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Conley JM, Lambright CS, Evans N, Bangma J, Ford J, Hill D, Medlock-Kakaley E, Gray LE. Maternal and Neonatal Effects of Maternal Oral Exposure to Perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic Acid (PFMOAA) during Pregnancy and Early Lactation in the Sprague-Dawley Rat. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:1064-1075. [PMID: 38163761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic acid (PFMOAA) is a short-chain perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acid that has been detected at high concentrations (∼10 μg/L) in drinking water in eastern North Carolina, USA, and in human serum and breastmilk in China. Despite documented human exposure there are almost no toxicity data available to inform risk assessment of PFMOAA. Here we exposed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats to a range of PFMOAA doses (10-450 mg/kg/d) via oral gavage from gestation day (GD) 8 to postnatal day (PND) 2 and compared results to those we previously reported for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA or GenX). Newborn pups displayed reduced birthweight (≥30 mg/kg), depleted liver glycogen concentrations (all doses), hypoglycemia (≥125 mg/kg), and numerous significantly altered genes in the liver associated with fatty acid and glucose metabolism similar to gene changes produced by HFPO-DA. Pup survival was significantly reduced at ≥125 mg/kg, and at necropsy on PND2 both maternal and neonatal animals displayed increased liver weights, increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and reduced serum thyroid hormones at all doses (≥10 mg/kg). Pups also displayed highly elevated serum cholesterol at all doses. PFMOAA concentrations in serum and liver increased with maternal oral dose in both maternal and F1 animals and were similar to those we reported for PFOA but considerably higher than HFPO-DA. We calculated 10% effect levels (ED10 or EC10) and relative potency factors (RPF; PFOA = index chemical) among the three compounds based on maternal oral dose and maternal serum concentration (μM). Reduced pup liver glycogen, increased liver weights and reduced thyroid hormone levels (maternal and pup) were the most sensitive end points modeled. PFMOAA was ∼3-7-fold less potent than PFOA for most end points based on maternal serum RPFs, but slightly more potent for increased maternal and pup liver weights. PFMOAA is a maternal and developmental toxicant in the rat producing a constellation of adverse effects similar to PFOA and HFPO-DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Conley
- Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 United States
| | - Christy S Lambright
- Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 United States
| | - Nicola Evans
- Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 United States
| | - Jacqueline Bangma
- Office of Research & Development/Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jermaine Ford
- Office of Research & Development/Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 United States
| | - Donna Hill
- Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 United States
| | - Elizabeth Medlock-Kakaley
- Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 United States
| | - L Earl Gray
- Office of Research & Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 United States
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Renyer A, Ravindra K, Wetmore BA, Ford JL, DeVito M, Hughes MF, Wehmas LC, MacMillan DK. Dose Response, Dosimetric, and Metabolic Evaluations of Replacement PFAS Perfluoro-(2,5,8-trimethyl-3,6,9-trioxadodecanoic) Acid (HFPO-TeA). Toxics 2023; 11:951. [PMID: 38133352 PMCID: PMC10747602 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Few studies are available on the environmental and toxicological effects of perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (PFECAs), such as GenX, which are replacing legacy PFAS in manufacturing processes. To collect initial data on the toxicity and toxicokinetics of a longer-chain PFECA, male and female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to perfluoro-(2,5,8-trimethyl-3,6,9-trioxadodecanoic) acid (HFPO-TeA) by oral gavage for five days over multiple dose levels (0.3-335.2 mg/kg/day). Clinically, we observed mortality at doses >17 mg/kg/day and body weight changes at doses ≤17 mg/kg/day. For the 17 mg/kg/day dose level, T3 and T4 thyroid hormone concentrations were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) from controls and HFPO-TeA plasma concentrations were significantly different between sexes. Non-targeted analysis of plasma and in vitro hepatocyte assay extractions revealed the presence of another GenX oligomer, perfluoro-(2,5-dimethyl-3,6-dioxanonanoic) acid (HFPO-TA). In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) parameterized with in vitro toxicokinetic data predicted steady-state blood concentrations that were within seven-fold of those observed in the in vivo study, demonstrating reasonable predictivity. The evidence of thyroid hormone dysregulation, sex-based differences in clinical results and dosimetry, and IVIVE predictions presented here suggest that the replacement PFECA HFPO-TeA induces a complex and toxic exposure response in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aero Renyer
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA;
| | - Krishna Ravindra
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA;
| | - Barbara A. Wetmore
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Durham, NC 27709, USA; (B.A.W.); (J.L.F.); (M.D.); (M.F.H.); (L.C.W.)
| | - Jermaine L. Ford
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Durham, NC 27709, USA; (B.A.W.); (J.L.F.); (M.D.); (M.F.H.); (L.C.W.)
| | - Michael DeVito
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Durham, NC 27709, USA; (B.A.W.); (J.L.F.); (M.D.); (M.F.H.); (L.C.W.)
| | - Michael F. Hughes
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Durham, NC 27709, USA; (B.A.W.); (J.L.F.); (M.D.); (M.F.H.); (L.C.W.)
| | - Leah C. Wehmas
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Durham, NC 27709, USA; (B.A.W.); (J.L.F.); (M.D.); (M.F.H.); (L.C.W.)
| | - Denise K. MacMillan
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Durham, NC 27709, USA; (B.A.W.); (J.L.F.); (M.D.); (M.F.H.); (L.C.W.)
