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Abstract
New methods to identify trace amount of infectious pathogens rapidly, accurately and with high sensitivity are in constant demand to prevent epidemics and loss of lives. Early detection of these pathogens to prevent, treat and contain the spread of infections is crucial. Therefore, there is a need and urgency for sensitive, specific, accurate, easy-to-use diagnostic tests. Versatile biofunctionalized engineered nanomaterials are proving to be promising in meeting these needs in diagnosing the pathogens in food, blood and clinical samples. The unique optical and magnetic properties of the nanoscale materials have been put to use for the diagnostics. In this review, we focus on the developments of the fluorescent nanoparticles, metallic nanostructures and superparamagnetic nanoparticles for bioimaging and detection of infectious microorganisms. The various nanodiagnostic assays developed to image, detect and capture infectious virus and bacteria in solutions, food or biological samples in vitro and in vivo are presented and their relevance to developing countries is discussed.
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Key Words
- who, world health organization
- elisa, enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay
- pcr, polymerase chain reaction
- nps, nanoparticles
- qdots, quantum dots
- rsv, respiratory syncytial virus
- fitc, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- zn-dpa, zn (ii)-dipicolylamine
- hbv, hepatitis b virus
- hcv, hepatitis c virus
- qdot-b, qdot-barcodes
- hiv, human immunodeficiency virus
- fsnps, fluorescent silica nanoparticles
- fret, förster resonance energy transfer
- fam-se, (5-carboxy-fluorescein succinimidyl ester)
- rox-se, (6-carboxy-x-rhodamine, succinimidyl ester)
- r6g-se, (5-carboxyrhodamine 6g, succinimidyl ester)
- tmr-se, (carboxytetramethylrhodamine, succinimidyl ester)
- osbpy, tris (2, 2′bipyridyl) osmium bis (hexafluorophosphate)
- rubpy, tris(bipyridine) ruthenium (ii) dichloride
- fnp-iifm, fluorescent nanoparticle-based indirect immunofluorescence microscopy
- eu iii, europium
- cadpa, calcium dipicolinate
- lod, limit of detection
- sec1, staphylococcal enterotoxin c1
- ct, cholera toxin
- pa, anthrax protective agent
- ccmv, cow pea chlorotic mottle virus
- mri, magnetic resonance imaging
- spa, protein a
- gd-dota, gadolinium-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid
- icp-ms, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
- spr, surface plasmon resonance
- au np, gold nanoparticle
- hsv-2, herpes simplex virus type 2
- hsv-1, herpes simplex virus type 1
- rls, resonance light scattering
- ss, single stranded
- hrs, hyper-rayleigh scattering
- ds, double stranded
- tem, transmission electron microscopy
- h. pyroli, helicobacter pyroli
- sers, surface enhanced raman scattering
- smcc, succinimidyl-4-(n-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate
- bg, bacillus globigii
- ova, ovalbumin
- cfu, colony forming unit
- atp, adenosine triphosphate
- ir, infra red
- squid, superconducting quantum interference device
- mnp, magnetic nanoparticles
- maldi-ms, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
- poa, adopted pigeon ovalbumin
- mgnp, magnetic glycol nanoparticles
- spio, superparamagnetic iron oxide
- mrs, magnetic relaxation sensors
- nmr, nuclear magnetic resonance
- fluorescent nanoparticles
- multiplexing
- viral imaging
- bacterial detection
- surface plasmon resonance
- colorimetric assay
- magnetic nanosensors
- immunomagnetic separation
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmavathy Tallury
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Astha Malhotra
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Logan M Byrne
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Swadeshmukul Santra
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
- Biomolecular Science Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
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Tang L, Yang J, Liu W, Tang X, Chen J, Zhao D, Wang M, Xu F, Lu Y, Liu B, Sun Q, Zhang L, He F. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell lectin, LSECtin, negatively regulates hepatic T-cell immune response. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:1498-508.e1-5. [PMID: 19632227 PMCID: PMC7127102 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The liver is an organ with paradoxic immunologic properties and is known for its tolerant microenvironment, which holds important implications for hepatic diseases. The molecular basis for this local immune suppression, however, is poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of liver sinusoidal endothelial cell lectin (LSECtin), a recently identified member of the dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) family, in the regulation of hepatic T-cell immune response. METHODS The regulation of T-cell effector function by LSECtin was determined by co-stimulated T cells with anti-CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibody and LSECtin protein, or co-culture of T-cell receptor transgenic T cells with mouse LSECs in vitro. We generated LSECtin knockout mice and prepared recombinant LSECtin protein and complementary DNA plasmids to analyze the role of LSECtin in hepatic T-cell immune regulation in vivo. RESULTS We showed that LSECtin specifically recognized activated T cells and negatively regulated their immune responses. In mice with T-cell-mediated acute liver injury, the lack of LSECtin accelerated the disease owing to an increased T-cell immune response, whereas the exogenous administration of recombinant LSECtin protein or plasmid ameliorated the disease via down-regulation of T-cell immunity. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that LSECtin is a novel regulator of T cells and expose a crucial mechanism for hepatic T-cell immune suppression, perhaps opening up a new approach for treatment of inflammatory diseases in the liver.
