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Law RH, Cena L, Sporn A, Buzi A, Rizzi MD, Ruiz RL, Fedrigo S, Giordano T, Fahmy AN, Dedhia K. Nanoparticle Concentration in Surgical Plume During Tonsillectomy: A Comparison of Four Techniques. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:2444-2448. [PMID: 37983867 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Surgical plume has known potential occupational health hazards. This study compares nanoparticle concentrations in surgical plumes generated between different pediatric tonsillectomy surgical techniques and assesses the efficacy of mitigation measures. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study performed at a tertiary care academic center. Extracapsular or intracapsular tonsillectomy was performed in 60 patients using four techniques and in 10 additional patients using mitigation measures. Two nanoparticle counters were used to measure particulate concentrations: CPC™ and DiSCmini™. Tonsillectomy techniques included: (1) microdebrider (MD), (2) Bovie with manual suctioning by an assistant (B), (3) Bovie with built-in smoke evacuation system (BS), and (4) Coblator™ (CB). An additional Yankauer suction was used in the mitigation groups (BSY) and (CBY). Comparative analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA on ranks and pairwise comparisons between the groups. RESULTS The mean concentrations (particles/cm3) and coefficient of variants for the DiSCmini particulate counter were MD: 5140 (1.6), B: 30700 (1.5), BS: 25001 (0.8), CB: 54814 (1.7), CBY: 2395 (1.3) and BSY: 11552 (1.0). Mean concentrations for the CPC particulate counter were MD: 1223 (1.4), B: 3405 (0.7), BS: 5002 (0.9), CB: 13273 (1.0), CBY: 1048 (1.2) and BSY: 3046 (0.6). The lowest mean concentrations were noted in cases using MD and the highest in cases using CB. However, after mitigation, CBY had the lowest overall levels. CONCLUSION Tonsillectomy technique does impact the levels of nanoparticles emitted within the surgical plume, which may present an occupational hazard for operating room personnel. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 134:2444-2448, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Law
- Division of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lorenzo Cena
- Department of Health, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alec Sporn
- Department of Health, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adva Buzi
- Division of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark D Rizzi
- Division of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan L Ruiz
- Division of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sabrina Fedrigo
- Department of Health, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Terri Giordano
- Division of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander N Fahmy
- School of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kavita Dedhia
- Division of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Núñez J, Boersma A, Koldeweij R, Trimboli J. A Portable Infrared System for Identification of Particulate Matter. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2288. [PMID: 38610499 PMCID: PMC11014306 DOI: 10.3390/s24072288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to airborne dust is responsible for numerous respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Because of these hazards, air samples are regularly collected on filters and sent for laboratory analysis to ensure compliance with regulations. Unfortunately, this approach often takes weeks to provide a result, which makes it impossible to identify dust sources or protect workers in real time. To address these challenges, we developed a system that characterizes airborne dust by its spectro-chemical profile. In this device, a micro-cyclone concentrates particles from the air and introduces them into a hollow waveguide where an infrared signature is obtained. An algorithm is then used to quantitate the composition of respirable particles by incorporating the infrared features of the most relevant chemical groups and compensating for Mie scattering. With this approach, the system can successfully differentiate mixtures of inorganic materials associated with construction sites in near-real time. The use of a free-space optic assembly improves the light throughput significantly, which enables detection limits of approximately 10 µg/m3 with a 10 minute sampling time. While respirable crystalline silica was the focus of this work, it is hoped that the flexibility of the platform will enable different aerosols to be detected in other occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joseph Trimboli
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, HTC25, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (J.N.); (A.B.); (R.K.)
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Krajnak K, Kan H, Thompson JA, McKinney W, Waugh S, South T, Burns D, Lebouf R, Cumpston J, Boots T, Fedan JS. Biological effects of diesel exhaust inhalation. III cardiovascular function. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:189-204. [PMID: 38466202 PMCID: PMC11099779 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2327364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inhalation of diesel exhaust (DE) has been shown to be an occupational hazard in the transportation, mining, and gas and oil industries. DE also contributes to air pollution, and therefore, is a health hazard to the general public. Because of its effects on human health, changes have been made to diesel engines to reduce both the amounts of particulate matter and volatile fumes they generate. The goal of the current study was to examine the effects of inhalation of diesel exhaust. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study presented here specifically examines the effects of exposure to 0.2 and 1.0 mg/m3 DE or filtered air (6h/d for 4 d) on measures of peripheral and cardio-vascular function, and biomarkers of heart and kidney dysfunction in male rats. A Tier 2 engine used in oil and gas fracking operations was used to generate the diesel exhaust. RESULTS Exposure to 0.2 mg/m3 DE resulted in an increase in blood pressure 1d following the last exposure, and increases in dobutamine-induced cardiac output and stroke volume 1 and 27d after exposure. Changes in peripheral vascular responses to norepinephrine and acetylcholine were minimal as were changes in transcript expression in the heart and kidney. Exposure to 1.0 mg/m3 DE did not result in major changes in blood pressure, measures of cardiac function, peripheral vascular function or transcript expression. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of this study, we suggest that exposure to DE generated by a Tier 2 compliant diesel engine generates acute effects on biomarkers indicative of cardiovascular dysfunction. Recovery occurs quickly with most measures of vascular/cardiovascular function returning to baseline levels by 7d following exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Krajnak
- Physical Effects Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Hong Kan
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Janet A. Thompson
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Walter McKinney
- Physical Effects Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stacey Waugh
- Physical Effects Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Tim South
- Physical Effects Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Dru Burns
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan Lebouf
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jared Cumpston
- Animal Facilities, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Theresa Boots
- Risk Evaluation Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Fedan
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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4
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Li A, Ganann MG, Pisegna JM. Does doffing the FEES Box generate a significant cloud of particles after aerosol-generating procedures? A proof-of-concept study. Int J Speech Lang Pathol 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37941422 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2023.2264541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The spread of airborne diseases, including coronaviruses, remains a widespread public health concern. Published studies outline the use of protective barriers to limit the spread of pathogenic particles and droplets resulting from coughing, sneezing, and talking. The findings suggest a role for these barriers during aerosol-generating procedures, such as flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES). However, the question remains of whether doffing a protective barrier will create a concentrated cloud of particles that will increase health professionals' exposure. METHOD We simulated four clinical scenarios of coughing and sneezing, talking, eating and drinking, and delivering supplemental oxygen to test whether doffing the FEES Box protective barrier would result in a particle cloud. RESULT For all scenarios simulated, doffing the FEES Box did not result in a significant increase in mean particle count. Further, the manner of FEES Box removal did not significantly influence mean particle counts on a consistent basis. CONCLUSION These results suggest that doffing the FEES Box does not increase exposure to airborne particles. Although more research is needed to confirm these findings, FEES Box usage should be considered during aerosol-generating procedures, to protect and reassure healthcare professionals who work with patients with COVID-19 or other airborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Li
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Aram V. Chobanian and Edward Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle G Ganann
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica M Pisegna
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Aram V. Chobanian and Edward Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Murari A, Gelfusa M, Craciunescu T, Gelfusa C, Gaudio P, Bovesecchi G, Rossi R. Effects of environmental conditions on COVID-19 morbidity as an example of multicausality: a multi-city case study in Italy. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1222389. [PMID: 37965519 PMCID: PMC10642182 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1222389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), broke out in December 2019 in Wuhan city, in the Hubei province of China. Since then, it has spread practically all over the world, disrupting many human activities. In temperate climates overwhelming evidence indicates that its incidence increases significantly during the cold season. Italy was one of the first nations, in which COVID-19 reached epidemic proportions, already at the beginning of 2020. There is therefore enough data to perform a systematic investigation of the correlation between the spread of the virus and the environmental conditions. The objective of this study is the investigation of the relationship between the virus diffusion and the weather, including temperature, wind, humidity and air quality, before the rollout of any vaccine and including rapid variation of the pollutants (not only their long term effects as reported in the literature). Regarding them methodology, given the complexity of the problem and the sparse data, robust statistical tools based on ranking (Spearman and Kendall correlation coefficients) and innovative dynamical system analysis techniques (recurrence plots) have been deployed to disentangle the different influences. In terms of results, the evidence indicates that, even if temperature plays a fundamental role, the morbidity of COVID-19 depends also on other factors. At the aggregate level of major cities, air pollution and the environmental quantities affecting it, particularly the wind intensity, have no negligible effect. This evidence should motivate a rethinking of the public policies related to the containment of this type of airborne infectious diseases, particularly information gathering and traffic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Murari
