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Conybeare A, Bennett L, Osborne MS. Provision of bone conduction hearing implants in England in adults and children: a review of Hospital Episode Statistics data 2012-2021. J Laryngol Otol 2024; 138:621-626. [PMID: 38456642 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215123002347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone conduction hearing implants are a well-established method of hearing rehabilitation in children and adults. This study aimed to review any changes in provision in England. METHODS The total number of bone conduction hearing implantations performed was analysed from 2012 to 2021 utilising Hospital Episode Statistics data for England. RESULTS The total number of procedures has increased by 58 per cent. One-stage bone conduction hearing implantations in adults accounts for the largest proportion of this increase (93 per cent of the total). The number performed in children has remained stable and accounts for 73 per cent (n = 433) of all two-stage procedures. CONCLUSION The data show that bone conduction hearing implant surgery is becoming increasingly popular, particularly in adults. This has correlated with the increase in availability, national recommendations and choice of devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Conybeare
- Department of Otolaryngology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lauren Bennett
- Department of Otolaryngology, Russells Hall Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Max S Osborne
- Department of Otolaryngology, Russells Hall Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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2
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Rani M, Yadav N, Srivastava M, Jain A, Srivastava N, Yadav A, Jasuja VR. An Evaluation of Variations in the Carpal Tunnel Dimensions of Adult Subjects in a Hospital-Based Population: An Ultrasonographic Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e56001. [PMID: 38606251 PMCID: PMC11007445 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The carpal tunnel is a groove that spans the palm as a 'U.' The ulnar and radial sides of the wrist are made up of the scaphoid tubercle and trapezium while the palmar aspect is made up of carpal bones. Our study aimed to see whether there were differences in carpal tunnel size between men and women. Material and methods The study was conducted on 65 healthy adults, 13 (20%) were males and 52 (80%) were females (both non-pregnant and pregnant). Inclusion criteria were healthy adults and bilaterally symmetrical limbs. Exclusion criteria were chronic disease, diabetes, hypertension, immunological disorders, any visible abnormalities, and a history of upper extremity pain on either side. A high-resolution ultrasound machine with a linear transducer was used to perform an ultrasound scan of the carpal tunnel. The anteroposterior dimension was measured at the midline, or along the axis of the middle finger, and the transverse diameter was measured at the midpoint of the flexor retinaculum. The cross-sectional area of the tunnel was measured at its largest diameter within the carpal tunnel. All the dimensions were measured in centimeters. Results The mean transverse diameter of the right side was 1.824 ± 0.223 cm (p-value 0.002) and of the left side was 1.742 ± 0.197 cm (p-value 0.004). The mean cross-sectional area of the carpal tunnel on the right side was 1.417 ± 0.379 cm2 (p-value 0.008) and on the left side was 1.306 ± 0.303 cm2 (p-value 0.004), respectively. Age, sex, weight, and BMI were discussed. The carpal tunnels of females were found to be comparatively squarer and smaller than those of males. Conclusion The transverse diameter and cross-sectional area of the carpal tunnel and their correlation with carpal tunnel syndrome are predicted by age, sex, weight, and BMI. Both sexes had the same wrist ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Rani
- Anatomy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, IND
| | - Nisha Yadav
- Anatomy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, IND
| | | | - Anuj Jain
- Anatomy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, IND
| | | | - Anurag Yadav
- Physiology, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, IND
| | - Vishal R Jasuja
- Anatomy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, IND
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3
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Lam DV, Lindemann M, Yang K, Liu DX, Ludwig KA, Shoffstall AJ. An Open-Source 3D-Printed Hindlimb Stabilization Apparatus for Reliable Measurement of Stimulation-Evoked Ankle Flexion in Rat. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0305-23.2023. [PMID: 38164555 PMCID: PMC10918511 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0305-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently there are numerous methods to evaluate peripheral nerve stimulation interfaces in rats, with stimulation-evoked ankle torque being one of the most prominent. Commercial rat ankle torque measurement systems and custom one-off solutions have been published in the literature. However, commercial systems are proprietary and costly and do not allow for customization. One-off lab-built systems have required specialized machining expertise, and building plans have previously not been made easily accessible. Here, detailed building plans are provided for a low-cost, open-source, and basic ankle torque measurement system from which additional customization can be made. A hindlimb stabilization apparatus was developed to secure and stabilize a rat's hindlimb, while allowing for simultaneous ankle-isometric torque and lower limb muscle electromyography (EMG). The design was composed mainly of adjustable 3D-printed components to accommodate anatomical differences between rat hindlimbs. Additionally, construction and calibration procedures of the rat hindlimb stabilization apparatus were demonstrated in this study. In vivo torque measurements were reliably acquired and corresponded to increasing stimulation amplitudes. Furthermore, implanted leads used for intramuscular EMG recordings complemented torque measurements and were used as an additional functional measurement in evaluating the performance of a peripheral nerve stimulation interface. In conclusion, an open-source and noninvasive platform, made primarily with 3D-printed components, was constructed for reliable data acquisition of evoked motor activity in rat models. The purpose of this apparatus is to provide researchers a versatile system with adjustable components that can be tailored to meet user-defined experimental requirements when evaluating motor function of the rat hindlimbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny V Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland 44106, Ohio
| | - Madeline Lindemann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio
| | - Kevin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio
| | - Derrick X Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio
| | - Kip A Ludwig
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53705, Wisconsin
| | - Andrew J Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland 44106, Ohio
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Abstract
Bio/chemical sensors possess a plethora of advantageous features that have proven to be invaluable tools in detecting and monitoring biomolecules, facilitating advancements in healthcare, environmental monitoring, food safety, and more. However, when it comes to their routine use in continuous fluid flow conditions, an intricate web of solid-liquid interfacial phenomena emerges, which requires a deep understanding of the sensor surface and fluid interations. These interfacial phenomena encompass a broad spectrum of physical, chemical, and biological processes, other than the actual detection, that influence the sensor's response. In this context, perhaps exploring a new theme "active solid"-"moving liquid" interface will unleash the full potential of bio/chemical sensors in any flow-based application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Bhalla
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), School of Engineering, Ulster University, 2-24 York Street, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT15 1AP, United Kingdom
- Healthcare Technology Hub, Ulster University, 2-24 York Street, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT15 1AP, United Kingdom
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5
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Tooley M. Electronics and biological signal processing. BJA Educ 2023; 23:122-127. [PMID: 36960437 PMCID: PMC10028393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjae.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Tooley
- University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Royal United Hospitals, Bath, UK
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6
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Favre H, Pernot M, Tanter M, Papadacci C. Transcranial 3D ultrasound localization microscopy using a large element matrix array with a multi-lens diffracting layer: an in vitrostudy. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68. [PMID: 36808924 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acbde3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Early diagnosis and acute knowledge of cerebral disease require to map the microflows of the whole brain. Recently, ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) was applied to map and quantify blood microflows in 2D in the brain of adult patients down to the micron scale. Whole brain 3D clinical ULM remains challenging due to the transcranial energy loss which reduces significantly the imaging sensitivity.Approach. Large aperture probes with a large surface can increase both the field of view and sensitivity. However, a large active surface implies thousands of acoustic elements, which limits clinical translation. In a previous simulation study, we developed a new probe concept combining a limited number of elements and a large aperture. It is based on large elements, to increase sensitivity, and a multi-lens diffracting layer to improve the focusing quality. In this study, a 16 elements prototype, driven at 1 MHz frequency, was made andin vitroexperiments were performed to validate the imaging capabilities of this new probe concept.Main results. First, pressure fields emitted from a large single transducer element without and with diverging lens were compared. Low directivity was measured for the large element with the diverging lens while maintaining high transmit pressure. The focusing quality of 4 × 3cm matrix arrays of 16 elements without/with lenses were compared.In vitroexperiments in a water tank and through a human skull were achieved to localize and track microbubbles in tubes.Significance.ULM was achieved demonstrating the strong potential of multi-lens diffracting layer to enable microcirculation assessment over a large field of view through the bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Favre
- Institute Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm U1273, ESPCI Paris-PSL, Cnrs UMR8063, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Pernot
- Institute Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm U1273, ESPCI Paris-PSL, Cnrs UMR8063, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Mickael Tanter
- Institute Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm U1273, ESPCI Paris-PSL, Cnrs UMR8063, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Clément Papadacci
- Institute Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm U1273, ESPCI Paris-PSL, Cnrs UMR8063, 75012 Paris, France
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Erro R, Sorrentino C, Barone P. Instagram for Measuring Tremor: Who Holds the Camera? Mov Disord Clin Pract 2022; 10:350-351. [PMID: 36825039 PMCID: PMC9941922 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Erro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”Neuroscience Section, University of SalernoBaronissiItaly
| | - Cristiano Sorrentino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”Neuroscience Section, University of SalernoBaronissiItaly
| | - Paolo Barone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”Neuroscience Section, University of SalernoBaronissiItaly
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Kaushal A, Kaur N, Sharma S, Sharma AK, Kala D, Prakash H, Gupta S. Current Update on Biomarkers for Detection of Cancer: Comprehensive Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10. [PMID: 36560548 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Early and effective diagnosis of cancer is decisive for its proper management. In this context biomarker-based cancer diagnosis is budding as one of the promising ways for early detection, disease progression monitoring, and effective cancer therapy. Integration of Biosensing devices with different metallic/nonmetallic nanoparticles offers amplification and multiplexing capabilities for simultaneous detection of cancer biomarkers (CB's). This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the most recent designs and fabrication methodologies designed for developing electrochemical biosensors (EB) for early detection of cancers. The role of biomarkers in cancer therapeutics is also discussed.