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Muir T, Michalek JE, Palmer RF. Determination of safe levels of persistent organic pollutants in toxicology and epidemiology. Rev Environ Health 2023; 38:401-408. [PMID: 35506713 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed published manuscripts from toxicology and epidemiology reporting harmful health effects and doses of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), published between 2000 and 2021. We found 42 in vitro, 32 in vivo, and 74 epidemiological studies and abstracted the dose associated with harm in a common Molar unit. We hypothesized that the dose associated with harm would vary between animal and human studies. To test this hypothesis, for each of several POPs, we assessed the significance of variation in the dose associated with a harmful effect [categorized as non-thyroid endocrine (NTE), developmental neurotoxicity (DNT), and Thyroid] with study type (in vitro, in vivo, and Epidemiology) using a linear model after adjustment for basis (lipid weight, wet weight). We created a Calculated Safety Factor (CSF) defined as the toxicology dose divided by epidemiology dose needed to exhibit significant harm. Significant differences were found between study types ranging from <1 to 5.0 orders of magnitude in the dose associated with harm. Our CSFs in lipid weight varied from 12.4 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.3, 47) for NTE effects in Epidemiology relative to in vivo studies to 6,244 (95% CI 2510, 15530) for DNT effects in Epidemiology relative to in vitro in wet weight representing 12.4 to 6.2 thousand-fold more sensitivity in people relative to animals, and mechanistic models, respectively. In lipid weight, all CSF 95% CI lower bounds across effect categories were less than 6.5. CIs for CSFs ranged from less than one to four orders of magnitude for in vivo, and two to five orders of magnitude for in vitro vs. Epidemiology. A global CSF for all Epidemiology vs. all Toxicology was 104.6 (95% CI 72 to 152), significant at p<0.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Muir
- Environment Canada, 70 Townsend Ave, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Joel E Michalek
- Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio TX, USA
| | - Raymond F Palmer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio TX, USA
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Liu X, Zhang L, Liu J, Zaya G, Wang Y, Xiang Q, Li J, Wu Y. 6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Sulfonates Exert Stronger Thyroid Homeostasis Disruptive Effects in Newborns than Perfluorooctanesulfonate: Evidence Based on Bayesian Benchmark Dose Values from a Population Study. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:11489-11498. [PMID: 37490343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Growing toxicologic evidence suggests that emerging perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), like chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (Cl-PFESA), may be as toxic or more toxic than perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). However, further investigations are needed in terms of the human health risk assessment. This study examined the effects of emerging and legacy PFAS exposure on newborn thyroid homeostasis and compared the thyroid disruption caused by 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFOS using a benchmark dose approach. The health effects of mixture and individual exposure were estimated using the partial least-squares (PLS) model and linear regression, respectively. A Bayesian benchmark dose (BMD) analysis determined the BMD value for adverse effect comparison between 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFOS. The median (interquartile range) concentrations of 6:2 Cl-PFESA (0.573 [0.351-0.872] ng/mL), PFOS (0.674 [0.462-1.007] ng/mL), and PFOA (1.457 [1.034, 2.405] ng/mL) were found to be similar. The PLS model ranked the PFAS variables' importance in projection (VIP) scores as follows: 6:2 Cl-PFESA > PFOS > PFOA. Linear regression showed that 6:2 Cl-PFESA had a positive association with free triiodothyronine (FT3, P = 0.006) and triiodothyronine (T3, P = 0.014), while PFOS had a marginally significant positive association with FT3 alone (P = 0.042). The BMD analysis indicated that the estimated BMD10 for 6:2 Cl-PFESA (1.01 ng/mL) was lower than that for PFOS (1.66 ng/mL) in relation to a 10% increase in FT3. These findings suggest that 6:2 Cl-PFESA, an alternative to PFOS, has a more pronounced impact on newborns' thyroid homeostasis compared to PFOS and other legacy PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gerili Zaya
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Healthcare-associated Infection Control Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100021, China
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Yang L, Tu PH, Zhang CX, Xie RR, Dong M, Jing Y, Chen X, Wei G, Song HD. Influence of two anti-tumor drugs, pazopanib, and axitinib, on the development and thyroid-axis of zebrafish ( Danio rerio) embryos/larvae. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1204678. [PMID: 37600710 PMCID: PMC10433177 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1204678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In recent years, the potential toxicities of different pharmaceuticals toward the thyroid system have received increasing attention. In this study, we aim to evaluate the toxic effects of pazopanib and axitinib, two anti-tumor drugs with widespread clinical use, on thyroid function in the zebrafish model. Methods We measured levels of thyroid-related hormones using the commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) analysis was employed to detect target gene expression changes. Morphology of the thyroid were evaluated by using transgenic Tg (tg: EGFP) fish line under a confocal microscope. The relative mRNA expression of key genes was verified through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT‒qPCR). The size and number of the follicles was quantified whereby