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, Università di Padova, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Padua, Italy
- Istituto per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Padua, Italy
| | - Michela Gelfusa
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Teddy Craciunescu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Măgurele, Romania
| | - Claudio Gelfusa
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Gaudio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Bovesecchi
- Department of Enterprise Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rossi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
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Tait DR, Santos IR, Lamontagne S, Sippo JZ, McMahon A, Jeffrey LC, Maher DT. Submarine Groundwater Discharge Exceeds River Inputs as a Source of Nutrients to the Great Barrier Reef. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:15627-15634. [PMID: 37805932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Rivers are often assumed to be the main source of nutrients triggering eutrophication in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). However, existing nutrient budgets suggest a major missing source of nitrogen and phosphorus sustaining primary production. Here, we used radium isotopes to resolve submarine groundwater discharge (SGD)-derived, shelf-scale nutrient inputs to the GBR. The total SGD was ∼10-15 times greater than average river inputs, with nearshore groundwater discharge accounting for ∼30% of this. Total SGD accounted for >30% of all known dissolved inorganic N and >60% of inorganic P inputs and exceeded regional river inputs. However, SGD was only a small proportion of the nutrients necessary to sustain primary productivity, suggesting that internal recycling processes still dominate the nutrient budget. With millions of dollars spent managing surface water nutrient inputs to reef systems globally, we argue for a shift in the focus of management to safeguard reefs from the impacts of excess nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Tait
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour 2450, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore 2480, Australia
| | - Isaac R Santos
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore 2480, Australia
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Sèbastien Lamontagne
- Environment, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Urrbrae 5064, Australia
| | - James Z Sippo
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour 2450, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore 2480, Australia
| | - Ashley McMahon
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Australia
| | - Luke C Jeffrey
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore 2480, Australia
| | - Damien T Maher
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour 2450, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore 2480, Australia
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7
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Mui W, Kuang XM, Zhang H, Bhandari S, Dominguez R, Polidori A, Papapostolou V. Development of ASTM International D8405-Standard Test Method for Evaluating PM 2.5 Sensors or Sensor Systems Used in Indoor Applications. J Occup Environ Hyg 2023; 20:373-389. [PMID: 37184651 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2023.2212739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sensors and sensor systems for monitoring fine particles with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 2.5 µm can provide real-time feedback on indoor air quality and thus can help guide actions to manage indoor air pollutant concentrations. Standardized verification of the performance and accuracy of sensors and sensor systems is crucial for predicting the efficacy of such monitoring. A new ASTM International standard test method (ASTM D8405) was created for this need and is the most exacting laboratory protocol published to date for evaluating indoor air quality sensors and sensor systems measuring particles smaller than 2.5 µm in diameter. ASTM D8405 subjects sensors and sensor systems to five test phases: (1) an initial particle concentration ramp; (2) exposure to various temperature and humidity conditions; (3) exposure to interfering particles; (4) temperature cycling; and (5) a final particle concentration ramp to assess drift. This paper discusses the development of the standard test method, key aspects of the testing process, example evaluation results, and a comparison of this standard test method against peer evaluation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilton Mui
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, California
| | | | - Hang Zhang
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, California
| | | | - Raul Dominguez
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, California
| | - Andrea Polidori
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, California
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8
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Yan X, Ji B, Feng L, Wang X, Yang D, Rabbi KF, Peng Q, Hoque MJ, Jin P, Bello E, Sett S, Alleyne M, Cropek DM, Miljkovic N. Particulate-Droplet Coalescence and Self-Transport on Superhydrophobic Surfaces. ACS Nano 2022; 16:12910-12921. [PMID: 35960260 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Particulate transport from surfaces governs a variety of phenomena including fungal spore dispersal, bioaerosol transmission, and self-cleaning. Here, we report a previously unidentified mechanism governing passive particulate removal from superhydrophobic surfaces, where a particle coalescing with a water droplet (∼10 to ∼100 μm) spontaneously launches. Compared to previously discovered coalescence-induced binary droplet jumping, the reported mechanism represents a more general capillary-inertial dominated transport mode coupled with particle/droplet properties and is typically mediated by rotation in addition to translation. Through wetting and momentum analyses, we show that transport physics depends on particle/droplet density, size, and wettability. The observed mechanism presents a simple and passive pathway to achieve self-cleaning on both artificial as well as biological materials as confirmed here with experiments conducted on butterfly wings, cicada wings, and clover leaves. Our findings provide insights into particle-droplet interaction and spontaneous particulate transport, which may facilitate the development of functional surfaces for medical, optical, thermal, and energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bingqiang Ji
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lezhou Feng
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Daolong Yang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kazi Fazle Rabbi
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Qi Peng
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Muhammad Jahidul Hoque
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Puhang Jin
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elizabeth Bello
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Soumyadip Sett
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Marianne Alleyne
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Donald M Cropek
- Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Champaign, Illinois 61822, United States
| | - Nenad Miljkovic
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Abstract
Fire investigators may be occupationally exposed to many of the same compounds as the more widely studied fire suppression members of the fire service but are often tasked with working in a given exposure for longer periods ranging from hours to multiple days and may do so with limited personal protective equipment. In this study, we characterize the area air concentrations of contaminants during post-fire investigation of controlled residential fires with furnishings common to current bedroom, kitchen and living room fires in the United States. Area air sampling was conducted during different investigation phases including when investigations might be conducted immediately after fire suppression and extended out to 5 days after the fire. Airborne particulate over a wide range of dimensions, including sub-micron particles, were elevated to potentially unhealthy levels (based on air quality index) when averaged over a 60 min investigation period shortly after fire suppression with median PM2.5 levels over 100 µg/m3 (range 16-498 µg/m3) and median peak transient concentrations of 1,090 µg/m3 (range 200-23,700 µg/m3) during drywall removal or shoveling activities. Additionally, airborne aldehyde concentrations were elevated compared to volatile organic compounds with peak values of formaldehyde exceeding NIOSH ceiling limits during the earliest investigation periods (median 356 µg/m3, range: 140-775 µg/m3) and occasionally 1 day post-fire when the structure was boarded up before subsequent investigation activities. These results highlight the need to protect investigators' airways from particulates when fire investigation activities are conducted as well as during post-fire reconstruction activities. Additionally, vapor protection from formaldehyde should be strongly considered at least through investigations occurring 3 days after the fire and personal formaldehyde air monitoring is recommended during investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P. Horn
- Fire Safety Research Institute, Underwriters Laboratories Inc.; Columbia, MD
| | - Daniel Madrzykowski
- Fire Safety Research Institute, Underwriters Laboratories Inc.; Columbia, MD
| | | | | | - Kenneth W. Fent
- National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health; Cincinnati, OH
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10
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Lee K, Jung YW, Park H, Kim D, Kim J. Sequential Multiscale Simulation of a Filtering Facepiece for Prediction of Filtration Efficiency and Resistance in Varied Particulate Scenarios. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:57908-57920. [PMID: 34802233 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study explores a novel approach of multiscale modeling and simulation to characterize the filtration behavior of a facepiece in varied particulate conditions. Sequential multiscale modeling was performed for filter media, filtering facepiece, and testing setup. The developed virtual models were validated for their morphological characteristics and filtration performance by comparing with the data from the physical experiments. Then, a virtual test was conducted in consideration of a time scale, simulating diverse particulate environments with different levels of particle size distribution, particle concentration, and face velocity. An environment with small particles and high mass concentration resulted in a rapid buildup of resistance, reducing the service life. Large particles were accumulated mostly at the entrance of the filter layer, resulting in a lower penetration and slower buildup of resistance. This study is significant in that the adopted virtual approach enables the prediction of filtration behavior and service life, applying diverse environmental conditions without involving the costs of extra setups for the physical experiments. This study demonstrates a novel and economic research method that can be effectively applied to the research and development of filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongeun Lee
