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Liao Y, Lyu J, Zhang Y, Hong Y, Ding S, Wu Z, Liu H, Wu J. Specialized spatially-arranged non-circular fibers enhance filtration performance of African shrimp ( Atya gabonensis). Bioinspir Biomim 2024; 19:036013. [PMID: 38579733 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad3b57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
African shrimp (Atya gabonensis) inhabit clear freshwaters, where the notably low concentration of food may pose a challenge to the efficacy of filter fibers on the chela for filter-feeding. Here, we investigate how the distinctive cross-sectional characteristics and spatial arrangement of the African shrimp's non-circular fibers contribute to the enhanced filtration performance of these specialized fibers. The unilateral thickening of the wall along the long axis of the elliptical cross-section of African shrimp fibers markedly enhances the filtration performance. The staggered and twisted arrangement of the fibers optimizes the surrounding flow field, achieving a favorable balance between pressure drop and collection efficiency, consequently improving their filtration performance in collecting fine particles (diameter: 2-10μm). Moreover, the arrangement of the fibers substantially increases the effective flow-facing filtering area of the fiber bundles, thus facilitating their efficiency in collecting larger particles (diameter > 10μm). The unique fiber properties of the African shrimp offer novel insights for the design and optimization of new fiber-filtering robots, presenting a wide range of potential applications, such as marine in-situ resource extraction, medical filtration, and industrial filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Liao
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Lyu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Zhang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhe Hong
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuoshuo Ding
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Liu
- Key&Core, Technology Innovation Institute of the Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou 510535, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Wu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
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2
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Chen YC, Chen PH, Tsai MH, Ou SF. Effect of the Spatial Arrangement of Floating Builds with Minimum Support on the Microstructural and Mechanical Characteristics of Electron Beam Additively Manufactured Biomedical Ti-6Al-4V Alloys. 3D Print Addit Manuf 2023; 10:1055-1063. [PMID: 37886416 PMCID: PMC10599422 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, normal and floating builds of Ti-6Al-4V were fabricated by electron beam additive manufacturing. The effects of the spatial arrangement on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and surface roughness of the parts were investigated. Both the normal and floating builds exhibited an α+β lamellar microstructure, but the normal builds had finer grains compared to the floating builds. The microstructural characteristics were correlated with the thermal history, specifically the cooling rate, resulting from the connection plate (S45C for the normal builds and the powder bed for the floating builds). The compressive yield strength and hardness of the normal builds were higher than those of the floating builds, regardless of build location owing to the grain refinement effects on the normal builds. The top surface (TS) of the sample was smoothest, and the lateral surface of the sample was the roughest for both the normal and floating builds; however, the roughness of the TS and bottom surface samples did not differ significantly between normal and floating builds. There were no noticeable differences in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the builds in five different positions, that is, the center and four corners. Finally, these findings were used to develop a set of conceptual spatial arrangement designs, including floating builds, to optimize the microstructure and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Cheng Chen
- Department of Mold and Die Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ho Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsiu Tsai
- Department of Mold and Die Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Fu Ou
- Department of Mold and Die Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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3
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Oliveira M, Cunha E, Tavares L, Serrano I. P. aeruginosa interactions with other microbes in biofilms during co-infection. AIMS Microbiol 2023; 9:612-646. [PMID: 38173971 PMCID: PMC10758579 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the topic of biofilms, including their development and the interaction between different counterparts. There is evidence that various diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, otitis media, diabetic foot wound infections, and certain cancers, are promoted and aggravated by the presence of polymicrobial biofilms. Biofilms are composed by heterogeneous communities of microorganisms protected by a matrix of polysaccharides. The different types of interactions between microorganisms gives rise to an increased resistance to antimicrobials and to the host's defense mechanisms, with the consequent worsening of disease symptoms. Therefore, infections caused by polymicrobial biofilms affecting different human organs and systems will be discussed, as well as the role of the interactions between the gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is at the base of major polymicrobial infections, and other bacteria, fungi, and viruses in the establishment of human infections and diseases. Considering that polymicrobial biofilms are key to bacterial pathogenicity, it is fundamental to evaluate which microbes are involved in a certain disease to convey an appropriate and efficacious antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eva Cunha
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isa Serrano
