then suppressed the expression of endogenous WBSCR17 in HEK293T cells using siRNAs and observed phenotypic changes of the knockdown cells with reduced lamellipodium formation, altered O-glycan profiles, and unusual accumulation of glycoconjugates in the late endosomes/lysosomes. Analyses of endocytic pathways revealed that macropinocytosis, but neither clathrin- nor caveolin-dependent endocytosis, was elevated in the knockdown cells. This was further supported by the findings that the overexpression of recombinant WBSCR17 stimulated lamellipodium formation, altered O-glycosylation, and inhibited macropinocytosis. WBSCR17 therefore plays important roles in lamellipodium formation and the regulation of macropinocytosis as well as lysosomes. Our study suggests that a subset of O-glycosylation produced by WBSCR17 controls dynamic membrane trafficking, probably between the cell surface and the late endosomes through macropinocytosis, in response to the nutrient concentration as exemplified by environmental GlcNAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nakayama
- From the Laboratory of Neuroglycobiology, Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan and
| | - Naosuke Nakamura
- From the Laboratory of Neuroglycobiology, Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan and
| | - Sayoko Oki
- From the Laboratory of Neuroglycobiology, Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan and
| | | | | | - Ayumi Miyake
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Kurosaka
- From the Laboratory of Neuroglycobiology, Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan and
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8
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Bennett EP, Mandel U, Clausen H, Gerken TA, Fritz TA, Tabak LA. Control of mucin-type O-glycosylation: a classification of the polypeptide GalNAc-transferase gene family. Glycobiology 2012; 22:736-56. [PMID: 22183981 PMCID: PMC3409716 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins is an essential process in all eukaryotes and a great diversity in types of protein glycosylation exists in animals, plants and microorganisms. Mucin-type O-glycosylation, consisting of glycans attached via O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to serine and threonine residues, is one of the most abundant forms of protein glycosylation in animals. Although most protein glycosylation is controlled by one or two genes encoding the enzymes responsible for the initiation of glycosylation, i.e. the step where the first glycan is attached to the relevant amino acid residue in the protein, mucin-type O-glycosylation is controlled by a large family of up to 20 homologous genes encoding UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide GalNAc-transferases (GalNAc-Ts) (EC 2.4.1.41). Therefore, mucin-type O-glycosylation has the greatest potential for differential regulation in cells and tissues. The GalNAc-T family is the largest glycosyltransferase enzyme family covering a single known glycosidic linkage and it is highly conserved throughout animal evolution, although absent in bacteria, yeast and plants. Emerging studies have shown that the large number of genes (GALNTs) in the GalNAc-T family do not provide full functional redundancy and single GalNAc-T genes have been shown to be important in both animals and human. Here, we present an overview of the GalNAc-T gene family in animals and propose a classification of the genes into subfamilies, which appear to be conserved in evolution structurally as well as functionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Bennett
- Department of Odontology, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 20, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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9
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Tian E, Hoffman MP, Ten Hagen KG. O-glycosylation modulates integrin and FGF signalling by influencing the secretion of basement membrane components. Nat Commun 2012; 3:869. [PMID: 22643896 PMCID: PMC3533247 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular microenvironments have crucial roles in modulating cell interactions during development. Here we discover that a conserved protein modification (O-glycosylation) influences extracellular matrix composition during mammalian organogenesis, affecting integrin signalling and fibroblast growth factor-mediated cell proliferation. Specifically, mice deficient for an enzyme (Galnt1) that adds sugars to proteins during early stages of organogenesis resulted in intracellular accumulation of major basement membrane proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress, with resultant effects on fibroblast growth factor signalling, epithelial cell proliferation and organ growth. Exogenous addition of basement membrane components rescued fibroblast growth factor signalling and the growth defects in a β1-integrin-dependent manner. Our work demonstrates for the first time that O-glycosylation influences the composition of the extracellular matrix during mammalian organ development, influencing specific aspects of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response, cell signalling, cell proliferation and organ growth. Our work provides insight into the role of this conserved protein modification in both development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tian
- Developmental Glycobiology Unit, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
| | - Matthew P. Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