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Reliability Assessment Center, FITI Testing & Research Institute, Seoul 07791, Korea
| | - Yeon-Woo Jung
- Reliability Assessment Center, FITI Testing & Research Institute, Seoul 07791, Korea
| | - Hanjou Park
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dongmi Kim
- Digital Material Laboratory, Trinity Engineering, Seoul 07997, Korea
| | - Jooyoun Kim
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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11
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Lee J, Jung S, Park H, Kim J. Bifunctional ZIF-8 Grown Webs for Advanced Filtration of Particulate and Gaseous Matters: Effect of Charging Process on the Electrostatic Capture of Nanoparticles and Sulfur Dioxide. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:50401-50410. [PMID: 34637264 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic framework (MOF), an emerging class of porous hybrid inorganic-organic crystals, has been applied for various environmental remediation strategies including liquid and air filtration. In this study, the role of the zeolite imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) was explored on the charge trapping ability and its contribution to capturing the targeted pollutants of NaCl nanoparticles and SO2 gas. Poly(lactic acid) fibers with controlled surface pores were electrospun using water vapor-induced phase separation, and the fiber surface was uniformly coated with ZIF-8 crystals via an in situ growth method. As a novel process approach, the corona charging process was applied to the ZIF-8 grown webs. The ZIF-8 promoted the charge trapping in the corona process, and the charged ZIF-8 web showed a significantly improved electrostatic filtration efficiency. Also, the charged ZIF-8 web showed an enhanced SO2 capture ability, both in the static and dynamic air flow states, demonstrating the applicability as a bifunctional filter for both particulate and gaseous matters. The approach of this study is novel in that both particulate and gas capture capabilities were associated with the charge trapping ability of ZIF-8, implementing the corona charging process to the ZIF-8 webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwook Lee
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seojin Jung
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanjou Park
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyoun Kim
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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12
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Cohen SP, Greuber E, Vought K, Lissin D. Safety of Epidural Steroid Injections for Lumbosacral Radicular Pain: Unmet Medical Need. Clin J Pain 2021; 37:707-717. [PMID: 34265792 PMCID: PMC8360670 DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidural steroid injections (ESIs) are a commonly utilized treatment for lumbosacral radicular pain caused by intervertebral disc herniation or stenosis. Although effective in certain patient populations, ESIs have been associated with serious complications, including paralysis and death. In 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a safety warning on the risk of injecting corticosteroids into the epidural space. The aims of this article were to review the neurological complications associated with ESIs and to compare the formulations, safety, and effectiveness of commercially available corticosteroids given by transforaminal, interlaminar, or caudal injection. METHODS Serious adverse events associated with ESIs were identified by a search of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. A MEDLINE search of the literature was conducted to identify clinical trials comparing the safety and effectiveness of nonparticulate and particulate corticosteroid formulations. RESULTS Neurological complications with ESIs were rare and more often associated with the use of particulate corticosteroids administered by transforaminal injection. Among the 10 comparative-effectiveness studies reviewed, 7 found nonparticulate steroids had comparable efficacy to particulate steroids, and 3 studies suggested reduced efficacy or shorter duration of effect for nonparticulate steroids. DISCUSSION The risk of complications for transforaminal ESI is greater with particulate corticosteroids. Nonparticulate corticosteroids, which are often recommended as first-line therapy, may have a short duration of effect, and many commercial formulations contain neurotoxic preservatives. The safety profile of ESIs may continue to improve with the development of safer, sterile formulations that reduce the risk of complications while maintaining efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P. Cohen
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Kip Vought
- Scilex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Palo Alto, CA
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13
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Stefaniak AB, Wade EE, Lawrence RB, Arnold ED, Virji MA. Particle transfer and adherence to human skin compared with cotton glove and pre-moistened polyvinyl alcohol exposure sampling substrates. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2021; 56:585-598. [PMID: 33720803 PMCID: PMC8276042 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1899524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of skin exposure to particles using interception (e.g., cotton gloves) and removal (e.g., wiping) sampling techniques could be inaccurate because these substrates do not have the same topography and adhesion characteristics as skin. The objective of this study was to compare particle transfer and adherence to cotton gloves, cotton gloves with artificial sebum, and a pre-moistened polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) material with bare human skin (fingertip, palm). Experiments were performed with aluminum oxide powder under standardized conditions for three types of surfaces touched, applied loads, contact times, and powder mass levels. In the final mixed model, the fixed effects of substrate, surface type, applied load, and powder mass and their significant two-way interaction terms explained 71% (transfer) and 74% (adherence) of the observed total variance in measurements. For particle mass transfer, compared with bare skin, bias was -77% (cotton glove with sebum) to +197% (PVA material) and for adherence bias ranged from -40% (cotton glove) to +428% (PVA material), which indicated under- and over-sampling by these substrates, respectively. Dermal exposure assessment would benefit from sampling substrates that better reflect human skin characteristics and more accurately estimate exposures. Mischaracterization of dermal exposure has important implications for exposure and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Eleanor E Wade
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Robert B Lawrence
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Arnold
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - M Abbas Virji
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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14
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Tang D, Ju Z, Wang L. Simulation and Experimental Research on the Charged Characteristics of Particulate Matter in the Sensor under Different Exhaust States. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20216226. [PMID: 33142825 PMCID: PMC7662904 DOI: 10.3390/s20216226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The particulate matter sensor needs to be used in order to detect the concentration of particulate matter in diesel engine exhaust, monitor the working condition of diesel particulate filter (DPF) in real time, and ensure the reliable operation of DPF. The flow field and electric field of the sensor are studied and their distribution in the sensor is analyzed. At the same time, the particle tracking model was used to simulate the charged characteristics of particles in the sensor under different exhaust states. It is found that the exhaust gas flow rate maintains stability after entering the outer protection zone and concentration test zone. The electric field is a non-uniform electric field and the direction of electric field intensity is from the high voltage electrode to the grounding electrode. The electric charge per particle will decrease with the increase of exhaust flow rate, but the electric charge shows a slow growth trend. The charge of particles increases with the increase of exhaust temperature, exhaust gas concentration and particle size. The study of the charged characteristics under different environmental conditions provides a theoretical basis for further improving the prototype mechanism of a leakage flow particle sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Tang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-1527-4573
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15
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Abstract
Positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) is a noninvasive technique capable of imaging the three-dimensional dynamics of a wide variety of powders, particles, grains, and/or fluids. The PEPT technique can track the motion of particles with high temporal and spatial resolution and can be used to study various phenomena in systems spanning a broad range of scales, geometries, and physical states. We provide an introduction to the PEPT technique, an overview of its fundamental principles and operation, and a brief review of its application to a diverse range of scientific and industrial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R K Windows-Yule
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - J P K Seville
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - A Ingram
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - D J Parker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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16
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Papanicolaou GC, Manara AE, Kontaxis LC. Experimental and Prediction Study of Displacement-Rate Effects on Flexural Behaviour in Nano and Micro TiO 2 Particles-Epoxy Resin Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:E22. [PMID: 31877625 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resin composites with different weight fractions of TiO2 microparticles (1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) and of TiO2 nanoparticles (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%) were prepared. The particle size of the nanoparticles was averaged around 21 nm while the particle size of the micro TiO2 particles was averaged around 0.2 μm. The morphology of the manufactured particulate composites was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties of both nanocomposites (21 nm) and microcomposites (0.2 μm) were investigated and compared through flexural testing. Furthermore, the effect of displacement-rate on the viscoelastic behavior of composite materials was investigated. The flexural tests were carried out at different filler weight fractions and different displacement-rates (0.5, 5, 10, 50 mm/min). The influence of TiO2 micro- and nanoparticles on the mechanical response of the manufactured composites was studied. For micro TiO2 composites, a maximum increase in flexural modulus on the order of 23% was achieved, while, in the nanocomposites, plastification of the epoxy matrix due to the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles was observed. Both behaviors were predicted by the Property Prediction Model (PPM), and a fair agreement between experimental results and theoretical predictions was observed.
