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Buchan AG, Yang L, Welch D, Brenner DJ, Atkinson KD. Improved estimates of 222 nm far-UVC susceptibility for aerosolized human coronavirus via a validated high-fidelity coupled radiation-CFD code. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19930. [PMID: 34620923 PMCID: PMC8497589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by aerosols has played a significant role in the rapid spread of COVID-19 across the globe. Indoor environments with inadequate ventilation pose a serious infection risk. Whilst vaccines suppress transmission, they are not 100% effective and the risk from variants and new viruses always remains. Consequently, many efforts have focused on ways to disinfect air. One such method involves use of minimally hazardous 222 nm far-UVC light. Whilst a small number of controlled experimental studies have been conducted, determining the efficacy of this approach is difficult because chamber or room geometry, and the air flow within them, influences both far-UVC illumination and aerosol dwell times. Fortunately, computational multiphysics modelling allows the inadequacy of dose-averaged assessment of viral inactivation to be overcome in these complex situations. This article presents the first validation of the WYVERN radiation-CFD code for far-UVC air-disinfection against survival fraction measurements, and the first measurement-informed modelling approach to estimating far-UVC susceptibility of viruses in air. As well as demonstrating the reliability of the code, at circa 70% higher, our findings indicate that aerosolized human coronaviruses are significantly more susceptible to far-UVC than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Buchan
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS, London, UK.
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Water, Energy and Environment (SWEE), Cranfield University, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - David Welch
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kirk D Atkinson
- Faculty of Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, L1G 0C5, Canada
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Genova-Kalou P, Dyankov G, Marinov R, Mankov V, Belina E, Kisov H, Strijkova-Kenderova V, Kantardjiev T. SPR-Based Kinetic Analysis of the Early Stages of Infection in Cells Infected with Human Coronavirus and Treated with Hydroxychloroquine. Biosensors (Basel) 2021; 11:bios11080251. [PMID: 34436052 PMCID: PMC8392451 DOI: 10.3390/bios11080251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based assays are a valuable tool for examination of virus–host cell interactions and drug discovery processes, allowing for a more physiological setting compared to biochemical assays. Despite the fact that cell-based SPR assays are label-free and thus provide all the associated benefits, they have never been used to study viral growth kinetics and to predict drug antiviral response in cells. In this study, we prove the concept that the cell-based SPR assay can be applied in the kinetic analysis of the early stages of viral infection of cells and the antiviral drug activity in the infected cells. For this purpose, cells immobilized on the SPR slides were infected with human coronavirus HCov-229E and treated with hydroxychloroquine. The SPR response was measured at different time intervals within the early stages of infection. Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to provide the reference data. We found that the results of the SPR and MTT assays were consistent, and SPR is a reliable tool in investigating virus–host cell interaction and the mechanism of action of viral inhibitors. SPR assay was more sensitive and accurate in the first hours of infection within the first replication cycle, whereas the MTT assay was not so effective. After the second replication cycle, noise was generated by the destruction of the cell layer and by the remnants of dead cells, and masks useful SPR signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petia Genova-Kalou
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 44A “Gen. Stoletov” Blvd., 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.G.-K.); (R.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Georgi Dyankov
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies “Acad. J. Malinowski” (IOMT), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), 109 “Acad. G. Bonchev” Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.M.); (E.B.); (H.K.); (V.S.-K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +359-897-771-945
| | - Radoslav Marinov
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 44A “Gen. Stoletov” Blvd., 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.G.-K.); (R.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Vihar Mankov
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies “Acad. J. Malinowski” (IOMT), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), 109 “Acad. G. Bonchev” Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.M.); (E.B.); (H.K.); (V.S.-K.)
| | - Evdokiya Belina
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies “Acad. J. Malinowski” (IOMT), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), 109 “Acad. G. Bonchev” Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.M.); (E.B.); (H.K.); (V.S.-K.)
| | - Hristo Kisov
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies “Acad. J. Malinowski” (IOMT), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), 109 “Acad. G. Bonchev” Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.M.); (E.B.); (H.K.); (V.S.-K.)
| | - Velichka Strijkova-Kenderova
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies “Acad. J. Malinowski” (IOMT), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), 109 “Acad. G. Bonchev” Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.M.); (E.B.); (H.K.); (V.S.-K.)
| | - Todor Kantardjiev
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 44A “Gen. Stoletov” Blvd., 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.G.-K.); (R.M.); (T.K.)
