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Jones CMA, Kamintsky L, Parker E, Kureshi N, Audas L, Wilson L, Champagne AA, Boulanger MM, DiStefano V, Fenerty L, Bowen C, Beyea S, Atkinson C, Clarke DB, Friedman A. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction and Exposure to Head Impacts in University Football Players. Clin J Sport Med 2024; 34:61-68. [PMID: 37285595 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the link between dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and exposure to head impacts in concussed football athletes. DESIGN This was a prospective, observational pilot study. SETTING Canadian university football. PARTICIPANTS The study population consisted of 60 university football players, aged 18 to 25. Athletes who sustained a clinically diagnosed concussion over the course of a single football season were invited to undergo an assessment of BBB leakage. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Head impacts detected using impact-sensing helmets were the measured variables. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical diagnosis of concussion and BBB leakage assessed using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) within 1 week of concussion were the outcome measures. RESULTS Eight athletes were diagnosed with a concussion throughout the season. These athletes sustained a significantly higher number of head impacts than nonconcussed athletes. Athletes playing in the defensive back position were significantly more likely to sustain a concussion than remain concussion free. Five of the concussed athletes underwent an assessment of BBB leakage. Logistic regression analysis indicated that region-specific BBB leakage in these 5 athletes was best predicted by impacts sustained in all games and practices leading up to the concussion-as opposed to the last preconcussion impact or the impacts sustained during the game when concussion occurred. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings raise the potential for the hypothesis that repeated exposure to head impacts may contribute to the development of BBB pathology. Further research is needed to validate this hypothesis and to test whether BBB pathology plays a role in the sequela of repeated head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey M A Jones
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lyna Kamintsky
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ellen Parker
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Nelofar Kureshi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University QEII Health Sciences Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lorelei Audas
- Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University QEII Health Sciences Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Vincent DiStefano
- School of Applied Child Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lynne Fenerty
- Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University QEII Health Sciences Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Chris Bowen
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Steven Beyea
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Christina Atkinson
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; and
| | - David B Clarke
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University QEII Health Sciences Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Alon Friedman
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Departments of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Physiology and Cell Biology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Wang X, Yu JY, Sun Y, Wang H, Shan H, Wang S. Baicalin protects LPS-induced blood-brain barrier damage and activates Nrf2-mediated antioxidant stress pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107725. [PMID: 34162131 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the BBB is closely related to brain microvascular endothelial cells and TJs, and its dysfunction can lead to stroke, multiple sclerosis, extracranial injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Baicalin is one of the main bioactive extracts from Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi, which has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation pharmacological functions. Preventive protection with baicalin for seven consecutive days can significantly improve the appearance of cell apoptosis and Fluorescein sodium infiltration in the brain tissue of BALB/C mice. In addition, baicalin can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in mice and bEnd.3 cells, including IL-1β and TNF-α. At the same time, LPS caused a decrease in tight junction proteins in the blood-brain barrier, but baicalin can alleviate the damage of the blood-brain barrier by up-regulating Claudin-5 and ZO-1 protein expression. In addition, the results showed that baicalin reduced the production of ROS and MDA in bEnd.3 cells and promoted the production of SOD, and up-regulated the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1. The mechanism of this change was mediated by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. All in all, Baicalin protected LPS-induced blood-brain barrier damage and activateed Nrf2-mediated antioxidant stress pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Chang Cheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Jia-Ying Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Chang Cheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Chang Cheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Chang Cheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Chang Cheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Shubai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Chang Cheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China.