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17
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Chapple C, Dmochowski R. Particulate Versus Non-Particulate Bulking Agents In The Treatment Of Stress Urinary Incontinence. Res Rep Urol 2019; 11:299-310. [PMID: 31815111 PMCID: PMC6858835 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s220216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) has been treated surgically with the midurethral sling but in recent years, this option has come under scrutiny and the risk-benefit balance continues to be reviewed. The low-risk alternative for women with uncomplicated SUI is the bulking agent, which aims to achieve continence through coaptation of the urethra. Two classes of bulking agents can be identified: those made from solid microparticles in an absorbable liquid or gel carrier (particulate agents) and those comprising a homogenous gel (non-particulates) that resists absorption. Polydimethylsiloxane®, carbon-coated zirconium oxide®, calcium hydroxyapatite® and polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer® are currently marketed particulate agents. With the exception of calcium hydroxyapatite, the particles are non-degradable. Each agent achieves its long-term bulking effect through reactive changes around the persisting particles while the carrier volume is lost. Bulkamid® is a non-particulate agent with the bulking effect resulting from the volume of gel injected. The lasting network of fine fibers formed by the host tissue anchors the gel in situ. Foreign-body granulomas, erosion and migration/material extrusion and loss of bulk have been observed in connection with the particle-based products. Bulkamid may be mechanistically less liable to these events; however, there are minimal data directly comparing the two types of bulking agent. The question of durability is inevitable based on their differing modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger Dmochowski
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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18
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Ravikumar P, Tatke P. Advances in encapsulated dermal formulations in chemoprevention of melanoma: An overview. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 18:1606-1612. [PMID: 31436386 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The three forms of skin cancer are cutaneous malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Melanoma skin cancer is an aggressive type and one of the most chemotherapy-resistant malignancies. Conventional topical products are beset with limitations, leading to lower efficacy. There is a growing need to develop topical formulations encapsulated in polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, dendrimers, and liposomes exhibiting enhanced skin penetration and longer skin retention leading to better efficacy. OBJECTIVE The objective of this article is the screening of reported novel drug encapsulated delivery systems effective topically in melanoma chemoprevention. AIM The scope of this work is to provide an overview pertaining to the development and evaluation of three exemplary drug delivery systems (DDS), namely vesicular, particulate, and specialized emulsions. METHODS Topical drug delivery approaches targeting skin cancer have been reviewed and discussed. The focal point of the article is presentation of insights from published studies. RESULTS This review focuses on the novel delivery systems in chemoprevention of melanoma with discussion highlighting on advances in topical delivery. CONCLUSION Literature indicates that drug-loaded encapsulated topical formulations when compared with conventional dosage forms for skin cancer treatment exhibit greater efficacy and provide benefits like extended drug release, protection of the active ingredient against degradation, and lower skin irritation. Incorporation of phytoconstituents in newer delivery systems will be the way forward for improved topical chemoprevention strategy in melanoma. This has raised hope in making dermal therapy more useful and acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmini Ravikumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy, SNDT Women's University, Mumbai, India
| | - Pratima Tatke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy, SNDT Women's University, Mumbai, India
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19
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Fent KW, Mayer A, Bertke S, Kerber S, Smith D, Horn GP. Understanding airborne contaminants produced by different fuel packages during training fires. J Occup Environ Hyg 2019; 16:532-543. [PMID: 31169466 PMCID: PMC8591790 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2019.1617870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Fire training may expose firefighters and instructors to hazardous airborne chemicals that vary by the training fuel. We conducted area and personal air sampling during three instructional scenarios per day involving the burning of two types (designated as alpha and bravo) of oriented strand board (OSB), pallet and straw, or the use of simulated smoke, over a period of 5 days. Twenty-four firefighters and ten instructors participated. Firefighters participated in each scenario once (separated by about 48 hr) and instructors supervised three training exercise per scenarios (completed in 1 day). Personal air samples were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and hydrogen cyanide during live-fire scenarios (excluding simulated smoke). Area air samples were analyzed for acid gases, aldehydes, isocyanates, and VOCs for all scenarios. For the live-fire scenarios, median personal air concentrations of benzene and PAHs exceeded applicable short-term exposure limits and were higher among firefighters than instructors. When comparing results by type of fuel, personal air concentrations of benzene and PAHs were higher for bravo OSB compared to other fuels. Median area air concentrations of aldehydes and isocyanates were also highest during the bravo OSB scenario, while pallet and straw produced the highest median concentrations of certain VOCs and acid gases. These results suggest usage of self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) by both instructors and firefighters is essential during training fires to reduce potential inhalation exposure. Efforts should be taken to clean skin and clothing as soon as possible after live-fire training to limit dermal absorption as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Fent
- a Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Cincinnati , Ohio
| | - Alexander Mayer
- a Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Cincinnati , Ohio
| | - Stephen Bertke
- a Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Cincinnati , Ohio
| | - Steve Kerber
- b Firefighter Safety Research Institute , Underwriters Laboratories , Columbia , Maryland
| | - Denise Smith
- c Health and Human Physiological Sciences Department , Skidmore College , Saratoga Springs , New York
- d Illinois Fire Service Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana-Champaign , Illinois
| | - Gavin P Horn
- d Illinois Fire Service Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana-Champaign , Illinois
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20
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Hwang SE, Kwon H, Jeong SM, Kim HJ, Park JH. Ambient air pollution exposure and obesity-related traits in Korean adults. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:1365-1377. [PMID: 31496774 PMCID: PMC6691946 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s208115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although some studies have tried to determine the impact of long-term air pollution exposure on obesity, they have mainly focused on body mass index (BMI) and the results are inconsistent. Therefore, we investigated the association of annual ambient air pollution exposure with various obesity traits, including computed tomography-measured abdominal fatness, in a large Korean adult population. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 5,114 participants who underwent routine health check-ups at Seoul National University Hospital were included in the analysis. We calculated the annual average concentrations of ambient air pollutants, such as particulate matter ≤10 μm in diameter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), using the individual's zip code. Obesity-related indicators included the BMI, waist circumference (WC), percent body fat (PBF), total adipose tissue (TAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). RESULTS The mean age of the population was 53.5 and 70.9% were men. The mean annual concentrations of PM10 and NO2 were 49.4 μg/m3 and 30.3 ppb, respectively. In the full covariates model, adjusted for demographic and clinical variables, interquartile range increase in annual average concentration of PM10 and NO2 was not associated with any obesity-related phenotypes including BMI, WC, PBF, TAT, VAT, and SAT (all P>0.05). Likewise, no significant association between air pollutants and obesity-related traits was observed in any subgroups, stratified by sex and age (all P>0.05). CONCLUSION Annual exposure to ambient air pollution is not associated with any obesity-related traits in Korean adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Eun Hwang
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyuktae Kwon
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su-Min Jeong
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Big Data Center, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
- Correspondence: Hyun-Jin KimBig Data Center, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do10408, South KoreaTel +82 31 920 2914Fax +82 31 920 2189Email
| | - Jin-Ho Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Jin-Ho ParkDepartment of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul03080, South KoreaTel +82 22 072 0865Fax +82 2 766 3276Email