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Corvino A, Varelli C, Catalano F, Cocco G, Delli Pizzi A, Boccatonda A, Corvino F, Basile L, Catalano O. Use of High-Frequency Transducers in Breast Sonography. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12121960. [PMID: 36556182 PMCID: PMC9786615 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12121960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonography companies have recently developed high-frequency transducers (20-30 MHz) to image the skin and small joints. In this pictorial review, we present a number of settings where these probes can be usefully employed to scan the breast. These include skin abnormalities of the breast and axilla; nipple-areolar complex abnormalities; superficial breast parenchyma abnormalities; breast parenchyma abnormalities in subjects with implants; very small female breasts; peripheral areas in breasts of any size; pre-puberal breasts; male breasts; post-mastectomy chest wall; and intraoperative breast sonography. Comparatively, side-by-side images obtained with conventional breast frequencies and high frequencies are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Corvino
- Movement Sciences and Wellbeing Department, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Via Medina 40, I-80133 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlo Varelli
- Radiology Unit, Varelli Diagnostic Institute, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Catalano
- Radiology Unit, Varelli Diagnostic Institute, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulio Cocco
- Unit of Ultrasound in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University “G. d’Annunzio”, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Andrea Delli Pizzi
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio”, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Andrea Boccatonda
- Internal Medicine, Bentivoglio Hospital, AUSL Bologna, I-40010 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Corvino
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Department, Cardarelli Hospital, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Basile
- Advanced Biomedical Sciences Department, University Federico II of Naples, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Orlando Catalano
- Radiology Unit, Varelli Diagnostic Institute, I-80126 Naples, Italy
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Oglat AA. Performance Evaluation of an Ultrasonic Imaging System Using Tissue-Mimicking Phantoms for Quality Assurance. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7030130. [PMID: 36134934 PMCID: PMC9496229 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic ultrasound or sonography is an image that can provide valuable information for diagnosing and treating a variety of diseases and conditions. The aim of this research study is to examine the performance and accuracy of the ultrasonic imaging system for the guarantee of diagnosis quality assurance, and to adjust the penetration settings to minimize the time of repeat scans and maintenance duration during research experiments. Measurements in this experiment included the resolution (axial and lateral) and focal zones. Moreover, the evaluation was done by completing all the measurements at different depths on a multipurpose phantom model 539. The phantom was bought from the market and was not fabricated by the author. The measurements were achieved by applying two different transducers: curved and linear (flat). The ultrasound images were obtained and tested by using calipers (electronic), and the estimations and observations were read by using all the taken measurements and images. As a result, because the phantom depths were different, the penetration settings were different too, indicating that the depth impacted the penetrations of the created ultrasound image. Moreover, after the comparison of the recorded measurements and results, it was found that all measurements were within the accepted (standard) value and that the true value was specified by the production of the phantom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar A Oglat
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
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11
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Polat EO, Cetin MM, Tabak AF, Bilget Güven E, Uysal BÖ, Arsan T, Kabbani A, Hamed H, Gül SB. Transducer Technologies for Biosensors and Their Wearable Applications. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:bios12060385. [PMID: 35735533 PMCID: PMC9221076 DOI: 10.3390/bios12060385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of new biosensor technologies and their active use as wearable devices have offered mobility and flexibility to conventional western medicine and personal fitness tracking. In the development of biosensors, transducers stand out as the main elements converting the signals sourced from a biological event into a detectable output. Combined with the suitable bio-receptors and the miniaturization of readout electronics, the functionality and design of the transducers play a key role in the construction of wearable devices for personal health control. Ever-growing research and industrial interest in new transducer technologies for point-of-care (POC) and wearable bio-detection have gained tremendous acceleration by the pandemic-induced digital health transformation. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of transducers for biosensors and their wearable applications that empower users for the active tracking of biomarkers and personal health parameters.
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12
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Gautam NK, Griffin E, Hubbard R, Pawelek O, Edmonds K, Rydalch E, Zhang X, Sharma S, Hoffmann C. Intraarterial papaverine for relief of catheter-induced peripheral arterial vasospasm during pediatric cardiac surgery: A randomized double-blind controlled trial. Paediatr Anaesth 2022; 32:764-771. [PMID: 35304932 DOI: 10.1111/pan.14442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintaining the patency of peripheral arterial lines in pediatric patients during surgery can be challenging due to multiple factors, and catheter-related arterial vasospasm is a potentially modifiable cause. Papaverine, a potent vasodilator, improves arterial line patency when used as a continuous infusion in the pediatric intensive care setting, but this method is not convenient during surgery. AIM Extrapolating from the benefit seen in the intensive care unit, the authors hypothesize that a small-volume intraarterial bolus of papaverine immediately after arterial line placement will reduce vasospasm-related arterial line malfunction. METHODS This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Patients less than 17 years of age undergoing cardiac surgery were enrolled. Patients were randomized into the heparin or papaverine groups. Immediately after arterial line insertion, an intraarterial bolus of heparin (2 units/ml, 1 ml) or papaverine (0.12 mg/ml, 1 ml) was administered (T1, Figure 1). An optimal waveform was defined as the ease of aspirating a standardized blood sample within 30 s, absence of cavitation when sampling, absence of color change at the catheter site during injection, and presence of a dicrotic notch. The primary outcome evaluated was the presence of an optimal arterial waveform at 5 min after the first randomized dose (T1 + 5 min). The secondary outcomes were the presence of optimal arterial waveform an hour after the first dose and the ability of papaverine to rescue suboptimal waveforms. RESULTS A total of 100 patients were enrolled in the study. Twelve patients were excluded from the analysis. Complete datasets after randomization were available in 88 patients (heparin group, n = 46; papaverine group, n = 42). At baseline, groups were similar for age, weight, arterial vessel size, and arterial line patency. At T1 + 5 min, an improvement in the waveform characteristics was observed in the papaverine group (heparin,39% [8/46] vs. papaverine, 64% [27/42]; p = .02; odds ratio, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.2 to 6.6, Figure 3, Table 2). At the end of 1 h, both groups showed continued improvement in arterial line patency. After the second dose, a higher number of patients in the heparin group had suboptimal waveforms and were treated with papaverine (heparin,37% [17/46] vs. papaverine,17% [7/42], p = .05). Patients in the heparin group treated with papaverine showed significant improvement in patency (13/17 vs. 3/7, p = .01). No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS In pediatric patients, papaverine injection immediately after peripheral arterial catheter placement was associated with relief of vasospasm and improved initial arterial line patency. Further, papaverine can be used as a rescue to improve and maintain arterial line patency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nischal K Gautam
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Evelyn Griffin
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard Hubbard
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Olga Pawelek
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kayla Edmonds
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Eric Rydalch
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Cassandra Hoffmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Carvalho AF, Kulyk B, Fernandes AJS, Fortunato E, Costa FM. A Review on the Applications of Graphene in Mechanical Transduction. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2101326. [PMID: 34288155 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A pressing need to develop low-cost, environmentally friendly, and sensitive sensors has arisen with the advent of the always-connected paradigm of the internet-of-things (IoT). In particular, mechanical sensors have been widely studied in recent years for applications ranging from health monitoring, through mechanical biosignals, to structure integrity analysis. On the other hand, innovative ways to implement mechanical actuation have also been the focus of intense research in an attempt to close the circle of human-machine interaction, and move toward applications in flexible electronics. Due to its potential scalability, disposability, and outstanding properties, graphene has been thoroughly studied in the field of mechanical transduction. The applications of graphene in mechanical transduction are reviewed here. An overview of sensor and actuator applications is provided, covering different transduction mechanisms such as piezoresistivity, capacitive sensing, optically interrogated displacement, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, electrostatic actuation, chemomechanical and thermomechanical actuation, as well as thermoacoustic emission. A critical review of the main approaches is presented within the scope of a wider discussion on the future of this so-called wonder material in the field of mechanical transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre F Carvalho
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Bohdan Kulyk
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | | | - Elvira Fortunato
- I3N/CENIMAT, Materials Science Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Florinda M Costa
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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14
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Born NM, Marciano MDS, Mass SDC, da Silva DPC, Scharlach RC. Influence of the type of acoustic transducer in pure-tone audiometry. Codas 2022; 34:e20210019. [PMID: 35019084 PMCID: PMC9769422 DOI: 10.1590/2317-1782/20212021019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the air-conduction hearing thresholds obtained with different acoustic transducers and verify the users' preferences regarding them. METHODS This is a cross-sectional, analytical, observational study with 26 participants aged 18 to 30 years, with normal hearing and no history of exposure to high sound pressure levels or complaints of tinnitus at the time of the assessment. We surveyed their medical history and performed meatoscopy, pure-tone threshold audiometry, speech audiometry, and acoustic immittance. The auditory thresholds were surveyed twice, each time with a different type of acoustic transducer: insert (E-A-RTONE) and circumaural earphones (HDA200). The assessments were performed in a random order, with 5-minute intervals. In the end, we asked the participants which earphones they found more comfortable in the tests. The data were submitted to nonparametric statistical analysis. RESULTS Assessing the medians in the auditory threshold survey, the circumaural earphones obtained better results at 250, 500, 2000, and 6000 Hz, while the insert earphones were better at 3000 and 4000 Hz; there were no statistical differences at 1000 and 8000 Hz. The circumaural was elected the most comfortable earphone. CONCLUSION The circumaural earphones had better auditory thresholds at 250, 500, 2000, and 6000 Hz than the insert earphones and were reported by the patients as the most comfortable type of transducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Montandon Born
- Curso de Fonoaudiologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC - Florianópolis (SC), Brasil.