| | - Kelly G. Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Unit, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
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10
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Yang Z, Drew DP, Jørgensen B, Mandel U, Bach SS, Ulvskov P, Levery SB, Bennett EP, Clausen H, Petersen BL. Engineering mammalian mucin-type O-glycosylation in plants. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:11911-23. [PMID: 22334671 PMCID: PMC3320939 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.312918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycosylation is an important post-translational modification that confers a variety of biological properties and functions to proteins. This post-translational modification has a particularly complex and differentially regulated biosynthesis rendering prediction and control of where O-glycans are attached to proteins, and which structures are formed, difficult. Because plants are devoid of GalNAc-type O-glycosylation, we have assessed requirements for establishing human GalNAc O-glycosylation de novo in plants with the aim of developing cell systems with custom-designed O-glycosylation capacity. Transient expression of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Glc(NAc) C4-epimerase and a human polypeptide GalNAc-transferase in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in GalNAc O-glycosylation of co-expressed human O-glycoprotein substrates. A chimeric YFP construct containing a 3.5 tandem repeat sequence of MUC1 was glycosylated with up to three and five GalNAc residues when co-expressed with GalNAc-T2 and a combination of GalNAc-T2 and GalNAc-T4, respectively, as determined by mass spectrometry. O-Glycosylation was furthermore demonstrated on a tandem repeat of MUC16 and interferon α2b. In plants, prolines in certain classes of proteins are hydroxylated and further substituted with plant-specific O-glycosylation; unsubstituted hydroxyprolines were identified in our MUC1 construct. In summary, this study demonstrates that mammalian type O-glycosylation can be established in plants and that plants may serve as a host cell for production of recombinant O-glycoproteins with custom-designed O-glycosylation. The observed hydroxyproline modifications, however, call for additional future engineering efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yang
- From the Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | | | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark, and
| | - Ulla Mandel
- the Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Søren S. Bach
- the Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology and
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- the Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology and
| | - Steven B. Levery
- the Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Eric P. Bennett
- the Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- the Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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11
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Sethi MK, Buettner FFR, Ashikov A, Krylov VB, Takeuchi H, Nifantiev NE, Haltiwanger RS, Gerardy-Schahn R, Bakker H. Molecular cloning of a xylosyltransferase that transfers the second xylose to O-glucosylated epidermal growth factor repeats of notch. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:2739-48. [PMID: 22117070 PMCID: PMC3268431 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.302406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular domain of Notch contains epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeats that are extensively modified with different O-linked glycans. O-Fucosylation is essential for receptor function, and elongation with N-acetylglucosamine, catalyzed by members of the Fringe family, modulates Notch activity. Only recently, genes encoding enzymes involved in the O-glucosylation pathway have been cloned. In the Drosophila mutant rumi, characterized by a mutation in the protein O-glucosyltransferase, Notch signaling is impaired in a temperature-dependent manner, and a mouse knock-out leads to embryonic lethality. We have previously identified two human genes, GXYLT1 and GXYLT2, encoding glucoside xylosyltransferases responsible for the transfer of xylose to O-linked glucose. The identity of the enzyme further elongating the glycan to generate the final trisaccharide xylose-xylose-glucose, however, remained unknown. Here, we describe that the human gene C3ORF21 encodes a UDP-xylose:α-xyloside α1,3-xylosyltransferase, acting on xylose-α1,3-glucoseβ1-containing acceptor structures. We have, therefore, renamed it XXYLT1 (xyloside xylosyltransferase 1). XXYLT1 cannot act on a synthetic acceptor containing an α-linked xylose alone, but requires the presence of the underlying glucose. Activity on Notch EGF repeats was proven by in vitro xylosylation of a mouse Notch1 fragment recombinantly produced in Sf9 insect cells, a bacterially expressed EGF repeat from mouse Notch2 modified in vitro by Rumi and Gxylt2 and in vivo by co-expression of the enzyme with the Notch1 fragment. The enzyme was shown to be a typical type II membrane-bound glycosyltransferase localized in the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya K. Sethi
- From the Department of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Falk F. R. Buettner
- From the Department of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Angel Ashikov
- From the Department of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Vadim B. Krylov
