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Shi L, Feng G, Yang X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Cheng J, Lin S. Potential of PAQosome as a therapeutic target for hepatic fibrosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 39:381-391. [PMID: 38016755 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The condition of hepatic fibrosis is hazardous. Therefore, it is vital that we investigate the mechanism of hepatic fibrosis to provide new targets for treatment. METHODS Preliminary screening and research was carried out based on our prior results and our speculated role of the particle with quaternary structure arrangement (PAQosome) in hepatic fibrosis. The experiments were conducted using LX-2 or HepG2 cell lines by western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, luciferase assays, and co-immunoprecipitation and were further validated in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. RESULTS We screened and proved that several subunits of the PAQosome regulate the development of liver fibrosis, including the asparagine synthetase domain-containing 1 upstream open reading frame (ASDURF), prefoldin subunit 4 (PFDN4), prefoldin subunit 5 (PFDN5), unconventional prefoldin RNA polymerase II subunit 5 interactor (URI1), and ubiquitously expressed prefoldin-like chaperone (UXT). ASDURF promotes hepatic fibrosis through the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1)/Sekelsky mothers against decapentaplegic homologue 3 (Smad3) and NF-κB signaling pathways. ASDURF regulates the expression of asparagine synthetase domain-containing 1 (ASNSD1). PFDN4, PFDN5, URI1, and UXT regulate cell proliferation through the PI3K/AKT pathway, and thus regulate liver fibrosis. A hepatic fibrosis score ≥ F2 was selected as the diagnostic criteria for hepatic fibrosis in the GSE96971 database. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of PFDN4, PFDN5, UXT, and ASNSD1 were 0.862 (confidence interval [CI]: 0.6588-1.000), 0.538 (CI: 0.224-0.853), 0.708 (CI: 0.449-0.966), and 0.831 (CI: 0.638-1.000), respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that the PAQosome is a brand new target for hepatic fibrosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Shi
- Department of Infectious Disease Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gong Feng
- Department of Infectious Disease Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xueliang Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shumei Lin
- Department of Infectious Disease Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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2
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Watanabe A, Miyake K, Yamada Y, Sunamura EI, Yotani T, Kagami K, Kasai S, Tamai M, Harama D, Akahane K, Goi K, Sakaguchi K, Goto H, Kitahara S, Inukai T. Utility of ASNS gene methylation evaluated with the HPLC method as a pharmacogenomic biomarker to predict asparaginase sensitivity in BCP-ALL. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2268814. [PMID: 37839090 PMCID: PMC10578186 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2023.2268814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Asparaginase is an important agent for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), but it is occasionally associated with severe adverse events. Thus, for safer and more efficacious therapy, a clinical biomarker predicting asparaginase sensitivity is highly anticipated. Asparaginase depletes serum asparagine by deaminating asparagine into aspartic acid, and ALL cells are thought to be sensitive to asparaginase due to reduced asparagine synthetase (ASNS) activity. We have recently shown that allele-specific methylation of the ASNS gene is highly involved in asparaginase sensitivity in B-precursor ALL (BCP-ALL) by using next-generation sequence (NGS) analysis of bisulphite PCR products of the genomic DNA. Here, we sought to confirm the utility of methylation status of the ASNS gene evaluated with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of bisulphite PCR products for future clinical applications. In the global methylation status of 23 CpG sites at the boundary region of promoter and exon 1 of the ASNS gene, a strong positive correlation was confirmed between the mean percent methylation evaluated with the HPLC method and that with the NGS method in 79 BCP-ALL cell lines (R2 = 0.85, p = 1.3 × 10-33) and in 63 BCP-ALL clinical samples (R2 = 0.84, p = 5.0 × 10-26). Moreover, methylation status of the ASNS gene evaluated with the HPLC method was significantly associated with in vitro asparaginase sensitivities as well as gene and protein expression levels of ASNS. These observations indicated that the ASNS gene methylation status evaluated with the HPLC method is a reliable biomarker for predicting the asparaginase sensitivity of BCP-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kunio Miyake
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yuriko Yamada
- Tsukuba Research Institute, Research and Development, Sekisui Medical Co, Ltd, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ei-Ichiro Sunamura
- Tsukuba Research Institute, Research and Development, Sekisui Medical Co, Ltd, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takuya Yotani
- Instrument System Development Center, Research and Development, Sekisui Medical Co, Ltd, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keiko Kagami
- Department of Pediatrics Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shin Kasai
- Department of Pediatrics Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Minori Tamai
- Department of Pediatrics Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Harama
- Department of Pediatrics Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Koshi Akahane
- Department of Pediatrics Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kumiko Goi
- Department of Pediatrics Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kimiyoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Goto
- Hematology/Oncology, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kitahara
- R&D Management Department, Research and Development, Sekisui Medical Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inukai
- Department of Pediatrics Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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3
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Chang MC, Staklinski SJ, Malut VR, Pierre GL, Kilberg MS, Merritt ME. Metabolomic Profiling of Asparagine Deprivation in Asparagine Synthetase Deficiency Patient-Derived Cells. Nutrients 2023; 15:1938. [PMID: 37111157 PMCID: PMC10145675 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural amino acid asparagine (Asn) is required by cells to sustain function and proliferation. Healthy cells can synthesize Asn through asparagine synthetase (ASNS) activity, whereas specific cancer and genetically diseased cells are forced to obtain asparagine from the extracellular environment. ASNS catalyzes the ATP-dependent synthesis of Asn from aspartate by consuming glutamine as a nitrogen source. Asparagine Synthetase Deficiency (ASNSD) is a disease that results from biallelic mutations in the ASNS gene and presents with congenital microcephaly, intractable seizures, and progressive brain atrophy. ASNSD often leads to premature death. Although clinical and cellular studies have reported that Asn deprivation contributes to the disease symptoms, the global metabolic effects of Asn deprivation on ASNSD-derived cells have not been studied. We analyzed two previously characterized cell culture models, lymphoblastoids and fibroblasts, each carrying unique ASNS mutations from families with ASNSD. Metabolomics analysis demonstrated that Asn deprivation in ASNS-deficient cells led to disruptions across a wide range of metabolites. Moreover, we observed significant decrements in TCA cycle intermediates and anaplerotic substrates in ASNS-deficient cells challenged with Asn deprivation. We have identified pantothenate, phenylalanine, and aspartate as possible biomarkers of Asn deprivation in normal and ASNSD-derived cells. This work implies the possibility of a novel ASNSD diagnostic via targeted biomarker analysis of a blood draw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario C. Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Stephen J. Staklinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Vinay R. Malut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Geraldine L. Pierre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Michael S. Kilberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Matthew E. Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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4
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Liu Y, Chu C. Improving maize seed protein content and nitrogen-use efficiency by a teosinte asparagine synthetase. Mol Plant 2023; 16:497-499. [PMID: 36461635 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Enhancing Resource Use Efficiency of Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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5
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Steidl ME, Nigro EA, Nielsen AK, Pagliarini R, Cassina L, Lampis M, Podrini C, Chiaravalli M, Mannella V, Distefano G, Yang M, Aslanyan M, Musco G, Roepman R, Frezza C, Boletta A. Primary cilia sense glutamine availability and respond via asparagine synthetase. Nat Metab 2023; 5:385-397. [PMID: 36879119 PMCID: PMC10042734 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Depriving cells of nutrients triggers an energetic crisis, which is resolved by metabolic rewiring and organelle reorganization. Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles at the cell surface, capable of integrating multiple metabolic and signalling cues, but their precise sensory function is not fully understood. Here we show that primary cilia respond to nutrient availability and adjust their length via glutamine-mediated anaplerosis facilitated by asparagine synthetase (ASNS). Nutrient deprivation causes cilia elongation, mediated by reduced mitochondrial function, ATP availability and AMPK activation independently of mTORC1. Of note, glutamine removal and replenishment is necessary and sufficient to induce ciliary elongation or retraction, respectively, under nutrient stress conditions both in vivo and in vitro by restoring mitochondrial anaplerosis via ASNS-dependent glutamate generation. Ift88-mutant cells lacking cilia show reduced glutamine-dependent mitochondrial anaplerosis during metabolic stress, due to reduced expression and activity of ASNS at the base of cilia. Our data indicate a role for cilia in responding to, and possibly sensing, cellular glutamine levels via ASNS during metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Steidl
- Molecular Basis of Cystic Kidney Disorders Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Ph.D Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa A Nigro
- Molecular Basis of Cystic Kidney Disorders Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anne Kallehauge Nielsen
- Molecular Basis of Cystic Kidney Disorders Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Ph.D Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Pagliarini
- Molecular Basis of Cystic Kidney Disorders Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Cassina
- Molecular Basis of Cystic Kidney Disorders Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Lampis
- Molecular Basis of Cystic Kidney Disorders Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christine Podrini
- Molecular Basis of Cystic Kidney Disorders Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Chiaravalli
- Molecular Basis of Cystic Kidney Disorders Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Mannella
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Distefano
- Molecular Basis of Cystic Kidney Disorders Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ming Yang
- MRC, Cancer Unit Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- CECAD Research Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mariam Aslanyan
- Department of Human Genetics and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Giovanna Musco
- Biomolecular Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC, Cancer Unit Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- CECAD Research Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alessandra Boletta
- Molecular Basis of Cystic Kidney Disorders Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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6
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Nishikawa G, Kawada K, Hanada K, Maekawa H, Itatani Y, Miyoshi H, Taketo MM, Obama K. Targeting Asparagine Synthetase in Tumorgenicity Using Patient-Derived Tumor-Initiating Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203273. [PMID: 36291140 PMCID: PMC9600002 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of energy metabolism is regarded as one of the hallmarks of cancer; in particular, oncogenic RAS has been shown to be a critical regulator of cancer metabolism. Recently, asparagine metabolism has been heavily investigated as a novel target for cancer treatment. For example, Knott et al. showed that asparagine bioavailability governs metastasis in a breast cancer model. Gwinn et al. reported the therapeutic vulnerability of asparagine biosynthesis in KRAS-driven non-small cell lung cancer. We previously reported that KRAS-mutated CRC cells can adapt to glutamine depletion through upregulation of asparagine synthetase (ASNS), an enzyme that synthesizes asparagine from aspartate. In our previous study, we assessed the efficacy of asparagine depletion using human cancer cell lines. In the present study, we evaluated the clinical relevance of asparagine depletion using a novel patient-derived spheroid xenograft (PDSX) mouse model. First, we examined ASNS expression in 38 spheroid lines and found that 12 lines (12/37, 32.4%) displayed high ASNS expression, whereas 26 lines (25/37, 67.6%) showed no ASNS expression. Next, to determine the role of asparagine metabolism in tumor growth, we established ASNS-knockdown spheroid lines using lentiviral short hairpin RNA constructs targeting ASNS. An in vitro cell proliferation assay demonstrated a significant decrease in cell proliferation upon asparagine depletion in the ASNS-knockdown spheroid lines, and this was not observed in the control spheroids lines. In addition, we examined asparagine inhibition with the anti-leukemia drug L-asparaginase (L-Asp) and observed a considerable reduction in cell proliferation at a low concentration (0.1 U/mL) in the ASNS-knockdown spheroid lines, whereas it exhibited limited inhibition of control spheroid lines at the same concentration. Finally, we used the PDSX model to assess the effects of asparagine depletion on tumor growth in vivo. The nude mice injected with ASNS-knockdown or control spheroid lines were administered with L-Asp once a day for 28 days. Surprisingly, in mice injected with ASNS-knockdown spheroids, the administration of L-Asp dramatically inhibited tumor engraftment. On the other hands, in mice injected with control spheroids, the administration of L-Asp had no effect on tumor growth inhibition at all. These results suggest that ASNS inhibition could be critical in targeting asparagine metabolism in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Nishikawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto City Hospital, Kyoto 604-8845, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawada
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-366-7595
| | - Keita Hanada
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital, Kyoto 607-8062, Japan
| | - Hisatsugu Maekawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Itatani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science (IACT), Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Makoto Mark Taketo
- Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science (IACT), Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Obama
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Grima-Reyes M, Vandenberghe A, Nemazanyy I, Meola P, Paul R, Reverso-Meinietti J, Martinez-Turtos A, Nottet N, Chan WK, Lorenzi PL, Marchetti S, Ricci JE, Chiche J. Tumoral microenvironment prevents de novo asparagine biosynthesis in B cell lymphoma, regardless of ASNS expression. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabn6491. [PMID: 35857457 PMCID: PMC9258813 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn6491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of circulating asparagine with l-asparaginase (ASNase) is a mainstay of leukemia treatment and is under investigation in many cancers. Expression levels of asparagine synthetase (ASNS), which catalyzes asparagine synthesis, were considered predictive of cancer cell sensitivity to ASNase treatment, a notion recently challenged. Using [U-13C5]-l-glutamine in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model of B cell lymphomas (BCLs), we demonstrated that supraphysiological or physiological concentrations of asparagine prevent de novo asparagine biosynthesis, regardless of ASNS expression levels. Overexpressing ASNS in ASNase-sensitive BCL was insufficient to confer resistance to ASNase treatment in vivo. Moreover, we showed that ASNase's glutaminase activity enables its maximal anticancer effect. Together, our results indicate that baseline ASNS expression (low or high) cannot dictate BCL dependence on de novo asparagine biosynthesis and predict BCL sensitivity to dual ASNase activity. Thus, except for ASNS-deficient cancer cells, ASNase's glutaminase activity should be considered in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Grima-Reyes