| | - Mariane da Silva Marciano
- Curso de Fonoaudiologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC - Florianópolis (SC), Brasil.
| | - Stephanie da Costa Mass
- Curso de Fonoaudiologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC - Florianópolis (SC), Brasil.
| | | | - Renata Coelho Scharlach
- Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC - Florianópolis (SC), Brasil.
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Kim DS, Jo NG, Kim GW. Diagnostic and therapeutic value of ultrasonography in the detection of paralabral ganglion cysts with a curved array transducer: A case report. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2021; 34:951-956. [PMID: 34092598 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-200281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paralabral cysts are a rare cause of shoulder pain. Linear ultrasound transducers are often used for musculoskeletal evaluation and intervention. However, the use of linear transducer is limited when the target structure is located deep and blocked by bony barriers, as is the case of paralabral ganglion cysts. OBJECTIVE This case report aims to describe a beneficial role of using a convex transducer on the evaluation and ultrasonography-guided intervention of paralabral cysts below the acromion. CASE DESCRIPTION Two patients visiting the outpatient clinic of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation complained of severe pain during shoulder movement. Ultrasound scans with linear transducer detected rotator cuff lesions. Shoulder magnetic resonance imaging was done because of the persistent pain despite therapeutic interventions for the rotator cuff lesion, and confirmed paralabral cysts. Although a linear array transducer could not visualize the cystic lesion but could only perform suprascapular nerve block and intra-articular injection, the use of a convex array transducer improved the visualization of the cystic lesion which we treated using ultrasound-guided aspiration and intra-cystic injection. Visual analog scale and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index were checked to assess the treatment effect of each intervention. The intra-cystic injection with aspiration and intra-articular injection showed minimal to moderate improvement of pain score. CONCLUSION In pain related to shoulder movement, especially pain that continues despite appropriate treatment for rotator cuff lesions, ultrasound diagnosis of paralabral ganglion cysts using convex transducers will improve the diagnostic value and accuracy of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Sol Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54907, Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University - Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea
| | - Nam-Gyu Jo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54907, Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University - Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea
| | - Gi-Wook Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54907, Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University - Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea
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Ahmed I, Weinstein D. Switchable Transducers in GaN MEMS Resonators: Performance Comparison and Analysis. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:mi12040461. [PMID: 33921893 PMCID: PMC8073700 DOI: 10.3390/mi12040461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a comprehensive comparison of switchable electromechanical transducers in an AlN/GaN heterostructure toward the goal of reconfigurable RF building blocks in next-generation ad hoc radios. The transducers’ inherent switching was achieved by depleting a 2D electron gas (2DEG) channel, allowing an RF signal launched by interdigital transducers (IDTs) to effectively excite the symmetric (So) Lamb mode of vibration in the piezoelectric membrane. Different configurations for applying DC bias to the channel for electromechanical actuation in the piezoelectric are discussed. Complete suppression of the mechanical mode was achieved with the transducers in the OFF state. Equivalent circuit models were developed to extract parameters from measurements by fitting in both ON and OFF states. This is the first time that an extensive comparative study of the performance of different switchable transducers in their ON/OFF state is presented along with frequency scaling of the resonant mode. The switchable transducer with Ohmic IDTs and a Schottky control gate showed superior performance among the designs under consideration.
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Abstract
Viral infections are one of the major causes of mortality and economic losses worldwide. Consequently, efficient virus detection methods are crucial to determine the infection prevalence. However, most detection methods face challenges related to false-negative or false-positive results, long response times, high costs, and/or the need for specialized equipment and staff. Such issues can be overcome by access to low-cost and fast response point-of-care detection systems, and two-dimensional materials (2DMs) can play a critical role in this regard. Indeed, the unique and tunable physicochemical properties of 2DMs provide many advantages for developing biosensors for viral infections with high sensitivity and selectivity. Fast, accurate, and reliable detection, even at early infection stages by the virus, can be potentially enabled by highly accessible surface interactions between the 2DMs and the analytes. High selectivity can be obtained by functionalization of the 2DMs with antibodies, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, or aptamers, allowing for specific binding to a particular virus, viral fingerprints, or proteins released by the host organism. Multiplexed detection and discrimination between different virus strains are also feasible. In this Review, we present a comprehensive overview of the major advances of 2DM-based biosensors for the detection of viruses. We describe the main factors governing the efficient interactions between viruses and 2DMs, making them ideal candidates for the detection of viral infections. We also critically detail their advantages and drawbacks, providing insights for the development of future biosensors for virus detection. Lastly, we provide suggestions to stimulate research in the fast expanding field of 2DMs that could help in designing advanced systems for preventing virus-related pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Ménard-Moyon
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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18
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Mullins K, Burnham K, Henricson EK, Cohen S, Fair J, Ray JW. Identification and Analysis of Bacterial Contamination of Ultrasound Transducers and Multiuse Ultrasound Transmission Gel Bottle Tips Before and After the Aseptic Cleansing Technique. J Ultrasound Med 2020; 39:1957-1963. [PMID: 32339352 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide a descriptive analysis for species identification of culture and Gram stain results from ultrasound transducers and multiuse ultrasound transmission gel bottle tips in active clinical use and to compare bacterial cultures from ultrasound transducers before and after aseptic cleansing. METHODS A prospective blinded descriptive analytic study of 18 distinct clinical care sites within a single primary clinical institution was conducted. Before and after a disinfectant towel cleanse, transducers were pressed against tryptic soy agar contact plates. Plates were deidentified and submitted for blind incubation, Gram staining, and species identification with microsequencing. Results were classified as clinically relevant (CR) or non-clinically relevant. In total, 188 samples were analyzed: 80 from ultrasound transducers before and cleansing, 13 from multiuse gel bottle tips before and after cleansing, and 2 precleansing samples from the data collector's pen and badge. RESULTS Fifty-nine precleansing samples (73.8%) grew cultures with CR bacteria, and 21 samples (26.3%) did not. Staphylococcus simulans represented 31.0% of all positive culture samples. Thirteen postcleansing samples (16.3%) grew cultures with CR bacteria, equating to a 78.0% reduction of CR bacterial growth (likelihood ratio, 57.10; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound transducers have a notable CR bacterial burden and may serve as potential infective vectors. Aseptic cleansing effectively eliminates most of the bacterial load from ultrasound transducers, but some bacteria persist, presenting a risk of nosocomial infection with ultrasound-guided interventions. These findings support American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 2018 guidelines intended to ensure an appropriate level of transducer preparation based on the examination type while emphasizing rational infection control measures to minimize the risk of potential patient harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mullins
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kevin Burnham
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Erik K Henricson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stuart Cohen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - James Fair
- Department of Surgery, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jeremiah W Ray
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Hwang HS, Jeong JW, Kim YA, Chang M. Carbon Nanomaterials as Versatile Platforms for Biosensing Applications. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:mi11090814. [PMID: 32872236 PMCID: PMC7569884 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A biosensor is defined as a measuring system that includes a biological receptor unit with distinctive specificities toward target analytes. Such analytes include a wide range of biological origins such as DNAs of bacteria or viruses, or proteins generated from an immune system of infected or contaminated living organisms. They further include simple molecules such as glucose, ions, and vitamins. One of the major challenges in biosensor development is achieving efficient signal capture of biological recognition-transduction events. Carbon nanomaterials (CNs) are promising candidates to improve the sensitivity of biosensors while attaining low detection limits owing to their capability of immobilizing large quantities of bioreceptor units at a reduced volume, and they can also act as a transduction element. In addition, CNs can be adapted to functionalization and conjugation with organic compounds or metallic nanoparticles; the creation of surface functional groups offers new properties (e.g., physical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, and optical properties) to the nanomaterials. Because of these intriguing features, CNs have been extensively employed in biosensor applications. In particular, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanodiamonds, graphene, and fullerenes serve as scaffolds for the immobilization of biomolecules at their surface and are also used as transducers for the conversion of signals associated with the recognition of biological analytes. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the synthesis of CNs and their potential application to biosensors. In addition, we discuss the efforts to improve the mechanical and electrical properties of biosensors by combining different CNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Suk Hwang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.S.H.); (Y.A.K.); (M.C.); Tel.: +82-62-530-1771 (M.C.)