- the Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, and
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215
| | - Nikolay E. Nifantiev
- the Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, and
| | - Robert S. Haltiwanger
- the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215
| | - Rita Gerardy-Schahn
- From the Department of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans Bakker
- From the Department of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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12
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Schjoldager KTBG, Vester-Christensen MB, Bennett EP, Levery SB, Schwientek T, Yin W, Blixt O, Clausen H. O-glycosylation modulates proprotein convertase activation of angiopoietin-like protein 3: possible role of polypeptide GalNAc-transferase-2 in regulation of concentrations of plasma lipids. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:36293-303. [PMID: 20837471 PMCID: PMC2978557 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.156950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) is an important inhibitor of the endothelial and lipoprotein lipases and a promising drug target. ANGPTL3 undergoes proprotein convertase processing (RAPR(224)↓TT) for activation, and the processing site contains two potential GalNAc O-glycosylation sites immediately C-terminal (TT(226)). We developed an in vivo model system in CHO ldlD cells that was used to show that O-glycosylation in the processing site blocked processing of ANGPTL3. Genome-wide SNP association studies have identified the polypeptide GalNAc-transferase gene, GALNT2, as a candidate gene for low HDL and high triglyceride blood levels. We hypothesized that the GalNAc-T2 transferase performed critical O-glycosylation of proteins involved in lipid metabolism. Screening of a panel of proteins known to affect lipid metabolism for potential sites glycosylated by GalNAc-T2 led to identification of Thr(226) adjacent to the proprotein convertase processing site in ANGPTL3. We demonstrated that GalNAc-T2 glycosylation of Thr(226) in a peptide with the RAPR(224)↓TT processing site blocks in vitro furin cleavage. The study demonstrates that ANGPTL3 activation is modulated by O-glycosylation and that this step is probably controlled by GalNAc-T2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine T.-B. G. Schjoldager
- From the Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Malene B. Vester-Christensen
- From the Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Eric Paul Bennett
- From the Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Steven B. Levery
- From the Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Tilo Schwientek
- Medical Biochemistry II, Universitaet Köln, 50923 Köln, Germany
| | - Wu Yin
- the Howard Hughes Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, and
| | - Ola Blixt
- From the Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- From the Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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13
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Klement E, Lipinszki Z, Kupihár Z, Udvardy A, Medzihradszky KF. Enrichment of O-GlcNAc modified proteins by the periodate oxidation-hydrazide resin capture approach. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:2200-6. [PMID: 20146544 PMCID: PMC2866058 DOI: 10.1021/pr900984h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A chemical derivatization approach has been developed for the enrichment of O-GlcNAc modified proteins. The procedure is based on the isolation technique used for N-glycoproteins with appropriate modifications because of the differences in the two types of glycosylation: a prolonged periodate oxidation is followed by hydrazide resin capture, on-resin proteolytic digestion, and release of the modified peptides by hydroxylamine. This enrichment strategy offers a fringe benefit in mass spectrometry analysis. Upon collisional activation, the presence of the open carbohydrate ring leads to characteristic fragmentation facilitating both glycopeptide identification and site assignment. The enrichment protocol was applied to the Drosophila proteasome complex previously described as O-GlcNAc modified. The O-GlcNAc modification was located on proteasome interacting proteins, deubiquitinating enzyme Faf (CG1945) and a ubiquitin-like domain containing protein (CG7546). Three other proteins were also found GlcNAc modified, a HSP70 homologue (CG2918), scribbled (CG5462) and the 205 kDa microtubule-associated protein (CG1483). Interestingly, in the HSP70 homologue the GlcNAc modification is attached to an asparagine residue of a N-glycosylation motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Klement
- Proteomics Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Lipinszki
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kupihár
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andor Udvardy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin F. Medzihradszky
- Proteomics Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
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14