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Nice, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Ashaina Vandenberghe
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Nice, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Ivan Nemazanyy
- Plateforme d’étude du métabolisme SFR-Necker, Inserm US 24–CNRS UAR, 3633 Paris, France
| | - Pauline Meola
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Nice, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Rachel Paul
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Nice, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Julie Reverso-Meinietti
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Nice, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Adriana Martinez-Turtos
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Nice, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | | | - Wai-Kin Chan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Philip L. Lorenzi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sandrine Marchetti
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Nice, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Jean-Ehrland Ricci
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Nice, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Johanna Chiche
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Nice, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
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8
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Iqbal A, Huiping G, Xiangru W, Hengheng Z, Xiling Z, Meizhen S. Genome-wide expression analysis reveals involvement of asparagine synthetase family in cotton development and nitrogen metabolism. BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:122. [PMID: 35296248 PMCID: PMC8925137 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine synthetase (ASN) is one of the key enzymes of nitrogen (N) metabolism in plants. The product of ASN is asparagine, which is one of the key compounds involved in N transport and storage in plants. Complete genome-wide analysis and classifications of the ASN gene family have recently been reported in different plants. However, little is known about the systematic analysis and expression profiling of ASN proteins in cotton development and N metabolism. Here, various bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify ASN gene family in cotton. In the cotton genome, forty-three proteins were found that determined ASN genes, comprising of 20 genes in Gossypium hirsutum (Gh), 13 genes in Gossypium arboreum, and 10 genes in Gossypium raimondii. The ASN encoded genes unequally distributed on various chromosomes with conserved glutamine amidotransferases and ASN domains. Expression analysis indicated that the majority of GhASNs were upregulated in vegetative and reproductive organs, fiber development, and N metabolism. Overall, the results provide proof of the possible role of the ASN genes in improving cotton growth, fiber development, and especially N metabolism in cotton. The identified hub genes will help to functionally elucidate the ASN genes in cotton development and N metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Iqbal
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou Research Base, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui Huiping
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou Research Base, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Xiangru
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou Research Base, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, People's Republic of China
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhang Hengheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou Research Base, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Xiling
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou Research Base, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, People's Republic of China.
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Song Meizhen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou Research Base, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, People's Republic of China.
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China.
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Fan FS. Consumption of meat containing ractopamine might enhance tumor growth through induction of asparagine synthetase. Eur J Cancer Prev 2022; 31:82-84. [PMID: 33369951 PMCID: PMC8638813 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no evidence of the carcinogenic effect of the β-adrenergic agonist ractopamine added in finishing swine and cattle feed for promoting leanness. Nonetheless, it has the capability of stimulating expression of asparagine synthetase (ASNS) through activating transcription factor 5, and many other genes involved in the stress reaction in the skeletal muscle of pigs according to published scientific articles. Because overexpression of ASNS has been detected as a key player in amino acid response and unfolded protein response during the development of not a few malignant diseases, especially those with KRAS mutations, and found to be closely related to tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that intake of ractopamine residue in meat might bring negative effects to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S. Fan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Haematology and Oncology, Ministry of Health and Welfare Taitung Hospital, Taitung County, Taiwan
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10
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Dai B, Augustine JJ, Kang Y, Roife D, Li X, Deng J, Tan L, Rusling LA, Weinstein JN, Lorenzi PL, Kim MP, Fleming JB. Compound NSC84167 selectively targets NRF2-activated pancreatic cancer by inhibiting asparagine synthesis pathway. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:693. [PMID: 34247201 PMCID: PMC8272721 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is aberrantly activated in about 93% of pancreatic cancers. Activated NRF2 regulates multiple downstream molecules involved in cancer cell metabolic reprogramming, translational control, and treatment resistance; however, targeting NRF2 for pancreatic cancer therapy remains largely unexplored. In this study, we used the online computational tool CellMinerTM to explore the NCI-60 drug databases for compounds with anticancer activities correlating most closely with the mRNA expression of NQO1, a marker for NRF2 pathway activity. Among the >100,000 compounds analyzed, NSC84167, termed herein as NRF2 synthetic lethality compound-01 (NSLC01), was one of the top hits (r = 0.71, P < 0.001) and selected for functional characterization. NSLC01 selectively inhibited the viabilities of four out of seven conventional pancreatic cancer cell lines and induced dramatic apoptosis in the cells with high NRF2 activation. The selective anticancer activity of NSLC01 was further validated with a panel of nine low-passage pancreatic patient-derived cell lines, and a significant reverse correlation between log(IC50) of NSLC01 and NQO1 expression was confirmed (r = -0.5563, P = 0.024). Notably, screening of a panel of nine patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) revealed six PDXs with high NQO1/NRF2 activation, and NSLC01 dramatically inhibited the viabilities and induced apoptosis in ex vivo cultures of PDX tumors. Consistent with the ex vivo results, NSLC01 inhibited the tumor growth of two NRF2-activated PDX models in vivo (P < 0.01, n = 7-8) but had no effects on the NRF2-low counterpart. To characterize the mechanism of action, we employed a metabolomic isotope tracer assay that demonstrated that NSLC01-mediated inhibition of de novo synthesis of multiple amino acids, including asparagine and methionine. Importantly, we further found that NSLC01 suppresses the eEF2K/eEF2 translation elongation cascade and protein translation of asparagine synthetase. In summary, this study identified a novel compound that selectively targets protein translation and induces synthetic lethal effects in NRF2-activated pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Dai
- Departments of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jithesh J Augustine
- Departments of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ya'an Kang
- Departments of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David Roife
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Xinqun Li
- Departments of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jenying Deng
- Departments of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lin Tan
- Departments of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Leona A Rusling
- Departments of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John N Weinstein
- Departments of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Philip L Lorenzi
- Departments of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael P Kim
- Departments of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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11
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Oddy J, Alarcón-Reverte R, Wilkinson M, Ravet K, Raffan S, Minter A, Mead A, Elmore JS, de Almeida IM, Cryer NC, Halford NG, Pearce S. Reduced free asparagine in wheat grain resulting from a natural deletion of TaASN-B2: investigating and exploiting diversity in the asparagine synthetase gene family to improve wheat quality. BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:302. [PMID: 34187359 PMCID: PMC8240372 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the determinants of free asparagine concentration in wheat grain is necessary to reduce levels of the processing contaminant acrylamide in baked and toasted wheat products. Although crop management strategies can help reduce asparagine concentrations, breeders have limited options to select for genetic variation underlying this trait. Asparagine synthetase enzymes catalyse a critical step in asparagine biosynthesis in plants and, in wheat, are encoded by five homeologous gene triads that exhibit distinct expression profiles. Within this family, TaASN2 genes are highly expressed during grain development but TaASN-B2 is absent in some varieties. RESULTS Natural genetic diversity in the asparagine synthetase gene family was assessed in different wheat varieties revealing instances of presence/absence variation and other polymorphisms, including some predicted to affect the function of the encoded protein. The presence and absence of TaASN-B2 was determined across a range of UK and global common wheat varieties and related species, showing that the deletion encompassing this gene was already present in some wild emmer wheat genotypes. Expression profiling confirmed that TaASN2 transcripts were only detectable in the grain, while TaASN3.1 genes were highly expressed during the early stages of grain development. TaASN-A2 was the most highly expressed TaASN2 homeologue in most assayed wheat varieties. TaASN-B2 and TaASN-D2 were expressed at similar, lower levels in varieties possessing TaASN-B2. Expression of TaASN-A2 and TaASN-D2 did not increase to compensate for the absence of TaASN-B2, so total TaASN2 expression was lower in varieties lacking TaASN-B2. Consequently, free asparagine concentrations in field-produced grain were, on average, lower in varieties lacking TaASN-B2, although the effect was lost when free asparagine accumulated to very high concentrations as a result of sulphur deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Selecting wheat genotypes lacking the TaASN-B2 gene may be a simple and rapid way for breeders to reduce free asparagine concentrations in commercial wheat grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Oddy
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Rocío Alarcón-Reverte
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Karl Ravet
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Sarah Raffan
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Andrea Minter
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Andrew Mead
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
| | - J. Stephen Elmore
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6DZ UK
| | | | - Nicholas C. Cryer
- Mondelēz UK R&D Ltd, Bournville Lane, Bournville, Birmingham, B30 2LU UK
| | - Nigel G. Halford
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Stephen Pearce
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
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12
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Della-Flora Nunes G, Wilson ER, Marziali LN, Hurley E, Silvestri N, He B, O'Malley BW, Beirowski B, Poitelon Y, Wrabetz L, Feltri ML. Prohibitin 1 is essential to preserve mitochondria and myelin integrity in Schwann cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3285. [PMID: 34078899 PMCID: PMC8172551 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In peripheral nerves, Schwann cells form myelin and provide trophic support to axons. We previously showed that the mitochondrial protein prohibitin 2 can localize to the axon-Schwann-cell interface and is required for developmental myelination. Whether the homologous protein prohibitin 1 has a similar role, and whether prohibitins also play important roles in Schwann cell mitochondria is unknown. Here, we show that deletion of prohibitin 1 in Schwann cells minimally perturbs development, but later triggers a severe demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. Moreover, mitochondria are heavily affected by ablation of prohibitin 1 and demyelination occurs preferentially in cells with apparent mitochondrial loss. Furthermore, in response to mitochondrial damage, Schwann cells trigger the integrated stress response, but, contrary to what was previously suggested, this response is not detrimental in this context. These results identify a role for prohibitin 1 in myelin integrity and advance our understanding about the Schwann cell response to mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Della-Flora Nunes
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Emma R Wilson
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Leandro N Marziali
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Edward Hurley
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Silvestri
- Departments of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bin He
- Immunobiology & Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bogdan Beirowski
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Albany Medical College, Dept of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Departments of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Departments of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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13
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Hope HC, Brownlie RJ, Fife CM, Steele L, Lorger M, Salmond RJ. Coordination of asparagine uptake and asparagine synthetase expression modulates CD8+ T cell activation. JCI Insight 2021; 6:137761. [PMID: 33822775 PMCID: PMC8262305 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) triggering by antigen results in metabolic reprogramming that, in turn, facilitates the exit of T cells from quiescence. The increased nutrient requirements of activated lymphocytes are met, in part, by upregulation of cell surface transporters and enhanced uptake of amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose from the environment. However, the role of intracellular pathways of amino acid biosynthesis in T cell activation is relatively unexplored. Asparagine is a nonessential amino acid that can be synthesized intracellularly through the glutamine-hydrolyzing enzyme asparagine synthetase (ASNS). We set out to define the requirements for uptake of extracellular asparagine and ASNS activity in CD8+ T cell activation. At early time points of activation in vitro, CD8+ T cells expressed little or no ASNS, and, as a consequence, viability and TCR-stimulated growth, activation, and metabolic reprogramming were substantially impaired under conditions of asparagine deprivation. At later time points (more than 24 hours of activation), TCR-induced mTOR-dependent signals resulted in ASNS upregulation that endowed CD8+ T cells with the capacity to function independently of extracellular asparagine. Thus, our data suggest that the coordinated upregulation of ASNS expression and uptake of extracellular asparagine is involved in optimal T cell effector responses.