| | - Jae Won Jeong
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Yoong Ahm Kim
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.S.H.); (Y.A.K.); (M.C.); Tel.: +82-62-530-1771 (M.C.)
| | - Mincheol Chang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.S.H.); (Y.A.K.); (M.C.); Tel.: +82-62-530-1771 (M.C.)
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20
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Yakoh A, Siangproh W, Chailapakul O, Ngamrojanavanich N. Optical Bioelectronic Device Based on a Screen-Printed Electroluminescent Transducer. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:22543-22551. [PMID: 32338866 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new class of biosensing transducer based on alternating-current electroluminescent (ACEL) display is demonstrated. Unlike conventional ACEL displays where they have been rigidly used in flexible screens and advertising applications, here, the display is integrated with immunoassay and functioned as an optical transducer. Taking advantage of the reversed ACEL architecture, the display can be simply fabricated on an unconventional paper material without requiring the transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. The sensing mechanism relies on the promoted electronic conduction from the immunocomplex formation between immobilized antibody, antigen, and nanoparticle labeled antibody. As a result, the electroluminescence could be triggered off instantaneously. To demonstrate the device effectiveness, C-reactive protein (CRP), a particular biomarker of an inflammatory process and cardiovascular disease, is chosen as a model analyte in this work. Additionally, the applicability of the proposed platform is proved efficacious in human serums, showing negligible interference from nontargeting proteins. The sensing display is also capable of performing multiple assays (up to 8) within a single device. This bio-optoelectronic device represents a straightforward yet highly sensitive approach. This ACEL transducer is believed to explore new possibilities for biosensing and exploit in point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhadee Yakoh
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Weena Siangproh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nattaya Ngamrojanavanich
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- The Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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21
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Algieri L, Todaro MT, Guido F, Blasi L, Mastronardi V, Desmaële D, Qualtieri A, Giannini C, Sibillano T, De Vittorio M. Piezoelectricity and Biocompatibility of Flexible Sc xAl (1-x)N Thin Films for Compliant MEMS Transducers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:18660-18666. [PMID: 32216304 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is huge research activity in the development of flexible and biocompatible piezoelectric materials for next-generation compliant micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) transducers to be exploited in wearable devices and implants. This work reports for the first time on the development of flexible ScxAl(1-x)N films deposited by sputtering technique onto polyimide substrates, assessing their piezoelectricity and biocompatibility. Flexible ScxAl(1-x)N films have been analyzed in terms of morphological, structural, and piezoelectric properties. ScxAl(1-x)N layer exhibits a good surface roughness of 4.40 nm and moderate piezoelectricity with an extracted effective piezoelectric coefficient (d33eff) value of 1.87 ± 0.06 pm/V, in good agreement with the diffraction pattern analysis results. Cell viability assay, performed to study the interaction of the ScxAl(1-x)N films with human cell lines, shows that this material does not have significant effects on tested cells. Furthermore, the ScxAl(1-x)N layer, integrated onto a flexible device and analyzed by bending/unbending measurements, shows a peak-to-peak open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.32 V and a short-circuit current (ISC) of 0.27 μA, with a generated power of 19.28 nW under optimal resistive load, thus demonstrating the potential of flexible ScxAl(1-x)N films as active layers for next-generation wearable/implantable piezoelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Algieri
- Piezoskin S.r.l., via Trinchese 61/D, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Todaro
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Guido
- Piezoskin S.r.l., via Trinchese 61/D, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
| | - Laura Blasi
- Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Instituto di Microelettonica e Microsistemi, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mastronardi
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
| | - Denis Desmaële
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
| | - Antonio Qualtieri
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, v. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Teresa Sibillano
- Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, v. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo De Vittorio
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
- Dipartimento Ingegneria Dell'Innovazione, Università Del Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Araki T, Uemura T, Yoshimoto S, Takemoto A, Noda Y, Izumi S, Sekitani T. Wireless Monitoring Using a Stretchable and Transparent Sensor Sheet Containing Metal Nanowires. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1902684. [PMID: 31782576 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically and visually imperceptible sensor sheets integrated with lightweight wireless loggers are employed in ultimate flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) to reduce vital stress/nervousness and monitor natural biosignal responses. The key technologies and applications for conceptual sensor system fabrication are reported, as exemplified by the use of a stretchable sensor sheet completely conforming to an individual's body surface to realize a low-noise wireless monitoring system (<1 µV) that can be attached to the human forehead for recording electroencephalograms. The above system can discriminate between Alzheimer's disease and the healthy state, thus offering a rapid in-home brain diagnosis possibility. Moreover, the introduction of metal nanowires to improve the transparency of the biocompatible sensor sheet allows one to wirelessly acquire electrocorticograms of nonhuman primates and simultaneously offers optogenetic stimulation such as toward-the-brain-machine interface under free movement. Also discussed are effective methods of improving electrical reliability, biocompatibility, miniaturization, etc., for metal nanowire based tracks and exploring the use of an organic amplifier as an important component to realize a flexible active probe with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Overall, ultimate FHE technologies are demonstrated to achieve efficient closed-loop systems for healthcare management, medical diagnostics, and preclinical studies in neuroscience and neuroengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Araki
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takafumi Uemura
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shusuke Yoshimoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Ashuya Takemoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Noda
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shintaro Izumi
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekitani
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Daftardar S, Neupane R, Boddu Sai HS, Renukuntla J, Tiwari AK. Advances in Ultrasound Mediated Transdermal Drug Delivery. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:413-423. [PMID: 30747058 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190211163948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Low frequency ultrasound-assisted drug delivery has been widely investigated as a non-invasive method to enhance the transdermal penetration of drugs. Using this technique, a brief application of ultrasound is used to permeabilize skin for a prolonged time. In this review, an overview on ultrasound is detailed to help explain the parameters that could be modulated to obtain the desired ultrasound parameters for enhanced transdermal drug delivery. The mechanisms of enhancement and the latest developments in the area of ultrasound-assisted transdermal drug delivery are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the effects of ultrasound when used in combination with microneedles, electroporation and iontophoresis, and penetration enhancers. Further, this review summarizes the effect of ultrasound on skin integrity and the regulatory requirements for commercialization of the ultrasound based transdermal delivery instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Daftardar
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Rabin Neupane
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - H S Boddu Sai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jwala Renukuntla
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
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Zamora-Sequeira R, Starbird-Pérez R, Rojas-Carillo O, Vargas-Villalobos S. What are the Main Sensor Methods for Quantifying Pesticides in Agricultural Activities? A Review. Molecules 2019; 24:E2659. [PMID: 31340442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in pesticide use to improve crop production due to the growth of agricultural activities. Consequently, various pesticides have been present in the environment for an extended period of time. This review presents a general description of recent advances in the development of methods for the quantification of pesticides used in agricultural activities. Current advances focus on improving sensitivity and selectivity through the use of nanomaterials in both sensor assemblies and new biosensors. In this study, we summarize the electrochemical, optical, nano-colorimetric, piezoelectric, chemo-luminescent and fluorescent techniques related to the determination of agricultural pesticides. A brief description of each method and its applications, detection limit, purpose—which is to efficiently determine pesticides—cost and precision are considered. The main crops that are assessed in this study are bananas, although other fruits and vegetables contaminated with pesticides are also mentioned. While many studies have assessed biosensors for the determination of pesticides, the research in this area needs to be expanded to allow for a balance between agricultural activities and environmental protection.