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Stewart PA, Stenzel MR, Ramachandran G, Banerjee S, Huynh T, Groth C, Kwok RK, Blair A, Engel LS, Sandler DP. Development of a total hydrocarbon ordinal job-exposure matrix for workers responding to the Deepwater Horizon disaster: The GuLF STUDY. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2018; 28:223-230. [PMID: 29064482 PMCID: PMC6104396 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2017.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The GuLF STUDY is a cohort study investigating the health of workers who responded to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. The objective of this effort was to develop an ordinal job-exposure matrix (JEM) of airborne total hydrocarbons (THC), dispersants, and particulates to estimate study participants' exposures. Information was collected on participants' spill-related tasks. A JEM of exposure groups (EGs) was developed from tasks and THC air measurements taken during and after the spill using relevant exposure determinants. THC arithmetic means were developed for the EGs, assigned ordinal values, and linked to the participants using determinants from the questionnaire. Different approaches were taken for combining exposures across EGs. EGs for dispersants and particulates were based on questionnaire responses. Considerable differences in THC exposure levels were found among EGs. Based on the maximum THC level participants experienced across any job held, ∼14% of the subjects were identified in the highest exposure category. Approximately 10% of the cohort was exposed to dispersants or particulates. Considerable exposure differences were found across the various EGs, facilitating investigation of exposure-response relationships. The JEM is flexible to allow for different assumptions about several possibly relevant exposure metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R. Stenzel
- Exposure Assessment Applications, LLC, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Gurumurthy Ramachandran
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sudipto Banerjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tran Huynh
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caroline Groth
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Richard K. Kwok
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Aaron Blair
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Lawrence S. Engel
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dale P. Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
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22
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Fent KW, Evans DE, Babik K, Striley C, Bertke S, Kerber S, Smith D, Horn GP. Airborne contaminants during controlled residential fires. J Occup Environ Hyg 2018; 15:399-412. [PMID: 29494297 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2018.1445260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we characterize the area and personal air concentrations of combustion byproducts produced during controlled residential fires with furnishings common in 21st century single family structures. Area air measurements were collected from the structure during active fire and overhaul (post suppression) and on the fireground where personnel were operating without any respiratory protection. Personal air measurements were collected from firefighters assigned to fire attack, victim search, overhaul, outside ventilation, and command/pump operator positions. Two different fire attack tactics were conducted for the fires (6 interior and 6 transitional) and exposures were compared between the tactics. For each of the 12 fires, firefighters were paired up to conduct each job assignment, except for overhaul that was conducted by 4 firefighters. Sampled compounds included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs, e.g., benzene), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and particulate (area air sampling only). Median personal air concentrations for the attack and search firefighters were generally well above applicable short-term occupational exposure limits, with the exception of HCN measured from search firefighters. Area air concentrations of all measured compounds decreased after suppression. Personal air concentrations of total PAHs and benzene measured from some overhaul firefighters exceeded exposure limits. Median personal air concentrations of HCN (16,300 ppb) exceeded the exposure limit for outside vent firefighters, with maximum levels (72,900 ppb) higher than the immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) level. Median air concentrations on the fireground (including particle count) were above background levels and highest when collected downwind of the structure and when ground-level smoke was the heaviest. No statistically significant differences in personal air concentrations were found between the 2 attack tactics. The results underscore the importance of wearing self-contained breathing apparatus when conducting overhaul or outside ventilation activities. Firefighters should also try to establish command upwind of the structure fire, and if this cannot be done, respiratory protection should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Fent
- a Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Cincinnati , Ohio
| | - Douglas E Evans
- b Division of Applied Research and Technology, NIOSH , Cincinnati , Ohio
| | - Kelsey Babik
- a Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Cincinnati , Ohio
| | - Cynthia Striley
- b Division of Applied Research and Technology, NIOSH , Cincinnati , Ohio
| | - Stephen Bertke
- a Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Cincinnati , Ohio
| | - Steve Kerber
- c Firefighter Safety Research Institute, Underwriters Laboratories , Columbia , Maryland
| | - Denise Smith
- d Health and Exercise Sciences Department , Skidmore College , Saratoga Springs , New York
- e Illinois Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana-Champaign , Illinois
| | - Gavin P Horn
- e Illinois Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana-Champaign , Illinois
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Xue YF, Zhou Z, Huang YH, Wang K, Nie T, Nie L, Qin JP. [Fugitive Dust Emission Characteristics from Building Construction Sites of Beijing]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2017; 38:2231-2237. [PMID: 29965338 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201612071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is the primary air pollutant in Beijing, and its emission control is an important direction of air pollution prevention and control. Construction dust plays a significant role in the source of airborne particulate matter in Beijing. Due to population growth and economic development, the demand for residential and office space has been increasing which results in a high construction area in Beijing and dust pollution caused by construction activities. However, there are few studies focusing on fugitive dust emissions from construction sites and their contribution to air pollution in Beijing. Under this background, this paper established an estimation model of dust emission from construction sites, and used the localized emission factor to calculate the dust emission from 2000 to 2015 in Beijing, identified the emission characteristics and laws of construction dust emission and quantified the uncertainty range of the emissions. The WRF/CMAQ model system was used to simulate the contribution of dust pollution to quantify its influence on air quality. The results showed that the dust emission from construction sites in Beijing has been increasing, but the construction area is falling in recent years. However, the emission of PM is still high and needs to be paid enough attention. In the spatial distribution, the dust emissions in summer and autumn are larger than those in other seasons. As for spatial distribution, the construction dust is mainly concentrated in the urban function extension area and suburban area, which is related to the extension of population activities and the gradual development of urbanization. The contribution of construction dust to PM10 and PM2.5 concentration in the ambient air can reach 31.3 μg·m-3 and 9.6 μg·m-3, respectively. Through scenarios analysis, for further reduction of the emission from construction sites in 2030, more stricter standard for green construction and powerful supervision are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Feng Xue
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yu-Hu Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection, Beijing 100054, China
| | - Teng Nie
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Lei Nie
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jian-Ping Qin
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
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Souzandeh H, Johnson KS, Wang Y, Bhamidipaty K, Zhong WH. Soy-Protein-Based Nanofabrics for Highly Efficient and Multifunctional Air Filtration. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:20023-31. [PMID: 27439677 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are well-known by their numerous active functional groups along the polypeptide chain. The variety of functional groups of proteins provides a great potential for proteins to interact with airborne pollutants with varying surface properties. However, to our knowledge, a successful demonstration of this potential has not been reported before. In this work, soy protein, a type of abundant plant protein, has been employed for the first time to fabricate multifunctional air-filtration materials. To take advantage of the functional groups of soy protein for air filtration, the soy protein was first well denatured to unfold the polypeptide chains and then fabricated into nanofibers with the help of poly(vinyl alcohol). It was found that the resultant nanofabrics showed high filtration efficiency not only for airborne particulates with a broad range of size but also for various toxic gaseous chemicals (e.g., formaldehyde and carbon monoxide), a capability that has not been realized by conventional air-filtering materials. This study indicates that protein-based nanofabrics are promising nanomaterials for multifunctional air-filtration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Souzandeh
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Kyle S Johnson
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Keshava Bhamidipaty
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Wei-Hong Zhong