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Darula Z, Chalkley RJ, Baker P, Burlingame AL, Medzihradszky KF. Mass spectrometric analysis, automated identification and complete annotation of O-linked glycopeptides. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2010; 16:421-8. [PMID: 20530845 PMCID: PMC2963623 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Complex mixtures containing O-linked glycopeptides bearing SA(1-0)GalGalNAc structures, or single GalNAc units were subjected to collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) analysis on a linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometer and the resulting data was analyzed using the Protein Prospector software. An overview of the structural information provided by the different fragmentation techniques, as well as their limitations, is presented. We illustrate the importance of the complementary information in the mass spectrometry survey scans as well as the different tandem mass spectrometry techniques. We also present some unique features offered by Protein Prospector that are advantageous in glycopeptide analysis: (i) considering a modification that will produce a neutral loss, without "labeling" the original modification site; (ii) merging CID and ETD search results; (iii) permitting the comparison of different modification site-assignments. Although these data were obtained from secreted glycopeptides, the observations and conclusions are also valid for the intracellular regulatory O-GlcNAc modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Darula
- Proteomics Research Group, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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15
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Freire T, FERNáNDEZ C, Chalar C, Maizels R, Alzari P, Osinaga E, Robello C. Characterization of a UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase with an unusual lectin domain from the platyhelminth parasite Echinococcus granulosus. Biochem J 2004; 382:501-10. [PMID: 15142032 PMCID: PMC1133806 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2003] [Revised: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As part of a general project aimed at elucidating the initiation of mucin-type O-glycosylation in helminth parasites, we have characterized a novel ppGalNAc-T (UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase) from the cestode Echinococcus granulosus (Eg-ppGalNAc-T1). A full-length cDNA was isolated from a library of the tissue-dwelling larval stage of the parasite, and found to code for a 654-amino-acid protein containing all the structural features of ppGalNAc-Ts. Functional characterization of a recombinant protein lacking the transmembrane domain showed maximal activity at 28 degrees C, in the range 6.5-7.5 pH units and in the presence of Cu2+. In addition, it transferred GalNAc to a broad range of substrate peptides, derived from human mucins and O-glycosylated parasite proteins, including acceptors containing only serine or only threonine residues. Interestingly, the C-terminal region of Eg-ppGalNAc-T1 bears a highly unusual lectin domain, considerably longer than the one from other members of the family, and including only one of the three ricin B repeats generally present in ppGalNAc-Ts. Furthermore, a search for conserved domains within the protein C-terminus identified a fragment showing similarity to a recently defined domain, specialized in the binding of organic phosphates (CYTH). The role of the lectin domain in the determination of the substrate specificity of these enzymes suggests that Eg-ppGalNAc-T1 would be involved in the glycosylation of a special type of substrate. Analysis of the tissue distribution by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed that this transferase is expressed in the hydatid cyst wall and the subtegumental region of larval worms. Therefore it could participate in the biosynthesis of O-glycosylated parasite proteins exposed at the interface between E. granulosus and its hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Freire
- *Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo CP 11800, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia FERNáNDEZ
- †Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Cora Chalar
- ‡Sección Bioquímica, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- †Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Pedro Alzari
- §Unité de Biochimie Structurale, URA 2185 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Eduardo Osinaga
- *Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo CP 11800, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Robello
- *Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo CP 11800, Uruguay
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16
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Bannert N, Craig S, Farzan M, Sogah D, Santo NV, Choe H, Sodroski J. Sialylated O-glycans and sulfated tyrosines in the NH2-terminal domain of CC chemokine receptor 5 contribute to high affinity binding of chemokines. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1661-73. [PMID: 11733580 PMCID: PMC2193526 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.11.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR5 plays an important role in leukocyte chemotaxis and activation, and also acts as a coreceptor for human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV). We provide evidence that CCR5 is O-glycosylated on serine 6 in the NH2 terminus. The O-linked glycans, particularly sialic acid moieties, significantly contribute to binding of the chemokine ligands. By contrast, removal of O-linked oligosaccharide exerted little effect on HIV-1 infection. Sulfation of specific tyrosine residues in the CCR5 NH2 terminus was important for efficient beta-chemokine binding. Thus, as has been observed for the binding of selectins and their ligands, O-linked carbohydrates and tyrosine sulfates play major roles in promoting the interaction of chemokines with CCR5. The resulting flexible arrays of negative charges on the CCR5 surface may allow specific, high-affinity interactions with diverse chemokine ligands. Although this is the first example of O-linked oligosaccharides and tyrosine sulfates playing a role in chemokine binding, the high density of serines, threonines and tyrosines in the N-termini of many CC chemokine receptors suggests that these posttranslational modifications may commonly contribute to chemokine binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bannert