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Uzunalli G, Herr S, Dieterly AM, Shi R, Lyle LT. Structural disruption of the blood-brain barrier in repetitive primary blast injury. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:2. [PMID: 33413513 PMCID: PMC7789532 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a growing health concern due to the increased use of low-cost improvised explosive devices in modern warfare. Mild blast exposures are common amongst military personnel; however, these women and men typically do not have adequate recovery time from their injuries due to the transient nature of behavioral symptoms. bTBI has been linked to heterogeneous neuropathology, including brain edema, neuronal degeneration and cognitive abnormalities depending on the intensity of blast overpressure and frequency. Recent studies have reported heterogeneity in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability following blast injury. There still remains a limited understanding of the pathologic changes in the BBB following primary blast injuries. In this study, our goal was to elucidate the pathologic pattern of BBB damage through structural analysis following single and repetitive blast injury using a clinically relevant rat model of bTBI. METHODS A validated, open-ended shock tube model was used to deliver single or repetitive primary blast waves. The pathology of the BBB was assessed using immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry assays. All data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test. RESULTS We have demonstrated that exposure to repetitive blast injury affects the desmin-positive and CD13-positive subpopulations of pericytes in the BBB. Changes in astrocytes and microglia were also detected. CONCLUSION This study provides analysis of the BBB components after repetitive blast injury. These results will be critical as preventative and therapeutic strategies are established for veterans recovering from blast-induced traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Uzunalli
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Seth Herr
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra M Dieterly
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Riyi Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue University Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - L Tiffany Lyle
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Center for Comparative Translational Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Wu F, Xu K, Xu K, Teng C, Zhang M, Xia L, Zhang K, Liu L, Chen Z, Xiao J, Wu Y, Zhang H, Chen D. Dl-3n-butylphthalide improves traumatic brain injury recovery via inhibiting autophagy-induced blood-brain barrier disruption and cell apoptosis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:1220-1232. [PMID: 31840938 PMCID: PMC6991645 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and neuronal apoptosis are important pathophysiological processes after traumatic brain injury (TBI). In clinical stroke, Dl-3n-butylphthalide (Dl-NBP) has a neuroprotective effect with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic and mitochondrion-protective functions. However, the effect and molecular mechanism of Dl-NBP for TBI need to be further investigated. Here, we had used an animal model of TBI and SH-SY5Y/human brain microvascular endothelial cells to explore it. We found that Dl-NBP administration exerts a neuroprotective effect in TBI/OGD and BBB disorder, which up-regulates the expression of tight junction proteins and promotes neuronal survival via inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis. The expressions of autophagy-related proteins, including ATG7, Beclin1 and LC3II, were significantly increased after TBI/OGD, and which were reversed by Dl-NBP treatment both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, rapamycin treatment had abolished the effect of Dl-NBP for TBI recovery. Collectively, our current studies indicate that Dl-NBP treatment improved locomotor functional recovery after TBI by inhibiting the activation of autophagy and consequently blocking the junction protein loss and neuronal apoptosis. Dl-NBP, as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative drug, may act as an effective strategy for TBI recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wu
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Ke Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang province for pharmaceutical development of growth factors,Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of WenzhouWenzhou UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Kebin Xu
- Department of PharmacyHwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNingboChina
| | - Chenhuai Teng
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Leilei Xia
- Department of EmergencyWenzhou People's Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Kairui Zhang
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Zaifeng Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryAffiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jian Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Yanqing Wu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang province for pharmaceutical development of growth factors,Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of WenzhouWenzhou UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Experimental Research CentreDongyang People's HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityJinhuaChina
| | - Daqing Chen
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
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McNeil JB, Hughes CG, Girard T, Ware LB, Ely EW, Chandrasekhar R, Han JH. Plasma biomarkers of inflammation, coagulation, and brain injury as predictors of delirium duration in older hospitalized patients. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226412. [PMID: 31856187 PMCID: PMC6922408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Delirium's pathophysiology is poorly understood. We sought to determine if plasma biomarkers of inflammation, coagulation, endothelial activation, and blood brain barrier (BBB) injury were associated with emergency department (ED) delirium duration. Methods We enrolled hospitalized patients who were 65 years or older from the ED. Plasma biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-6 [IL-6], IL-8, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I [sTNFRI]), coagulation (Protein C), endothelial activation (plasminogen activating inhibitor-1 [PAI-1]), and BBB injury (S100B) at were measured using blood obtained at enrollment. The dependent variable was ED delirium duration which was determined by the Brief Confusion Assessment Method assessed in the ED and hospitalization. Proportional odds logistic regression analyses were performed adjusted for relevant confounders and allowing for interaction by baseline dementia status. Results A total of 156 patients were enrolled. IL-6 (POR = 1.59, 95%CI: 1.09–2.32) and PAI-1 (POR = 2.96, 95%CI: 1.48 to 6.85) were independently associated with more prominent ED delirium duration in subjects without dementia only. No significant associations between IL-8, Protein C, sTNRFI, and S100B and ED delirium duration were observed. Conclusions Plasma Biomarkers of systemic inflammation and endothelial activation are associated with ED delirium duration in older ED patients without dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Brennan McNeil