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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Yan C, Ehinger BV, Pérez-Bellido A, Peelen MV, de Lange FP. Humans predict the forest, not the trees: statistical learning of spatiotemporal structure in visual scenes. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:8300-8311. [PMID: 37005064 PMCID: PMC7614728 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain is capable of using statistical regularities to predict future inputs. In the real world, such inputs typically comprise a collection of objects (e.g. a forest constitutes numerous trees). The present study aimed to investigate whether perceptual anticipation relies on lower-level or higher-level information. Specifically, we examined whether the human brain anticipates each object in a scene individually or anticipates the scene as a whole. To explore this issue, we first trained participants to associate co-occurring objects within fixed spatial arrangements. Meanwhile, participants implicitly learned temporal regularities between these displays. We then tested how spatial and temporal violations of the structure modulated behavior and neural activity in the visual system using fMRI. We found that participants only showed a behavioral advantage of temporal regularities when the displays conformed to their previously learned spatial structure, demonstrating that humans form configuration-specific temporal expectations instead of predicting individual objects. Similarly, we found suppression of neural responses for temporally expected compared with temporally unexpected objects in lateral occipital cortex only when the objects were embedded within expected configurations. Overall, our findings indicate that humans form expectations about object configurations, demonstrating the prioritization of higher-level over lower-level information in temporal expectation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyao Yan
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Kapittelweg 29, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The Netherlands
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Benedikt V Ehinger
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Kapittelweg 29, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The Netherlands
- Stuttgart Center for Simulation Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70049, Germany
| | - Alexis Pérez-Bellido
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Kapittelweg 29, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 17108035, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 17108035, Spain
| | - Marius V Peelen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Kapittelweg 29, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P de Lange
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Kapittelweg 29, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The Netherlands
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Yang J, Bai L, Shen M, Gou X, Xiang Z, Ma S, Wu Q, Gong C. A Multiple Stimuli-Responsive NanoCRISPR Overcomes Tumor Redox Heterogeneity to Augment Photodynamic Therapy. ACS Nano 2023. [PMID: 37310989 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Redox heterogeneity of tumor cells has become one of the key factors leading to the failure of conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT). Exploration of a distinctive therapeutic strategy addressing heterogeneous predicaments is an appealing yet highly challenging task. Herein, a multiple stimuli-responsive nanoCRISPR (Must-nano) with spatial arrangement peculiarities in nanostructure and intracellular delivery is fabricated to overcome redox heterogeneity at both genetic and phenotypic levels for tumor-specific activatable PDT. Must-nano consists of a redox-sensitive core loading CRISPR/Cas9 targeting hypoxia-inducible factors-1α (HIF-1α) and a rationally designed multiple-responsive shell anchored by chlorin e6 (Ce6). Benefiting from the perfect coordination of structure and function, Must-nano avoids enzyme/photodegradation of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and exerts prolonged circulation, precise tumor recognition, and cascade-responsive performances to surmount tumor extra/intracellular barriers. After internalization into tumor cells, Must-nano could undergo hyaluronidase-triggered self-disassembly with charge reversal and rapid endosomal escape, followed by site-specific release and spatially asynchronous delivery of Ce6 and CRISPR/Cas9 under stimulations of redox signals, which not only improves tumor vulnerability to oxidative stress by complete HIF-1α disruption but also destroys the intrinsic antioxidant mechanism through glutathione depletion, thereby homogenizing redox-heterogeneous cells into oxidative stress-sensitive cell subsets. Under laser irradiation, Must-nano eventually exhibits optimal potency to amplify oxidative damage, effectively inhibiting the growth and hypoxia survival of redox-heterogeneous tumor in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our redox homogenization tactic significantly maximizes PDT efficacy and offers a promising strategy to overcome tumor redox heterogeneity in the development of antitumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongzheng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
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Xia C, Yuan L, Song H, Zhang C, Li Z, Zou Y, Li J, Bao T, Yu C, Liu C. Spatial Specific Janus S-Scheme Photocatalyst with Enhanced H 2 O 2 Production Performance. Small 2023:e2300292. [PMID: 37029700 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for H2 O2 production in the absence of sacrificing agents is a green approach and of great significance, where the design of photocatalysts with high performance is the central task. Herein, a spatial specific S-scheme heterojunction design by introducing a novel semiconducting pair with a S-scheme mechanism in a purpose-designed Janus core-shell-structured hollow morphology is reported. In this design, TiO2 nanocrystals are grown inside the inner wall of resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) resin hollow nanocakes with a reverse bumpy ball morphology (TiO2 @RF). The S-scheme heterojunction preserves the high redox ability of the TiO2 and RF pair, the spatial specific Janus design enhances the charge separation, promotes active site exposure, and reduces the H2 O2 decomposition to a large extent. The TiO2 @RF photocatalyst shows a high H2 O2 yield of 66.6 mM g-1 h-1 and solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency of 1.11%, superior to another Janus structure (RF@TiO2 ) with the same heterojunction but a reversed Janus spatial arrangement, and most reported photocatalysts under similar reaction conditions. The work has paved the way toward the design of next-generation photocatalysts for green synthesis of H2 O2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Xia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Ling Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Hao Song