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14
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Oshio Y, Hattori Y, Kamata H, Ozaki-Masuzawa Y, Seki A, Tsuruta Y, Takenaka A. Very low-density lipoprotein receptor increases in a liver-specific manner due to protein deficiency but does not affect fatty liver in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8003. [PMID: 33850206 PMCID: PMC8044231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is a member of the LDL receptor family that is involved in the uptake of VLDL into cells. Increased hepatic VLDLR under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been shown to cause fatty liver. In this study, the effect of dietary protein restriction on hepatic VLDLR and the role of VLDLR in fatty liver were investigated using Vldlr knockout (KO) mice. Growing wild-type (WT) and KO mice were fed a control diet containing 20% protein or a low protein diet containing 3% protein for 11 days. In WT mice, the amount of hepatic Vldlr mRNA and VLDLR protein increased by approximately 8- and 7-fold, respectively, due to protein restriction. Vldlr mRNA and protein levels increased in both type 1 and type 2 VLDLR. However, neither Vldlr mRNA nor protein levels were significantly increased in heart, muscle, and adipose tissue, demonstrating that VLDLR increase due to protein restriction occurred in a liver-specific manner. Increased liver triglyceride levels during protein restriction occurred in KO mice to the same extent as in WT mice, indicating that increased VLDLR during protein restriction was not the main cause of fatty liver, which was different from the case of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Oshio
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yuta Hattori
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hatsuho Kamata
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yori Ozaki-Masuzawa
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Arisa Seki
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Tsuruta
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Asako Takenaka
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
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15
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Noree C, Sirinonthanawech N. Nuclear targeted Saccharomyces cerevisiae asparagine synthetases associate with the mitotic spindle regardless of their enzymatic activity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243742. [PMID: 33347445 PMCID: PMC7751962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, human asparagine synthetase has been found to be associated with the mitotic spindle. However, this event cannot be seen in yeast because yeast takes a different cell division process via closed mitosis (there is no nuclear envelope breakdown to allow the association between any cytosolic enzyme and mitotic spindle). To find out if yeast asparagine synthetase can also (but hiddenly) have this feature, the coding sequences of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and nuclear localization signal (NLS) were introduced downstream of ASN1 and ASN2, encoding asparagine synthetases Asn1p and Asn2p, respectively, in the yeast genome having mCherrry coding sequence downstream of TUB1 encoding alpha-tubulin, a building block of the mitotic spindle. The genomically engineered yeast strains showed co-localization of Asn1p-GFP-NLS (or Asn2p-GFP-NLS) and Tub1p-mCherry in dividing nuclei. In addition, an activity-disrupted mutation was introduced to ASN1 (or ASN2). The yeast mutants still exhibited co-localization between defective asparagine synthetase and mitotic spindle, indicating that the biochemical activity of asparagine synthetase is not required for its association with the mitotic spindle. Furthermore, nocodazole treatment was used to depolymerize the mitotic spindle, resulting in lack of association between the enzyme and the mitotic spindle. Although yeast cell division undergoes closed mitosis, preventing the association of its asparagine synthetase with the mitotic spindle, however, by using yeast constructs with re-localized Asn1/2p have suggested the moonlighting role of asparagine synthetase in cell division of higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalongrat Noree
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Naraporn Sirinonthanawech
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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16
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Lee S, Park J, Lee J, Shin D, Marmagne A, Lim PO, Masclaux-Daubresse C, An G, Nam HG. OsASN1 Overexpression in Rice Increases Grain Protein Content and Yield under Nitrogen-Limiting Conditions. Plant Cell Physiol 2020; 61:1309-1320. [PMID: 32384162 PMCID: PMC7377344 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a major limiting factor affecting crop yield in unfertilized soil. Thus, cultivars with a high N use efficiency (NUE) and good grain protein content (GPC) are needed to fulfill the growing food demand and to reduce environmental burden. This is especially true for rice (Oryza sativa L.) that is cultivated with a high input of N fertilizer and is a primary staple food crop for more than half of the global population. Here, we report that rice asparagine synthetase 1 (OsASN1) is required for grain yield and grain protein contents under both N-sufficient (conventional paddy fields) and N-limiting conditions from analyses of knockout mutant plants. In addition, we show that overexpression (OX) of OsASN1 results in better nitrogen uptake and assimilation, and increased tolerance to N limitation at the seedling stage. Under field conditions, the OsASN1 OX rice plants produced grains with increased N and protein contents without yield reduction compared to wild-type (WT) rice. Under N-limited conditions, the OX plants displayed increased grain yield and protein content with enhanced photosynthetic activity compared to WT rice. Thus, OsASN1 can be an effective target gene for the development of rice cultivars with higher grain protein content, NUE, and grain yield under N-limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichul Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Joonheum Park
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Jinwon Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Dongjin Shin
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang 50424, Korea
| | - Anne Marmagne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Pyung Ok Lim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Gynheung An
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
- Corresponding authors: Gynheung An, E-mail, ; Fax, +82312034969; Hong Gil Nam, E-mail, ; Fax, +82537851859
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu 42988, Korea
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- Corresponding authors: Gynheung An, E-mail, ; Fax, +82312034969; Hong Gil Nam, E-mail, ; Fax, +82537851859
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17
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Lee CH, Griffiths S, Digard P, Pham N, Auer M, Haas J, Grey F. Asparagine Deprivation Causes a Reversible Inhibition of Human Cytomegalovirus Acute Virus Replication. mBio 2019; 10:e01651-19. [PMID: 31594813 PMCID: PMC6786868 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01651-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses rely on the host cell machinery to replicate efficiently, with the host metabolism extensively manipulated for this purpose. High-throughput small interfering RNA (siRNA) screens provide a systematic approach for the identification of novel host-virus interactions. Here, we report a large-scale screen for host factors important for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), consisting of 6,881 siRNAs. We identified 47 proviral factors and 68 antiviral factors involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including the mediator complex, proteasome function, and mRNA splicing. Focused characterization of one of the hits, asparagine synthetase (ASNS), demonstrated a strict requirement for asparagine for HCMV replication which leads to an early block in virus replication before the onset of DNA amplification. This effect is specific to HCMV, as knockdown of ASNS had little effect on herpes simplex virus 1 or influenza A virus replication, suggesting that the restriction is not simply due to a failure in protein production. Remarkably, virus replication could be completely rescued 7 days postinfection with the addition of exogenous asparagine, indicating that while virus replication is restricted at an early stage, it maintains the capacity for full replication days after initial infection. This study represents the most comprehensive siRNA screen for the identification of host factors involved in HCMV replication and identifies the nonessential amino acid asparagine as a critical factor in regulating HCMV virus replication. These results have implications for control of viral latency and the clinical treatment of HCMV in patients.IMPORTANCE HCMV accounts for more than 60% of complications associated with solid organ transplant patients. Prophylactic or preventative treatment with antivirals, such as ganciclovir, reduces the occurrence of early onset HCMV disease. However, late onset disease remains a significant problem, and prolonged treatment, especially in patients with suppressed immune systems, greatly increases the risk of antiviral resistance. Very few antivirals have been developed for use against HCMV since the licensing of ganciclovir, and of these, the same viral genes are often targeted, reducing the usefulness of these drugs against resistant strains. An alternative approach is to target host genes essential for virus replication. Here we demonstrate that HCMV replication is highly dependent on levels of the amino acid asparagine and that knockdown of a critical enzyme involved in asparagine synthesis results in severe attenuation of virus replication. These results suggest that reducing asparagine levels through dietary restriction or chemotherapeutic treatment could limit HCMV replication in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hsuin Lee
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Griffiths
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Digard
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Nhan Pham
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Auer
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Juergen Haas
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Finn Grey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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18
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Chan WK, Horvath TD, Tan L, Link T, Harutyunyan KG, Pontikos MA, Anishkin A, Du D, Martin LA, Yin E, Rempe SB, Sukharev S, Konopleva M, Weinstein JN, Lorenzi PL. Glutaminase Activity of L-Asparaginase Contributes to Durable Preclinical Activity against Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1587-1592. [PMID: 31209181 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We and others have reported that the anticancer activity of L-asparaginase (ASNase) against asparagine synthetase (ASNS)-positive cell types requires ASNase glutaminase activity, whereas anticancer activity against ASNS-negative cell types does not. Here, we attempted to disentangle the relationship between asparagine metabolism, glutamine metabolism, and downstream pathways that modulate cell viability by testing the hypothesis that ASNase anticancer activity is based on asparagine depletion rather than glutamine depletion per se. We tested ASNase wild-type (ASNaseWT) and its glutaminase-deficient Q59L mutant (ASNaseQ59L) and found that ASNase glutaminase activity contributed to durable anticancer activity against xenografts of the ASNS-negative Sup-B15 leukemia cell line in NOD/SCID gamma mice, whereas asparaginase activity alone yielded a mere growth delay. Our findings suggest that ASNase glutaminase activity is necessary for durable, single-agent anticancer activity in vivo, even against ASNS-negative cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Kin Chan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Thomas D Horvath
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Todd Link
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Karine G Harutyunyan
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael A Pontikos
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Andriy Anishkin
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Di Du
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Leona A Martin
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eric Yin
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan B Rempe
- Center for Biological and Engineering Sciences, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Sergei Sukharev
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John N Weinstein
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Philip L Lorenzi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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19
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Luo L, Qin R, Liu T, Yu M, Yang T, Xu G. OsASN1 Plays a Critical Role in Asparagine-Dependent Rice Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010130. [PMID: 30602689 PMCID: PMC6337572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asparagine is one of the important amino acids for long-distance transport of nitrogen (N) in plants. However, little is known about the effect of asparagine on plant development, especially in crops. Here, a new T-DNA insertion mutant, asparagine synthetase 1 (asn1), was isolated and showed a different plant height, root length, and tiller number compared with wild type (WT). In asn1, the amount of asparagine decreased sharply while the total nitrogen (N) absorption was not influenced. In later stages, asn1 showed reduced tiller number, which resulted in suppressed tiller bud outgrowth. The relative expression of many genes involved in the asparagine metabolic pathways declined in accordance with the decreased amino acid concentration. The CRISPR/Cas9 mutant lines of OsASN1 showed similar phenotype with asn1. These results suggest that OsASN1 is involved in the regulation of rice development and is specific for tiller outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ruyi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Tingwen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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20