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- The Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction and Survivorship (CIBS) Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christopher G. Hughes
- The Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction and Survivorship (CIBS) Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Timothy Girard
- The Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction and Survivorship (CIBS) Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute illness (CRISMA) Center in the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lorraine B. Ware
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- The Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction and Survivorship (CIBS) Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - E. Wesley Ely
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- The Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction and Survivorship (CIBS) Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Veteran Affairs Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rameela Chandrasekhar
- The Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction and Survivorship (CIBS) Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jin H. Han
- The Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction and Survivorship (CIBS) Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Veteran Affairs Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Ysrayl BB, Balasubramaniam M, Albert I, Villalta F, Pandhare J, Dash C. A Novel Role of Prolidase in Cocaine-Mediated Breach in the Barrier of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2567. [PMID: 30796241 PMCID: PMC6385491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use is associated with breach in the blood brain barrier (BBB) and increased HIV-1 neuro-invasion. We show that the cellular enzyme "Prolidase" plays a key role in cocaine-induced disruption of the BBB. We established a barrier model to mimic the BBB by culturing human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) in transwell inserts. In this model, cocaine treatment enhanced permeability of FITC-dextran suggesting a breach in the barrier. Interestingly, cocaine treatment increased the activity of matrix metallo-proteinases that initiate degradation of the BBB-associated collagen. Cocaine exposure also induced prolidase expression and activity in HBMECs. Prolidase catalyzes the final and rate-limiting step of collagen degradation during BBB remodeling. Knock-down of prolidase abrogated cocaine-mediated increased permeability suggesting a direct role of prolidase in BBB breach. To decipher the mechanism by which cocaine regulates prolidase, we probed the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mediated phosphorylation of prolidase since mRNA levels of the protein were not altered upon cocaine treatment. We observed increased iNOS expression concurrent with increased prolidase phosphorylation in cocaine treated cells. Subsequently, inhibition of iNOS decreased prolidase phosphorylation and reduced cocaine-mediated permeability. Finally, cocaine treatment increased transmigration of monocytic cells through the HBMEC barrier. Knock-down of prolidase reduced cocaine-mediated monocyte transmigration, establishing a key role of prolidase in cocaine-induced breach in endothelial cell barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binah Baht Ysrayl
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ife Albert
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Fernando Villalta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jui Pandhare
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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Zhu H, Liu W, Fang H. Inflammation caused by peripheral immune cells across into injured mouse blood brain barrier can worsen postoperative cognitive dysfunction induced by isoflurane. BMC Cell Biol 2018; 19:23. [PMID: 30268095 PMCID: PMC6162931 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-018-0172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption to the blood brain barrier (BBB) is a leading factor associated with the development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Despite this, the underlying mechanism by which BBB disruption promotes POCD in the elderly population has not yet been not fully elucidated. RESULTS In this study, we established a POCD mice model using isoflurane, and observed the highly expressed occludin and claudin 5 in brain tissues concomitant with the increased enrichment of CD4 positive cells and NK cells in the hippocampus of POCD mice compared to normal and non-POCD control. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that peripheral immune cells may participate in the inflammatory reaction within the hippocampus, following the administration of anesthesia via inhalation with the destruction of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
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8
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Wang ZG, Cheng Y, Yu XC, Ye LB, Xia QH, Johnson NR, Wei X, Chen DQ, Cao G, Fu XB, Li XK, Zhang HY, Xiao J. bFGF Protects Against Blood-Brain Barrier Damage Through Junction Protein Regulation via PI3K-Akt-Rac1 Pathway Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:7298-7311. [PMID: 26687235 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Many traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors sustain neurological disability and cognitive impairments due to the lack of defined therapies to reduce TBI-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been shown to have neuroprotective function in brain injury. The present study therefore investigates the beneficial effects of bFGF on the BBB after TBI and the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we demonstrate that bFGF reduces neurofunctional deficits and preserves BBB integrity in a mouse model of TBI. bFGF suppresses RhoA and upregulates tight junction proteins, thereby mitigating BBB breakdown. In vitro, bFGF exerts a protective effect on BBB by upregulating tight junction proteins claudin-5, occludin, zonula occludens-1, p120-catenin, and β-catenin under oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD) in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). Both the in vivo and in vitro effects are related to the activation of the downstream signaling pathway, PI3K/Akt/Rac-1. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt or Rac-1 by specific inhibitors LY294002 or si-Rac-1, respectively, partially reduces the protective effect of bFGF on BBB integrity. Overall, our results indicate that the protective role of bFGF on BBB involves the regulation of tight junction proteins and RhoA in the TBI model and OGD-induced HBMECs injury, and that activation of the PI3K/Akt /Rac-1 signaling pathway underlies these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Guang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Longyou People's Hospital, Quzhou, 324400, China