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Shi A, Xu Z, Lundt J, Tamaddoni HA, Worlikar T, Hall TL. Integrated Histotripsy and Bubble Coalescence Transducer for Rapid Tissue Ablation. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2018; 65:1822-1831. [PMID: 30040636 PMCID: PMC6205265 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2018.2858546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Residual bubbles produced after collapse of a cavitation cloud provide cavitation nuclei for subsequent cavitation events, causing cavitation to occur repeatedly at the same discrete set of sites. This effect, referred to as cavitation memory, limits the efficiency of histotripsy soft tissue fractionation. Besides passively mitigating cavitation memory by using a low pulse repetition frequency (~1 Hz), an active strategy was developed by our group. In this strategy, low-amplitude ultrasound sequences were used to stimulate coalescence of residual bubbles. The goal of this work is to remove cavitation memory and achieve rapid, homogeneous lesion formation using a single phased array transducer. A 1-MHz integrated histotripsy and bubble coalescing (BC) transducer system with a specialized electronic driving system was built in house. High-amplitude ( MPa) histotripsy pulses and subsequent low-amplitude (~1-2 MPa) BC sequences were applied to a red blood cell tissue-mimicking phantom at a single focal site. Significant reduction of the cavitation memory effect and increase in the fractionation rate were observed by introducing BC sequence. Effects of BC pulsing parameters were further studied. The optimal BC parameters were then utilized to homogenize a mm2 region at high rate.
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Abstract
Transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) is a non-invasive technique for therapy and study of brain neural activation. Here we report on the design and characterization of a new MR-guided FUS transducer for neuromodulation in non-human primates at 650 kHz. The array is randomized with 128 elements 6.6 mm in diameter, radius of curvature 7.2 cm, opening diameter 10.3 cm (focal ratio 0.7), and 46% coverage. Simulations were used to optimize transducer geometry with respect to focus size, grating lobes, and directivity. Focus size and grating lobes during electronic steering were quantified using hydrophone measurements in water and a three-axis stage. A novel combination of optical tracking and acoustic mapping enabled measurement of the 3D pressure distribution in the cortical region of an ex vivo skull to within ~3.5 mm of the surface, and allowed accurate modelling of the experiment via non-homogeneous 3D acoustic simulations. The data demonstrates acoustic focusing beyond the skull bone, with the focus slightly broadened and shifted proximal to the skull. The fabricated design is capable of targeting regions within the S1 sensorimotor cortex of macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandiver Chaplin
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Marshal A. Phipps
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Charles F. Caskey
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232
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Fonollosa J, Solórzano A, Marco S. Chemical Sensor Systems and Associated Algorithms for Fire Detection: A Review. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E553. [PMID: 29439490 DOI: 10.3390/s18020553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Indoor fire detection using gas chemical sensing has been a subject of investigation since the early nineties. This approach leverages the fact that, for certain types of fire, chemical volatiles appear before smoke particles do. Hence, systems based on chemical sensing can provide faster fire alarm responses than conventional smoke-based fire detectors. Moreover, since it is known that most casualties in fires are produced from toxic emissions rather than actual burns, gas-based fire detection could provide an additional level of safety to building occupants. In this line, since the 2000s, electrochemical cells for carbon monoxide sensing have been incorporated into fire detectors. Even systems relying exclusively on gas sensors have been explored as fire detectors. However, gas sensors respond to a large variety of volatiles beyond combustion products. As a result, chemical-based fire detectors require multivariate data processing techniques to ensure high sensitivity to fires and false alarm immunity. In this paper, we the survey toxic emissions produced in fires and defined standards for fire detection systems. We also review the state of the art of chemical sensor systems for fire detection and the associated signal and data processing algorithms. We also examine the experimental protocols used for the validation of the different approaches, as the complexity of the test measurements also impacts on reported sensitivity and specificity measures. All in all, further research and extensive test under different fire and nuisance scenarios are still required before gas-based fire detectors penetrate largely into the market. Nevertheless, the use of dynamic features and multivariate models that exploit sensor correlations seems imperative.
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Molnár G, Rat S, Salmon L, Nicolazzi W, Bousseksou A. Spin Crossover Nanomaterials: From Fundamental Concepts to Devices. Adv Mater 2018; 30:1703862. [PMID: 29171924 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale spin crossover materials capable of undergoing reversible switching between two electronic configurations with markedly different physical properties are excellent candidates for various technological applications. In particular, they can serve as active materials for storing and processing information in photonic, mechanical, electronic, and spintronic devices as well as for transducing different forms of energy in sensors and actuators. In this progress report, a brief overview on the current state-of-the-art of experimental and theoretical studies of nanomaterials displaying spin transition is presented. Based on these results, a detailed analysis and discussions in terms of finite size effects and other phenomena inherent to the reduced size scale are provided. Finally, recent research devices using spin crossover complexes are highlighted, emphasizing both challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Molnár
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS & Université de Toulouse (UPS, INP), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvain Rat
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS & Université de Toulouse (UPS, INP), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Salmon
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS & Université de Toulouse (UPS, INP), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - William Nicolazzi
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS & Université de Toulouse (UPS, INP), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Azzedine Bousseksou
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS & Université de Toulouse (UPS, INP), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France
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Dickert FL. Molecular Imprinting and Functional Polymers for All Transducers and Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:s18020327. [PMID: 29364150 PMCID: PMC5855119 DOI: 10.3390/s18020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main challenge in developing a chemical sensor is the synthesis of recognition coatings, which are very sensitive and selective to analytes of interest. Molecular imprinting has proven to be the most innovative strategy for this purpose in functional polymer design in the last few decades. Moreover, the introduction of functional groups brings about new applications for all available transducers. Sensitivity and selectivity features of sensor coatings can be tuned by this approach. The strategy produces molecular cavities and interaction sites in sensor coatings. The synthesis of these tailored recognition materials is performed in an outstanding manner, saving time and the high costs of chemicals. Furthermore, intermolecular interactions between the analyte and chemical layers will generate sites that are complementary to the analyte. This procedure can easily be done, directly on a transducer surface, which entails engulfing the analyte by a prepolymer and crosslinking the polymeric material. These imprinted polymers form a robust recognition layer on the transducer surface, which cannot be peeled off and can withstand very harsh conditions, both in gaseous and liquid media. These recognition materials are very suitable, for small molecules and even large bioparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz L Dickert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, A 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Zipse
- From the Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Aurora
| | - Duy T Nguyen
- From the Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Aurora.
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Andò B, Baglio S, Bulsara AR, Emery T, Marletta V, Pistorio A. Low-Cost Inkjet Printing Technology for the Rapid Prototyping of Transducers. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:s17040748. [PMID: 28368318 PMCID: PMC5421708 DOI: 10.3390/s17040748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been an upsurge in efforts dedicated to developing low-cost flexible electronics by exploiting innovative materials and direct printing technologies. This interest is motivated by the need for low-cost mass-production, shapeable, and disposable devices, and the rapid prototyping of electronics and sensors. This review, following a short overview of main printing processes, reports examples of the development of flexible transducers through low-cost inkjet printing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Andò
- DIEEI-University of Catania, v.le A. Doria, 6-95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Baglio
- DIEEI-University of Catania, v.le A. Doria, 6-95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Adi R Bulsara
- Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, Code 71000, San Diego, CA 92152-5000, USA.
| | - Teresa Emery
- Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, Code 71000, San Diego, CA 92152-5000, USA.
| | | | - Antonio Pistorio
- DIEEI-University of Catania, v.le A. Doria, 6-95125 Catania, Italy.