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Zhang S, Ding K, Shen QJ, Zhao S, Liu JL. Filamentation of asparagine synthetase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007737. [PMID: 30365499 PMCID: PMC6221361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) and CTP synthase (CTPS) are two metabolic enzymes crucial for glutamine homeostasis. A genome-wide screening in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveal that both ASNS and CTPS form filamentous structures termed cytoophidia. Although CTPS cytoophidia were well documented in recent years, the filamentation of ASNS is less studied. Using the budding yeast as a model system, here we confirm that two ASNS proteins, Asn1 and Asn2, are capable of forming cytoophidia in diauxic and stationary phases. We find that glucose deprivation induces ASNS filament formation. Although ASNS and CTPS form distinct cytoophidia with different lengths, both structures locate adjacently to each other in most cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that the Asn1 cytoophidia colocalize with the Asn2 cytoophidia, while Asn2 filament assembly is largely dependent on Asn1. In addition, we are able to alter Asn1 filamentation by mutagenizing key sites on the dimer interface. Finally, we show that ASN1D330V promotes filamentation. The ASN1D330V mutation impedes cell growth in an ASN2 knockout background, while growing normally in an ASN2 wild-type background. Together, this study reveals a connection between ASNS and CTPS cytoophidia and the differential filament-forming capability between two ASNS paralogs. Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) is an essential enzyme for biosynthesis of asparagine. We have recently shown that ASNS, similar to CTP synthase (CTPS), can assemble into snake-shaped structures termed cytoophidia. In this study, we reveal that the ASNS cytoophidium stays close with the CTPS cytoophidium in most cells. Two ASNS proteins, Asn1 and Asn2, localize in the same structure. The Asn1 protein is important for the formation of the Asn2 filaments. Mutant cells with branching Asn1 cytoophidia grow slower than wild-type cells. Our findings provide a better understanding of the ASNS cytoophidium as well as its relationship with the CTPS cytoophidium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Ding
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Ji Shen
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Suwen Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Long Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: ,
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21
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Lin HH, Chung Y, Cheng CT, Ouyang C, Fu Y, Kuo CY, Chi KK, Sadeghi M, Chu P, Kung HJ, Li CF, Limesand KH, Ann DK. Autophagic reliance promotes metabolic reprogramming in oncogenic KRAS-driven tumorigenesis. Autophagy 2018; 14:1481-1498. [PMID: 29956571 PMCID: PMC6135591 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1450708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in basal autophagy limit the nutrient supply from recycling of intracellular constituents. Despite our understanding of the prosurvival role of macroautophagy/autophagy, how nutrient deprivation, caused by compromised autophagy, affects oncogenic KRAS-driven tumor progression is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that conditional impairment of the autophagy gene Atg5 (atg5-KO) extends the survival of KRASG12V-driven tumor-bearing mice by 38%. atg5-KO tumors spread more slowly during late tumorigenesis, despite a faster onset. atg5-KO tumor cells displayed reduced mitochondrial function and increased mitochondrial fragmentation. Metabolite profiles indicated a deficiency in the nonessential amino acid asparagine despite a compensatory overexpression of ASNS (asparagine synthetase), key enzyme for de novo asparagine synthesis. Inhibition of either autophagy or ASNS reduced KRASG12V-driven tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, which was rescued by asparagine supplementation or knockdown of MFF (mitochondrial fission factor). Finally, these observations were reflected in human cancer-derived data, linking ASNS overexpression with poor clinical outcome in multiple cancers. Together, our data document a widespread yet specific asparagine homeostasis control by autophagy and ASNS, highlighting the previously unrecognized role of autophagy in suppressing the metabolic barriers of low asparagine and excessive mitochondrial fragmentation to permit malignant KRAS-driven tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Helen Lin
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research
| | - Yiyin Chung
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research
| | | | | | - Yong Fu
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research
| | | | - Kevin K. Chi
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research
| | | | | | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - David K. Ann
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
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22
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Knott SRV, Wagenblast E, Khan S, Kim SY, Soto M, Wagner M, Turgeon MO, Fish L, Erard N, Gable AL, Maceli AR, Dickopf S, Papachristou EK, D'Santos CS, Carey LA, Wilkinson JE, Harrell JC, Perou CM, Goodarzi H, Poulogiannis G, Hannon GJ. Asparagine bioavailability governs metastasis in a model of breast cancer. Nature 2018; 554:378-381. [PMID: 29414946 PMCID: PMC5898613 DOI: 10.1038/nature25465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Using a functional model of breast cancer heterogeneity, we previously showed that clonal sub-populations proficient at generating circulating tumour cells were not all equally capable of forming metastases at secondary sites. A combination of differential expression and focused in vitro and in vivo RNA interference screens revealed candidate drivers of metastasis that discriminated metastatic clones. Among these, asparagine synthetase expression in a patient's primary tumour was most strongly correlated with later metastatic relapse. Here we show that asparagine bioavailability strongly influences metastatic potential. Limiting asparagine by knockdown of asparagine synthetase, treatment with l-asparaginase, or dietary asparagine restriction reduces metastasis without affecting growth of the primary tumour, whereas increased dietary asparagine or enforced asparagine synthetase expression promotes metastatic progression. Altering asparagine availability in vitro strongly influences invasive potential, which is correlated with an effect on proteins that promote the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. This provides at least one potential mechanism for how the bioavailability of a single amino acid could regulate metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R V Knott
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Elvin Wagenblast
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Showkhin Khan
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- New York Genome Center, 101 6th Avenue, New York, New York 10013, USA
| | - Sun Y Kim
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Mar Soto
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Michel Wagner
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Marc-Olivier Turgeon
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Lisa Fish
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Nicolas Erard
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Annika L Gable
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Ashley R Maceli
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Steffen Dickopf
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Evangelia K Papachristou
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Clive S D'Santos
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Lisa A Carey
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Manning Drive, CB7305, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - John E Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - J Chuck Harrell
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, USA
| | - Charles M Perou
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Hani Goodarzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - George Poulogiannis
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Gregory J Hannon
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- New York Genome Center, 101 6th Avenue, New York, New York 10013, USA
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23
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Gwinn DM, Lee AG, Briones-Martin-Del-Campo M, Conn CS, Simpson DR, Scott AI, Le A, Cowan TM, Ruggero D, Sweet-Cordero EA. Oncogenic KRAS Regulates Amino Acid Homeostasis and Asparagine Biosynthesis via ATF4 and Alters Sensitivity to L-Asparaginase. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:91-107.e6. [PMID: 29316436 PMCID: PMC5761662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is a regulator of the nutrient stress response in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Induction of the ATF4 pathway during nutrient depletion requires AKT and NRF2 downstream of KRAS. The tumor suppressor KEAP1 strongly influences the outcome of activation of this pathway during nutrient stress; loss of KEAP1 in KRAS mutant cells leads to apoptosis. Through ATF4 regulation, KRAS alters amino acid uptake and asparagine biosynthesis. The ATF4 target asparagine synthetase (ASNS) contributes to apoptotic suppression, protein biosynthesis, and mTORC1 activation. Inhibition of AKT suppressed ASNS expression and, combined with depletion of extracellular asparagine, decreased tumor growth. Therefore, KRAS is important for the cellular response to nutrient stress, and ASNS represents a promising therapeutic target in KRAS mutant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Gwinn
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alex G Lee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Marcela Briones-Martin-Del-Campo
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Crystal S Conn
- School of Medicine and Department of Urology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David R Simpson
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anna I Scott
- Stanford University, Department of Pathology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anthony Le
- Stanford University, Department of Pathology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tina M Cowan
- Stanford University, Department of Pathology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Davide Ruggero
- School of Medicine and Department of Urology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - E Alejandro Sweet-Cordero
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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24
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Nakano Y, Naito Y, Nakano T, Ohtsuki N, Suzuki K. NSR1/MYR2 is a negative regulator of ASN1 expression and its possible involvement in regulation of nitrogen reutilization in Arabidopsis. Plant Sci 2017; 263:219-225. [PMID: 28818378 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a major macronutrient that is essential for plant growth. It is important for us to understand the key genes that are involved in the regulation of N utilization. In this study, we focused on a GARP-type transcription factor known as NSR1/MYR2, which has been reported to be induced under N-deficient conditions. Our results demonstrated that NSR1/MYR2 has a transcriptional repression activity and is specifically expressed in vascular tissues, especially in phloem throughout the plant under daily light-dark cycle regulation. The overexpression of NSR1/MYR2 delays nutrient starvation- and dark-triggered senescence in the mature leaves of excised whole aerial parts of Arabidopsis plants. Furthermore, the expression of asparagine synthetase 1 (ASN1), which plays an important role in N remobilization and reallocation, i.e. N reutilization, in Arabidopsis, is negatively regulated by NSR1/MYR2, since the expressions of NSR1/MYR2 and ASN1 were reciprocally regulated during the light-dark cycle and ASN1 expression was down-regulated in overexpressors of NSR1/MYR2 and up-regulated in T-DNA insertion mutants of NSR1/MYR2. Therefore, the present results suggest that NSR1/MYR2 plays a role in N reutilization as a negative regulator through controlling ASN1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Nakano
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Yuki Naito
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Toshitsugu Nakano
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Namie Ohtsuki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kaoru Suzuki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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25
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Zhou Q, Gao J, Zhang R, Zhang R. Ammonia stress on nitrogen metabolism in tolerant aquatic plant-Myriophyllum aquaticum. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2017; 143:102-110. [PMID: 28525813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia has been a major reason of macrophyte decline in the water environment, and ammonium ion toxicity should be seen as universal, even in species frequently labeled as "NH4+ specialists". To study the effects of high NH4+-N stress of ammonium ion nitrogen on tolerant submerged macrophytes and investigate the pathways of nitrogen assimilation in different organisms, Myriophyllum aquaticum was selected and treated with various concentrations of ammonium ions at different times. Increasing of ammonium concentration leads to an overall increase in incipient ammonia content in leaves and stems of plants. In middle and later stages, high concentrations of NH4+ ion nitrogen taken up by M. aquaticum decreased, whereas the content of NO3- ion nitrogen increased. Moreover, in M. aquaticum, the activities of the enzymes nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase and asparagine synthetase changed remarkably in the process of alleviating NH4+ toxicity and deficiency. The results of the present study may support the studies on detoxification of high ammonium ion content in NH4+-tolerant submerged macrophytes and exploration of tissue-specific expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Zhou
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering/Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Jingqing Gao
- College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.