| | - Xi-Chong Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Li-Bing Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Qing-Hai Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Noah R Johnson
- Department of Bioengineering and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Xiaojie Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cixi People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Da-Qing Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Guodong Cao
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiao-Bing Fu
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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Chung TN, Kim JH, Choi BY, Chung SP, Kwon SW, Suh SW. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells reduce neuronal death after transient global cerebral ischemia through prevention of blood-brain barrier disruption and endothelial damage. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 4:178-85. [PMID: 25548390 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Global cerebral ischemia (GCI) is the leading cause of a poor prognosis even after successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Therapeutic induction of hypothermia (TH) is the only proven therapy-and current standard care-for GCI after cardiac arrest; however, its application has been significantly limited owing to technical difficulties. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to suppress neuronal death after cerebral ischemia. The prevention of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption has not been suggested as a mechanism of MSC treatment but has for TH. We evaluated the therapeutic effect of MSC administration on BBB disruption and neutrophil infiltration after GCI. To evaluate the therapeutic effects of MSC treatment, rats were subjected to 7 minutes of transient GCI and treated with MSCs immediately after reperfusion. Hippocampal neuronal death was evaluated at 7 days after ischemia using Fluoro-Jade B (FJB). BBB disruption, endothelial damage, and neutrophil infiltration were evaluated at 7 days after ischemia by immunostaining for IgG leakage, Rat endothelial antigen-1, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Rats treated with MSCs showed a significantly reduced FJB+ neuron count compared with the control group. They also showed reduced IgG leakage, endothelial damage, and MPO+ cell counts. The present study demonstrated that administration of MSCs after transient GCI provides a dramatic protective effect against hippocampal neuronal death. We hypothesized that the neuroprotective effects of MSC treatment might be associated with the prevention of BBB disruption and endothelial damage and a decrease in neutrophil infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Nyoung Chung
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, CHA University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, CHA University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, CHA University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Phil Chung
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, CHA University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, CHA University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, CHA University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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10
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Yang FY, Lin YL, Chou FI, Lin YC, Hsueh Liu YW, Chang LW, Hsieh YL. Pharmacokinetics of BPA in gliomas with ultrasound induced blood-brain barrier disruption as measured by microdialysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100104. [PMID: 24936788 PMCID: PMC4061112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be transiently disrupted by focused ultrasound (FUS) in the presence of microbubbles for targeted drug delivery. Previous studies have illustrated the pharmacokinetics of drug delivery across the BBB after sonication using indirect visualization techniques. In this study, we investigated the in vivo extracellular kinetics of boronophenylalanine-fructose (BPA-f) in glioma-bearing rats with FUS-induced BBB disruption by microdialysis. After simultaneous intravenous administration of BPA and FUS exposure, the boron concentration in the treated brains was quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. With FUS, the mean peak concentration of BPA-f in the glioma dialysate was 3.6 times greater than without FUS, and the area under the concentration-time curve was 2.1 times greater. This study demonstrates that intracerebral microdialysis can be used to assess local BBB transport profiles of drugs in a sonicated site. Applying microdialysis to the study of metabolism and pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining selective information within a specific brain site after FUS-induced BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yi Yang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biophotonics and Molecular Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fong-In Chou
- Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
- Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Lin
- Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Wan Hsueh Liu
- Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Lun-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zheng YQ, Yao MJ, Liu JX, Song WT, Li L, Liu SB, Hu Y, Si JX. [Effect and mechanism of huatuo zaizao extractum on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced blood-brain barrier injury in rats]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2013; 38:585-590. [PMID: 23713288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect and mechanism of Huatuo Zaizao extractum (HTZZ) on focal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) blood-brain barrier injury induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. METHOD Sixty healthy male adult Sprague-Dawley rats was randomly divided into the sham operation group, the MCAO model group, the Tanakan (20 mg x kg(-1)) group, and high, middle and low-dose HTZZ groups (5, 2.5, 1.25 g x kg(-1)), with 10 in each group and single-dose duodenal administration. Middle cerebral artery occlusion was adopted to establish the rat focal I/R model. After ischemia for 90 min and reperfusion for 24 h, the pathological injury at the ischemia side was observed by HE staining. The blood-brain barrier structure was observed under transmission electron microscope. Expressions of G protein-coupled receptor kinases 2 (GRK2), matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 were detected by western blotting technique. RESULT After 90 min MCAO/24 h reperfusion, penumbra cerebral cortical micro-vessels showed edema, mitochondrial injury, vacuolation, membrane injury and reduction. Along with the changes, sub-cells of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) in cortical penumbra brain tissues transferred from cytoplasm to membrane, with increase in expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9. HTZZ could effectively recover cerebral micro-vascular endothelial edemaand blood-brain barrier ultrastructure injury induced by I/R, reduce expression of functional (membrane coupling) GRK2, and inhibit expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9. CONCLUSION Cell membrane coupling GRK2 may be the effective target of Huatuo Zaizao extractum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiu Zheng
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
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12
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DeSalvo MK, Mayer N, Mayer F, Bainton RJ. Physiologic and anatomic characterization of the brain surface glia barrier of Drosophila. Glia 2011; 59:1322-40. [PMID: 21351158 PMCID: PMC3130812 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) physiology requires special chemical, metabolic, and cellular privileges for normal function, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) structures are the anatomic and physiologic constructs that arbitrate communication between the brain and body. In the vertebrate BBB, two primary cell types create CNS exclusion biology, a polarized vascular endothelium (VE), and a tightly associated single layer of astrocytic glia (AG). Examples of direct action by the BBB in CNS disease are constantly expanding, including key pathophysiologic roles in multiple sclerosis, stroke, and cancer. In addition, its role as a pharmacologic treatment obstacle to the brain is long standing; thus, molecular model systems that can parse BBB functions and understand the complex integration of sophisticated cellular anatomy and highly polarized chemical protection physiology are desperately needed. Compound barrier structures that use two primary cell types (i.e., functional bicellularity) are common to other humoral/CNS barrier structures. For example, invertebrates use two cell layers of glia, perineurial and subperineurial, to control chemical access to the brain, and analogous glial layers, fenestrated and pseudocartridge, to maintain the blood-eye barrier. In this article, we summarize our current understanding of brain-barrier glial anatomy in Drosophila, demonstrate the power of live imaging as a screening methodology for identifying physiologic characteristics of BBB glia, and compare the physiologies of Drosophila barrier layers to the VE/AG interface of vertebrates. We conclude that many unique BBB physiologies are conserved across phyla and suggest new methods for modeling CNS physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. DeSalvo
- University of California at San Francisco, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Program in Biological Sciences, Mission Bay Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517
| | - Nasima Mayer
- University of California at San Francisco, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Program in Biological Sciences, Mission Bay Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517
| | - Fahima Mayer
- University of California at San Francisco, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Program in Biological Sciences, Mission Bay Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517
| | - Roland J. Bainton
- University of California at San Francisco, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Program in Biological Sciences, Mission Bay Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517
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13
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Marquet F, Tung YS, Teichert T, Ferrera VP, Konofagou EE. Noninvasive, transient and selective blood-brain barrier opening in non-human primates in vivo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22598. [PMID: 21799913 PMCID: PMC3142168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a specialized vascular system that impedes entry of all large and the vast majority of small molecules including the most potent central nervous system (CNS) disease therapeutic agents from entering from the lumen into the brain parenchyma. Microbubble-enhanced, focused ultrasound (ME-FUS) has been previously shown to disrupt noninvasively, selectively, and transiently the BBB in small animals in vivo. For the first time, the feasibility of transcranial ME-FUS BBB opening in non-human primates is demonstrated with subsequent BBB recovery. Sonications were combined with two different types of microbubbles (customized 4–5 µm and Definity®). 3T MRI was used to confirm the BBB disruption and to assess brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Marquet
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yao-Sheng Tung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tobias Teichert
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Vincent P. Ferrera
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elisa E. Konofagou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The developing brain is susceptible to hypoxic damage because of its high oxygen and energy requirements. Hypoxia-induced inflammatory response has been recognized as one of the main culprits in the development of hypoxic brain injury. In this regard, a hallmark feature is microglial activation which results in overproduction of inflammatory cytokines, free radicals and nitric oxide. Concomitantly, activated microglia exhibit enhanced expression of ion channels such as Kv1.2, Kv1.1 and Nav which further promote the release of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and reactive oxygen species. Through the above-mentioned inflammatory mediators, activated microglia induce neuronal loss, axonal damage and oligodendroglial death along with myelination disturbances. Our recent studies have extended that tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage colony stimulating factor produced by activated microglia are linked to the pathogenesis of periventricular white matter damage in the hypoxic brain. It is envisaged that a better understanding of the interactions between microglia and neurons, axons and oligodendrocytes is key to the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies for mitigation of hypoxic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu Deng