Hematoxylin-Eosin (H & E) staining under a light microscope. Results The results revealed that fertilized zebrafish embryos were incubated in pazopanib or axitinib for 96 hours, development and survival were significantly affected, which was accompanied by significant disturbances in thyroid endocrine system (e.g., increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) content and decreased triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) content, as well as transcription changes of genes associated with the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Moreover, based on whole-mount in situ hybridization staining of tg and histopathological examination of zebrafish embryos treated with pazopanib and axitinib, we observed a significantly abnormal development of thyroid follicles in the Tg (tg: EGFP) zebrafish transgenic line. Conclusion Collectively, these findings indicate that pazopanib and axitinib may have toxic effects on thyroid development and function, at least partially, by influencing the regulation of the HPT axis. Thus, we believe that the potential thyroid toxicities of pazopanib and axitinib in their clinical applications should receive greater attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-hui Tu
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cao-xu Zhang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Rong-rong Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Jing
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wei
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huai-dong Song
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ramhøj L, Axelstad M, Baert Y, Cañas-Portilla AI, Chalmel F, Dahmen L, De La Vieja A, Evrard B, Haigis AC, Hamers T, Heikamp K, Holbech H, Iglesias-Hernandez P, Knapen D, Marchandise L, Morthorst JE, Nikolov NG, Nissen ACVE, Oelgeschlaeger M, Renko K, Rogiers V, Schüürmann G, Stinckens E, Stub MH, Torres-Ruiz M, Van Duursen M, Vanhaecke T, Vergauwen L, Wedebye EB, Svingen T. New approach methods to improve human health risk assessment of thyroid hormone system disruption-a PARC project. Front Toxicol 2023; 5:1189303. [PMID: 37265663 PMCID: PMC10229837 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1189303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Current test strategies to identify thyroid hormone (TH) system disruptors are inadequate for conducting robust chemical risk assessment required for regulation. The tests rely heavily on histopathological changes in rodent thyroid glands or measuring changes in systemic TH levels, but they lack specific new approach methodologies (NAMs) that can adequately detect TH-mediated effects. Such alternative test methods are needed to infer a causal relationship between molecular initiating events and adverse outcomes such as perturbed brain development. Although some NAMs that are relevant for TH system disruption are available-and are currently in the process of regulatory validation-there is still a need to develop more extensive alternative test batteries to cover the range of potential key events along the causal pathway between initial chemical disruption and adverse outcomes in humans. This project, funded under the Partnership for the Assessment of Risk from Chemicals (PARC) initiative, aims to facilitate the development of NAMs that are specific for TH system disruption by characterizing in vivo mechanisms of action that can be targeted by in embryo/in vitro/in silico/in chemico testing strategies. We will develop and improve human-relevant in vitro test systems to capture effects on important areas of the TH system. Furthermore, we will elaborate on important species differences in TH system disruption by incorporating non-mammalian vertebrate test species alongside classical laboratory rat species and human-derived in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ramhøj
- Research Group for Molecular and Reproductive Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marta Axelstad
- Research Group for Molecular and Reproductive Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yoni Baert
- Department In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - Ana I. Cañas-Portilla
- Environmental Toxicology Unit from National Center for Environmental Health (CNSA), Endocrine Tumor Unit from UFIEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Frédéric Chalmel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), Rennes, France
| | - Lars Dahmen
- Department Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio De La Vieja
- Environmental Toxicology Unit from National Center for Environmental Health (CNSA), Endocrine Tumor Unit from UFIEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bertrand Evrard
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), Rennes, France
| | - Ann-Cathrin Haigis
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Timo Hamers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kim Heikamp
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Henrik Holbech
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Patricia Iglesias-Hernandez
- Environmental Toxicology Unit from National Center for Environmental Health (CNSA), Endocrine Tumor Unit from UFIEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dries Knapen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lorna Marchandise
- Department In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - Jane E. Morthorst
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nikolai Georgiev Nikolov
- Group for Chemical Risk Assessment and GMO, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ana C. V. E. Nissen
- Group for Chemical Risk Assessment and GMO, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael Oelgeschlaeger
- Department Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kostja Renko
- Department Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Evelyn Stinckens
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mette H. Stub
- Research Group for Molecular and Reproductive Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Monica Torres-Ruiz