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Dallner M, Harlow J, Nasheri N. Human Coronaviruses Do Not Transfer Efficiently between Surfaces in the Absence of Organic Materials. Viruses 2021; 13:1352. [PMID: 34372557 PMCID: PMC8310000 DOI: 10.3390/v13071352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, are known to spread mainly via close contact and respiratory droplets. However, other potential means of transmission may be present. Fomite-mediated transmission occurs when viruses are deposited onto a surface and then transfer to a subsequent individual. Surfaces can become contaminated directly from respiratory droplets or from a contaminated hand. Due to mask mandates in many countries around the world, the former is less likely. Hands can become contaminated if respiratory droplets are deposited on them (i.e., coughing or sneezing) or through contact with fecal material where human coronaviruses (HCoVs) can be shed. The focus of this paper is on whether human coronaviruses can transfer efficiently from contaminated hands to food or food contact surfaces. The surfaces chosen were: stainless steel, plastic, cucumber and apple. Transfer was first tested with cellular maintenance media and three viruses: two human coronaviruses, 229E and OC43, and murine norovirus-1, as a surrogate for human norovirus. There was no transfer for either of the human coronaviruses to any of the surfaces. Murine norovirus-1 did transfer to stainless steel, cucumber and apple, with transfer efficiencies of 9.19%, 5.95% and 0.329%, respectively. Human coronavirus OC43 transfer was then tested in the presence of fecal material, and transfer was observed for stainless steel (0.52%), cucumber (19.82%) and apple (15.51%) but not plastic. This study indicates that human coronaviruses do not transfer effectively from contaminated hands to contact surfaces without the presence of fecal material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dallner
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (M.D.); (J.H.)
| | - Jennifer Harlow
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (M.D.); (J.H.)
| | - Neda Nasheri
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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Marshall NC, Kariyawasam RM, Zelyas N, Kanji JN, Diggle MA. Broad respiratory testing to identify SARS-CoV-2 viral co-circulation and inform diagnostic stewardship in the COVID-19 pandemic. Virol J 2021; 18:93. [PMID: 33933115 PMCID: PMC8087885 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 infection can present with a broad clinical differential that includes many other respiratory viruses; therefore, accurate tests are crucial to distinguish true COVID-19 cases from pathogens that do not require urgent public health interventions. Co-circulation of other respiratory viruses is largely unknown during the COVID-19 pandemic but would inform strategies to rapidly and accurately test patients with respiratory symptoms. METHODS This study retrospectively examined 298,415 respiratory specimens collected from symptomatic patients for SARS-CoV-2 testing in the three months since COVID-19 was initially documented in the province of Alberta, Canada (March-May, 2020). By focusing on 52,285 specimens that were also tested with the Luminex Respiratory Pathogen Panel for 17 other pathogens, this study examines the prevalence of 18 potentially co-circulating pathogens and their relative rates in prior years versus since COVID-19 emerged, including four endemic coronaviruses. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 was identified in 2.2% of all specimens. Parallel broad multiplex testing detected additional pathogens in only 3.4% of these SARS-CoV-2-positive specimens: significantly less than in SARS-CoV-2-negative specimens (p < 0.0001), suggesting very low rates of SARS-CoV-2 co-infection. Furthermore, the overall co-infection rate was significantly lower among specimens with SARS-CoV-2 detected (p < 0.0001). Finally, less than 0.005% of all specimens tested positive for both SARS-CoV-2 and any of the four endemic coronaviruses tested, strongly suggesting neither co-infection nor cross-reactivity between these coronaviruses. CONCLUSIONS Broad respiratory pathogen testing rarely detected additional pathogens in SARS-CoV-2-positive specimens. While helpful to understand co-circulation of respiratory viruses causing similar symptoms as COVID-19, ultimately these broad tests were resource-intensive and inflexible in a time when clinical laboratories face unprecedented demand for respiratory virus testing, with further increases expected during influenza season. A transition from broad, multiplex tests toward streamlined diagnostic algorithms targeting respiratory pathogens of public health concern could simultaneously reduce the overall burden on clinical laboratories while prioritizing testing of pathogens of public health importance. This is particularly valuable with ongoing strains on testing resources, exacerbated during influenza seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Marshall
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 2B4.01, Walter C. Mackenzie Centre, Provincial Laboratory of Public Health, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada.
- Alberta Precision Laboratories - Public Health Laboratory (ProvLab), Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Ruwandi M Kariyawasam
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 2B4.01, Walter C. Mackenzie Centre, Provincial Laboratory of Public Health, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada
- Alberta Precision Laboratories - Public Health Laboratory (ProvLab), Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nathan Zelyas
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 2B4.01, Walter C. Mackenzie Centre, Provincial Laboratory of Public Health, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada
- Alberta Precision Laboratories - Public Health Laboratory (ProvLab), Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jamil N Kanji
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 2B4.01, Walter C. Mackenzie Centre, Provincial Laboratory of Public Health, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada
- Alberta Precision Laboratories - Public Health Laboratory (ProvLab), Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mathew A Diggle
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 2B4.01, Walter C. Mackenzie Centre, Provincial Laboratory of Public Health, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada
- Alberta Precision Laboratories - Public Health Laboratory (ProvLab), Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Abstract
Quantitative microbial risk assessment has been used to develop criteria for exposure to many microorganisms. In this article, the dose-response curve for Coronavirus 229E is used to develop preliminary risk-based exposure criteria for SARS-CoV-2 via the respiratory portals of entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N. Haas