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Chaoqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Zimeng Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zou
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Tong Bao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
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Zhong J, Song Z, Zhang L, Li X, He Q, Lu Y, Kariko S, Shaw P, Liu L, Ye F, Li L, Shuai J. Assembly of Guanine Crystals as a Low-Polarizing Broadband Multilayer Reflector in a Spider, Phoroncidia rubroargentea. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:32982-32993. [PMID: 35834638 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The diminishing of the polarization effect is important in the applications of dielectric multilayer reflectors in many optical systems, such as low-loss broadband waveguides, optical fibers, and LEDs. Low-polarizing broadband reflections were identified from birefringent-guanine-crystal-based multilayer reflectors in the skins of some fish. Previous models for these intriguing natural optical phenomena suggested the combined action of two populations of guanine crystals with an orthogonal low-refractive-index optic axis. Here we report a novel realization of polarization-insensitive broadband reflectivity in a spider, Phoroncidia rubroargentea, based solely on the type of guanine crystals with the low-refractive-index optic axis normal to the crystal plates. We examined the three-dimensional structure of the guanine assembly in the spider and performed finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) optical modeling of the guanine-based multilayer reflector. Comparative modeling studies reveal that the biological selection of the guanine crystal type and specific spatial arrangement work synergistically to optimize the polarization-insensitive broadband reflection. This study demonstrates the importance of both crystallographic characteristics and 3D arrangement of guanine crystals in understanding relevant natural optical effects and also provides new insights into similar broadband, low-polarizing reflections in biological optical systems. Learning from relevant biofunctional assembly of guanine crystals could promote the bioinspired design of nonpolarizing dielectric multilayer reflectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Zhong
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), and Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Zhengyong Song
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Qingzu He
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yuer Lu
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Sarah Kariko
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02318, United States
| | - Peter Shaw
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), and Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Liyu Liu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), and Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), and Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Jianwei Shuai
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), and Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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Fang Y, Li S, Xu Q, Wang J, Yang Y, Mi Y, Jin Z, Desneux N, Wang S. Optimizing the Use of Basil as a Functional Plant for the Biological Control of Aphids by Chrysopa pallens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in Greenhouses. Insects 2022; 13:552. [PMID: 35735889 DOI: 10.3390/insects13060552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Functional plants can be deployed at the field, farm, and landscape scale, where they are beneficial to natural enemies, thus contributing to improved pest control. To explore how non-crop plants can augment the biological control of pests, this study aimed to assess how basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), as a functional plant, affected the lacewing Chrysopa pallens (Rambur) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in the laboratory and greenhouse. The results showed that in the presence of the target prey (peach aphid; Myzus persicae (Sulzer)), both the vegetative and flowering stages of basil enhanced C. pallens (early-age) fecundity and longevity as compared to a control treatment in the laboratory. Similarly, lacewing colonization patterns were modulated by the basil planting density and spatial arrangement in the greenhouse. Under high density intercrop basil arrangements, C. pallens colonization rates were the highest, the populations persisted longer in the crop, and the aphid numbers declined more rapidly. This work showed how basil enhanced the fitness attributes of a generalist predatory lacewing and benefitted aphid biological control in a short time. It can inform the development of economically sound management strategies to attain pest control with minimum inputs. Abstract Effective biological control agents that can provide sustainable pest control need to be researched in further detail; functional plants (or non-crop insectary plants), in particular, are garnering increased research interest. Much remains to be learned as to how non-crop plants can augment biological control in greenhouse systems. In this study, we combined laboratory and greenhouse assays to assess the extent to which basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) affected the biological control of aphids by the predatory lacewing Chrysopa pallens (Rambur) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). In the presence of the target prey (peach aphid; Myzus persicae (Sulzer)), both the vegetative and flowering stages of basil enhanced C. pallens longevity and (early-age) fecundity as compared to a control treatment. When basil plants were established near aphid infested eggplants (Solanum melongena L.), the C. pallens colonization rate improved by 72–92% in the short-term. Lacewing colonization patterns were modulated by the basil planting density and spatial arrangement (i.e., perimeter planting vs. intercropping). Under high density intercrop arrangements, C. pallens colonization rates were highest, its populations persisted longer in the crop, and the aphid numbers declined more rapidly. Our work shows how basil enhanced the key fitness attributes of a generalist predatory lacewing and benefitted aphid biological control in a greenhouse setting.