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Choi H, Ryu J, Kim J. A Novel Fisheye-Lens-Based Photoacoustic System. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:E2185. [PMID: 27999376 DOI: 10.3390/s16122185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel fisheye-lens-based photoacoustic (PA) system. In conventional PA systems, mechanical motors are utilized to obtain the target information due to the small fields of view of such systems. The use of such motors introduces mechanical noise, which is difficult to remove when processing the echo signals. A fisheye lens system offering a wide field of view would effectively reduce the motor effects (i.e., the noise) and enable the system to have a wide field of view. Therefore, in this work, we propose a novel fisheye lens scheme and describe a PA system based on the developed lens scheme. In addition, to confirm the feasibility of the fisheye-lens-based PA system, we present the typical pulse-echo responses obtained using a 20 MHz single element immersion transducer and the echo signals measured from bull’s eye tissue samples separated by approximately 4, 6, 8, and 10 cm diagonally and 2 cm vertically from the fisheye lens. The experimental results demonstrate that the echo signal amplitudes, their center frequencies, and the −6 dB bandwidths obtained using red, green, and blue lights and a fisheye lens are acceptable when the fisheye lens is separated from a sample both diagonally and vertically. Therefore, fisheye-lens-based PA systems could be a potential method of achieving wide fields of view while reducing the mechanical motor effects.
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Song IK, Ro S, Lee JH, Kim EH, Kim HS, Bahk JH, Kim JT. Reference Levels for Central Venous Pressure and Pulmonary Artery Occlusion Pressure Monitoring in the Lateral Position. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016; 31:939-943. [PMID: 27919724 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate reference levels for central venous pressure or pulmonary artery occlusion pressure monitoring in a lateral position. DESIGN Retrospective observational study. SETTING A tertiary university hospital. PARTICIPANTS A total of 204 adults who underwent chest computed tomography scan in the 90° lateral position from November 2006 to February 2015. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Distances from the mid-sternum to the uppermost and lowermost blood levels of both atria were measured. Ratios of the distance from the bottom of the thorax to the uppermost and the lowermost blood levels of both atria to the largest diameter of the thorax were calculated. There were significant differences between the distances from the mid-sternum to the uppermost and the lowermost blood levels of the right atrium and those of the left atrium in the right and left lateral positions, respectively. There were significant differences in the uppermost (3.3±0.1 cm; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.1-3.5) and the lowermost (4.4±0.1 cm; 95% CI 4.2-4.7) blood levels of the right atrium between the right and left lateral positions. Although the uppermost (1.5±0.1 cm; 95% CI 1.3-1.8) and the lowermost (0.4±0.1 cm; 95% CI 0.2-0.6) blood levels of the left atrium between the right and left lateral positions showed differences, their extent was smaller than the right atrium. The uppermost and the lowermost blood levels of the right atrium lay lower than those of the left atrium in the 90° right lateral position. In contrast, in the 90° left lateral position, the uppermost and the lowermost blood levels of the right atrium lay higher than those of the left atrium. CONCLUSIONS When monitoring the central venous pressure and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure with patients in the lateral position, changes in the blood level of both atria should be considered when releveling the reference transducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Kyung Song
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohan Ro
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyon Bahk
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Tae Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Khan A, Abas Z, Kim HS, Kim J. Recent Progress on Cellulose-Based Electro-Active Paper, Its Hybrid Nanocomposites and Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:E1172. [PMID: 27472335 DOI: 10.3390/s16081172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on the recent progress and development of research into cellulose-based electro-active paper for bending actuators, bioelectronics devices, and electromechanical transducers. The cellulose electro-active paper is characterized in terms of its biodegradability, chirality, ample chemically modifying capacity, light weight, actuation capability, and ability to form hybrid nanocomposites. The mechanical, electrical, and chemical characterizations of the cellulose-based electro-active paper and its hybrid composites such as blends or coatings with synthetic polymers, biopolymers, carbon nanotubes, chitosan, and metal oxides, are explained. In addition, the integration of cellulose electro-active paper is highlighted to form various functional devices including but not limited to bending actuators, flexible speaker, strain sensors, energy harvesting transducers, biosensors, chemical sensors and transistors for electronic applications. The frontiers in cellulose paper devices are reviewed together with the strategies and perspectives of cellulose electro-active paper and cellulose nanocomposite research and applications.
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Abstract
This study examined outstanding issues of sensitivity calibration methods for ultrasonic and acoustic emission transducers and provides workable solutions based on physically measureable quantities, laser-based displacement measurement in particular. This leads to mutually consistent determination of transmitting and receiving sensitivities of sensors and transducers. Methods of circumventing problems of extraneous vibrations on free transmitters are used, giving the foundation for face-to-face calibration methods. Working on many ultrasonic and acoustic emission transducers, their receiving and transmitting sensitivities are found to be always different, while their ratios exhibit unexpected similarity. This behavior is attributed to monopolar pulse generation and bipolar received signals due to electrical charge transfer during elastic wave motion and reflection on the back face. This is verified through a quantitative piezoelectric sensing experiment. Displacement vs. velocity calibration terminology is clarified, redefining the "V/µbar" reference for contact sensor calibration. With demonstrated differences in the transmitting and receiving sensitivities of transducers, the requirement of the Hill-Adams equation invalidates the basic premise of the currently formulated reciprocity calibration methods for acoustic emission transducers. In addition, the measured reciprocity parameter for the case of through-transmission significantly deviates from the approximate theoretical prediction. It is demonstrated that three methods provide reliable sensor calibration results that are complimentary among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Ono
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Haubenberger D, Abbruzzese G, Bain PG, Bajaj N, Benito-León J, Bhatia KP, Deuschl G, Forjaz MJ, Hallett M, Louis ED, Lyons KE, Mestre TA, Raethjen J, Stamelou M, Tan EK, Testa CM, Elble RJ. Transducer-based evaluation of tremor. Mov Disord 2016; 31:1327-36. [PMID: 27273470 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society established a task force on tremor that reviewed the use of transducer-based measures in the quantification and characterization of tremor. Studies of accelerometry, electromyography, activity monitoring, gyroscopy, digitizing tablet-based measures, vocal acoustic analysis, and several other transducer-based methods were identified by searching PubMed.gov. The availability, use, acceptability, reliability, validity, and responsiveness were reviewed for each measure using the following criteria: (1) used in the assessment of tremor; (2) used in published studies by people other than the developers; and (3) adequate clinimetric testing. Accelerometry, gyroscopy, electromyography, and digitizing tablet-based measures fulfilled all three criteria. Compared to rating scales, transducers are far more sensitive to changes in tremor amplitude and frequency, but they do not appear to be more capable of detecting a change that exceeds random variability in tremor amplitude (minimum detectable change). The use of transducer-based measures requires careful attention to their limitations and validity in a particular clinical or research setting. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Haubenberger
- Clinical Trials Unit, Office of the Clinical Director, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | | | - Peter G Bain
- Department of Neurology, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nin Bajaj
- Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Julián Benito-León
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Sobell Department for Movement Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Günther Deuschl
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maria João Forjaz
- National School of Public Health and Red de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios y Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elan D Louis
- Departments of Neurology and Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Medicine and Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kelly E Lyons
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Tiago A Mestre
- Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders Center, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan Raethjen
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maria Stamelou
- Neurology Department, University of Athens, Greece and Neurology Department, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute (SGH campus), Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Claudia M Testa
- Department of Neurology and Parkinson's and Movement Disorders Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Rodger J Elble
- Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
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Shavanova K, Bakakina Y, Burkova I, Shtepliuk I, Viter R, Ubelis A, Beni V, Starodub N, Yakimova R, Khranovskyy V. Application of 2D Non-Graphene Materials and 2D Oxide Nanostructures for Biosensing Technology. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:223. [PMID: 26861346 DOI: 10.3390/s16020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of graphene and its unique properties has inspired researchers to try to invent other two-dimensional (2D) materials. After considerable research effort, a distinct “beyond graphene” domain has been established, comprising the library of non-graphene 2D materials. It is significant that some 2D non-graphene materials possess solid advantages over their predecessor, such as having a direct band gap, and therefore are highly promising for a number of applications. These applications are not limited to nano- and opto-electronics, but have a strong potential in biosensing technologies, as one example. However, since most of the 2D non-graphene materials have been newly discovered, most of the research efforts are concentrated on material synthesis and the investigation of the properties of the material. Applications of 2D non-graphene materials are still at the embryonic stage, and the integration of 2D non-graphene materials into devices is scarcely reported. However, in recent years, numerous reports have blossomed about 2D material-based biosensors, evidencing the growing potential of 2D non-graphene materials for biosensing applications. This review highlights the recent progress in research on the potential of using 2D non-graphene materials and similar oxide nanostructures for different types of biosensors (optical and electrochemical). A wide range of biological targets, such as glucose, dopamine, cortisol, DNA, IgG, bisphenol, ascorbic acid, cytochrome and estradiol, has been reported to be successfully detected by biosensors with transducers made of 2D non-graphene materials.