| | - Ruimin Zhang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering/Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering/Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
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26
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Gaufichon L, Marmagne A, Belcram K, Yoneyama T, Sakakibara Y, Hase T, Grandjean O, Clément G, Citerne S, Boutet-Mercey S, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Chardon F, Soulay F, Xu X, Trassaert M, Shakiebaei M, Najihi A, Suzuki A. ASN1-encoded asparagine synthetase in floral organs contributes to nitrogen filling in Arabidopsis seeds. Plant J 2017; 91:371-393. [PMID: 28390103 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite a general view that asparagine synthetase generates asparagine as an amino acid for long-distance transport of nitrogen to sink organs, its role in nitrogen metabolic pathways in floral organs during seed nitrogen filling has remained undefined. We demonstrate that the onset of pollination in Arabidopsis induces selected genes for asparagine metabolism, namely ASN1 (At3g47340), GLN2 (At5g35630), GLU1 (At5g04140), AapAT2 (At5g19950), ASPGA1 (At5g08100) and ASPGB1 (At3g16150), particularly at the ovule stage (stage 0), accompanied by enhanced asparagine synthetase protein, asparagine and total amino acids. Immunolocalization confined asparagine synthetase to the vascular cells of the silique cell wall and septum, but also to the outer and inner seed integuments, demonstrating the post-phloem transport of asparagine in these cells to developing embryos. In the asn1 mutant, aberrant embryo cell divisions in upper suspensor cell layers from globular to heart stages assign a role for nitrogen in differentiating embryos within the ovary. Induction of asparagine metabolic genes by light/dark and nitrate supports fine shifts of nitrogen metabolic pathways. In transgenic Arabidopsis expressing promoterCaMV35S ::ASN1 fusion, marked metabolomics changes at stage 0, including a several-fold increase in free asparagine, are correlated to enhanced seed nitrogen. However, specific promoterNapin2S ::ASN1 expression during seed formation and a six-fold increase in asparagine toward the desiccation stage result in wild-type seed nitrogen, underlining that delayed accumulation of asparagine impairs the timing of its use by releasing amide and amino nitrogen. Transcript and metabolite profiles in floral organs match the carbon and nitrogen partitioning to generate energy via the tricarboxylic acid cycle, GABA shunt and phosphorylated serine synthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Gaufichon
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Anne Marmagne
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Katia Belcram
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Observatoire du Végétal - Cytologie Imagerie, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Tadakatsu Yoneyama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi l-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sakakibara
- Institute for Protein Research, Division of Protein Chemistry, Laboratory of Regulation of Biological Reactions, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Hase
- Institute for Protein Research, Division of Protein Chemistry, Laboratory of Regulation of Biological Reactions, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Olivier Grandjean
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Observatoire du Végétal - Cytologie Imagerie, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Gilles Clément
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Observatoire du Végétal - Chimie Métabolisme, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Observatoire du Végétal - Chimie Métabolisme, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Stéphanie Boutet-Mercey
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Observatoire du Végétal - Chimie Métabolisme, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | | | - Fabien Chardon
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Fabienne Soulay
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Xiaole Xu
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Marion Trassaert
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Maryam Shakiebaei
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Amina Najihi
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Akira Suzuki
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
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Souza SCR, Mazzafera P, Sodek L. Flooding of the root system in soybean: biochemical and molecular aspects of N metabolism in the nodule during stress and recovery. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1285-95. [PMID: 26825550 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation of the nodule of soybean is highly sensitive to oxygen deficiency such as provoked by waterlogging of the root system. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of flooding on N metabolism in nodules of soybean. Flooding resulted in a marked decrease of asparagine (the most abundant amino acid) and a concomitant accumulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Flooding also resulted in a strong reduction of the incorporation of (15)N2 in amino acids. Nodule amino acids labelled before flooding rapidly lost (15)N during flooding, except for GABA, which initially increased and declined slowly thereafter. Both nitrogenase activity and the expression of nifH and nifD genes were strongly decreased on flooding. Expression of the asparagine synthetase genes SAS1 and SAS2 was reduced, especially the former. Expression of genes encoding the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD1, GAD4, GAD5) was also strongly suppressed except for GAD2 which increased. Almost all changes observed during flooding were reversible after draining. Possible changes in asparagine and GABA metabolism that may explain the marked fluctuations of these amino acids during flooding are discussed. It is suggested that the accumulation of GABA has a storage role during flooding stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C R Souza
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ladaslav Sodek
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
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28
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Wu SJ, Li YF, Wang YJ. [Expression of asparagine synthetase in relapsed or refractory extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2016; 37:465-469. [PMID: 28446397 PMCID: PMC6744099 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.04.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect the expression level of asparagine synthetase (ASNS) in patients with relapsed or refractory extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma and explore its clinical significance. METHODS Ten patients with relapsed or refractory extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma admitted in our department from January, 2013 to January, 2016 were analyzed. The diagnoses were confirmed by pathological and immunohistochemical examination following failed chemotherapies in all cases. Branched DNA-liquidchip technique (bDNA-LCT) was used for detecting ASNS mRNA expression in paraffin-embedded tissue sections in the 10 cases of relapsed or refractory extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma and in 5 cases of chronic rhinitis. The correlations were analyzed between ASNS expression and the clinicopathological features and outcomes of the patients with failed chemotherapy regimens containing asparaginasum. RESULTS Six out of the 10 patients with relapsed or refractory extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma died due to diseaseprogression. The expression level of ASNS was significantly higher in the lymphoma tissues than in tissue specimens of chronic rhinitis (P<0.05). The expression level of ASNS was associated with the International Prognostic Index (P=0.023) in patients with relapsed or refractory extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, and Kaplan-Meier curve showed that a high ASNS expression was correlated with a reduced overall survival and progression-free survival of the patients. CONCLUSION Asparaginasum-based chemotherapy regimens are recommended for treatment of relapsed or refractory extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma with low ASNS expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jie Wu
- Department of Hematology, Southern Medical University, Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou 510282, China. E-mail:
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29
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Gaufichon L, Rothstein SJ, Suzuki A. Asparagine Metabolic Pathways in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol 2016; 57:675-89. [PMID: 26628609 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic nitrogen in the form of ammonium is assimilated into asparagine via multiple steps involving glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) and asparagine synthetase (AS) in Arabidopsis. The asparagine amide group is liberated by the reaction catalyzed by asparaginase (ASPG) and also the amino group of asparagine is released by asparagine aminotransferase (AsnAT) for use in the biosynthesis of amino acids. Asparagine plays a primary role in nitrogen recycling, storage and transport in developing and germinating seeds, as well as in vegetative and senescence organs. A small multigene family encodes isoenzymes of each step of asparagine metabolism in Arabidopsis, except for asparagine aminotransferase encoded by a single gene. The aim of this study is to highlight the structure of the genes and encoded enzyme proteins involved in asparagine metabolic pathways; the regulation and role of different isogenes; and kinetic and physiological properties of encoded enzymes in different tissues and developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Gaufichon
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Steven J Rothstein
- University of Guelph, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Akira Suzuki
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
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30
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Loayza-Puch F, Rooijers K, Buil LCM, Zijlstra J, Oude Vrielink JF, Lopes R, Ugalde AP, van Breugel P, Hofland I, Wesseling J, van Tellingen O, Bex A, Agami R. Tumour-specific proline vulnerability uncovered by differential ribosome codon reading. Nature 2016; 530:490-4. [PMID: 26878238 DOI: 10.1038/nature16982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tumour growth and metabolic adaptation may restrict the availability of certain amino acids for protein synthesis. It has recently been shown that certain types of cancer cells depend on glycine, glutamine, leucine and serine metabolism to proliferate and survive. In addition, successful therapies using L-asparaginase-induced asparagine deprivation have been developed for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. However, a tailored detection system for measuring restrictive amino acids in each tumour is currently not available. Here we harness ribosome profiling for sensing restrictive amino acids, and develop diricore, a procedure for differential ribosome measurements of codon reading. We first demonstrate the functionality and constraints of diricore using metabolic inhibitors and nutrient deprivation assays. Notably, treatment with L-asparaginase elicited both specific diricore signals at asparagine codons and high levels of asparagine synthetase (ASNS). We then applied diricore to kidney cancer and discover signals indicating restrictive proline. As for asparagine, this observation was linked to high levels of PYCR1, a key enzyme in proline production, suggesting a compensatory mechanism allowing tumour expansion. Indeed, PYCR1 is induced by shortage of proline precursors, and its suppression attenuated kidney cancer cell proliferation when proline was limiting. High PYCR1 is frequently observed in invasive breast carcinoma. In an in vivo model system of this tumour, we also uncover signals indicating restrictive proline. We further show that CRISPR-mediated knockout of PYCR1 impedes tumorigenic growth in this system. Thus, diricore has the potential to reveal unknown amino acid deficiencies, vulnerabilities that can be used to target key metabolic pathways for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Loayza-Puch
- Division of Biological Stress Response, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koos Rooijers
- Division of Biological Stress Response, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Levi C M Buil
- Department of Bio-Pharmacology/ Mouse Cancer Clinic, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Zijlstra
- Division of Biological Stress Response, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim F Oude Vrielink
- Division of Biological Stress Response, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rui Lopes
- Division of Biological Stress Response, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Pineiro Ugalde
- Division of Biological Stress Response, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter van Breugel
- Division of Biological Stress Response, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Hofland
- Core Facility Molecular Pathology and Biobanking, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Wesseling
- Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf van Tellingen
- Department of Bio-Pharmacology/ Mouse Cancer Clinic, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Axel Bex
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Urology The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reuven Agami
- Division of Biological Stress Response, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Faria J, Loureiro I, Santarém N, Macedo-Ribeiro S, Tavares J, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Leishmania infantum Asparagine Synthetase A Is Dispensable for Parasites Survival and Infectivity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004365. [PMID: 26771178 PMCID: PMC4714757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing interest in asparagine (Asn) metabolism has currently been observed in cancer and infection fields. Asparagine synthetase (AS) is responsible for the conversion of aspartate into Asn in an ATP-dependent manner, using ammonia or glutamine as a nitrogen source. There are two structurally distinct AS: the strictly ammonia dependent, type A, and the type B, which preferably uses glutamine. Absent in humans and present in trypanosomatids, AS-A was worthy of exploring as a potential drug target candidate. Appealingly, it was reported that AS-A was essential in Leishmania donovani, making it a promising drug target. In the work herein we demonstrate that Leishmania infantum AS-A, similarly to Trypanosoma spp. and L. donovani, is able to use both ammonia and glutamine as nitrogen donors. Moreover, we have successfully generated LiASA null mutants by targeted gene replacement in L. infantum, and these parasites do not display any significant growth or infectivity defect. Indeed, a severe impairment of in vitro growth was only observed when null mutants were cultured in asparagine limiting conditions. Altogether our results demonstrate that despite being important under asparagine limitation, LiAS-A is not essential for parasite survival, growth or infectivity in normal in vitro and in vivo conditions. Therefore we exclude AS-A as a suitable drug target against L. infantum parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Faria
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Loureiro
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Santarém
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Macedo-Ribeiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Protein Crystallography Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Tavares