- Environmental Toxicology Unit from National Center for Environmental Health (CNSA), Endocrine Tumor Unit from UFIEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Majorie Van Duursen
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - Lucia Vergauwen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Eva Bay Wedebye
- Group for Chemical Risk Assessment and GMO, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Terje Svingen
- Research Group for Molecular and Reproductive Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Medila I, Toumi I, Adaika A, Amrani A, Riab M, Boudebia O. The Effect of Sub-chronic Linuron Exposure on Thyroid, Liver, and Kidney Function in Male Wistar Rats. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2023; 23:1621-1627. [PMID: 36999710 DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666230331104739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbicides are routinely used to control noxious plants. Most of these chemicals may cause toxicity and endocrine disruption in humans and wildlife. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the influence of linuron on thyroid hormone levels and some hepatic and renal parameters and organ (thyroid, liver and kidney) structures to assume their toxicity toward experimental animals and to evaluate the endocrine disrupting capacity of this chemical. METHODS Two groups (8 rats each) were used for an in vivo study. The lot I served as control. Lot II was exposed to 40 mg/200 mg/day pesticide for 50 days. Changes in hepatic and renal parameters and histological structure were investigated in different treated groups. RESULTS Data from this study showed that linuron altered thyroid function as evidenced by abnormal TSH, T4, and T3 levels. Furthermore, exposure to linuron induces a significant decrease in body weight and a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, total bilirubin, uric acid, creatinine, glutathione, and malondialdehyde. Previous data were confirmed through the histopathological examination of different organs. CONCLUSIONS The most used phenylurea herbicide, linuron, disrupted thyroid function at a 40 mg/200 mg/day dose and produced oxidative stress in the liver and kidney in male Wistar rats. The data of this study warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifriqya Medila
- Faculty of Natural Science and Life, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
- Laboratory of Biology, Environment and Health, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Ikram Toumi
- Faculty of Natural Science and Life, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
- Laboratory of Biology, Environment and Health, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Aicha Adaika
- Laboratory of the Development and Technology of Saharan Resources VTRS, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Aya Amrani
- Laboratory of Biology, Environment and Health, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Messaouda Riab
- Laboratory of Biology, Environment and Health, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Ouafa Boudebia
- Faculty of Natural Science and Life, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
- Laboratory of Biology, Environment and Health, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
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8
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Little CC, Barlow J, Alsen M, van Gerwen M. Association between polychlorinated biphenyl exposure and thyroid hormones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Environ Sci Health C Toxicol Carcinog 2022; 40:248-267. [PMID: 36515092 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2022.2149213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis investigating the association between polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure and serum thyroid hormone levels among adults. Methods: Eleven studies met inclusion criteria for analysis following systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases. Of these, 7 studies measured exposure by the total sum of PCB congeners (∑PCB), 1 study measured individual PCB congener levels, and 3 studies measured both ∑PCB levels and PCB congener levels. Correlation coefficients (r) were extracted from each study. Summary estimates were calculated for ∑PCB levels and PCB congeners reported by 2 or more studies: PCB 28, 52, 101, 105, 118, 138, 153, and 180, using random effects model. Results: Significant negative correlation was found between ∑PCBs and T3 (r: -0.09; 95% CI: -0.17, -0.02) and FT3 (r: -0.24; 95% CI: -0.36, -0.12). Congener-specific analysis found T3 to be negatively correlated with PCB-153 (r: -0.19; 95% CI: -0.34, -0.03) and PCB-180 (r: -0.14; 95% CI: -0.26, -0.01), whereas TSH was positively correlated with PCB-105 (r: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.28). Conclusions: The present study is the first meta-analysis to investigate the association between PCB exposure and thyroid hormone dysfunction among adults. Results suggest a significant association between PCB exposure and thyroid hormone dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Little
- Department of Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua Barlow