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental EngineeringDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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Owusu M, Sylverken AA, El-Duah P, Acheampong G, Mutocheluh M, Adu-Sarkodie Y. Sero-epidemiology of human coronaviruses in three rural communities in Ghana. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 38:244. [PMID: 34104292 PMCID: PMC8164429 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.244.26110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs) are responsible for significant proportions of illnesses and deaths annually. Most of ARIs are of viral etiology, with human coronaviruses (HCoVs) playing a key role. This study was conducted prior to the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) to provide evidence about the sero-epidemiology of HCoVs in rural areas of Ghana. METHODS this was a cross-sectional study conducted as part of a large epidemiological study investigating the occurrence of respiratory viruses in 3 rural areas of Ghana; Buoyem, Kwamang and Forikrom. Serum samples were collected and tested for the presence of IgG-antibodies to three HCoVs; HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-NL63 using immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS of 201 subjects enrolled into the study, 97 (48.3%) were positive for all three viruses. The most prevalent virus was HCoV-229E (23%; 95% CI: 17.2 - 29.3), followed by HCoV-OC43 (17%; 95% CI: 12.4 - 23.4), then HCoV-NL63 (8%, 95% CI: 4.6 - 12.6). Subjects in Kwamang had the highest sero-prevalence for HCoV-NL63 (68.8%). human coronaviruses-229E (41.3%) and HCoV-OC43 (45.7%) were much higher in Forikrom compared to the other study areas. There was however no statistical difference between place of origin and HCoVs positivity. Although blood group O+ and B+ were most common among the recruited subjects, there was no significant association (p = 0.163) between blood group and HCoV infection. CONCLUSION this study reports a 48.3% sero-prevalence of HCoVs (OC43, NL63 and 229E) among rural communities in Ghana. The findings provide useful baseline data that could inform further sero-epidemiological studies on SARS-CoV-2 in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Owusu
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Centre for Health Systems Strengthening, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Augustina Angelina Sylverken
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Philip El-Duah
- Institute of Virology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Mohammed Mutocheluh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yaw Adu-Sarkodie
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Ottogalli ME, Rodríguez PE, Frutos MC, Moreno LB, Ghietto LM, Cuffini CG, Cámara JA, Adamo MP, Valinotto LE, Cámara A. Circulation of human coronaviruses OC43 and 229E in Córdoba, Argentina. Arch Virol 2021; 166:929-933. [PMID: 33492522 PMCID: PMC7829625 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study of respiratory infections in Córdoba, Argentina, caused by endemic human coronavirus (HCoV)-OC43 and HCOV-229E, which circulated during 2011-2012 at a 3% rate, either as single or multiple infections. They were detected mainly in children, but HCoV-229E was also found in adults. HCoV-229E was detected in five out of 631 samples (0.8%), and HCoV-OC43 was found in 14 out of 631 (2.2%) samples. Clinical manifestations ranged from fever to respiratory distress, and a significant association of HCoV-229E with asthma was observed. Further studies and surveillance are needed to provide better clinical insights, early diagnosis, and medical care of patients, as well as to contribute to epidemiology modeling and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Emilia Ottogalli
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pamela Elizabeth Rodríguez
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Celia Frutos
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Beatriz Moreno
- Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucía María Ghietto
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Gabriela Cuffini
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jorge Augusto Cámara
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Pilar Adamo
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Alicia Cámara
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Kim HR, An S, Hwang J. An integrated system of air sampling and simultaneous enrichment for rapid biosensing of airborne coronavirus and influenza virus. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 170:112656. [PMID: 33010706 PMCID: PMC7518959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care risk assessment (PCRA) for airborne viruses requires a system that can enrich low-concentration airborne viruses dispersed in field environments into a small volume of liquid. In this study, airborne virus particles were collected to a degree above the limit of detection (LOD) for a real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). This study employed an electrostatic air sampler to capture aerosolized test viruses (human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1), and influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (A/H3N2)) in a continuously flowing liquid (aerosol-to-hydrosol (ATH) enrichment) and a concanavalin A (ConA)-coated magnetic particles (CMPs)-installed fluidic channel for simultaneous hydrosol-to-hydrosol (HTH) enrichment. The air sampler's ATH enrichment capacity (EC) was evaluated using the aerosol counting method. In contrast, the HTH EC for the ATH-collected sample was evaluated using transmission-electron-microscopy (TEM)-based image analysis and real-time qRT-PCR assay. For example, the ATH EC for HCoV-229E was up to 67,000, resulting in a viral concentration of 0.08 PFU/mL (in a liquid sample) for a viral epidemic scenario of 1.2 PFU/m3 (in air). The real-time qRT-PCR assay result for this liquid sample was "non-detectable" however, subsequent HTH enrichment for 10 min caused the "non-detectable" sample to become "detectable" (cycle threshold (CT) value of 33.8 ± 0.06).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Rae Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sanggwon An
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungho Hwang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Bonny TS, Yezli S, Lednicky JA. Isolation and identification of human coronavirus 229E from frequently touched environmental surfaces of a university classroom that is cleaned daily. Am J Infect Control 2018; 46:105-107. [PMID: 28893443 PMCID: PMC7115338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Frequently touched surfaces of a university classroom that is cleaned daily contained viable human coronavirus 229E (CoV-229E). Tests of a CoV-229E laboratory strain under conditions that simulated the ambient light, temperature, and relative humidity conditions of the classroom revealed that some of the virus remained viable on various surfaces for 7 days, suggesting CoV-229E is relatively stable in the environment. Our findings reinforce the notion that contact transmission may be possible for this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania S Bonny