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9
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Cannon JB, Warnick KJ, Elliott S, Briggs JS. Low- and moderate-severity fire offers key insights for landscape restoration in ponderosa pine forests. Ecol Appl 2022; 32:e2490. [PMID: 34753222 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Restoration goals in fire-prone conifer forests include mitigating fire hazard while restoring forest structural components linked to disturbance resilience and ecological function. Restoration of overstory spatial pattern in forests often falls short of management objectives due to complexities in implementation, regulation, and available data. When historical data is available, it is often collected at plots too small to inform coarse-scale metrics like gap size and structure of tree patches (e.g., 1 ha). Principles of ecological forestry typically emphasize overstory removal patterns that emulate those of natural disturbances. So, low- and moderate-severity portions of contemporary wildfires may serve as a guide to restoration treatments where mixed-severity fires occur. Here, we compare forest spatial pattern and configuration in 15 mechanical restoration treatments and low- and moderate-severity portions of three wildfires in ponderosa pine-dominated forests to determine how they differ in spatial pattern. We obtained satellite imagery of restoration treatments and wildfires and used supervised classification to differentiate canopy and openings. We assessed elements of landscape structure including canopy and gap cover, gap attributes, and landscape heterogeneity for each disturbance type. We found that both mechanical restoration treatments and low- and moderate-severity portions of wildfires reduced forest cover, increased gap cover, and altered pattern and arrangement of gaps relative to undisturbed areas, though the magnitude of changes were greatest in the burned sites. Low- and moderate-severity wildfire consistently increased landscape heterogeneity, but mechanical treatments did not. This suggests that a greater emphasis on increasing gap and patch spatial structure may make mechanical treatments more congruent with natural disturbances. Outcomes of low- and moderate-severity portions of wildfires may provide important information upon which to base management prescriptions where reference data on landscape patterns is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery B Cannon
- The Jones Center at Ichauway, 3988 Jones Center Drive, Newton, Georgia, 39870, USA
| | - Katarina J Warnick
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado Forest Restoration Institute, Colorado State University, 1472 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Spencer Elliott
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado Forest Restoration Institute, Colorado State University, 1472 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Jennifer S Briggs
- Office of Graduate Studies, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado, 80401, USA
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10
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Spagnolli A, Masotina M, Furlan M, Pluchino P, Martinelli M, Gamberini L. Sharing the Space With the "Victim" Can Increase Help Rates. A Study With Virtual Reality. Front Psychol 2021; 12:729077. [PMID: 34566815 PMCID: PMC8455842 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A typical protocol for the psychological study of helping behavior features two core roles: a help seeker suffering from some personal or situational emergency (often called “victim”) and a potential helper. The setting of these studies is such that the victim and the helper often share the same space. We wondered whether this spatial arrangement might affect the help rate. Thus, we designed a simple study with virtual reality in which space sharing could be manipulated. The participant plays the role of a potential helper; the victim is a humanoid located inside the virtual building. When the request for help is issued, the participant can be either in the same spatial region as the victim (the virtual building) or outside it. The effect of space was tested in two kinds of emergencies: a mere request for help and a request for help during a fire. The analysis shows that, in both kinds of emergencies, the participants were more likely to help the victim when sharing the space with it. This study suggests controlling the spatial arrangement when investigating helping behavior. It also illustrates the expediency of virtual reality to further investigate the role of space on pro-social behavior during emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Spagnolli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Human Inspired Technologies Research Centre, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Mariavittoria Masotina
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Human Inspired Technologies Research Centre, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Mattia Furlan
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Human Inspired Technologies Research Centre, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Patrik Pluchino
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Human Inspired Technologies Research Centre, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Luciano Gamberini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Human Inspired Technologies Research Centre, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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11