- Department of Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mathilda Alsen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maaike van Gerwen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Zhong L, Zhang H, Wu L, Ru H, Wei N, Yao F, Ni Z, Duan X, Li Y. Copper and Zinc Treatments Alter the Thyroid Endocrine System in Zebrafish Embryos/Larvae. Toxics 2022; 10:756. [PMID: 36548589 PMCID: PMC9788113 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu2+) and zinc (Zn2+) are two kinds of heavy metals essential to living organisms. Cu2+ and Zn2+ at excessive concentrations can cause adverse effects on animals, but little is known about the thyroid-disrupting effects of these metals in fish, especially in the early developmental transition stage from embryos to larvae. Wild-type zebrafish embryos were used to expose to Cu2+ (0, 1.5, 15, and 150 μg/L) and Zn2+ (0, 20, 200, and 2000 μg/L) for 120 h. Thyroid hormone contents and transcriptional changes of the genes connected with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were measured. Results showed that zebrafish embryos/larvae malformation rates were significantly increased in the Cu2+ and Zn2+ groups. Remarkably elevated thyroxine (T4) concentrations and reduced triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were observed in Cu2+ and Zn2+ exposure fish. And the expression patterns of genes connected with the HPT axis were changed after Cu2+ and Zn2+ treatment. Based on principal component analysis (PCA) results, Zn2+ caused significant effects on the thyroid endocrine system at 200 μg/L, while Cu2+ resulted in thyroid disruption as low as 1.5 μg/L. In short, our study demonstrated that exposure to Cu2+ and Zn2+ induced developmental toxicity and thyroid disruption to zebrafish embryos/larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiao Zhong
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of the Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - He Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Universtiy, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Luyin Wu
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of the Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Huijun Ru
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of the Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Nian Wei
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of the Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Fan Yao
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of the Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Zhaohui Ni
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of the Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Xinbin Duan
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of the Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of the Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
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10
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Chen ZF, Lin ZC, Lu SQ, Chen XF, Liao XL, Qi Z, Cai Z. Azole-Induced Color Vision Deficiency Associated with Thyroid Hormone Signaling: An Integrated In Vivo, In Vitro, and In Silico Study. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:13264-13273. [PMID: 36082512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Azoles that are used in pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products can have toxic effects on fish. However, there is no information regarding azole-induced visual disorder associated with thyroid disruption. We evaluated changes in retinal morphology, optokinetic response, transcript abundance of the genes involved in color perception and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, and thyroid hormone (TH) levels in zebrafish larvae exposed to common azoles, such as climbazole (CBZ, 0.1 and 10 μg/L) and triadimefon (TDF, 50 and 500 μg/L), at environmentally relevant and predicted worst-case environmental concentrations. Subsequently, the effect of azoles on TH-dependent GH3 cell proliferation and thyroid receptor (TR)-regulated transcriptional activity, as well as the in silico binding affinity between azoles and TR isoforms, was investigated. Azole exposure decreased cell densities of the ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer, and photoreceptor layer. Zebrafish larvae exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of CBZ and TDF showed a decrease in optokinetic response to green-white and red-white stripes but not blue-white stripes, consistent with disturbance in the corresponding opsin gene expression. Azole exposure also reduced triiodothyronine levels and concomitantly increased HPT-related gene expression. Molecular docking analysis combined with in vitro TR-mediated transactivation and dual-luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that CBZ and TDF exhibited TR antagonism. These results are comparable to those obtained from a known TR antagonist, namely, TR antagonist 1, as a positive control. Therefore, damage to specific color perception by azoles appears to result from lowered TH signaling, indicating the potential threat of environmental TH disruptors to the visual function of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Si-Qi Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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11
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Printemps N, Le Magueresse-Battistoni B, Mhaouty-Kodja S, Viguié C, Michel C. How to Differentiate General Toxicity-Related Endocrine Effects from Endocrine Disruption: Systematic Review of Carbon Disulfide Data. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3153. [PMID: 35328575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the assessment of the endocrine disrupting (ED) properties of carbon disulfide (CS2), following the methodology used at the European level to identify endocrine disruptors. Relevant in vitro, in vivo studies and human data are analyzed. The assessment presented here focuses on one endocrine activity, i.e., thyroid disruption, and two main adverse effects, neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. The data available on the different ED or non-ED modes of action (MoA), known to trigger these adverse effects, are described and the strength of evidence of the different MoA is weighted. We conclude that the adverse effects could be due to systemic toxicity rather than endocrine-mediated toxicity. This assessment illustrates the scientific and regulatory challenges in differentiating a specific endocrine disruption from an indirect endocrine effect resulting from a non-ED mediated systemic toxicity. This issue of evaluating the ED properties of highly toxic and reactive substances has been insufficiently developed by European guidance so far and needs to be further addressed. Finally, this example also raises questions about the capacity of the technics available in toxicology to address such a complex issue with certainty.