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Saber Yezli
- The Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The evolution of new and reemerging historic virulent strains of respiratory viruses from animal reservoirs is a significant threat to human health. Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces. Enveloped viruses are often susceptible to environmental stresses, but the human coronaviruses responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have recently caused increasing concern of contact transmission during outbreaks. We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel. We have shown previously that noroviruses are destroyed on copper alloy surfaces. In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration. Exposure to copper destroyed the viral genomes and irreversibly affected virus morphology, including disintegration of envelope and dispersal of surface spikes. Cu(I) and Cu(II) moieties were responsible for the inactivation, which was enhanced by reactive oxygen species generation on alloy surfaces, resulting in even faster inactivation than was seen with nonenveloped viruses on copper. Consequently, copper alloy surfaces could be employed in communal areas and at any mass gatherings to help reduce transmission of respiratory viruses from contaminated surfaces and protect the public health. IMPORTANCE Respiratory viruses are responsible for more deaths globally than any other infectious agent. Animal coronaviruses that "host jump" to humans result in severe infections with high mortality, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and, more recently, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). We show here that a closely related human coronavirus, 229E, which causes upper respiratory tract infection in healthy individuals and serious disease in patients with comorbidities, remained infectious on surface materials common to public and domestic areas for several days. The low infectious dose means that this is a significant infection risk to anyone touching a contaminated surface. However, rapid inactivation, irreversible destruction of viral RNA, and massive structural damage were observed in coronavirus exposed to copper and copper alloy surfaces. Incorporation of copper alloy surfaces in conjunction with effective cleaning regimens and good clinical practice could help to control transmission of respiratory coronaviruses, including MERS and SARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Warnes
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Zoë R Little
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - C William Keevil
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Leung TF, Chan PKS, Wong WKG, Ip M, Cheng WTF, Ng PC. Human coronavirus NL63 in children: epidemiology, disease spectrum, and genetic diversity. Hong Kong Med J 2012; 18 Suppl 2:27-30. [PMID: 22311358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Human coronaviruses (HCoVs)were detected in 2.5% of 2982 local children hospitalised for acute respiratory infections in 2005 to 2007. 2. Using the 'pancoronavirus' reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay, detection rates were 0.6% for HCoVNL63,1.2% for HCoV-OC43,0.5% for HCoV-HKU1, and 0.2% for HCoV-229E. Notably, HCoV-NL63 infections were significantly more common among children hospitalised in 2006/2007 (1.2%) than in 2005/2006 (0.3%).3. The peak season for HCoVNL63 infection was autumn(September to October). 4. HCoV-NL63 infection was associated with younger age,croup, febrile convulsion, and acute gastroenteritis. Such disease associations were not found with the other three HCoVs. 5. Most local HCoV-NL63 isolates were closely related to the prototype strain in Netherlands(NL496), but a few were phylogenetically distinct from the major cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital
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Lu RJ, Zhang LL, Tan WJ, Zhou WM, Wang Z, Peng K, Ruan L. [Characterization of human coronavirus 229E infection among patients with respiratory symptom in Beijing, Oct-Dec, 2007]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2009; 23:367-370. [PMID: 20387489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To know the etiology, prevalence, clinical symptoms associated with the infection of the HCoV-229E in the respiratory specimens sampled from adult patients in Beijing. METHODS 158 nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from adult patients with fever in Beijing between October and December, 2007. We performed the screening of HCoV-229E by real-time RT-PCR and sequencing of HCoV-229E gene fragments derived from conventional PCR. At meantime, we also screened the HCoV-229E positive samples for the co-infection with HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1 and HMPV by real-time RT-PCR. Finally, demographic and clinical data associated with HCoV-229E infection were examined retrospectively. RESULTS We detected 103 (62.5%) of 158 specimens were positive for HCoV-229E by real-time RT-PCR. When tested for other respiratory viruses, 26 HCoV-229E positive patients were found to be co-infected with other viruses. Of which HCoV-NL63 was observed in 3 specimens (11.5%), HCoV-HKU1 in 3 (11.5%) and HMPV in 20 (76.9%). The main clinical manifestations were noted as: headache (in 70.9%), sore throat (69%), chills (68%), cough (33%), sputum (21.3%), rhinorrhea (21.4%), nasal obstruction (16.5%), and a few of patients were visible as vomiting (6.8%), dyspnea (3.9%), diarrhea (in 1.9%). The rate of HCoV-229E infection in adult patients was found no relative with age and gender. CONCLUSION Our data showed that HCoV-229E is a common and important pathogen in adult patients with acute respiratory symptoms but usually resulted in milder influenza-like illnesses. There might have a local outbreak of HCoV-229E infection in Beijing, Oct-Dec, 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rou-jian Lu
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 100052, China
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13
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Talbot HKB, Crowe JE, Edwards KM, Griffin MR, Zhu Y, Weinberg GA, Szilagyi PG, Hall CB, Podsiad AB, Iwane M, Williams JV. Coronavirus infection and hospitalizations for acute respiratory illness in young children. J Med Virol 2009; 81:853-6. [PMID: 19319948 PMCID: PMC2767383 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is only limited knowledge on the burden of disease due to both new (HCoV-NL63 and HKU-1) and previously discovered coronaviruses (OC43 and 229E) in children. Respiratory specimens and clinical data were prospectively collected in an active, population-based surveillance study over a 2-year period from children aged <5 years hospitalized with acute respiratory symptoms or fever. These samples were retrospectively tested by real-time RT-PCR for HCoV-NL63, HKU1, OC43, and 229E. Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) were identified in 2.2% of study children <2 years of age. Rates of HCoV-associated hospitalization per 10,000 were 10.2 (95% CI 4.3, 17.6), 4.2 (95% CI 1.9, 6.9), and 0 (95% CI 0, 3.7) in children aged <6 months, 6-23 months, and 24-59 months, respectively. Coronaviruses were identified in a modest number of hospitalized children.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Keipp B Talbot