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Spektor MS, Bhatia S, Gluth S. The elusiveness of context effects in decision making. Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 25:843-854. [PMID: 34426050 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contextual features influence human and non-human decision making, giving rise to preference reversals. Decades of research have documented the species and situations in which these effects are observed. More recently, however, researchers have focused on boundary conditions, that is, settings in which established effects disappear or reverse. This work is scattered across academic disciplines and some results appear to contradict each other. We synthesize recent findings and resolve apparent contradictions by considering them in terms of three core categories of decision context: spatial arrangement, attribute concreteness, and deliberation time. We suggest that these categories could be understood using theories of choice representation, which specify how context shapes the information over which deliberation processes operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Spektor
- Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, 08005 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Graduate School of Economics, Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, 08005 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sudeep Bhatia
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut Street, 19104 Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sebastian Gluth
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 11, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Lamont BB, Witkowski ETF. Plant functional types determine how close postfire seedlings are from their parents in a species-rich shrubland. Ann Bot 2021; 127:381-395. [PMID: 33038222 PMCID: PMC7872127 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fine-scale spatial patterns of the seedlings of co-occurring species reveal the relative success of reproduction and dispersal and may help interpret coexistence patterns of adult plants. To understand whether postfire community dynamics are controlled by mathematical, biological or environmental factors, we documented seedling-adult (putative parent) distances for a range of co-occurring species. We hypothesized that nearest-seedling-to-adult distances should be a function of the distance between the closest conspecific seedlings, closest inter-adult distances and seedling-to-parent ratios, and also that these should scale up in a consistent way from all individuals, to within and between species and finally between functional types (FTs). METHODS We assessed seedling-adult, seedling-seedling and adult-adult distances for 19 co-occurring shrub species 10 months after fire in a species-rich shrubland in south-western Australia. Species were categorized into 2 × 2 FTs: those that are killed by fire [non-(re)sprouters] vs. those that survive (resprouters) in nine taxonomically matched pairs, and those that disperse their seeds prefire (geosporous) vs. those that disperse their seeds postfire (serotinous). KEY RESULTS For the total data set and means for all species, seedling-adult distance was essentially a mathematical phenomenon, and correlated positively with seedling-seedling distance and adult-adult distance, and inversely with seedlings per adult. Among the four FTs, seedling-adult distance was shortest for geosporous non-sprouters and widest for serotinous resprouters. Why adults that produce few seedlings (resprouters) should be further away from them defies a simple mathematical or biological explanation at present. Ecologically, however, it is adaptive: the closest seedling was usually under the (now incinerated) parent crown of non-sprouters whereas those of resprouters were on average four times further away. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the value of recognizing four reproductive syndromes within fire-prone vegetation, and shows how these are characterized by marked differences in their seedling-adult spatial relations that serve to enhance biodiversity of the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron B Lamont
- Ecology Section, School of Life and Molecular Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ed T F Witkowski
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, Johannesburg, South Africa
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13
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Galmonte A, Murgia M, Sors F, Prpic V, Agostini T. Further Empirical Evidence on Patrick Hughes' Reverspectives: A Pilot Study. Vision (Basel) 2020; 5:vision5010002. [PMID: 33375245 PMCID: PMC7838893 DOI: 10.3390/vision5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverspectives are paintings created by the English artist Patrick Hughes. They are 3D structures, for example, pyramids or prisms, which elicit an illusory depth perception that corresponds to the reverse of the physical depth layout. Rogers and Gyani state that “the perspective information provided by a simple grid of vertical and horizontal lines on a slanting surface can be just as powerful as the information provided by a rich, naturalistic scene”. The present experiment was aimed to further investigate this perspective reversal. Three independent variables were manipulated: (1) texture components (i.e., vertical, horizontal, and oblique lines components), (2) texture spatial arrangement (i.e., Hughes-type “perspective” grid vs. equidistant “no perspective” grid), and (3) illumination direction (i.e., homogeneous illumination, light from above, and light from below). The dependent variable was the “critical distance”, namely, the distance between an approaching observer and the stimulus at which the illusory depth perception of concavity/convexity switched to the actual perception of convexity/concavity. The results showed that a stronger illusion is elicited by: (a) a Hughes-type texture spatial arrangement; (b) a complete grid texture composition, having both vertical and horizontal, and oblique components; and (c) illumination from below, as opposed to the condition in which light is coming from above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Galmonte
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mauro Murgia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy; (M.M.); (T.A.)
| | - Fabrizio Sors
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Valter Prpic
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute for Psychological Science, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK;
| | - Tiziano Agostini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy; (M.M.); (T.A.)