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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Abstract
Recently, scientists have made significant progress in the development of immunotherapeutics that correct aberrant, autoimmune responses. Yet, concerns about the safety, efficacy, and wide scale applicability continue to hinder use of contemporary, immunology-based strategies. There is a clear need for therapies that finely control molecular and cellular elements of the immune system. Biomaterial engineers have taken up this challenge to develop therapeutics with selective spatial and temporal control of immune cells. In this review, we introduce the immunology of autoimmune disorders, survey the current therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases, and highlight the ongoing research efforts to engineer the immune system using biomaterials, for positive therapeutic outcomes in treatment of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal S Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Riley P Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Foderà V, Vetri V, Wind TS, Noppe W, Cornett C, Donald AM, Morozova-Roche LA, Vestergaard B. Observation of the Early Structural Changes Leading to the Formation of Protein Superstructures. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:3254-3258. [PMID: 26276341 DOI: 10.1021/jz501614e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Formation of superstructures in protein aggregation processes has been indicated as a general pathway for several proteins, possibly playing a role in human pathologies. There is a severe lack of knowledge on the origin of such species in terms of both mechanisms of formation and structural features. We use equine lysozyme as a model protein, and by combining spectroscopic techniques and microscopy with X-ray fiber diffraction and ab initio modeling of Small Angle X-ray Scattering data, we isolate the partially unfolded state from which one of these superstructures (i.e., particulate) originates. We reveal the low-resolution structure of the unfolded state and its mechanism of formation, highlighting the physicochemical features and the possible pathway of formation of the particulate structure. Our findings provide a novel detailed knowledge of such a general and alternative aggregation pathway for proteins, this being crucial for a basic and broader understanding of the aggregation phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Foderà
- ‡Sector of Biological and Soft Systems, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Vetri
- §Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Universitá di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Wim Noppe
- ∥IRF Life Sciences, KuLeuven KULAK, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Athene M Donald
- ‡Sector of Biological and Soft Systems, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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Ibhafidon LI, Obaseki DO, Erhabor GE, Akor AA, Irabor I, Obioh I. Respiratory symptoms, lung function and particulate matter pollution in residential indoor environment in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Niger Med J 2014; 55:48-53. [PMID: 24970970 PMCID: PMC4071663 DOI: 10.4103/0300-1652.128164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Particulate air pollution is associated with increased incidence of respiratory symptoms and decreased pulmonary, function but the relative impact of pollution from different domestic energy sources is not well-known or studied. Aim: The study was aimed at assessing the association between particulate concentrations, respiratory symptoms and lung function. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study comprised of randomly selected residents of three communities. These communities were selected according to the predominant type of fuel used for household cooking which were: firewood, kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Assessment of the indoor PM10 levels was done by filtration using the Gent stacked filter unit sampler for collection of atmospheric aerosol in two size fractions (PM2.5 and PM10). The Medical Research Council (MRC) questionnaire was administered followed by spirometry test. Results: The mean PM10 concentration in participants using LPG, kerosene and firewood was 80.8 ± 9.52 μg/m3, 236.9 ± 26.5 μg/m3 and 269 ±93.7 μg/m3, respectively. The mean age and height-adjusted percent predicted forced expiratory volumes in 1 s (FEV1) for men were 127 ± 7, 109 ± 40 and 91 ± 20 and for women were 129 ± 13, 115 ± 14, 100 ± 14 in users of LPG, kerosene and firewood, respectively. A similar trend was found in the forced vital capacity (FVCs). Users of firewood had significantly lower FEV1 and FVC compared with LPG users (P < 0.05). The participants using firewood had the highest prevalence of pulmonary and non-pulmonary symptoms (57.1%), whereas subjects using LPG had the lowest (23.8%). Conclusion: There are high levels of particulate matter pollutions with respiratory effects in residential indoor environments in Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel O Obaseki
- Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Gregory E Erhabor
- Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Alexander A Akor
- Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Iziegbe Irabor
- Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Ib Obioh
- Centre for Energy and Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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Le Blond JS, Tomatis M, Horwell CJ, Dunster C, Murphy F, Corazzari I, Grendene F, Turci F, Gazzano E, Ghigo D, Williamson BJ, Oppenheimer C, Fubini B. The surface reactivity and implied toxicity of ash produced from sugarcane burning. Environ Toxicol 2014; 29:503-516. [PMID: 22431484 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane combustion generates fine-grained particulate that has the potential to be a respiratory health hazard because of its grain size and composition. In particular, conversion of amorphous silica to crystalline forms during burning may provide a source of toxic particles. In this study, we investigate and evaluate the toxicity of sugarcane ash and bagasse ash formed from commercial sugarcane burning. Experiments to determine the main physicochemical properties of the particles, known to modulate biological responses, were combined with cellular toxicity assays to gain insight into the potential reactions that could occur at the particle-lung interface following inhalation. The specific surface area of the particles ranged from ∼16 to 90 m(2) g(-1) . The samples did not generate hydroxyl- or carbon-centered radicals in cell-free tests. However, all samples were able to 'scavenge' an external source of hydroxyl radicals, which may be indicative of defects on the particle surfaces that may interfere with cellular processes. The bioavailable iron on the particle surfaces was low (2-3 μmol m(-2) ), indicating a low propensity for iron-catalyzed radical generation. The sample surfaces were all hydrophilic and slightly acidic, which may be due to the presence of oxygenated (functional) groups. The ability to cause oxidative stress and membrane rupture in red blood cells (hemolysis) was found to be low, indicating that the samples are not toxic by the mechanisms tested. Cytotoxicity of sugarcane ash was observed, by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release, after incubation of relatively high concentrations of ash with murine alveolar macrophage cells. All samples induced nitrogen oxide release (although only at very high concentrations) and reactive oxygen species generation (although the bagasse samples were less potent than the sugarcane ash). However, the samples induced significantly lower cytotoxic effects and nitrogen oxide generation when compared with the positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Le Blond
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, United Kingdom; Department of Mineralogy, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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Brown KW, Minegishi T, Allen JG, McCarthy JF, Spengler JD, MacIntosh DL. Reducing patients' exposures to asthma and allergy triggers in their homes: an evaluation of effectiveness of grades of forced air ventilation filters. J Asthma 2014; 51:585-94. [PMID: 24555523 PMCID: PMC4133967 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2014.895011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective Many interventions to reduce allergen levels in the home are recommended to asthma and allergy patients. One that is readily available and can be highly effective is the use of high performing filters in forced air ventilation systems. Methods We conducted a modeling analysis of the effectiveness of filter-based interventions in the home to reduce airborne asthma and allergy triggers. This work used “each pass removal efficiency” applied to health-relevant size fractions of particles to assess filter performance. We assessed effectiveness for key allergy and asthma triggers based on applicable particle sizes for cat allergen, indoor and outdoor sources of particles <2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5), and airborne influenza and rhinovirus. Results Our analysis finds that higher performing filters can have significant impacts on indoor particle pollutant levels. Filters with removal efficiencies of >70% for cat dander particles, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and respiratory virus can lower concentrations of those asthma triggers and allergens in indoor air of the home by >50%. Very high removal efficiency filters, such as those rated a 16 on the nationally recognized Minimum Efficiency Removal Value (MERV) rating system, tend to be only marginally more effective than MERV12 or 13 rated filters. Conclusions The results of this analysis indicate that use of a MERV12 or higher performing air filter in home ventilation systems can effectively reduce indoor levels of these common asthma and allergy triggers. These reductions in airborne allergens in turn may help reduce allergy and asthma symptoms, especially if employed in conjunction with other environmental management measures recommended for allergy and asthma patients.