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Key Words
- clr, c-type lectin receptors
- crd, carbohydrate recognition domain
- dc, dendritic cell
- dc-sign, dendritic cell-specific icam-3 grabbing nonintegrin
- egta, ethylene glycol-bis(b-aminoethyl ether)-n,n,n′,n′-tetraacetic acid
- ifn, interferon
- il, interleukin
- l-sign, liver/lymph node specific icam-3 grabbing nonintegrin
- lsec, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- mgl, macrophage galactose-type c-type lectin
- nf-κβ, nuclear factor-κβ
- ova, ovalbumin
- pbl, peripheral blood lymphocyte
- pbmc, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- pcr, polymerase chain reaction
- pgk, phosphoglycerate kinase
- pma, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate
- q-pcr, quantitative pcr
- sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- sirna, small interfering
- tcr, t-cell receptor
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- wt, wildtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Juntao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China,Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dianyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yantao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qihong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Fuchu He, PhD, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China. fax: (86) 10-68177417
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Akiyama H, Sakai S, Linhardt RJ, Goda Y, Toida T, Maitani T. Chondroitin sulphate structure affects its immunological activities on murine splenocytes sensitized with ovalbumin. Biochem J 2004; 382:269-78. [PMID: 15147241 PMCID: PMC1133940 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2003] [Revised: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan widely distributed in animal tissues, which has anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective properties. We reported previously that chondroitin 4-sulphate (CS-A) up-regulates the antigen-specific Th1 immune response of murine splenocytes sensitized with ovalbumin in vitro, and that CS suppresses the antigen-specific IgE responses. We now demonstrate that a specific sulphation pattern of the CS polysaccharide is required for the Th1-promoted activity, as other polysaccharides such as dextran and dextran sulphate do not significantly induce this activity. While the presence of some O-sulpho groups appear to be essential for activity, CS-A, and synthetically prepared, partially O-sulphonated CS, induce higher Th1-promoted activity than synthetically prepared, fully O-sulphonated CS. CS-A induces an activity greater than chondroitin sulphate B (CS-B) or chondroitin 6-sulphate (CS-C). In addition, chondroitin sulphate E (CS-E) induces greater activity than CS-A or CS-D. These results suggest that the GlcA(beta1-3)GalNAc(4,6-O-disulpho) sequence in CS-E is important for Th1-promoted activity. Furthermore, rat anti-mouse CD62L antibody, an antibody to L-selectin, inhibits the Th1-promoting activity of CS. These results suggest that the Th1-promoted activity could be associated with L-selectin on lymphocytes. These findings describe a new mechanism for the anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective properties of CS that may be useful in designing new therapeutic applications for CS used in the treatment of immediate-type hypersensitivity.
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Key Words
- chondroitin sulphate (cs)
- immunological activity
- l-selectin
- splenocyte
- th1
- 1d, one-dimensional
- 2d, two-dimensional
- cs, chondroitin sulphate
- ds, dermatan sulphate
- dx, dextran
- dxs, dextran sulphate
- fbs, fetal bovine serum
- fsc, forward scatter
- gag, glycosaminoglycan
- idoa, iduronic acid
- ifn, interferon
- il, interleukin
- ova, ovalbumin
- sar, structure–activity relationship
- ssc, side scatter
- tqf, triple quantum filtered
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Akiyama
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501 Japan.
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Berthon P, Bernard S, Salmon H, Binns RM. Kinetics of the in vitro antibody response to transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus from pig mesenteric lymph node cells, using the ELISASPOT and ELISA tests. J Immunol Methods 1990; 131:173-82. [PMID: 2167914 PMCID: PMC7130707 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(90)90188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A method is described for in vitro studies of viral humoral immune responses in the pig. After oral immunization with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) coronavirus, antibody production from primed mesenteric lymph node cells was revealed by an in vitro boost with viral antigen. For the latter the leukocytes were co-cultured with UV-inactivated virus using a variety of different methods of antigenic stimulation. Enumeration of specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) and titration of secreted anti-virus antibodies were performed with ELISASPOT (using 3-amino 9-ethyl carbazole as the peroxidase chromogen) and ELISA tests respectively, according to the Ig isotype. The results showed a close relationship between ASC numbers and secreted antibody titres. The best in vitro antibody synthesis was observed when the sensitized cells were maintained in contact with virus during the whole culture period. Antibody responses were defined by a kinetic profile characterized by a narrow peak, with a maximum occurring after 4 and 6 days of culture and with the IgA response appearing earlier than the IgG. This methodology, which analyses specific antibody responses at the cellular level, may permit studies on the mechanisms of Ig isotype regulation. Extended to leukocytes from other organs of the immune system, it may also constitute an in vitro model to study antibody responses expressed in different lymphoid tissues of the pig.
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Key Words
- elisaspot
- elisa
- antibody-secreting cell
- mesenteric lymph node
- coronavirus
- (pig)
- asc, antibody-secreting cells
- elisa, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- fcs, fetal calf serum
- galt, gut-associated lymphoid tissue
- ig, immunoglobulin
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- mln, mesenteric lymph node
- mrbc, mouse red blood cells
- nps, normal pig serum
- od, optical density
- ova, ovalbumin
- pbs, phosphate-buffered saline
- p.f.u., plaque-forming units
- sfc, spot-forming cells
- st, swine testis
- tge, transmissible gastroenteritis
- tgev, transmissible gastroenteritis virus
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Affiliation(s)
- P Berthon
- INRA, Laboratoire de Pathologie Porcine-Immunologie, Nouzilly, France
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