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Sauer UG, Asiimwe A, Botham PA, Charlton A, Hallmark N, Jacobi S, Marty S, Melching-Kollmuss S, Palha JA, Strauss V, van Ravenzwaay B, Swaen G. Toward a science-based testing strategy to identify maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny - part I: which parameters from human studies are most relevant for toxicological assessments? Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:740-763. [PMID: 33305658 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1839380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The 2018 European Food Safety Authority/European Chemicals Agency Guidance on the Identification of Endocrine Disruptors lacks clarity on how the presence or absence of substance-induced maternal thyroid hormone imbalance, or the potential for subsequent deleterious consequences in child neurodevelopment, should be established by toxicological assessments. To address these uncertainties, this narrative review evaluates human evidence on how altered maternal thyroid function may be associated with child neurodevelopmental outcomes; and seeks to identify parameters in human studies that appear most relevant for toxicological assessments. Serum levels of free thyroxine (fT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) are most frequently measured when assessing thyroid function in pregnant women, whereas a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental parameters is used to evaluate child neurodevelopment. The human data confirms an association between altered maternal serum fT4 and/or TSH and increased risk for child neurodevelopmental impairment. Quantitative boundaries of effects indicative of increased risks need to be established. Moreover, it is unknown if altered serum levels of total T4, free or total triiodothyronine, or parameters unrelated to serum thyroid hormones might be more relevant indicators of such effects. None of the human studies established a link between substance-mediated liver enzyme induction and increased serum thyroid hormone clearance, let alone further to child neurodevelopmental impairment. This review identifies research needs to contribute to the development of toxicity testing strategies, to reliably predict whether substances have the potential to impair child neurodevelopment via maternal thyroid hormone imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sue Marty
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | | | - Joana A Palha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimaraes, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
| | | | | | - Gerard Swaen
- Department of Complex Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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13
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Godfrey A, Hooser B, Abdelmoneim A, Sepúlveda MS. Sex-specific endocrine-disrupting effects of three halogenated chemicals in Japanese medaka. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1215-1223. [PMID: 31066087 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several halogenated chemicals are found in an array of products that can cause endocrine disruption. Human studies have shown that endocrine responses are sex specific, with females more likely to develop hypothyroidism and males more likely to have reproductive impairment. The objective of this study was to assess sex differences on thyroid and estrogenic effects after exposure of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes, SK2MC) to halogenated compounds. This strain is an excellent model for these studies as sex can be determined non-destructively a few hours postfertilization. Medaka embryos were exposed to sublethal concentrations of Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP, 0.019 mg/L), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 4.7 mg/L) and its next generation alternative, perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA, 137 mg/L). Methimazole (inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis) and the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine served as reference controls. Fish were exposed throughout embryo development until 10 days postfertilization. Females displayed significantly larger swim bladders (which are under thyroid hormone control) after exposure to all chemicals with the exception of triiodothyronine, which caused the opposite effect. Females exposed to TDCPP and PFOA had increased expression of vitellogenin and exposure to PFOA upregulated expression of multiple thyroid-related genes. Upregulation of estrogenic-regulated genes after exposure to TDCPP, PFOA and methimazole was only observed in males. Overall, our results suggest that females and males show an estrogenic response when exposed to these halogenated chemicals and that females appear more susceptible to thyroid-induced swim bladder dysfunction compared with males. These results further confirm the importance of considering sex effects when assessing the toxicity of endocrine-disrupting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Godfrey
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Blair Hooser
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Ahmed Abdelmoneim
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Department of Veterinary Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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14
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Pawlowski S, Dammann M, Weltje L, Champ S, Mathis M, Fort DJ. Is normalized hindlimb length measurement in assessment of thyroid disruption in the amphibian metamorphosis assay relevant? J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1164-1172. [PMID: 30957914 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The amphibian metamorphosis assay represents an OECD Level 3 and EDSP Tier 1 ecotoxicity test assessing thyroid activity of chemicals in African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). To evaluate the effectiveness of snout-vent length (SVL) normalization of hindlimb length (HLL), correlation between the HLL and SVL or body weight was evaluated in the control groups of 10 individual studies from three laboratories. Two studies required separate analysis of the Nieuwkoop-Faber (NF) stage ≤60 and >60 animals creating a total of 12 data sets. On study day 7, significant positive correlation between HLL and SVL or body weight was observed in eight and seven of the 10 data sets, respectively (r = 0.608-0.843 and 0.583-0.876). On study day 21, significant positive correlation between HLL and SVL or body weight was found in three and four of the 12 data sets, respectively (r = 0.452, 0.480 and 0.553 and r = 0.621, 0.546, 0.564 and 0.378). Significant positive correlation between HLL and SVL was found in three of five studies, including ≤NF stage 60 data (r = 0.564, 0.546 and 0.621). In one of eight studies, including >NF stage 60 data, the positive correlation between HLL and body weight was determined (r = 0.378). Negative or no correlation between HLL and SVL or body weight was found in the other late stage data sets. Therefore, use of SVL-normalized HLL to assess thyroid-mediated effects in X. laevis tadpoles is not warranted. HL stage relative to body stage should be considered.