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a specialized vascular system that impedes entry of all large and the vast majority of small molecules including the most potent central nervous system (CNS) disease therapeutic agents from entering from the lumen into the brain parenchyma. Microbubble-enhanced, focused ultrasound (ME-FUS) has been previously shown to disrupt noninvasively, selectively, and transiently the BBB in small animals in vivo. For the first time, the feasibility of transcranial ME-FUS BBB opening in non-human primates is demonstrated with subsequent BBB recovery. Sonications were combined with two different types of microbubbles (customized 4-5 µm and Definity®). 3T MRI was used to confirm the BBB disruption and to assess brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Marquet
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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16
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Zhang WJ, Feng J, Zhou R, Ye LY, Liu HL, Peng L, Lou JN, Li CH. Tanshinone IIA protects the human blood-brain barrier model from leukocyte-associated hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 648:146-52. [PMID: 20826144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the in vitro effect of tanshinone IIA on leukocyte-associated hypoxia-reoxygenation injury of human brain-blood barrier (BBB), we established the BBB model by culturing purified primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVEC) to confluence on cell culture insert. BBB was identified by tight junction, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the permeability of BBB to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The effect of tanshinone IIA on the permeability of BBB was tested at 2 h after hypoxia and 1h after reoxygenation with or without the supernatants of activated leukocytes. The effect of tanshinone IIA on leukocytes activation was analyzed by detection of MMP-9, cytokines and reactive oxygen species. The results showed that BBB formed by confluent HBMVECs had no cellular gap. Immunofluorescent staining for ZO-1 confirmed that the cells were connected by tight junction. Moreover, the BBB model had a higher TEER and a lower permeability for HRP than confluent HUVECs. The permeability of BBB for HRP was enhanced by hypoxia-reoxygenation and further greatly enhanced by adding the supernatants of activated leukocytes before reoxygenation. But such an effect was reversed by addition of tanshinone IIA before hypoxia. Moreover, tanshinone IIA could decrease the levels of MMP-9, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-2, IFN-γ and reactive oxygen species in leukocytes. In conclusion, tanshinone IIA can protect BBB against leukocyte-associated hypoxia-reoxygenation injury by attenuating the activation of leukocytes and inhibiting the injury effects of leukocytic products. Tanshinone IIA may be a novel therapeutic agent for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-jian Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China
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17
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Marchi N, Betto G, Fazio V, Fan Q, Ghosh C, Machado A, Janigro D. Blood-brain barrier damage and brain penetration of antiepileptic drugs: role of serum proteins and brain edema. Epilepsia 2009; 50:664-77. [PMID: 19175391 PMCID: PMC2824251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is radiologically detectable in regions affected by drug-resistant epileptogenic lesions. Brain penetration of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may be affected by BBB damage. We studied the effects of BBB damage on brain distribution of hydrophilic [deoxy-glucose (DOG) and sucrose] and lipophilic (phenytoin and diazepam) molecules. We tested the hypothesis that lipophilic and hydrophilic drug distribution is differentially affected by BBB damage. METHODS In vivo BBB disruption (BBBD) was performed in rats by intracarotid injection of hyperosmotic mannitol. Drugs (H3-sucrose, 3H-deoxy-glucose, 14C-phenytoin, and C14-diazepam) or unlabeled phenytoin was measured and correlated to brain water content and protein extravasation. In vitro hippocampal slices were exposed to different osmolarities; drug penetration and water content were assessed by analytic and densitometric methods, respectively. RESULTS BBBD resulted in extravasation of serum protein and radiolabeled drugs, but was associated with no significant change in brain water. Large shifts in water content in brain slices in vitro caused a small effect on drug penetration. In both cases, total drug permeability increase was greater for lipophilic than hydrophilic compounds. BBBD reduced the amount of free phenytoin in the brain. DISCUSSION After BBBD, drug binding to protein is the main controller of total brain drug accumulation. Osmotic BBBD increased serum protein extravasation and reduced free phenytoin brain levels. These results underlie the importance of brain environment and BBB integrity in determining drug distribution to the brain. If confirmed in drug-resistant models, these mechanisms could contribute to drug brain distribution in refractory epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Marchi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Giulia Betto
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Vincent Fazio
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Quinyuan Fan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Chaitali Ghosh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Andre Machado
- Center for Restorative Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Damir Janigro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
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18
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Liu HL, Wai YY, Chen WS, Chen JC, Hsu PH, Wu XY, Huang WC, Yen TC, Wang JJ. Hemorrhage detection during focused-ultrasound induced blood-brain-barrier opening by using susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol 2008; 34:598-606. [PMID: 18313204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity focused ultrasound has been discovered to be able to locally and reversibly increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which can be detected using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, side effects such as microhemorrhage, erythrocyte extravasations or even extensive hemorrhage may also occur. Although current contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI can be used to detect the changes in BBB permeability, its efficacy in detecting tissue hemorrhage after focused-ultrasound sonication remains limited. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of magnetic resonance susceptibility-weighted imaging (MR-SWI) for identifying possible tissue hemorrhage associated with disruption of the BBB induced by focused ultrasound in a rat model. The brains of 42 Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 107 sonications, either unilaterally or bilaterally. Localized BBB opening was achieved by delivering burst-mode focused ultrasound energy into brain tissue in the presence of microbubbles. Rats were studied by T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI techniques, as well as by SWI. Tissue changes were analyzed histologically and the extent of apoptosis was investigated with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick-end labeling method. The results demonstrated that SWI is more sensitive than standard T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI techniques in detecting hemorrhages after brain sonication. Longitudinal study showed that SWI is sensitive to the recovery process of the damage and, therefore, could provide important and complementary information to the conventional MR images. Potential applications such as drug delivery in the brain might be benefited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Li Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang-Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
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Koshinaga M, Suma T, Fukushima M, Tsuboi I, Aizawa S, Katayama Y. Rapid microglial activation induced by traumatic brain injury is independent of blood brain barrier disruption. Histol Histopathol 2006; 22:129-35. [PMID: 17149685 DOI: 10.14670/hh-22.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Following CNS injury, microglia respond and transform into reactive species exhibiting characteristic morphological changes that have been termed "activated" or "ameboid" microglia. In an attempt to establish that microglial reactions induced immediately after injury are caused by intrinsic mechanisms rather than infiltration of blood and its constituents, oxygenized Ringer's solution was perfused into the cerebral circulation of rats so that the circulating blood could be eliminated prior to injury induction. Under artificial respiration, a catheter was inserted from the cardiac apex into the ascending aorta, and oxygenized Ringer's solution was immediately perfused with a pulsatile blood pump, resulting in wash out of the circulating blood from the brain within 1 min. Subsequently, a cortical contusion was induced in the unilateral parietal cortex using a controlled cortical impact (CCI) device. At 5 min following the injury, the brain was fixed by perfusion of fixative through the catheter and removed. Coronal vibratome sections were then processed for CR3 immunohistochemistry to examine the microglial activation. It appeared that microglial activation with both morphological transformation and an increase in CR3 immunoreactivity was induced throughout the hemisphere ipsilateral to the injury side exclusively, even in rats with elimination of circulating blood. The microglial reactions did not differ substantially from those observed in the control rats with extensive BBB disruption. The present results thus provide direct evidence that the microglial activation induced immediately after injury is independent of infiltration of circulating blood induced by concurrent BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koshinaga
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Chen KM, Liu JY, Lai SC, Hsu LS, Lee HH. Association of plasminogen activators and matrix metalloproteinase-9 proteolytic cascade with blood-CNS barrier damage of angiostrongyliasis. Int J Exp Pathol 2006; 87:113-9. [PMID: 16623755 PMCID: PMC2517353 DOI: 10.1111/j.0959-9673.2006.00459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-central nervous system (blood-CNS) barrier breakdown, an important pathophysiological event in meningitis, results in extravasation of leucocytes into subarachnoid space. The blood-CNS barrier disruption is mediated by primarily two enzyme systems, the plasminogen activators (PAs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The present study showed that the activities of tissue-type PA (tPA), urokinase-type activator (uPA) and MMP-9 in cerebrospinal-like fluid (CSF-like fluid) were significantly increased in mice with eosinophilic meningitis compared with uninfected mice. Eosinophilia significantly correlated with tPA, uPA and MMP-9 activities, and albumin concentration. In addition, when GM6001, a specific matrix metalloproteinase blocker, was injected into infected mice, MMP-9 activity and total protein concentrations declined from their preinjection highs. These results suggest that the PAs and MMP-9 proteolytic cascade may be associated with blood-CNS barrier disruption in eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Min Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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21
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Lakos A, Ferenczi E, Komoly S, Granström M. Different B-cell populations are responsible for the peripheral and intrathecal antibody production in neuroborreliosis. Int Immunol 2005; 17:1631-7. [PMID: 16303786 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of neuroborreliosis (NB)--a serious complication of Lyme disease--relies on demonstration of intrathecal borrelia antibody production. We hypothesized that if a qualitative difference between the cerebrospinal fluid and the serum immunoblot-banding patterns was observed, then the borrelia antibodies found in the CSF could not be the result of leakage of serum antibodies to the CSF due to blood-brain barrier damage, but rather had to be produced intrathecally. CSF/serum pairs from 69 NB patients and from 85 control patients with other neurological disorders were investigated. All samples were tested blindly by immunoblot and a commercial capture ELISA kit for NB. The concordance between the two methods was 85.7%. When using the other method as reference, the accuracy of the two assays in the two patient materials was similar: 80% for sensitivity and 95% for specificity. Four types of comparative immunoblot-banding patterns that reflected intrathecal borrelia antibody synthesis were distinguished. The study showed that a simple comparison between the immunoblot pattern of serum and CSF samples allows for a reliable diagnosis of NB by demonstration of intrathecal antibody production. This is the first study to show that a qualitative difference of the antibody response between the immune response of serum and CSF is a rule. The findings also imply that partly different B-cell populations are responsible for the antibody production in the blood and in the central nervous system. In addition, our observation provides possible implications for other infectious diseases with CNS involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Lakos
- Center for Tick-borne Diseases, Visegrádi 14, H-1132 Budapest, Hungary.