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Palmer EE, Hayner J, Sachdev R, Cardamone M, Kandula T, Morris P, Dias KR, Tao J, Miller D, Zhu Y, Macintosh R, Dinger ME, Cowley MJ, Buckley MF, Roscioli T, Bye A, Kilberg MS, Kirk EP. Asparagine Synthetase Deficiency causes reduced proliferation of cells under conditions of limited asparagine. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 116:178-86. [PMID: 26318253 PMCID: PMC10152381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine Synthetase Deficiency is a recently described cause of profound intellectual disability, marked progressive cerebral atrophy and variable seizure disorder. To date there has been limited functional data explaining the underlying pathophysiology. We report a new case with compound heterozygous mutations in the ASNS gene (NM_183356.3:c. [866G>C]; [1010C>T]). Both variants alter evolutionarily conserved amino acids and were predicted to be pathogenic based on in silico protein modelling that suggests disruption of the critical ATP binding site of the ASNS enzyme. In patient fibroblasts, ASNS expression as well as protein and mRNA stability are not affected by these variants. However, there is markedly reduced proliferation of patient fibroblasts when cultured in asparagine-limited growth medium, compared to parental and wild type fibroblasts. Restricting asparagine replicates the physiology within the blood-brain-barrier, with limited transfer of dietary derived asparagine, resulting in reliance of neuronal cells on intracellular asparagine synthesis by the ASNS enzyme. These functional studies offer insight into the underlying pathophysiology of the dramatic progressive cerebral atrophy associated with Asparagine Synthetase Deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Emma Palmer
- Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street Randwick NSW 2031, Australia; University of New South Wales, High Street, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Genetics of Learning Disability (GOLD) service, Corner of Turton and Tinonee Roads, Waratah NSW 2298
| | - Jaclyn Hayner
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1200 Newell Drive, Florida, USA, 32608
| | - Rani Sachdev
- Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street Randwick NSW 2031, Australia; University of New South Wales, High Street, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael Cardamone
- Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street Randwick NSW 2031, Australia; University of New South Wales, High Street, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tejaswi Kandula
- Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street Randwick NSW 2031, Australia; University of New South Wales, High Street, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Paula Morris
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kerith-Rae Dias
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Jiang Tao
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Miller
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ying Zhu
- Genetics of Learning Disability (GOLD) service, Corner of Turton and Tinonee Roads, Waratah NSW 2298
| | - Rebecca Macintosh
- Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street Randwick NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Marcel E Dinger
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, 390 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Mark J Cowley
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, 390 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Michael F Buckley
- University of New South Wales, High Street, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Seals Molecular Genetics, POW Hospital Campus, Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Tony Roscioli
- Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street Randwick NSW 2031, Australia; University of New South Wales, High Street, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Seals Molecular Genetics, POW Hospital Campus, Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Ann Bye
- Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street Randwick NSW 2031, Australia; University of New South Wales, High Street, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael S Kilberg
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1200 Newell Drive, Florida, USA, 32608
| | - Edwin P Kirk
- Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street Randwick NSW 2031, Australia; University of New South Wales, High Street, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Seals Molecular Genetics, POW Hospital Campus, Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
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33
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Pérez-Delgado CM, García-Calderón M, Márquez AJ, Betti M. Reassimilation of Photorespiratory Ammonium in Lotus japonicus Plants Deficient in Plastidic Glutamine Synthetase. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130438. [PMID: 26091523 PMCID: PMC4474828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the plastidic isoform of glutamine synthetase (GS2) is the enzyme in charge of photorespiratory ammonium reassimilation in plants. The metabolic events associated to photorespiratory NH4(+) accumulation were analyzed in a Lotus japonicus photorespiratory mutant lacking GS2. The mutant plants accumulated high levels of NH4(+) when photorespiration was active, followed by a sudden drop in the levels of this compound. In this paper it was examined the possible existence of enzymatic pathways alternative to GS2 that could account for this decline in the photorespiratory ammonium. Induction of genes encoding for cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and asparagine synthetase (ASN) was observed in the mutant in correspondence with the diminishment of NH4(+). Measurements of gene expression, polypeptide levels, enzyme activity and metabolite levels were carried out in leaf samples from WT and mutant plants after different periods of time under active photorespiratory conditions. In the case of asparagine synthetase it was not possible to determine enzyme activity and polypeptide content; however, an increased asparagine content in parallel with the induction of ASN gene expression was detected in the mutant plants. This increase in asparagine levels took place concomitantly with an increase in glutamine due to the induction of cytosolic GS1 in the mutant, thus revealing a major role of cytosolic GS1 in the reassimilation and detoxification of photorespiratory NH4(+) when the plastidic GS2 isoform is lacking. Moreover, a diminishment in glutamate levels was observed, that may be explained by the induction of NAD(H)-dependent GDH activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M. Pérez-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Margarita García-Calderón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, Sevilla, Spain
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34
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Ohashi M, Ishiyama K, Kojima S, Konishi N, Nakano K, Kanno K, Hayakawa T, Yamaya T. Asparagine synthetase1, but not asparagine synthetase2, is responsible for the biosynthesis of asparagine following the supply of ammonium to rice roots. Plant Cell Physiol 2015; 56:769-78. [PMID: 25634963 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine is synthesized from glutamine by the reaction of asparagine synthetase (AS) and is the major nitrogen form in both xylem and phloem sap in rice (Oryza sativa L.). There are two genes encoding AS, OsAS1 and OsAS2, in rice, but the functions of individual AS isoenzymes are largely unknown. Cell type- and NH4(+)-inducible expression of OsAS1 as well as analyses of knockout mutants were carried out in this study to characterize AS1. OsAS1 was mainly expressed in the roots, with in situ hybridization showing that the corresponding mRNA was specifically accumulated in the three cell layers of the root surface (epidermis, exodermis and sclerenchyma) in an NH4(+)-dependent manner. Conversely, OsAS2 mRNA was abundant in leaf blades and sheathes of rice. Although OsAS2 mRNA was detectable in the roots, its content decreased when NH4(+) was supplied. Retrotransposon-mediated knockout mutants lacking AS1 showed slight stimulation of shoot length and slight reduction in root length at the seedling stage. On the other hand, the mutation caused an approximately 80-90% reduction in free asparagine content in both roots and xylem sap. These results suggest that AS1 is responsible for the synthesis of asparagine in rice roots following the supply of NH4(+). Characteristics of the NH4(+)-dependent increase and the root surface cell-specific expression of OsAS1 gene are very similar to our previous results on cytosolic glutamine synthetase1;2 and NADH-glutamate synthase1 in rice roots. Thus, AS1 is apparently coupled with the primary assimilation of NH4(+) in rice roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Ohashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555 Japan
| | - Keiki Ishiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555 Japan
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555 Japan
| | - Noriyuki Konishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555 Japan
| | - Kentaro Nakano
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555 Japan Present address: Cambridge Technology Partners Co. Ltd., 1-1-1 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8560 Japan
| | - Keiichi Kanno
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555 Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaya
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555 Japan
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35
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Avila-Ospina L, Marmagne A, Talbotec J, Krupinska K, Masclaux-Daubresse C. The identification of new cytosolic glutamine synthetase and asparagine synthetase genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and their expression during leaf senescence. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:2013-26. [PMID: 25697791 PMCID: PMC4378633 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase and asparagine synthetase are two master enzymes involved in ammonium assimilation in plants. Their roles in nitrogen remobilization and nitrogen use efficiency have been proposed. In this report, the genes coding for the cytosolic glutamine synthetases (HvGS1) and asparagine synthetases (HvASN) in barley were identified. In addition to the three HvGS1 and two HvASN sequences previously reported, two prokaryotic-like HvGS1 and three HvASN cDNA sequences were identified. Gene structures were then characterized, obtaining full genomic sequences. The response of the five HvGS1 and five HvASN genes to leaf senescence was then studied. Developmental senescence was studied using primary and flag leaves. Dark-exposure or low-nitrate conditions were also used to trigger stress-induced senescence. Well-known senescence markers such as the chlorophyll and Rubisco contents were monitored in order to characterize senescence levels in the different leaves. The three eukaryotic-like HvGS1_1, HvGS1_2, and HvGS1_3 sequences showed the typical senescence-induced reduction in gene expression described in many plant species. By contrast, the two prokaryotic-like HvGS1_4 and HvGS1_5 sequences were repressed by leaf senescence, similar to the HvGS2 gene, which encodes the chloroplast glutamine synthetase isoenzyme. There was a greater contrast in the responses of the five HvASN and this suggested that these genes are needed for N remobilization in senescing leaves only when plants are well fertilized with nitrate. Responses of the HvASN sequences to dark-induced senescence showed that there are two categories of asparagine synthetases, one induced in the dark and the other repressed by the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Avila-Ospina
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Anne Marmagne
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Joël Talbotec
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
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Dimitriou H, Choulaki C, Perdikogianni C, Stiakaki E, Kalmanti M. Expression levels of ASNS in mesenchymal stromal cells in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Hematol 2014; 99:305-10. [PMID: 24474640 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-014-1509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of asparagine synthetase (ASNS), an enzyme producing intracellular asparagine, have been implicated in the development of asparaginase resistance. The aim of this study was to assess ASNS mRNA and protein expression in bone marrow cell populations of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Bone marrow mononuclear cells at diagnosis, day 33 of treatment, and after completion of chemotherapy were isolated and studied. ASNS mRNA expression was assessed by real-time PCR, and protein levels by Western blot. Our results indicate that MSC ASNS mRNA expression is upregulated in ALL samples compared to controls. ASNS expression of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) was found to be 2.3 times higher than that of blasts at diagnosis of ALL. We also observed that the values of the ASNS mRNA of MSC seem to reach a peak at diagnosis, and tend to decline with treatment. No correlation was found between the ASNS mRNA and protein levels. Chemotherapy does not exert any effect on the protein expression. Variability of asparaginase-induced effect may be attributable to factors involved in the interaction of hematopoietic cells with their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Dimitriou
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Medical School, University of Crete, PO 2208, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece,
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Seifi HS, De Vleesschauwer D, Aziz A, Höfte M. Modulating plant primary amino acid metabolism as a necrotrophic virulence strategy: the immune-regulatory role of asparagine synthetase in Botrytis cinerea-tomato interaction. Plant Signal Behav 2014; 9:e27995. [PMID: 24521937 PMCID: PMC4091234 DOI: 10.4161/psb.27995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The fungal plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea is the causal agent of the "gray mold" disease on a broad range of hosts. As an archetypal necrotroph, B. cinerea has evolved multiple virulence strategies for inducing cell death in its host. Moreover, progress of B. cinerea colonization is commonly associated with induction of senescence in the host tissue, even in non-invaded regions. In a recent study, we showed that abscisic acid deficiency in the sitiens tomato mutant culminates in an anti-senescence defense mechanism which effectively contributes to resistance against B. cinerea infection. Conversely, in susceptible wild-type tomato a strong induction of senescence could be observed following B. cinerea infection. Building upon this earlier work, we here discuss the immune-regulatory role of a key senescence-associated protein, asparagine synthetase. We found that infection of wild-type tomato leads to a strong transcriptional upregulation of asparagine synthetase, followed by a severe depletion of asparagine titers. In contrast, resistant sitiens plants displayed a strong induction of asparagine throughout the course of infection. We hypothesize that rapid activation of asparagine synthetase in susceptible tomato may play a dual role in promoting Botrytis cinerea pathogenesis by providing a rich source of N for the pathogen, on the one hand, and facilitating pathogen-induced host senescence, on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Soren Seifi
- Laboratory of Phytopathology; Department of Crop Protection; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence to: Hamed Soren Seifi,
| | - David De Vleesschauwer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology; Department of Crop Protection; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aziz Aziz
- Laboratory of SDRP—URVVC EA 4707; University of Reims; Campus Moulin de la Housse; Cedex 2, France
| | - Monica Höfte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology; Department of Crop Protection; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