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15
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Zhang YF, Xu HM, Yu F, Yang HY, Jia DD, Li PF. Comparison the sensitivity of amphibian metamorphosis assays with NF 48 stage and NF 51 stage Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:421-427. [PMID: 30732517 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1579291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The amphibian metamorphosis assay (AMA) was proposed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to screen thyroid disruptors of vertebrate species. The general experimental design of the AMA exposes Nieuwkoop and Faber (NF) stage 51 Xenopus laevis tadpoles to test chemical concentrations for 21 d. However, recent studies demonstrated that thyroid gland began to function after NF stage 45 in X. laevis. Thus, in this study, we initiated exposure with NF stage 48 tadpoles when the thyroid gland is still in a preliminary development period, to compare the sensitivity of the AMA with NF 48 stage and NF 51 stage tadpoles. Further, the application and sensitivity of the optimized AMA were evaluated and validated by two known thyroid toxicants methimazole (MMI) and sodium perchlorate (SP). The observational endpoints are developmental stage, hind limb length (HLL), snout-vent length (SVL), wet weight, and daily observations of mortality. The results were as follows. Although the sensitivity to endpoint of growth, such as wet weight and SVL was similar between the two assays, our optimized AMA detected delaying effects of 1 mg/L MMI and 32 μg/L SP on metamorphosis development both on day 7 and at test termination, which were lower than those in AMA. Additionally, it is easier to get a large number of animals at NF stage 48 than NF stage 51 in a short time. Thus, it is suggested that the NF stage 48 tadpoles might be applied to the AMA for efficiently screening the thyroid-active substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Feng Zhang
- a College of Medicine , Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University , Qingdao , PR China
| | - Hai-Ming Xu
- b Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Management , Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , PR China
| | - Fei Yu
- a College of Medicine , Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University , Qingdao , PR China
| | - Hong-Yu Yang
- a College of Medicine , Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University , Qingdao , PR China
| | - Dong-Dong Jia
- a College of Medicine , Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University , Qingdao , PR China
| | - Pei-Feng Li
- a College of Medicine , Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University , Qingdao , PR China
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Ahmad F, Liu X, Zhou Y, Yao H, Zhao F, Ling Z, Xu C. Assessment of thyroid endocrine system impairment and oxidative stress mediated by cobalt ferrite (CoFe 2 O 4 ) nanoparticles in zebrafish larvae. Environ Toxicol 2016; 31:2068-2080. [PMID: 26462460 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fascinating super paramagnetic uniqueness of iron oxide particles at nano-scale level make them extremely useful in the state of the art therapies, equipments, and techniques. Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2 O4 ) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are extensively used in nano-based medicine and electronics, results in extensive discharge and accumulation into the environment. However, very limited information is available for their endocrine disrupting potential in aquatic organisms. In this study, the thyroid endocrine disrupting ability of CoFe2 O4 NPs in Zebrafish larvae for 168-h post fertilization (hpf) was evaluated. The results showed the elevated amounts of T4 and T3 hormones by malformation of hypothalamus pituitary axis in zebrafish larvae. These elevated levels of whole body THs leads to delayed hatching, head and eye malformation, arrested development, and alterations in metabolism. The influence of THs disruption on ROS production and change in activities of catalase (CAT), mu-glutathione s-transferase (mu-GST), and acid phosphatase (AP) were also studied. The production of significantly higher amounts of in vivo generation of ROS leads to membrane damage and oxidative stress. Presences of NPs and NPs agglomerates/aggregates were also the contributing factors in mechanical damaging the membranes and physiological structure of thyroid axis. The increased activities of CAT, mu-GST, and AP confirmed the increased oxidative stress, possible DNA, and metabolic alterations, respectively. The excessive production of in vivo ROS leads to severe apoptosis in head, eye, and heart region confirming that malformation leads to malfunctioning of hypothalamus pituitary axis. ROS-induced oxidative DNA damage by formation of 8-OHdG DNA adducts elaborates the genotoxicity potential of CoFe2 O4 NPs. This study will help us to better understand the risk and assessment of endocrine disrupting potential of nanoparticles. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 2068-2080, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Ahmad
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
- Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Hongzhou Yao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Fangfang Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Zhaoxing Ling
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
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17