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Cummins T, Yoon C, Choi H, Eliahoo P, Kim HH, Yamashita MW, Hovanessian-Larsen LJ, Lang JE, Sener SF, Vallone J, Martin SE, Kirk Shung K. High-frequency ultrasound imaging for breast cancer biopsy guidance. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2015; 2:047001. [PMID: 26693167 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.2.4.047001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Image-guided core needle biopsy is the current gold standard for breast cancer diagnosis. Microcalcifications, an important radiographic finding on mammography suggestive of early breast cancer such as ductal carcinoma in situ, are usually biopsied under stereotactic guidance. This procedure, however, is uncomfortable for patients and requires the use of ionizing radiation. It would be preferable to biopsy microcalcifications under ultrasound guidance since it is a faster procedure, more comfortable for the patient, and requires no radiation. However, microcalcifications cannot reliably be detected with the current standard ultrasound imaging systems. This study is motivated by the clinical need for real-time high-resolution ultrasound imaging of microcalcifications, so that biopsies can be accurately performed under ultrasound guidance. We have investigated how high-frequency ultrasound imaging can enable visualization of microstructures in ex vivo breast tissue biopsy samples. We generated B-mode images of breast tissue and applied the Nakagami filtering technique to help refine image output so that microcalcifications could be better assessed during ultrasound-guided core biopsies. We describe the preliminary clinical results of high-frequency ultrasound imaging of ex vivo breast biopsy tissue with microcalcifications and without Nakagami filtering and the correlation of these images with the pathology examination by hematoxylin and eosin stain and whole slide digital scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cummins
- University of Southern California , Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Changhan Yoon
- University of Southern California , Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Hojong Choi
- Kumoh National Institute of Technology , Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Daehak-ro 61, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Payam Eliahoo
- University of Southern California , Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Hyung Ham Kim
- University of Southern California , Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mary W Yamashita
- University of Southern California , Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Radiology, 1500 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Linda J Hovanessian-Larsen
- University of Southern California , Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Radiology, 1500 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Julie E Lang
- University of Southern California , Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Surgery, 1500 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Stephen F Sener
- University of Southern California , Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Surgery, 1500 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - John Vallone
- University of Southern California , Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, 1500 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Sue E Martin
- University of Southern California , Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, 1500 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - K Kirk Shung
- University of Southern California , Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Kim JH, Lee JY, Baek JH, Eun HW, Kim YJ, Han JK, Choi BI. High-resolution sonography for distinguishing neoplastic gallbladder polyps and staging gallbladder cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015;204:W150-W159. [PMID: 25615775 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.13.11992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this study were to compare staging accuracy of high-resolution sonography (HRUS) with combined low- and high-MHz transducers with that of conventional sonography for gallbladder cancer and to investigate the differences in the imaging findings of neoplastic and nonneoplastic gallbladder polyps. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Our study included 37 surgically proven gallbladder cancer (T1a = 7, T1b = 2, T2 = 22, T3 = 6), including 15 malignant neoplastic polyps and 73 surgically proven polyps (neoplastic = 31, nonneoplastic = 42) that underwent HRUS and conventional transabdominal sonography. Two radiologists assessed T-category and predefined polyp findings on HRUS and conventional transabdominal sonography. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square and McNemar tests. RESULTS. The diagnostic accuracy for the T category was T1a = 92-95%, T1b = 89-95%, T2 = 78-86%, and T3 = 84-89%, all with good agreement (κ = 0.642) using HRUS. The diagnostic accuracy for differentiating T1 from T2 or greater than T2 was 92% and 89% on HRUS and 65% and 70% with conventional transabdominal sonography. Statistically common findings for neoplastic polyps included size greater than 1 cm, single lobular surface, vascular core, hypoechoic polyp, and hypoechoic foci (p < 0.05). The value of HRUS in the differential diagnosis of a gallbladder polyp was more clearly depicted internal echo foci than conventional transabdominal sonography (39 vs 21). A polyp size greater than 1 cm was independently associated with a neoplastic polyp (odds ratio = 7.5, p = 0.02). The AUC of a polyp size greater than 1 cm was 0.877. The sensitivity and specificity were 66.67% and 89.13%, respectively. CONCLUSION. HRUS is a simple method that enables accurate T categorization of gallbladder carcinoma. It provides high-resolution images of gallbladder polyps and may have a role in stratifying the risk for malignancy.
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Garcia-Amorós J, Velasco D. Optical mechanotransduction with carbazole-based luminescent liquid single-crystal elastomers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:755-61. [PMID: 25704537 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carbazole-based liquid single-crystal elastomers (LSCEs) are valuable fluorescent flexible materials to perform optical mechanotransduction under ambient conditions. Indeed, the covalent incorporation of carbazole derivatives into nematic LSCEs allows to tune their luminescence on demand under mechanical control in a quick and reversible fashion. Specifically, the fluorescence intensity for these materials can be switched back and forth in less than a second. Moreover, such a process can be performed several times without detecting any sign of fatigue in the system. In addition, these materials show excellent resistance to aging; 2 years after their preparation they exhibit the very same mechanofluorescent behavior as when freshly prepared. In fact, the here reported fluorescent systems are highly sensitive; the application of a force of 70 mN decreases the fluorescence in the elastomeric material by 7%. Thus, mechanical forces are attractive external stimuli to modulate the fluorescence of nematic elastomers rapidly and reversibly enabling thereby mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Garcia-Amorós
- Grup de Materials Orgànics, Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Departament de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Ejtehadi F, Ejtehadi F, Teb JC, Arasteh MM. A safe and practical decontamination method to reduce the risk of bacterial colonization of ultrasound transducers. J Clin Ultrasound 2014; 42:395-398. [PMID: 24615794 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hospital-acquired infections is a major concern affecting patient management, in which medical instruments and devices play an important role. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of bacterial contamination of the sonographic probe and describe an effective, safe, and practical decontamination method. METHODS The study's sample consisted of 50 patients. Cultures were taken from the probe surface both after each examination and after the probes had been wiped clean with a dry, nonsterile paper towel. Cultures were also taken randomly from the coupling gel. RESULTS Initial cultures were positive in 49 cases (98%) for aerobic and in 26 cases (52%) for anaerobic bacteria. Cultures obtained after cleaning the probe were positive in only 21 cases (42%) for aerobic and in 12 cases (24%) for anaerobic bacteria. The most common bacteria isolated in the aerobic cultures were Streptococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, and in the anaerobic cultures were Peptococcus spp. and Peptostreptococcus spp. All cultures taken from the coupling gel were negative. CONCLUSIONS Sonographic probes may act as a medium for bacterial contamination and transmission. Cleaning of the probe with a dry, nonsterile paper towel is an easy, effective, low-cost, and device-friendly method that can reduce this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Ejtehadi
- Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
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Ma T, Zhang X, Chiu CT, Chen R, Kirk Shung K, Zhou Q, Jiao S. Systematic study of high-frequency ultrasonic transducer design for laser-scanning photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy. J Biomed Opt 2014; 19:16015. [PMID: 24441942 PMCID: PMC3895818 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.1.016015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy (PAOM) is a high-resolution in vivo imaging modality that is capable of providing specific optical absorption information for the retina. A high-frequency ultrasonic transducer is one of the key components in PAOM, which is in contact with the eyelid through coupling gel during imaging. The ultrasonic transducer plays a crucial role in determining the image quality affected by parameters such as spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and field of view. In this paper, we present the results of a systematic study on a high-frequency ultrasonic transducer design for PAOM. The design includes piezoelectric material selection, frequency selection, and the fabrication process. Transducers of various designs were successfully applied for capturing images of biological samples in vivo. The performances of these designs are compared and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ma
- University of Southern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Chi Tat Chiu
- University of Southern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Ruimin Chen
- University of Southern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - K. Kirk Shung
- University of Southern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Qifa Zhou
- University of Southern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Los Angeles, California 90033
- Address all correspondence to: Qifa Zhou and Shuliang Jiao, E-mail: and
| | - Shuliang Jiao
- University of Southern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Los Angeles, California 90033
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California 90033
- Address all correspondence to: Qifa Zhou and Shuliang Jiao, E-mail: and
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Zarogoulidis P, Chatzaki E, Porpodis K, Domvri K, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, Goldberg EP, Karamanos N, Zarogoulidis K. Inhaled chemotherapy in lung cancer: future concept of nanomedicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1551-72. [PMID: 22619512 PMCID: PMC3356182 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s29997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regional chemotherapy was first used for lung cancer 30 years ago. Since then, new methods of drug delivery and pharmaceuticals have been investigated in vitro, and in animals and humans. An extensive review of drug delivery systems, pharmaceuticals, patient monitoring, methods of enhancing inhaled drug deposition, safety and efficacy, and also additional applications of inhaled chemotherapy and its advantages and disadvantages are presented. Regional chemotherapy to the lung parenchyma for lung cancer is feasible and efficient. Safety depends on the chemotherapy agent delivered to the lungs and is dose-dependent and time-dependent. Further evaluation is needed to provide data regarding early lung cancer stages, and whether regional chemotherapy can be used as neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment. Finally, inhaled chemotherapy could one day be administered at home with fewer systemic adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department, G Papanikolaou General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Abstract
In this paper, we present the system we have developed for participating in the second task of the i2b2/VA 2011 challenge dedicated to emotion detection in clinical records. On the official evaluation, we ranked 6th out of 26 participants. Our best configuration, based upon a combination of both a machine-learning based approach and manually-defined transducers, obtained a 0.5383 global F-measure, while the distribution of the other 26 participants' results is characterized by mean = 0.4875, stdev = 0.0742, min = 0.2967, max = 0.6139, and median = 0.5027. Combination of machine learning and transducer is achieved by computing the union of results from both approaches, each using a hierarchy of sentiment specific classifiers.