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Gálvez-Valdivieso G, Alamillo JM, Fernández J, Pineda M. Molecular characterization of PVAS3: an asparagine synthetase gene from common bean prevailing in developing organs. J Plant Physiol 2013; 170:1484-1490. [PMID: 23846186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In common bean, asparagine synthetase (AS; EC 6.3.5.4) is encoded by three members of a multigene family called PVAS1, PVAS2 and PVAS3. Two of these genes, PVAS1 and PVAS2, have been extensively studied, but little is known about PVAS3, remaining unclear whether PVAS3 function is redundant to the other AS or if it plays a specific role in Phaseolus vulgaris metabolism. In this work, we used a molecular approach to characterize PVAS3 expression and to gain some knowledge about its physiological function. We showed that, in contrast to PVAS1 and PVAS2, PVAS3 was expressed in all organs analyzed. Interestingly, PVAS3 was the AS gene most highly expressed in nodules, leaves and pods at the earliest stages of development, and its expression decreased as these organs developed. Expression of PVAS3 parallels the accumulation of AS protein and the asparagine content during the earliest stages of nodule, leaf and pod development, suggesting an important role for PVAS3 in the synthesis of asparagine in that period. Furthermore, PVAS3 was not repressed by light, as most class-II AS genes. Surprisingly, fertilization of nodulated plants with nitrate or ammonium, conditions that induce PVAS1 and PVAS2 and the shift from ureides to amide synthesis, repressed the expression of PVAS3 in nodules and roots. The possible implications of this regulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Gálvez-Valdivieso
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Grupo del Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C-6, 1ª Planta, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Zamarbide M, Martinez-Pinilla E, Ricobaraza A, Aragón T, Franco R, Pérez-Mediavilla A. Phenyl acyl acids attenuate the unfolded protein response in tunicamycin-treated neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71082. [PMID: 23976981 PMCID: PMC3744558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how neural cells handle proteostasis stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is important to decipher the mechanisms that underlie the cell death associated with neurodegenerative diseases and to design appropriate therapeutic tools. Here we have compared the sensitivity of a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5H) to the ER stress caused by an inhibitor of protein glycosylation with that observed in human embryonic kidney (HEK-293T) cells. In response to stress, SH-SY5H cells increase the expression of mRNA encoding downstream effectors of ER stress sensors and transcription factors related to the unfolded protein response (the spliced X-box binding protein 1, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, endoplasmic reticulum-localized DnaJ homologue 4 and asparagine synthetase). Tunicamycin-induced death of SH-SY5H cells was prevented by terminal aromatic substituted butyric or valeric acids, in association with a decrease in the mRNA expression of stress-related factors, and in the accumulation of the ATF4 protein. Interestingly, this decrease in ATF4 protein occurs without modifying the phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α. Together, these results show that when short chain phenyl acyl acids alleviate ER stress in SH-SY5H cells their survival is enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zamarbide
- Cell and Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research - CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eva Martinez-Pinilla
- Cell and Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research - CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Ricobaraza
- Cell and Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research - CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, ESPCI-CNRS UMR 7637, ESPCI-ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Tomás Aragón
- Gene Therapy Division, Center for Applied Medical Research – CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rafael Franco
- Cell and Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research - CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-Mediavilla
- Cell and Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research - CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Ariz I, Asensio AC, Zamarreño AM, García-Mina JM, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Moran JF. Changes in the C/N balance caused by increasing external ammonium concentrations are driven by carbon and energy availabilities during ammonium nutrition in pea plants: the key roles of asparagine synthetase and anaplerotic enzymes. Physiol Plant 2013; 148:522-37. [PMID: 23061733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the mechanisms underlying ammonium (NH(4)(+)) toxicity in plants requires prior knowledge of the metabolic uses for nitrogen (N) and carbon (C). We have recently shown that pea plants grown at high NH(4)(+) concentrations suffer an energy deficiency associated with a disruption of ionic homeostasis. Furthermore, these plants are unable to adequately regulate internal NH4(+) levels and the cell-charge balance associated with cation uptake. Herein we show a role for an extra-C application in the regulation of C-N metabolism in NH(4)(+) -fed plants. Thus, pea plants (Pisum sativum) were grown at a range of NH(4)(+) concentrations as sole N source, and two light intensities were applied to vary the C supply to the plants. Control plants grown at high NH(4)(+) concentration triggered a toxicity response with the characteristic pattern of C-starvation conditions. This toxicity response resulted in the redistribution of N from amino acids, mostly asparagine, and lower C/N ratios. The C/N imbalance at high NH(4)(+) concentration under control conditions induced a strong activation of root C metabolism and the upregulation of anaplerotic enzymes to provide C intermediates for the tricarboxylic acid cycle. A high light intensity partially reverted these C-starvation symptoms by providing higher C availability to the plants. The extra-C contributed to a lower C4/C5 amino acid ratio while maintaining the relative contents of some minor amino acids involved in key pathways regulating the C/N status of the plants unchanged. C availability can therefore be considered to be a determinant factor in the tolerance/sensitivity mechanisms to NH(4)(+) nutrition in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Ariz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, IdAB, CSIC - Universidad Pública de Navarra - Gobierno de Navarra, 31006, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
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Shan J, Hamazaki T, Tang TA, Terada N, Kilberg MS. Activation of the amino acid response modulates lineage specification during differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E325-35. [PMID: 23736538 PMCID: PMC4116408 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00136.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In somatic cells, a collection of signaling pathways activated by amino acid limitation have been identified and referred to as the amino acid response (AAR). Despite the importance of possible detrimental effects of nutrient limitation during in vitro culture, the AAR has not been investigated in embryonic stem cells (ESC). AAR activation caused the expected increase in transcription factors that mediate specific AAR pathways, as well as the induction of asparagine synthetase, a terminal AAR target gene. Neither AAR activation nor stable knockdown of activating transcription factor (Atf) 4, a transcriptional mediator of the AAR, adversely affected ESC self-renewal or pluripotency. Low-level induction of the AAR over a 12-day period of embryoid body differentiation did alter lineage specification such that the primitive endodermal, visceral endodermal, and endodermal lineages were favored, whereas mesodermal and certain ectodermal lineages were suppressed. Knockdown of Atf4 further enhanced the AAR-induced increase in endodermal formation, suggesting that this phenomenon is mediated by an Atf4-independent mechanism. Collectively, the results indicate that, during differentiation of mouse embryoid bodies in culture, the availability of nutrients, such as amino acids, can influence the formation of specific cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiu Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, Shands Cancer Center, and Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Li Z, Zhu L, Xu J, Mon H, Lee JM, Kusakabe T. Amino Acid deprivation-induced expression of asparagine synthetase regulates the growth and survival of cultured silkworm cells. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2013; 83:57-68. [PMID: 23633098 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Expression of Bombyx mori Asparagine synthetase (BmASNS), one gene that encodes an enzyme catalyzing asparagine biosynthesis, is transcriptionally induced following amino acid deprivation. Previous transcriptional analysis of the BmASNS gene showed the involvement of Polycomb proteins, epigenetic repressors, in suppressing BmASNS expression in a cell cycle-dependent manner. However, the role of BmAsns protein in these cellular processes remains unclear. The present study thus exploited the potential function of BmAsns protein in cultured silkworm cells. Our results showed that ectopic overexpression of BmASNS gene effectively inhibited cell growth in silkworm cells, whereas its overexpression could rescue cell growth upon amino acid deprivation treatment. We found that the cells expressing BmAsns protein were capable of influencing the formation of autophagic vacuoles stimulated by amino acid deprivation. We speculated that the recovery of cell growth by overexpressed BmAsns protein is due to the rapid turnover of autophagic vacuoles in the cells. To further assess the effects of BmAsns on cell development, we used RNA interference to silence BmASNS expression in silkworm cells in the presence or absence of amino acids. Our results revealed a significant change of cell proliferation as well as cell cycle distribution after knockdown of BmASNS. Importantly, silkworm cells lacking BmASNS under the condition of amino acid deprivation showed severely impaired proliferation. Altogether, we concluded that the up-regulated expression of BmASNS would be able to protect cells from impairment induced by amino acid deprivation, which in turn facilitates cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Li
- Laboratory of Silkworm Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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Martínez-Andújar C, Ghanem ME, Albacete A, Pérez-Alfocea F. Response to nitrate/ammonium nutrition of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants overexpressing a prokaryotic NH4(+)-dependent asparagine synthetase. J Plant Physiol 2013; 170:676-87. [PMID: 23394787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen availability is an important limiting factor for plant growth. Although NH4(+) assimilation is energetically more favorable than NO3(-), it is usually toxic for plants. In order to study if an improved ammonium assimilatory metabolism could increase the plant tolerance to ammonium nutrition, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv P-73) plants were transformed with an NH4(+)-dependent asparagine synthetase (AS-A) gene from Escherichia coli (asnA) under the control of a PCpea promoter (pea isolated constitutive promotor). Homozygous (Hom), azygous (Az) asnA and wild type (WT) plants were grown hydroponically for 6 weeks with normal Hoagland nutrition (NO3(-)/NH4(+)=6/0.5) and high ammonium nutrition (NO3(-)/NH4(+)=3.5/3). Under Hoagland's conditions, Hom plants produced 40-50% less biomass than WT and Az plants. However, under NO3(-)/NH4(+)=3.5/3 the biomass of Hom was not affected while it was reduced by 40-70% in WT and Az plants compared to Hoagland, respectively. The Hom plants accumulated 1.5-4 times more asparagine, glycine, serine and soluble proteins and registered higher glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities in the light-adapted leaves than the other genotypes, but had similar NH4(+) and NO3(-) levels in all conditions. In the dark-adapted leaves, a protein catabolism occurred in the Hom plants with a concomitant 25-40% increase in organic acid concentration, while asparagine accumulation registered the highest values. The aforementioned processes might be responsible for a positive energetic balance as regards the futile cycle of the transgenic protein synthesis and catabolism. This explains growth penalty under standard nutrition and growth stability under NO3(-)/NH4(+)=3.5/3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Martínez-Andújar
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Abstract
Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) catalyzes the conversion of aspartate and glutamine to asparagine and glutamate in an ATP-dependent reaction. The enzyme is ubiquitous in its organ distribution in mammals, but basal expression is relatively low in tissues other than the exocrine pancreas. Human ASNS activity is highly regulated in response to cell stress, primarily by increased transcription from a single gene located on chromosome 7. Among the genomic elements that control ASNS transcription is the C/EBP-ATF response element (CARE) within the promoter. Protein limitation or an imbalanced dietary amino acid composition activate the ASNS gene through the amino acid response (AAR), a process that is replicated in cell culture through limitation for any single essential amino acid. Endoplasmic reticulum stress also increases ASNS transcription through the PERK-eIF2-ATF4 arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Both the AAR and UPR lead to increased synthesis of ATF4, which binds to the CARE and induces ASNS transcription. Elevated expression of ASNS protein is associated with resistance to asparaginase therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and may be a predictive factor in drug sensitivity for certain solid tumors as well. Activation of the GCN2-eIF2-ATF4 signaling pathway, leading to increased ASNS expression appears to be a component of solid tumor adaptation to nutrient deprivation and/or hypoxia. Identifying the roles of ASNS in fetal development, tissue differentiation, and tumor growth may reveal that ASNS function extends beyond asparagine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukundh N Balasubramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shands Cancer Center and Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Tazuke A, Asayama M. Expression of CsSEF1 gene encoding putative CCCH zinc finger protein is induced by defoliation and prolonged darkness in cucumber fruit. Planta 2013; 237:681-691. [PMID: 23096488 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To find a marker gene for photoassimilate limitation in cucumber fruit, genes induced in young fruit by total defoliation were cloned using the subtraction method. Almost every clone matched perfectly to a member of cucumber unigene ver. 3 of the Cucurbit Genomics Database. From the clones obtained, six genes were selected and the effect of defoliation on their expression was analyzed. In particular, expression of a gene that is highly homologous to the cucumber gene CsSEF1 (CAI30889) encoding putative CCCH zinc finger protein, which is reported to be induced at somatic embryogenesis in suspension culture, was enhanced by the treatment by about 50 times. The sequencing of the full-length cDNA and BLAST search in the Cucurbit Genomics Database indicated that our cloned gene is identical to CsSEF1. In control fruit, the expression of CsSEF1 did not change markedly in terms of development. By contrast, the expression of CsSEF1 was enhanced by prolonged darkness at the transcript level. This increase in the expression of CsSEF1 was temporally correlated with the decline in the fruit respiration rate. In mature leaves under prolonged darkness, enhanced expression was observed in the asparagine synthetase gene, but not in CsSEF1. These results suggest that the asparagine synthetase gene can be a good marker for sugar starvation and that CsSEF1 might be involved in the signal transduction pathway from photoassimilate limitation to growth cessation in cucumber fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Tazuke
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan.