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Lee PC, Roberts JM, Catov JM, Talbott EO, Ritz B. First trimester exposure to ambient air pollution, pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes in Allegheny County, PA. Matern Child Health J 2013; 17:545-55. [PMID: 22544506 PMCID: PMC3636771 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-012-1028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous studies of air pollution and adverse birth outcomes, few studies have investigated preeclampsia and gestational hypertension, two pregnancy disorders with serious consequences for both mother and infant. Relying on hospital birth records, we conducted a cohort study identifying 34,705 singleton births delivered at Magee-Women's Hospital in Pittsburgh, PA between 1997 and 2002. Particle (<10 μm-PM10; <2.5 μm-PM2.5) and ozone (O3) exposure concentrations in the first trimester of pregnancy were estimated using the space-time ordinary Kriging interpolation method. We employed multiple logistic regression estimate associations between first trimester exposures and preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, preterm delivery, and small for gestational age (SGA) infants. PM2.5 and O3 exposures were associated with preeclampsia (adjusted OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.96-1.39 per 4.0 μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5; adjusted OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.89-1.42 per 16.8 ppb increase in O3), gestational hypertension (for PM2.5 OR = 1.11, 95 % CI = 1.00-1.23; for O3 OR = 1.12, 95 % CI = 0.97-1.29), and preterm delivery (for PM2.5 ORs = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.01-1.20; for O3 ORs = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.01-1.50). Smaller 5-8 % increases in risk were also observed for PM10 with gestational hypertension and SGA, but not preeclampsia. Our data suggest that first trimester exposure to particles, mostly PM2.5, and ozone, may increase the risk of developing preeclampsia and gestational hypertension, as well as preterm delivery and SGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chen Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
| | - James M. Roberts
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA;
| | - Janet M. Catov
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA;
| | - Evelyn O. Talbott
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA;
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA;
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Kirby PJ, Shines CJ, Taylor GJ, Bousquet RW, Price HC, Everitt JI, Morgan DL. Pleural effects of indium phosphide in B6C3F1 mice: nonfibrous particulate induced pleural fibrosis. Exp Lung Res 2009; 35:858-82. [PMID: 19995279 PMCID: PMC2928993 DOI: 10.3109/01902140902980961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism(s) by which chronic inhalation of indium phosphide (InP) particles causes pleural fibrosis is not known. Few studies of InP pleural toxicity have been conducted because of the challenges in conducting particulate inhalation exposures, and because the pleural lesions developed slowly over the 2-year inhalation study. The authors investigated whether InP (1 mg/kg) administered by a single oropharyngeal aspiration would cause pleural fibrosis in male B6C3F1 mice. By 28 days after treatment, protein and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), but were unchanged in pleural lavage fluid (PLF). A pronounced pleural effusion characterized by significant increases in cytokines and a 3.7-fold increase in cell number was detected 28 days after InP treatment. Aspiration of soluble InCl(3) caused a similar delayed pleural effusion; however, other soluble metals, insoluble particles, and fibers did not. The effusion caused by InP was accompanied by areas of pleural thickening and inflammation at day 28, and by pleural fibrosis at day 98. Aspiration of InP produced pleural fibrosis that was histologically similar to lesions caused by chronic inhalation exposure, and in a shorter time period. This oropharyngeal aspiration model was used to provide an initial characterization of the progression of pleural lesions caused by InP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Kirby
- Respiratory Toxicology, Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Toxicology Program/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Miller MR, Borthwick SJ, Shaw CA, McLean SG, McClure D, Mills NL, Duffin R, Donaldson K, Megson IL, Hadoke PWF, Newby DE. Direct impairment of vascular function by diesel exhaust particulate through reduced bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide induced by superoxide free radicals. Environ Health Perspect 2009; 117:611-6. [PMID: 19440501 PMCID: PMC2679606 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0800235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) is a key arbiter of the adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution. OBJECTIVES We assessed the in vitro effects of DEP on vascular function, nitric oxide (NO) availability, and the generation of oxygen-centered free radicals. METHODS We assessed the direct vascular effects of DEP (10-100 microg/mL) in isolated rat aortic rings using myography. We investigated NO scavenging and oxygen-centered free radical generation using an NO electrode and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) with the Tempone-H (1-hydroxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxo-piperidine) spin trap, respectively. RESULTS Acetylcholine-induced relaxation was attenuated by DEP (maximum relaxation reduced from 91 +/- 4% to 49 +/- 6% with 100 microg/mL DEP; p < 0.001) but was restored by superoxide dismutase (SOD; maximum relaxation, 73 +/- 6%; p < 0.001). DEP caused a modest inhibition of relaxation to NO donor drugs, an effect that could be reversed by SOD (p < 0.01). At 10 microg/mL, DEP did not affect verapamil-induced relaxation (p = 0.73), but at 100 microg/mL DEP inhibited relaxation (p < 0.001) by a mechanism independent of SOD. NO concentrations generated by 2-(N,N-diethylamino)-diazenolate-2-oxide (DEA/NO; 10 microM) were reduced by DEP (100 microg/mL; from 5.2 +/- 0.4 to 3.3 +/- 0.4 microM; p = 0.002). Free radical generation was increased by DEP (10 microg/mL; 9-fold increase in EPR spectra; p = 0.004) in a manner that could be attenuated by SOD (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS DEP caused oxidative stress through the generation of oxygen-centered free radicals that reduced the bioavailability of endothelium-derived NO without prior interaction with the lung or vascular tissue. These findings provide a mechanism for the adverse cardiovascular effects of particulate air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Miller
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Beaver LM, Stemmy EJ, Constant SL, Schwartz A, Little LG, Gigley JP, Chun G, Sugden KD, Ceryak SM, Patierno SR. Lung injury, inflammation and Akt signaling following inhalation of particulate hexavalent chromium. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 235:47-56. [PMID: 19109987 PMCID: PMC3640501 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Certain particulate hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compounds are human respiratory carcinogens that release genotoxic soluble chromate, and are associated with fibrosis, fibrosarcomas, adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the lung. We postulate that inflammatory processes and mediators may contribute to the etiology of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis, however the immediate (0-24 h) pathologic injury and immune responses after exposure to particulate chromates have not been adequately investigated. Our aim was to determine the nature of the lung injury, inflammatory response, and survival signaling responses following intranasal exposure of BALB/c mice to particulate basic zinc chromate. Factors associated with lung injury, inflammation and survival signaling were measured in airway lavage fluid and in lung tissue. A single chromate exposure induced an acute immune response in the lung, characterized by a rapid and significant increase in IL-6 and GRO-alpha levels, an influx of neutrophils, and a decline in macrophages in lung airways. Histological examination of lung tissue in animals challenged with a single chromate exposure revealed an increase in bronchiolar cell apoptosis and mucosal injury. Furthermore, chromate exposure induced injury and inflammation that progressed to alveolar and interstitial pneumonitis. Finally, a single Cr(VI) challenge resulted in a rapid and persistent increase in the number of airways immunoreactive for phosphorylation of the survival signaling protein Akt, on serine 473. These data illustrate that chromate induces both survival signaling and an inflammatory response in the lung, which we postulate may contribute to early oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Beaver