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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14
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Gagneur A, Dirson E, Audebert S, Vallet S, Legrand-Quillien MC, Laurent Y, Collet M, Sizun J, Oger E, Payan C. Materno-fetal transmission of human coronaviruses: a prospective pilot study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 27:863-6. [PMID: 18373106 PMCID: PMC7087967 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-008-0505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This prospective pilot study investigates the possibility of materno-fetal transmission of human coronaviruses (HCoV) responsible for cases of neonatal infection. This vertical transmission was studied with 159 samples from mother-child couples: maternal vaginal (MV) and respiratory (MR) samples during labor; and newborn gastric sample (NG) with detection of HCoV (229E, OC-43, NL-63, HKU1) via real time RT PCR. HCoV was detected in 12 samples (229E: 11; HKU1: 1) from seven mother-child couples. For three couples, only MR tested positive (cases 1–3). For two other couples all three samples (MV, MR and NG) tested positive (cases 4 and 5). For case 6, only MV and NG tested positive. In case 7, only MV was positive. Possible vertical transmission of HCoV was hypothesized in this pilot study and requires further investigation on a larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gagneur
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Morvan, 2 avenue Foch, Brest cedex, France.
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15
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Gagneur A, Vallet S, Talbot PJ, Legrand-Quillien MC, Picard B, Payan C, Sizun J. Outbreaks of human coronavirus in a pediatric and neonatal intensive care unit. Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167:1427-34. [PMID: 18335238 PMCID: PMC7087120 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-008-0687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV) has been recently recognized as a potential agent of nosocomial viral respiratory infections (NRVI) in high-risk infants. We have confirmed this as fact through the study of a 1-year period of HCoV outbreaks occurring during a prospective survey of NRVI in a paediatric and neonatal intensive care unit (PNICU) using new molecular techniques for HCoV detection. Nasal samples obtained at admission and weekly thereafter for all hospitalised children, as well as monthly nasal samples from staff, were analysed using immunofluorescence for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses A and B, paramyxoviruses 1, 2, 3 and adenoviruses. RT-PCR was used for HCoV detection. During the year 1998, 43 HCoV-related NRVI were detected in 152 neonates (incidence 28.3%), and 7 HCoV-related NRVI were found in 92 children (incidence 7.6%). Three HCoV-related outbreaks were observed (February, August and December), associated with a high prevalence of HCoV infection in the staff. During the August outbreak, 50% to 78% of hospitalised neonates and children were infected. Seventy-five percent of hospitalised preterm neonates with a gestational age less than 32 weeks and 52.4% of staff members were infected. Risk factors for NRVI in neonates were birth weight, gestational age, ventilation, oxygenation and hospitalisation length. Ninety-two percent of infected preterm neonates were symptomatic, mainly with bradycardia and respiratory worsening. These data provide additional evidence for a possibly significant role of HCoV in NRVI in a PNICU. The role of staff or hospitalised children in spreading HCoV is hypothesised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Gagneur
- Department of Paediatrics, EA 3882 Laboratory of Biodiversity and Microbial Ecology, University Hospital, Brest, France.
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16
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Lodes MJ, Suciu D, Wilmoth JL, Ross M, Munro S, Dix K, Bernards K, Stöver AG, Quintana M, Iihoshi N, Lyon WJ, Danley DL, McShea A. Identification of upper respiratory tract pathogens using electrochemical detection on an oligonucleotide microarray. PLoS One 2007; 2:e924. [PMID: 17895966 PMCID: PMC1976596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and viral upper respiratory infections (URI) produce highly variable clinical symptoms that cannot be used to identify the etiologic agent. Proper treatment, however, depends on correct identification of the pathogen involved as antibiotics provide little or no benefit with viral infections. Here we describe a rapid and sensitive genotyping assay and microarray for URI identification using standard amplification and hybridization techniques, with electrochemical detection (ECD) on a semiconductor-based oligonucleotide microarray. The assay was developed to detect four bacterial pathogens (Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae) and 9 viral pathogens (adenovirus 4, coronavirus OC43, 229E and HK, influenza A and B, parainfluinza types 1, 2, and 3 and respiratory syncytial virus. This new platform forms the basis for a fully automated diagnostics system that is very flexible and can be customized to suit different or additional pathogens. Multiple probes on a flexible platform allow one to test probes empirically and then select highly reactive probes for further iterative evaluation. Because ECD uses an enzymatic reaction to create electrical signals that can be read directly from the array, there is no need for image analysis or for expensive and delicate optical scanning equipment. We show assay sensitivity and specificity that are excellent for a multiplexed format.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adenoviridae/isolation & purification
- Bacterial Infections/diagnosis
- Bacterial Infections/microbiology
- Bordetella pertussis/genetics
- Bordetella pertussis/isolation & purification
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae/genetics
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae/isolation & purification
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/isolation & purification
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/isolation & purification
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Electrochemistry/methods
- Humans
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae/genetics