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14
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Rashidiani-Rashidabadi A, Heidari MH, Sajadi E, Hejazi F, Fathabady FF, Sadeghi Y, Aliaghaei A, Raoofi A, Abdollahifar MA, Farahni RM. Sciatic nerve injury alters the spatial arrangement of neurons and glial cells in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1833-1840. [PMID: 31169202 PMCID: PMC6585558 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.257539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial arrangement of the cell is important and considered as underlying mechanism for mathematical modeling of cell to cell interaction. The ability of cells to take on the characteristics of other cells in an organism, it is important to understand the dynamical behavior of the cells. This method implements experimental parameters of the cell-cell interaction into the mathematical simulation of cell arrangement. The purpose of this research was to explore the three-dimensional spatial distribution of anterior horn cells in the rat spinal cord to examine differences after sciatic nerve injury. Sixteen Sprague-Dawley male rats were assigned to control and axotomy groups. Twelve weeks after surgery, the anterior horn was removed for first- and second-order stereological studies. Second-order stereological techniques were applied to estimate the pair correlation and cross-correlation functions using a dipole probe superimposed onto the spinal cord sections. The findings revealed 7% and 36% reductions in the mean volume and total number of motoneurons, respectively, and a 25% increase in the neuroglial cell number in the axotomized rats compared to the control rats. In contrast, the anterior horn volume remained unchanged. The results also indicated a broader gap in the pair correlation curve for the motoneurons and neuroglial cells in the axotomized rats compared to the control rats. This finding shows a negative correlation for the distribution of motoneurons and neuroglial cells in the axotomized rats. The cross-correlation curve shows a negative correlation between the motoneurons and neuroglial cells in the axotomized rats. These findings suggest that cellular structural and functional changes after sciatic nerve injury lead to the alterations in the spatial arrangement of motoneurons and neuroglial cells, finally affecting the normal function of the central nervous system. The experimental protocol was reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (approval No. IR.SBMU.MSP.REC1395.375) on October 17, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rashidiani-Rashidabadi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Heidari
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Sajadi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hejazi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fadaei Fathabady
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Sadeghi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Raoofi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mastery Farahni
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Fuss T, John L, Schluessel V. Same or different? Abstract relational concept use in juvenile bamboo sharks and Malawi cichlids. Curr Zool 2018; 67:279-292. [PMID: 34616920 PMCID: PMC8489000 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorting objects and events into categories and concepts is an important cognitive prerequisite that spares an individual the learning of every object or situation encountered in its daily life. Accordingly, specific items are classified in general groups that allow fast responses to novel situations. The present study assessed whether bamboo sharks Chiloscyllium griseum and Malawi cichlids Pseudotropheus zebra can distinguish sets of stimuli (each stimulus consisting of two abstract, geometric objects) that meet two conceptual preconditions, i.e., (1) “sameness” versus “difference” and (2) a certain spatial arrangement of both objects. In two alternative forced choice experiments, individuals were first trained to choose two different, vertically arranged objects from two different but horizontally arranged ones. Pair discriminations were followed by extensive transfer test experiments. Transfer tests using stimuli consisting of (a) black and gray circles and (b) squares with novel geometric patterns provided conflicting information with respect to the learnt rule “choose two different, vertically arranged objects”, thereby investigating (1) the individuals’ ability to transfer previously gained knowledge to novel stimuli and (2) the abstract relational concept(s) or rule(s) applied to categorize these novel objects. Present results suggest that the level of processing and usage of both abstract concepts differed considerably between bamboo sharks and Malawi cichlids. Bamboo sharks seemed to combine both concepts—although not with equal but hierarchical prominence—pointing to advanced cognitive capabilities. Conversely, Malawi cichlids had difficulties in discriminating between symbols and failed to apply the acquired training knowledge on new sets of geometric and, in particular, gray-level transfer stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Fuss
- Institute of Zoology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 169, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Leonie John
- Institute of Zoology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 169, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Vera Schluessel
- Institute of Zoology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 169, Bonn, 53115, Germany
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16