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Schaller C, Liefner M, Ansari S, Al Moutaery K. Operation for delayed symptomatic brain oedema after treatment of an arteriovenous malformation by embolization and radiosurgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2005; 147:1103-8; discussion 1108. [PMID: 16044357 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-005-0600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A patient with a Spetzler-Martin-grade-III AVM, initially embolized and then stereotactically irradiated, who - with a latency of several months - showed progressive neurological deterioration, is reported. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed enormous ipsilateral brain oedema, which did not respond to dexamethasone. Upon further neurological deterioration the former AVM nidus plus an adjacent rim of brain tissue were removed and the patient recovered considerably. It is concluded that embolization in conjunction with irradiation may impair the blood-brain-barrier with resulting long-term oedema in the surrounding brain, and that surgical treatment should be considered in selected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schaller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.
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Hynynen K, McDannold N, Sheikov NA, Jolesz FA, Vykhodtseva N. Local and reversible blood-brain barrier disruption by noninvasive focused ultrasound at frequencies suitable for trans-skull sonications. Neuroimage 2005; 24:12-20. [PMID: 15588592 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Revised: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that burst ultrasound in the presence of an ultrasound contrast agent can disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with acoustic parameters suitable for completely noninvasive exposure through the skull. The 10-ms exposures were targeted in the brains of 22 rabbits with a frequency of 690 kHz, a repetition frequency of 1 Hz, and peak rarefactional pressure amplitudes up to 3.1 MPa. The total exposure (sonication) time was 20 s. Prior to each sonication, a bolus of ultrasound contrast agent was injected intravenously. Contrast-enhanced MR images were obtained after the sonications to detect localized BBB disruption via local enhancement in the brain. Brain sections were stained with H&E, TUNEL, and vanadium acid fuchsin (VAF)-toluidine blue staining. In addition, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into four rabbits prior to sonications and transmission electron microscopy was performed. The MRI contrast enhancement demonstrated BBB disruption at pressure amplitudes starting at 0.4 MPa with approximately 50%; at 0.8 MPa, 90%; and at 1.4 MPa, 100% of the sonicated locations showed enhancement. The histology findings following 4 h survival indicated that brain tissue necrosis was induced in approximately 70-80% of the sonicated locations at a pressure amplitude level of 2.3 MPa or higher. At lower pressure amplitudes, however, small areas of erythrocyte extravasation were seen. The electron microscopy findings demonstrated HRP passage through vessel walls via both transendothelial and paraendothelial routes. These results demonstrate that completely noninvasive focal disruption of the BBB is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kullervo Hynynen
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Hai J, Lin Q, Li ST, Pan QG. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and reperfusion injury of restoration of normal perfusion pressure contributes to the neuropathological changes in rat brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 126:137-45. [PMID: 15249137 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of normal perfusion pressure after resection of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is sometimes complicated by unexplained postoperative brain swelling and/or intracranial hemorrhage, which has been termed normal perfusion pressure breakthrough (NPPB). The precise mechanism of NPPB is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the time courses of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, water content, neuronal apoptosis, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the brain during restoration of normal perfusion pressure in a new rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion associated with AVMs. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into either a sham-operated group, a control group, or a model group with reperfusion assessed at 1, 12, 24 and 72 h after restoration of normal perfusion pressure. BBB disruption was judged by extravasation of Evans blue (EB) dye. We observed that EB and water content in rat brains of the model group with reperfusion were significantly increased compared with the other groups. The most predominant increase occurred at 1 h after reperfusion, and the next at 24 h after reperfusion, representing biphasic changes which are similar to the pathological processes of acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. There was no difference of the percentage of apoptotic cells in rat brains between the sham-operated group and the control group using flow cytometry. No prominent apoptotic cells were found in the model group with reperfusion at 1 h. However, the percentage of apoptotic cells increased significantly in rat brains of the model group with reperfusion at 12 h, peaked at 24 h, and decreased at 72 h after reperfusion. Apoptotic cells were confirmed with electron microscopy and terminal deoxynuleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL). A significant enhancement of MPO activity in combination with reduction of SOD activity was seen at 12, 24 and 72 h in rat brains of the model group with reperfusion. Our data indicates that reperfusion after restoration of normal perfusion pressure with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion lead to secondary neuronal damage which may associate with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, 389 XinCun Rd., Shanghai 200065, China.
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