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae/isolation & purification
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/isolation & purification
- Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human/isolation & purification
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/isolation & purification
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reproducibility of Results
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/isolation & purification
- Respiratory System/microbiology
- Respiratory System/virology
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Streptococcus pyogenes/genetics
- Streptococcus pyogenes/isolation & purification
- Virus Diseases/diagnosis
- Virus Diseases/virology
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17
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Simon A, Völz S, Höfling K, Kehl A, Tillman R, Müller A, Kupfer B, Eis-Hübinger AM, Lentze MJ, Bode U, Schildgen O. Acute life threatening event (ALTE) in an infant with human coronavirus HCoV-229E infection. Pediatr Pulmonol 2007; 42:393-6. [PMID: 17352399 PMCID: PMC7167760 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this short report we discuss the temporal association between an acute life threatening event (ALTE) and a RT-PCR confirmed coronavirus HCoV-229E infection in a 4 months old otherwise healthy infant. More detailed microbiological investigations of affected children even without apparent signs of a respiratory tract infection may help to clarify the etiology in some patients and extend our understanding of the pathogenesis. PCR-based techniques should be utilized to increase the sensitivity of detection for old and new respiratory viral pathogens in comparable cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Simon
- Children's Hospital Medical Centre, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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18
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de Souza Luna LK, Heiser V, Regamey N, Panning M, Drexler JF, Mulangu S, Poon L, Baumgarte S, Haijema BJ, Kaiser L, Drosten C. Generic detection of coronaviruses and differentiation at the prototype strain level by reverse transcription-PCR and nonfluorescent low-density microarray. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:1049-52. [PMID: 17229859 PMCID: PMC1829107 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02426-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A nonfluorescent low-cost, low-density oligonucleotide array was designed for detecting the whole coronavirus genus after reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. The limit of detection was 15.7 copies/reaction. The clinical detection limit in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome was 100 copies/sample. In 39 children suffering from coronavirus 229E, NL63, OC43, or HKU1, the sensitivity was equal to that of individual real-time RT-PCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Kleber de Souza Luna
- Clinical Virology Section, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Str. 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
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19
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Esposito S, Bosis S, Niesters HG, Tremolati E, Begliatti E, Rognoni A, Tagliabue C, Principi N, Osterhaus AD. Impact of human coronavirus infections in otherwise healthy children who attended an emergency department. J Med Virol 2007; 78:1609-15. [PMID: 17063525 PMCID: PMC7166434 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This prospective clinical and virological study of 2,060 otherwise healthy children aged <15 years of age (1,112 males; mean age ± SD, 3.46 ± 3.30 years) who attended the Emergency Department of Milan University's Institute of Pediatrics because of an acute disease excluding trauma during the winter season 2003–2004 was designed to compare the prevalence and clinical importance of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) in children. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in nasopharyngeal aspirates revealed HCoV infection in 79 cases (3.8%): 33 HCoV‐229E (1.6%), 13 HCoV‐NL63 (0.6%), 11 HCoV‐OC43 (0.5%), none HCoV‐HKU1 genotype A, and 22 (1.1%) co‐detections of a HCoV and another respiratory virus. The HCoVs were identified mainly in children with upper respiratory tract infection; there was no significant difference in clinical presentation between single HCoV infections and HCoV co‐infections. Diagnostic methods were used in a limited number of patients, and the therapy prescribed and clinical outcomes were similar regardless of the viral strain. There were a few cases of other members of the households of HCoV‐positive children falling ill during the 5–7 days following enrollment. These findings suggest that HCoV‐229E and HCoV‐OC43 have a limited clinical and socioeconomic impact on otherwise healthy children and their household contacts, and the HCoV‐NL63 identified recently does not seem to be any different. The quantitative and qualitative role of HCoV‐HKU1 genotype A is apparently very marginal. J. Med. Virol. 78:1609–1615, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- Institute of Pediatrics, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS “Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena”, Milan, Italy
| | - Samantha Bosis
- Institute of Pediatrics, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS “Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena”, Milan, Italy
| | - Hubert G.M. Niesters
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Tremolati
- Institute of Pediatrics, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS “Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena”, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrica Begliatti
- Institute of Pediatrics, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS “Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena”, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rognoni
- Institute of Pediatrics, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS “Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena”, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Tagliabue
- Institute of Pediatrics, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS “Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena”, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Principi
- Institute of Pediatrics, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS “Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena”, Milan, Italy
| | - Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Theamboonlers A, Samransamruajkit R, Thongme C, Amonsin A, Chongsrisawat V, Poovorawan Y. Human coronavirus infection among children with acute lower respiratory tract infection in Thailand. Intervirology 2006; 50:71-7. [PMID: 17139182 PMCID: PMC7179520 DOI: 10.1159/000097392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to further identify the previously uncharacterized human coronavirus 229E (hCoV-229E) and human coronavirus OC43 (hCoV-OC43) in Thailand by using the RT-PCR technique. In addition, we performed this study in order to delineate the prevalence, the potential clinical impacts and evaluation of the genetic characterization of this pathogen in young children who presented with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI). METHODS We obtained nasopharyngeal secretions (NPs) from 226 children <5 years of age who were either attending the outpatient department or hospitalized with ALRI from March 2002 to July 2003. All clinical, laboratory, RT-PCR, direct sequencing and phylogenetic analysis data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS Of the 226 NPs samples from infants and young children presented with ALRI, 8 (3.54%) were positive for hCoV-229E, 2 (0.88%) were positive for hCoV-OC43, and 1 (0.44%) had co-infection. The following clinical presentations were noted: fever (100%), rhinitis (44%), acute bronchiolitis (44%), viral pneumonia (33%), viral pneumonia triggering asthma exacerbation (11%) as well as viral pneumonia causing BPD exacerbation (11%). All positive samples were subjected to direct sequencing. The amino acid sequences had 82-99% similarity to previous sequences stored in the GenBank database. CONCLUSION The molecular technique we applied to detect human coronavirus appears justified as a valuable diagnostic approach to elucidate the prevalence, cause and clinical implications of ALRI among infants and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alongkorn Amonsin
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Viral Hepatitis Research
- * Prof. Yong Poovorawan, MD, Center of Excellence in Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 (Thailand), Tel. +66 2256 4909, Fax +66 2256 4929, E-Mail
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21
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Garbino J, Crespo S, Aubert JD, Rochat T, Ninet B, Deffernez C, Wunderli W, Pache JC, Soccal PM, Kaiser L. A prospective hospital-based study of the clinical impact of non-severe acute respiratory syndrome (Non-SARS)-related human coronavirus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43:1009-15. [PMID: 16983613 PMCID: PMC7107919 DOI: 10.1086/507898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. In addition to the human coronaviruses (HCoVs) OC43 and 229E, which have been known for decades to cause infection in humans, 2 new members of this genus have recently been identified: HCoVs NL63 and HKU1. Their impact as a cause of respiratory tract disease in adults at risk for complications needs to be established. Methods. We prospectively assessed the clinical impact of coronavirus infection (excluding cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome) among hospitalized adults. All patients with respiratory disease for whom bronchoalveolar lavage was performed were screened by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the presence of all 4 HCoVs. Results. HCoV was identified in 29 (5.4%) of 540 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens from 279 subjects (mean age, 51 years; 63% male). HCoV OC43 was identified most frequently (12 isolates), followed by 229E (7 isolates), NL63 (6 isolates), and HKU1 (4 isolates). In all, 372 (69%) of 540 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens were negative for bacteria, and 2 persons were coinfected with other respiratory viruses. Transplantation was the most common underlying condition. Of the 29 patients who had HCoV identified in their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens, 9 (31%) were hospitalized in the intensive care unit, 22 (76%) presented to the hospital with acute respiratory symptoms, 16 (55%) presented with cough and/or sputum, 13 (45%) presented with dyspnea, 16 (55%) had experienced prior respiratory infection, and 18 (62%) had a new infiltrate that was visible on chest radiograph. The most frequent final diagnosis was a lower respiratory tract infection. Conclusions. The recently discovered HCoVs NL63 and HKU1 contribute significantly to the overall spectrum of coronavirus infection. Our study also suggests that coronaviruses contribute to respiratory symptoms in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J.-D. Aubert
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Beatrice Ninet
- Central Laboratory of Bacteriology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva
| | | | - Werner Wunderli
- Central Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva
| | | | - Paola M. Soccal
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Geneva
- Clinic of Thoracic Surgery, and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva
- Central Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva
- Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Laurent Kaiser, Div. of Infectious Diseases, Central Laboratory of Virology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 24 Rue Micheli-du-Crest, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland ()
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22
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Gerna G, Campanini G, Rovida F, Percivalle E, Sarasini A, Marchi A, Baldanti F. Genetic variability of human coronavirus OC43-, 229E-, and NL63-like strains and their association with lower respiratory tract infections of hospitalized infants and immunocompromised patients. J Med Virol 2006; 78:938-49. [PMID: 16721849 PMCID: PMC7167039 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the winter-spring seasons 2003-2004 and 2004-2005, 47 (5.7%) patients with acute respiratory infection associated with human coronavirus (hCoV) 229E-, NL63-, and OC43-like strains were identified among 823 (597 immunocompetent and 226 immunocompromised) patients admitted to hospital with acute respiratory syndromes. Viral infections were diagnosed by either immunological (monoclonal antibodies) or molecular (RT-PCR) methods. Each of two sets of primer pairs developed for detection of all CoVs (panCoV) failed to detect 15 of the 53 (28.3%) hCoV strains identified. On the other hand, all hCoV strains could be detected by using type-specific primers targeting genes 1ab and N. The HuH-7 cell line was found to be susceptible to isolation and identification of OC43- and 229E-like strains. Overall, hCoV infection was caused by OC43-like, 229E-like, and NL63-like strains in 25 (53.2%), 10 (21.3%), and 9 (19.1%) patients, respectively. In addition, three patients (6.4%) were infected by untypeable hCoV strains. NL63-like strains were not found to circulate in 2003-2004, and 229E-like strains did not circulate in 2004-2005, while OC43-like strains were detected in both seasons. The monthly distribution reached a peak during January through March. Lower predominated over upper respiratory tract infections in each age group. In addition, hCoV infections interested only immunocompetent infants and young children during the first year of life, while all adults were immunocompromised patients. Coinfections of hCoVs and other respiratory viruses (mostly interesting the first year of life) were observed in 14 of the 47 (29.8%) patients and were associated with severe respiratory syndromes more frequently than hCoV single infections (P = 0.002). In conclusion, the use of multiple primer sets targeting different genes is recommended for diagnosis of all types of hCoV infection. In addition, the detection of still untypeable hCoV strains suggests that the number of hCoVs involved in human pathology might further increase. Finally, hCoVs should be screened routinely for in both infants and immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory infection.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Base Sequence