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Huntenburg JM, Bazin PL, Margulies DS. Large-Scale Gradients in Human Cortical Organization. Trends Cogn Sci 2017; 22:21-31. [PMID: 29203085 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in mapping cortical areas in the human brain provide a basis for investigating the significance of their spatial arrangement. Here we describe a dominant gradient in cortical features that spans between sensorimotor and transmodal areas. We propose that this gradient constitutes a core organizing axis of the human cerebral cortex, and describe an intrinsic coordinate system on its basis. Studying the cortex with respect to these intrinsic dimensions can inform our understanding of how the spectrum of cortical function emerges from structural constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Huntenburg
- Max Planck Research Group for Neuroanatomy & Connectivity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Neurocomputation and Neuroimaging Unit, Department of Education and Psychology, Free University of Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Pierre-Louis Bazin
- Social Brain Lab, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands; Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Meibergdreef 75, 1105 BK Amsterdam, Netherlands; Departments of Neurology and Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel S Margulies
- Max Planck Research Group for Neuroanatomy & Connectivity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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17
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Abstract
Surface mounted molecular devices have received significant attention in the scientific community because of their unique ability to construct functional materials. The key involves the platform on which the molecular device works on solid substrates, such as in solid-liquid or solid-vacuum interfaces. Here, we outline the concept of rigid molecular platforms to immobilize active functionality atop flat surfaces in a controllable manner. Most of these (multipodal) platforms have at least three anchoring groups to control the spatial arrangement of the protruding functional moieties and form mechanically stable and electronically tuned contacts to the underlying substrate. Another approach is based on employing of flat aromatic scaffolds bearing perpendicular functionalities that form stable lateral assemblies on various surfaces. Emphasis is placed on the need for controllable assembly and separation of these tailor-made molecules that expose functionalities at the molecular scale. The discussions are focused on the different molecular designs realizing functional 3D architectures on surfaces, the role of various anchoring strategies to control the spatial arrangement, and structural considerations controlling physical features like the coupling to the surface or the available space for sterically demanding molecular operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Valášek
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Xingang Rd. W., Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Hesterberg SG, Duckett CC, Salewski EA, Bell SS. Three-dimensional interstitial space mediates predator foraging success in different spatial arrangements. Ecology 2017; 98:1153-1162. [PMID: 28144935 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Identifying and quantifying the relevant properties of habitat structure that mediate predator-prey interactions remains a persistent challenge. Most previous studies investigate effects of structural density on trophic interactions and typically quantify refuge quality using one or two-dimensional metrics. Few consider spatial arrangement of components (i.e., orientation and shape) and often neglect to measure the total three-dimensional (3D) space available as refuge. This study tests whether the three-dimensionality of interstitial space, an attribute produced by the spatial arrangement of oyster (Crassostrea virginica) shells, impacts the foraging success of nektonic predators (primary blue crab, Callinectes sapidus) on mud crab prey (Eurypanopeus depressus) in field and mesocosm experiments. Interstices of 3D-printed shell mimics were manipulated by changing either their orientation (angle) or internal shape (crevice or channel). In both field and mesocosm experiments, under conditions of constant structural density, predator foraging success was influenced by 3D aspects of interstitial space. Proportional survivorship of tethered mud crabs differed significantly as 3D interstitial space varied by orientation, displaying decreasing prey survivorship as angle of orientation increased (0° = 0.76, 22.5° = 0.13, 45° = 0.0). Tethered prey survivorship was high when 3D interstitial space of mimics was modified by internal shape (crevice survivorship = 0.89, channel survivorship = 0.96) and these values did not differ significantly. In mesocosms, foraging success of blue crabs varied with 3D interstitial space as mean proportional survivorship (± SE) of mud crabs was significantly lower in 45° (0.27 ± 0.06) vs. 0° (0.86 ± 0.04) orientations and for crevice (0.52 ± 0.11) vs. channel shapes (0.95 ± 0.02). These results suggest that 3D aspects of interstitial space, which have direct relevance to refuge quality, can strongly influence foraging success in our oyster reef habitat. Our findings highlight the importance of spatial arrangement in mediating consumptive pathways in hard-structured habitats and demonstrate how quantifying the three-dimensionality of living space captures aspects of habitat structure that have been missing from previous empirical studies of trophic interactions and structural complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Hesterberg
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave, SCA 110, Tampa, Florida, 33620, USA
| | - C Cole Duckett
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave, SCA 110, Tampa, Florida, 33620, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Salewski
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave, SCA 110, Tampa, Florida, 33620, USA