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Erik J. Stemmy
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Stephanie L. Constant
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Arnold Schwartz
- Department of Pathology, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Laura G. Little
- The University of Montana, Department of Chemistry, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812
| | - Jason P. Gigley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Gina Chun
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Kent D. Sugden
- The University of Montana, Department of Chemistry, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812
| | - Susan M. Ceryak
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- GW Cancer Institute, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Steven R. Patierno
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
- GW Cancer Institute, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
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Kim D, Young TM. The Significance of Indirect Deposition on Wintertime PAH Concentrations in an Urban Northern California Creek. Environ Eng Sci 2009; 26:269-277. [PMID: 20485462 PMCID: PMC2871345 DOI: 10.1089/ees.2007.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the main inputs and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into surface water, stream and precipitation samples were collected along an urban tributary to the Sacramento River, California. Dissolved, particulate, and colloid-bound PAHs were monitored four times between October 2004 and March 2005. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 192 to 3784 ng/L in surface water and from 77 to 236 ng/L in precipitation. Naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene were the most abundant compounds in both rain and surface water. Surface water had truly dissolved PAH concentrations between 18 and 48 ng/L and precipitation had similar values (15-66 ng/L). PAHs larger than four rings were seldom found in the dissolved phase. Colloid-associated PAHs accounted for 4-25% of the total PAHs in rain, while they contributed only 0.1-6% to the total surface water PAHs. Indirect deposition (i.e., washoff of atmospheric particles previously deposited to land) of PAHs into surface water is likely a more significant input pathway for total PAHs than direct dry or wet deposition during the wet season in California's Mediterranean climate. During the sampling period, there was not an obvious seasonal variation in dissolved PAH concentrations of surface water despite an enormous wintertime increase in the total aqueous concentrations. Particulate matter carried by stormwater runoff was the major source of PAHs in surface water in the early rainy season; this material likely represents a combination of indirect atmospheric inputs and other non-atmospheric anthropogenic inputs (e.g., oil leaks and spills). Selected PAH ratios indicate that observed PAHs in rainwater came from pyrogenic sources and those in surface water had more complicated and variable origins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas M. Young
- Corresponding author: Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616. Phone: 530-754-9399; Fax: 530-752-7872; E-mail:
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Valente P, Forastiere F, Bacosi A, Cattani G, Di Carlo S, Ferri M, Figà-Talamanca I, Marconi A, Paoletti L, Perucci C, Zuccaro P. Exposure to fine and ultrafine particles from secondhand smoke in public places before and after the smoking ban, Italy 2005. Tob Control 2007; 16:312-7. [PMID: 17897989 PMCID: PMC2598558 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2006.019646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A smoking ban in all indoor public places was enforced in Italy on 10 January 2005. METHODS We compared indoor air quality before and after the smoking ban by monitoring the indoor concentrations of fine (<2.5 microm diameter, PM2.5) and ultrafine particulate matter (<0.1 microm diameter, UFP). PM2.5 and ultrafine particles were measured in 40 public places (14 bars, six fast food restaurants, eight restaurants, six game rooms, six pubs) in Rome, before and after the introduction of the law banning smoking (after 3 and 12 months). Measurements were taken using real time particle monitors (DustTRAK Mod. 8520 TSI; Ultra-fine Particles Counter-TRAK Model 8525 TSI). The PM2.5 data were scaled using a correction equation derived from a comparison with the reference method (gravimetric measurement). The study was completed by measuring urinary cotinine, and pre-law and post-law enforcement among non-smoking employees at these establishments RESULTS In the post-law period, PM2.5 decreased significantly from a mean concentration of 119.3 microg/m3 to 38.2 microg/m3 after 3 months (p<0.005), and then to 43.3 microg/m3 a year later (p<0.01). The UFP concentrations also decreased significantly from 76,956 particles/cm3 to 38,079 particles/cm3 (p<0.0001) and then to 51,692 particles/cm3 (p<0.01). Similarly, the concentration of urinary cotinine among non-smoking workers decreased from 17.8 ng/ml to 5.5 ng/ml (p<0.0001) and then to 3.7 ng/ml (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION The application of the smoking ban led to a considerable reduction in the exposure to indoor fine and ultrafine particles in hospitality venues, confirmed by a contemporaneous reduction of urinary cotinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Valente
- University of Rome La Sapienza, 5 Ple Aldo Moro, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Wolff MS, Teitelbaum SL, Lioy PJ, Santella RM, Wang RY, Jones RL, Caldwell KL, Sjödin A, Turner WE, Li W, Georgopoulos P, Berkowitz GS. Exposures among pregnant women near the World Trade Center site on 11 September 2001. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113:739-48. [PMID: 15929898 PMCID: PMC1257600 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized environmental exposures among 187 women who were pregnant, were at or near the World Trade Center (WTC) on or soon after 11 September 2001, and are enrolled in a prospective cohort study of health effects. Exposures were assessed by estimating time spent in five zones around the WTC and by developing an exposure index (EI) based on plume reconstruction modeling. The daily reconstructed dust levels were correlated with levels of particulate matter < or = 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5; r = 0.68) or PM10 (r = 0.73-0.93) reported from 26 September through 8 October 2001 at four of six sites near the WTC whose data we examined. Biomarkers were measured in a subset. Most (71%) of these women were located within eight blocks of the WTC at 0900 hr on 11 September, and 12 women were in one of the two WTC towers. Daily EIs were determined to be highest immediately after 11 September and became much lower but remained highly variable over the next 4 weeks. The weekly summary EI was associated strongly with women's perception of air quality from week 2 to week 4 after the collapse (p < 0.0001). The highest levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleic acid (PAH-DNA) adducts were seen among women whose blood was collected sooner after 11 September, but levels showed no significant associations with EI or other potential WTC exposure sources. Lead and cobalt in urine were weakly correlated with sigmaEI, but not among samples collected closest to 11 September. Plasma OC levels were low. The median polychlorinated biphenyl level (sum of congeners 118, 138, 153, 180) was 84 ng/g lipid and had a nonsignificant positive association with sigmaEI (p > 0.05). 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzodioxin levels (median, 30 pg/g lipid) were similar to levels reported in WTC-exposed firefighters but were not associated with EI. This report indicates intense bystander exposure after the WTC collapse and provides information about nonoccupational exposures among a vulnerable population of pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Wolff
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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