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Harrington LE, Galvan M, Baum LG, Altman JD, Ahmed R. Differentiating between memory and effector CD8 T cells by altered expression of cell surface O-glycans. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1241-6. [PMID: 10748241 PMCID: PMC2193165 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.7.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/1999] [Accepted: 01/10/2000] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently there are few reliable cell surface markers that can clearly discriminate effector from memory T cells. To determine if there are changes in O-glycosylation between these two cell types, we analyzed virus-specific CD8 T cells at various time points after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of mice. Antigen-specific CD8 T cells were identified using major histocompatibility complex class I tetramers, and glycosylation changes were monitored with a monoclonal antibody (1B11) that recognizes O-glycans on mucin-type glycoproteins. We observed a striking upregulation of a specific cell surface O-glycan epitope on virus-specific CD8 T cells during the effector phase of the primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. This upregulation showed a strong correlation with the acquisition of effector function and was downregulated on memory CD8 T cells. Upon reinfection, there was again increased expression of this specific O-glycan epitope on secondary CTL effectors, followed once more by decreased expression on memory cells. Thus, this study identifies a new cell surface marker to distinguish between effector and memory CD8 T cells. This marker can be used to isolate pure populations of effector CTLs and also to determine the proportion of memory CD8 T cells that are recruited into the secondary response upon reencounter with antigen. This latter information will be of value in optimizing immunization strategies for boosting CD8 T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie E. Harrington
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Marisa Galvan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Linda G. Baum
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - John D. Altman
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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18
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Abstract
The membrane (M) proteins of murine coronavirus (MHV) strains have been reported to contain only O-linked oligosaccharides. The predicted O-glycosylation site consisting of four amino acid residues of Ser-Ser-Thr-Thr is located immediately adjacent to the initiator Met and is well conserved among MHV strains investigated so far. We analyzed the nucleotide sequence of a highly virulent strain MHV-2 M-coding region and demonstrated that MHV-2 had a unique amino acid, Asn, at position 2 at the conserved O-glycosylation site. We also demonstrated that this substitution added N-linked glycans to MHV-2 M protein resulting in increment of molecular mass of MHV-2 M protein compared with JHM strain having only O-linked glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Yamada
- Division of Experimental Animal Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan.
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19
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Sanders SL, Gentzsch M, Tanner W, Herskowitz I. O-Glycosylation of Axl2/Bud10p by Pmt4p is required for its stability, localization, and function in daughter cells. J Cell Biol 1999; 145:1177-88. [PMID: 10366591 PMCID: PMC2133149 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.145.6.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae choose bud sites in a manner that is dependent upon cell type: a and alpha cells select axial sites; a/alpha cells utilize bipolar sites. Mutants specifically defective in axial budding were isolated from an alpha strain using pseudohyphal growth as an assay. We found that a and alpha mutants defective in the previously identified PMT4 gene exhibit unipolar, rather than axial budding: mother cells choose axial bud sites, but daughter cells do not. PMT4 encodes a protein mannosyl transferase (pmt) required for O-linked glycosylation of some secretory and cell surface proteins (Immervoll, T., M. Gentzsch, and W. Tanner. 1995. Yeast. 11:1345-1351). We demonstrate that Axl2/Bud10p, which is required for the axial budding pattern, is an O-linked glycoprotein and is incompletely glycosylated, unstable, and mislocalized in cells lacking PMT4. Overexpression of AXL2 can partially restore proper bud-site selection to pmt4 mutants. These data indicate that Axl2/Bud10p is glycosylated by Pmt4p and that O-linked glycosylation increases Axl2/ Bud10p activity in daughter cells, apparently by enhancing its stability and promoting its localization to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0448, USA.
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