| | - Susan S Bell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave, SCA 110, Tampa, Florida, 33620, USA
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19
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Valášek M, Lindner M, Mayor M. Rigid multipodal platforms for metal surfaces. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2016; 7:374-405. [PMID: 27335731 PMCID: PMC4901557 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this review the recent progress in molecular platforms that form rigid and well-defined contact to a metal surface are discussed. Most of the presented examples have at least three anchoring units in order to control the spatial arrangement of the protruding molecular subunit. Another interesting feature is the lateral orientation of these foot structures which, depending on the particular application, is equally important as the spatial arrangement of the molecules. The numerous approaches towards assembling and organizing functional molecules into specific architectures on metal substrates are reviewed here. Particular attention is paid to variations of both, the core structures and the anchoring groups. Furthermore, the analytical methods enabling the investigation of individual molecules as well as monomolecular layers of ordered platform structures are summarized. The presented multipodal platforms bearing several anchoring groups form considerably more stable molecule-metal contacts than corresponding monopodal analogues and exhibit an enlarged separation of the functional molecules due to the increased footprint, as well as restrict tilting of the functional termini with respect to the metal surface. These platforms are thus ideally suited to tune important properties of the molecule-metal interface. On a single-molecule level, several of these platforms enable the control over the arrangement of the protruding rod-type molecular structures (e.g., molecular wires, switches, rotors, sensors) with respect to the surface of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Valášek
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marcin Lindner
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Xingang Rd. W., Guangzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Wilkie EM, Bishop MJ, O'Connor WA. The density and spatial arrangement of the invasive oyster Crassostrea gigas determines its impact on settlement of native oyster larvae. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4851-60. [PMID: 24455120 PMCID: PMC3892352 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the density and spatial arrangement of invaders is critical to developing management strategies of pest species. The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, has been translocated around the world for aquaculture and in many instances has established wild populations. Relative to other species of bivalve, it displays rapid suspension feeding, which may cause mortality of pelagic invertebrate larvae. We compared the effect on settlement of Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, larvae of manipulating the spatial arrangement and density of native S. glomerata, and non-native C. gigas. We hypothesized that while manipulations of dead oysters would reveal the same positive relationship between attachment surface area and S. glomerata settlement between the two species, manipulations of live oysters would reveal differing density-dependent effects between the native and non-native oyster. In the field, whether oysters were live or dead, more larvae settled on C. gigas than S. glomerata when substrate was arranged in monospecific clumps. When, however, the two species were interspersed, there were no differences in larval settlement between them. By contrast, in aquaria simulating a higher effective oyster density, more larvae settled on live S. glomerata than C. gigas. When C. gigas was prevented from suspension feeding, settlement of larvae on C. gigas was enhanced. By contrast, settlement was similar between the two species when dead. While the presently low densities of the invasive oyster C. gigas may enhance S. glomerata larval settlement in east Australian estuaries, future increases in densities could produce negative impacts on native oyster settlement. Synthesis and applications: Our study has shown that both the spatial arrangement and density of invaders can influence their impact. Hence, management strategies aimed at preventing invasive populations reaching damaging sizes should not only consider the threshold density at which impacts exceed some acceptable limit, but also how patch formation modifies this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Wilkie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Wayne A O'Connor
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute Taylors Beach, NSW, 2316, Australia
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21
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Agnati LF, Guidolin D, Vilardaga JP, Ciruela F, Fuxe K. On the expanding terminology in the GPCR field: the meaning of receptor mosaics and receptor heteromers. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2010; 30:287-303. [PMID: 20429829 PMCID: PMC3595533 DOI: 10.3109/10799891003786226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The oligomerization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is a fact that deserves further attention as increases both the complexity and diversity of the receptor-mediated signal transduction, thus enriching the cell signaling. Consequently, in the present review we tackle among others the problems concerning the terminology used to describe aspects surrounding the GPCRs oligomerization phenomenon. Therefore, the theoretical implications of the GPCR oligomerization will be briefly discussed together with possible implications of this phenomenon especially for new strategies in drug development.
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