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Gateau J, Aubry JF, Pernot M, Fink M, Tanter M. Combined passive detection and ultrafast active imaging of cavitation events induced by short pulses of high-intensity ultrasound. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2011; 58:517-32. [PMID: 21429844 PMCID: PMC3350371 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2011.1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The activation of natural gas nuclei to induce larger bubbles is possible using short ultrasonic excitations of high amplitude, and is required for ultrasound cavitation therapies. However, little is known about the distribution of nuclei in tissues. Therefore, the acoustic pressure level necessary to generate bubbles in a targeted zone and their exact location are currently difficult to predict. To monitor the initiation of cavitation activity, a novel all-ultrasound technique sensitive to single nucleation events is presented here. It is based on combined passive detection and ultrafast active imaging over a large volume using the same multi-element probe. Bubble nucleation was induced using a focused transducer (660 kHz, f-number = 1) driven by a high-power electric burst (up to 300 W) of one to two cycles. Detection was performed with a linear array (4 to 7 MHz) aligned with the single-element focal point. In vitro experiments in gelatin gel and muscular tissue are presented. The synchronized passive detection enabled radio-frequency data to be recorded, comprising high-frequency coherent wave fronts as signatures of the acoustic emissions linked to the activation of the nuclei. Active change detection images were obtained by subtracting echoes collected in the unnucleated medium. These indicated the appearance of stable cavitating regions. Because of the ultrafast frame rate, active detection occurred as quickly as 330 μs after the high-amplitude excitation and the dynamics of the induced regions were studied individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Gateau
- Institut Langevin, Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI) ParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7587, Paris, France.
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Abstract
We consider sets of two-dimensional arrays, called here transducer generated languages, obtained by iterative applications of transducers (finite state automata with output). Each transducer generates a set of blocks of symbols such that the bottom row of a block is an input string accepted by the transducer and, by iterative application of the transducer, each row of the block is an output of the transducer on the preceding row. We show how these arrays can be implemented through molecular assembly of triple crossover DNA molecules. Such assembly could serve as a scaffold for arranging molecular robotic arms capable for simultaneous movements. We observe that transducer generated languages define a class of languages which is a proper subclass of recognizable picture languages, but it containing the class of all factorial local two-dimensional languages. By taking the average growth rate of the number of blocks in the language as a measure of its complexity, we further observe that arrays with high complexity patterns can be generated in this way.
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Melodelima D, Salomir R, Mougenot C, Moonen C, Cathignol D. 64-element intraluminal ultrasound cylindrical phased array for transesophageal thermal ablation under fast MR temperature mapping: an ex vivo study. Med Phys 2006; 33:2926-34. [PMID: 16964871 PMCID: PMC1890449 DOI: 10.1118/1.2218064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This work was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of using a cylindrical phased array for transoesophaeal thermal ablation under magnetic resonance (MR) imaging guidance. Sixty-four transducers (0.45 mm wide by 15 mm tall), operating at 4.6 MHz, were spread around the periphery of a 10.6-mm-diam cylinder. The head of the applicator was covered with a 65-microm thick latex balloon attached using watertight seals. This envelope was inflated with degassed water to provide acoustic coupling between the transducer and the tissues. The underlying operating principle of this applicator is to rotate a plane ultrasound beam electronically. For this purpose, eight adjacent transducers were excited with appropriate delay times so as to generate a plane wave. The exposure direction was changed by exciting a different set of eight elements. Ex vivo experiments conducted on 47 samples of pig liver under MR temperature monitoring demonstrated the ability of this applicator to generate cylindrical or sector-based coagulation necroses at depths up to 19 mm with excellent angular precision by applying 20 W/cm2. MR thermometry was performed in "real-time" with segmented echo-planar imaging gradient echo sequences. The temporal resolution was approximately 3 s/ image. The average value for the temperature baseline in liver tissue close to the applicator was 0.3 degrees C (+/- 0.6 degrees C). The thermal dose delivered in tissues was computed on-line during temperature imaging. Excellent MR compatibility was demonstrated, all MR acquisitions were performed without susceptibility artifacts or radio-frequency interferences with the ultrasound device. Thermal lesions identified on post-treatment follow up showed good correlation with online MR thermometry data. The individual differences between measurements performed visually and using MRI thermal dose maps were about 11% of volume. This study demonstrated the feasibility of thermal ablation using a phased array intraluminal ultrasound applicator and on-line MR monitoring.
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Abstract
A sparse phased array is specially designed for non-invasive ultrasound transskull brain therapy. The array is made of 200 single elements corresponding to a new generation of high power transducers developed in collaboration with Imasonic (Besançon, France). Each element has a surface of 0.5 cm2 and works at 0.9 MHz central frequency with a maximum 20 W cm(-2) intensity on the transducer surface. In order to optimize the steering capabilities of the array, several transducer distributions on a spherical surface are simulated: hexagonal, annular and quasi-random distributions. Using a quasi-random distribution significantly reduces the grating lobes. Furthermore, the simulations show the capability of the quasi-random array to electronically move the focal spot in the vicinity of the geometrical focus (up to +/- 15 mm). Based on the simulation study, the array is constructed and tested. The skull aberrations are corrected by using a time reversal mirror with amplitude correction achieved thanks to an implantable hydrophone, and a sharp focus is obtained through a human skull. Several lesions are induced in fresh liver and brain samples through human skulls, demonstrating the accuracy and the steering capabilities of the system.
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Abstract
A sparse phased array is specially designed for non-invasive ultrasound transskull brain therapy. The array is made of 200 single elements corresponding to a new generation of high power transducers developed in collaboration with Imasonic (Besançon, France). Each element has a surface of 0.5 cm2 and works at 0.9 MHz central frequency with a maximum 20 W cm(-2) intensity on the transducer surface. In order to optimize the steering capabilities of the array, several transducer distributions on a spherical surface are simulated: hexagonal, annular and quasi-random distributions. Using a quasi-random distribution significantly reduces the grating lobes. Furthermore, the simulations show the capability of the quasi-random array to electronically move the focal spot in the vicinity of the geometrical focus (up to +/- 15 mm). Based on the simulation study, the array is constructed and tested. The skull aberrations are corrected by using a time reversal mirror with amplitude correction achieved thanks to an implantable hydrophone, and a sharp focus is obtained through a human skull. Several lesions are induced in fresh liver and brain samples through human skulls, demonstrating the accuracy and the steering capabilities of the system.
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