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Kumar BK, Reddy AG, Krishna AV, Quadri SSYH, Kumar PS. Developmental neurotoxicity of monocrotophos and lead is linked to thyroid disruption. Vet World 2016; 9:133-41. [PMID: 27051198 PMCID: PMC4819362 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.133-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: A role of thyroid disruption in developmental neurotoxicity of monocrotophos (MCP) and lead is studied. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 female rats after conception were randomized into four groups of six each and treated as follows: Group I - Sham was administered distilled water orally. Group II - A positive control was administered methyl methimazole at 0.02% orally in drinking water. Group III - MCP orally at 0.3 mg/kg and Group IV - Lead acetate at 0.2% orally in drinking water. The drug was administered from gestation day 3 through post-natal day 21 in all the groups. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, thyroid profile (thyroid stimulating hormone, T3 and T4), neurodevelopment (brain wet weights, DNA, RNA and protein), and neurobehavioral (elevated plus maze, photoactometry, and Morris water maze) parameters were assessed in pups. A histopathology of thyroid of dams and brain of progeny was conducted. Results: Inhibition of AChE was <20%. Thyroid profile decreased in the treatment groups. Neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral parameters did not reveal any significant changes. Thyroid architecture was affected significantly with MCP and lead. Cortical layers too were affected. The three layers of cerebellum either had abnormal arrangement or decreased cellularity in all treated groups relating to thyroid disruption. Conclusion: MCP and lead might have affected the development of cerebrum and cerebellum via thyroid disruption leading to developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kala Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana State University for Veterinary, Animal and Fishery Science, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
| | - A Gopala Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana State University for Veterinary, Animal and Fishery Science, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
| | - A Vamsi Krishna
- Department of Bio-technology, Ministry of Science & Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - S S Y H Quadri
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - P Shiva Kumar
- Sri P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana State University for Veterinary, Animal and Fishery Science, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
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18
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Jomaa B, de Haan LHJ, Peijnenburg AACM, Bovee TFH, Aarts JMMJG, Rietjens IMCM. Simple and rapid in vitro assay for detecting human thyroid peroxidase disruption. ALTEX 2015; 32:191-200. [PMID: 25822105 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1412201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid luminometric assay for the detection of chemical inhibitors of human thyroid peroxidase (hTPO) activity was developed and validated with 10 model compounds. hTPO was derived from the human thyroid follicular cell line Nthy-ori 3-1 and its activity was quantified by measuring the oxidation of luminol in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which results in the emission of light at 428 nm. In this assay,hTPO activity was shown to be inhibited by 5 known TPO inhibitors and not inhibited by 5 non-inhibitors. Similar results were obtained with porcine TPO (pTPO).The inhibition of hTPO by the model compounds was also tested with guaiacol and Ampliflu Red as alternative indicator substrates. While all substrates allowed the detection of pTPO activity and its inhibition, only the Ampliflu Red and luminol-based methods were sensitive enough to allow the quantification of hTPO activity from Nthy-ori 3-1 cell lysates. Moreover, luminol gave results with a narrower 95% confidence interval and therefore more reliable data.Whole extracts of fast-growing Nthy-ori 3-1 cells circumvent the need for animal-derived thyroid organs,thereby reducing costs, eliminating potential contamination and providing the possibility to study human instead of porcine TPO. Overall, the application of luminol and Nthy-ori 3-1 cell lysate for the detection of the disruption of hTPO activity was found to represent a valuable in vitro alternative and a possible candidate for inclusion within a high throughput integrated testing strategy for the detection of compounds that potentially interfere with normal thyroid function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barae Jomaa
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H J de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A C M Peijnenburg
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jac M M J G Aarts
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Grimm FA, Lehmler HJ, He X, Robertson LW, Duffel MW. Sulfated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls are high-affinity ligands for the thyroid hormone transport protein transthyretin. Environ Health Perspect 2013; 121:657-62. [PMID: 23584369 PMCID: PMC3672920 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The displacement of l-thyroxine (T4) from binding sites on transthyretin (TTR) is considered a significant contributing mechanism in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-induced thyroid disruption. Previous research has discovered hydroxylated PCB metabolites (OH-PCBs) as high-affinity ligands for TTR, but the binding potential of conjugated PCB metabolites such as PCB sulfates has not been explored. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the binding of five lower-chlorinated PCB sulfates to human TTR and compared their binding characteristics to those determined for their OH-PCB precursors and for T4. METHODS We used fluorescence probe displacement studies and molecular docking simulations to characterize the binding of PCB sulfates to TTR. The stability of PCB sulfates and the reversibility of these interactions were characterized by HPLC analysis of PCB sulfates after their binding to TTR. The ability of OH-PCBs to serve as substrates for human cytosolic sulfotransferase 1A1 (hSULT1A1) was assessed by OH-PCB-dependent formation of adenosine-3',5'-diphosphate, an end product of the sulfation reaction. RESULTS All five PCB sulfates were able to bind to the high-affinity binding site of TTR with equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd values) in the low nanomolar range (4.8-16.8 nM), similar to that observed for T4 (4.7 nM). Docking simulations provided corroborating evidence for these binding interactions and indicated multiple high-affinity modes of binding. All OH-PCB precursors for these sulfates were found to be substrates for hSULT1A1. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that PCB sulfates are high-affinity ligands for human TTR and therefore indicate, for the first time, a potential relevance for these metabolites in PCB-induced thyroid disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A Grimm
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, USA
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