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Gaufichon L, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Tcherkez G, Reisdorf-Cren M, Sakakibara Y, Hase T, Clément G, Avice JC, Grandjean O, Marmagne A, Boutet-Mercey S, Azzopardi M, Soulay F, Suzuki A. Arabidopsis thaliana ASN2 encoding asparagine synthetase is involved in the control of nitrogen assimilation and export during vegetative growth. Plant Cell Environ 2013; 36:328-42. [PMID: 22789031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the function of ASN2, one of the three genes encoding asparagine synthetase (EC 6.3.5.4), which is the most highly expressed in vegetative leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression of ASN2 and parallel higher asparagine content in darkness suggest that leaf metabolism involves ASN2 for asparagine synthesis. In asn2-1 knockout and asn2-2 knockdown lines, ASN2 disruption caused a defective growth phenotype and ammonium accumulation. The asn2 mutant leaves displayed a depleted asparagine and an accumulation of alanine, GABA, pyruvate and fumarate, indicating an alanine formation from pyruvate through the GABA shunt to consume excess ammonium in the absence of asparagine synthesis. By contrast, asparagine did not contribute to photorespiratory nitrogen recycle as photosynthetic net CO(2) assimilation was not significantly different between lines under both 21 and 2% O(2). ASN2 was found in phloem companion cells by in situ hybridization and immunolocalization. Moreover, lack of asparagine in asn2 phloem sap and lowered (15) N flux to sinks, accompanied by the delayed yellowing (senescence) of asn2 leaves, in the absence of asparagine support a specific role of asparagine in phloem loading and nitrogen reallocation. We conclude that ASN2 is essential for nitrogen assimilation, distribution and remobilization (via the phloem) within the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Gaufichon
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Département Adaptation des Plantes à l'Environnement, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
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Chawla R, Shakya R, Rommens CM. Tuber-specific silencing of asparagine synthetase-1 reduces the acrylamide-forming potential of potatoes grown in the field without affecting tuber shape and yield. Plant Biotechnol J 2012; 10:913-24. [PMID: 22726556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous silencing of asparagine synthetase (Ast)-1 and -2 limits asparagine (ASN) formation and, consequently, reduces the acrylamide-forming potential of tubers. The phenotype of silenced lines appears normal in the greenhouse, but field-grown tubers are small and cracked. Assessing the effects of silencing StAst1 and StAst2 individually, we found that yield drag was mainly linked to down-regulation of StAst2. Interestingly, tubers from untransformed scions grafted onto intragenic StAst1/2-silenced rootstock contained almost the same low ASN levels as those in the original silenced lines, indicating that ASN is mainly formed in tubers rather than being transported from leaves. This conclusion was further supported by the finding that overexpression of StAst2 caused ASN to accumulate in leaves but not tubers. Thus, ASN does not appear to be the main form of organic nitrogen transported from leaves to tubers. Because reduced ASN levels coincided with increased levels of glutamine, it appears likely that this alternative amide amino acid is mobilized to tubers, where it is converted into ASN by StAst1. Indeed, tuber-specific silencing of StAst1, but not of StAst2, was sufficient to substantially lower ASN formation in tubers. Extensive field studies demonstrated that the reduced acrylamide-forming potential achieved by tuber-specific StAst1 silencing did not affect the yield or quality of field-harvested tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Chawla
- Simplot Plant Sciences, J. R. Simplot Company, Boise, ID, USA
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Pandurangan S, Pajak A, Molnar SJ, Cober ER, Dhaubhadel S, Hernández-Sebastià C, Kaiser WM, Nelson RL, Huber SC, Marsolais F. Relationship between asparagine metabolism and protein concentration in soybean seed. J Exp Bot 2012; 63:3173-84. [PMID: 22357599 PMCID: PMC3350928 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between asparagine metabolism and protein concentration was investigated in soybean seed. Phenotyping of a population of recombinant inbred lines adapted to Illinois confirmed a positive correlation between free asparagine levels in developing seeds and protein concentration at maturity. Analysis of a second population of recombinant inbred lines adapted to Ontario associated the elevated free asparagine trait with two of four quantitative trait loci determining population variation for protein concentration, including a major one on chromosome 20 (linkage group I) which has been reported in multiple populations. In the seed coat, levels of asparagine synthetase were high at 50 mg and progressively declined until 150 mg seed weight, suggesting that nitrogenous assimilates are pre-conditioned at early developmental stages to enable a high concentration of asparagine in the embryo. The levels of asparaginase B1 showed an opposite pattern, being low at 50 mg and progressively increased until 150 mg, coinciding with an active phase of storage reserve accumulation. In a pair of genetically related cultivars, ∼2-fold higher levels of asparaginase B1 protein and activity in seed coat, were associated with high protein concentration, reflecting enhanced flux of nitrogen. Transcript expression analyses attributed this difference to a specific asparaginase gene, ASPGB1a. These results contribute to our understanding of the processes determining protein concentration in soybean seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Pandurangan
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Pajak
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Stephen J. Molnar
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Bioproducts and Bioprocesses and Sustainable Production Systems, Eastern Cereal and Oilseeds Research Centre, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Elroy R. Cober
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Bioproducts and Bioprocesses and Sustainable Production Systems, Eastern Cereal and Oilseeds Research Centre, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Sangeeta Dhaubhadel
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Cinta Hernández-Sebastià
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Werner M. Kaiser
- Department of Botany I, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Randall L. Nelson
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology, and Genetics Research Unit, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Steven C. Huber
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Photosynthesis Research Unit, and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, 197 ERML, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Frédéric Marsolais
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
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49
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Hwang IS, An SH, Hwang BK. Pepper asparagine synthetase 1 (CaAS1) is required for plant nitrogen assimilation and defense responses to microbial pathogens. Plant J 2011; 67:749-62. [PMID: 21535260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine synthetase is a key enzyme in the production of the nitrogen-rich amino acid asparagine, which is crucial to primary nitrogen metabolism. Despite its importance physiologically, the roles that asparagine synthetase plays during plant defense responses remain unknown. Here, we determined that pepper (Capsicum annuum) asparagine synthetase 1 (CaAS1) is essential for plant defense to microbial pathogens. Infection with Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) induced early and strong CaAS1 expression in pepper leaves and silencing of this gene resulted in enhanced susceptibility to Xcv infection. Transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants that overexpressed CaAS1 exhibited enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Increased CaAS1 expression influenced early defense responses in diseased leaves, including increased electrolyte leakage, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide bursts. In plants, increased conversion of aspartate to asparagine appears to be associated with enhanced resistance to bacterial and oomycete pathogens. In CaAS1-silenced pepper and/or CaAS1-overexpressing Arabidopsis, CaAS1-dependent changes in asparagine levels correlated with increased susceptibility or defense responses to microbial pathogens, respectively. Linking transcriptional and targeted metabolite studies, our results suggest that CaAS1 is required for asparagine synthesis and disease resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sun Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul 136-713, Korea
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50
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Maaroufi-Dguimi H, Debouba M, Gaufichon L, Clément G, Gouia H, Hajjaji A, Suzuki A. An Arabidopsis mutant disrupted in ASN2 encoding asparagine synthetase 2 exhibits low salt stress tolerance. Plant Physiol Biochem 2011; 49:623-8. [PMID: 21478030 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Salt tolerance of Arabidopsis knockout mutant with T-DNA insertion in ASN2 gene encoding asparagine synthetase (AS, EC 6.3.5.4) (asn2-1) was investigated. Wild-type Arabidopsis Col0 and asn2-1 mutant were grown for one month by hydroponic culture and subjected to 100 mM NaCl stress for a short time from 6 to 24 h. The salt treatment decreased chlorophyll and soluble protein contents, and increased ammonium level in the asn2-1 leaves. The salinity induced ASN1 mRNA level in the wild-type and asn2-1 leaves. By contrast, the salt treatment inhibited the transcript and protein levels of chloroplastic glutamine synthetase 2 (GS2, EC 6.3.1.2) in the wild-type and asn2-1 leaves. Increase in asparagine and proline contents in response to the salt treatment provides evidence for the role of asparagine as a prevailing stress responding amino acid. Glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH, EC 1.4.1.2) exhibited a slight increase in the α-subunit and β-subunit in the wild-type line and the asn2-1 line, respectively under the salinity, whereas its in vitro aminating activity in the wild-type leaves was not affected. The results indicate that the asn2-1 mutant was impaired in nitrogen assimilation and translocation under salt treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Maaroufi-Dguimi
- Unité de Recherche, Nutrition et Métabolisme Azotés et Protéines de Stress, 99 UR /09-20, Campus Universitaire, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Département de Biologie, Université Tunis EL MANAR, Tunis 1060, Tunisia
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