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Coronavirus/classification
- Coronavirus/genetics
- Coronavirus/immunology
- Coronavirus/isolation & purification
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/immunology
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/isolation & purification
- Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis
- Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/immunology
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/isolation & purification
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Immunocompetence
- Immunocompromised Host
- Infant
- Italy/epidemiology
- Phylogeny
- Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis
- Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/virology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Species Specificity
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gerna
- Servizio di Virologia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and Dipartimento di Pediatria, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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23
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Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Yip CCY, Tse H, Tsoi HW, Cheng VCC, Lee P, Tang BSF, Cheung CHY, Lee RA, So LY, Lau YL, Chan KH, Yuen KY. Coronavirus HKU1 and other coronavirus infections in Hong Kong. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:2063-71. [PMID: 16757599 PMCID: PMC1489438 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02614-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently described the discovery of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1 (CoV-HKU1), associated with community-acquired pneumonia. However, the clinical spectrum of disease and the epidemiology of CoV-HKU1 infections in relation to infections with other respiratory viruses are unknown. In this 12-month prospective study, 4,181 nasopharyngeal aspirates from patients with acute respiratory tract infections were subjected to reverse transcription-PCRs specific for CoV-HKU1 and human coronaviruses NL63 (HCoV-NL63), OC43 (HCoV-OC43), and 229E (HCoV-229E). Coronaviruses were detected in 87 (2.1%) patients, with 13 (0.3%) positive for CoV-HKU1, 17 (0.4%) positive for HCoV-NL63, 53 (1.3%) positive for HCoV-OC43, and 4 (0.1%) positive for HCoV-229E. Of the 13 patients with CoV-HKU1 infections, 11 were children and 8 had underlying diseases. Similar to the case for other coronaviruses, upper respiratory infection was the most common presentation of CoV-HKU1 infections, although pneumonia, acute bronchiolitis, and asthmatic exacerbation also occurred. Despite a shorter duration of fever (mean, 1.7 days) and no difference in maximum temperature in children with CoV-HKU1 infections compared to patients with most other respiratory virus infections, a high incidence of febrile seizures (50%) was noted, which was significantly higher than those for HCoV-OC43 (14%), adenovirus (9%), human parainfluenza virus 1 (0%), and respiratory syncytial virus (8%) infections. CoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 infections peaked in winter, although cases of the former also occurred in spring to early summer. This is in contrast to HCoV-NL63 infections, which mainly occurred in early summer and autumn but were absent in winter. Two genotypes of CoV-HKU1 cocirculated during the study period. Continuous studies over a longer period are warranted to ascertain the seasonal variation and relative importance of the different coronaviruses. Similar studies in other countries are required to better determine the epidemiology and genetic diversity of CoV-HKU1.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Aged, 80 and over
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Coronavirus/classification
- Coronavirus/genetics
- Coronavirus/isolation & purification
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/classification
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/isolation & purification
- Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/classification
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/isolation & purification
- Female
- Hong Kong/epidemiology
- Hospitalization
- Humans
- Incidence
- Infant
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nasopharynx/virology
- Phylogeny
- Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/virology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Seizures, Febrile/epidemiology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Severity of Illness Index
- Viral Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
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Vijgen L, Keyaerts E, Moës E, Maes P, Duson G, Van Ranst M. Development of one-step, real-time, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assays for absolute quantitation of human coronaviruses OC43 and 229E. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:5452-6. [PMID: 16272469 PMCID: PMC1287813 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.11.5452-5456.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical significance of human coronaviruses in more severe respiratory illnesses has recently been shown to be higher than was previously assumed. Rapid and reliable diagnosis of human coronavirus infections therefore becomes indispensable in a routine clinical setting. In this study, we present a very sensitive and specific TaqMan-based, real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) for the rapid detection and quantitation of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) OC43 and 229E. Absolute viral load measurement in clinical samples was achieved through the construction of in-house HCoV OC43 and 229E cRNA standards for the generation of a standard curve. The HCoV OC43 assay allows quantitation over a range from 20 to 2 x 10(8) RNA copies per reaction mixture (5 microl RNA extract). When this is extrapolated to clinical samples, this corresponds to a detection range of 10(3) to 10(10) viral genome equivalents per ml. By using the HCoV 229E qRT-PCR assay, viral RNA copies ranging from 200 to 2 x 10(9) per reaction mixture can be detected, which corresponds to 10(4) to 10(11) viral genome equivalents per ml sample. A total of 100 respiratory samples screened for the presence of HCoVs OC43 and 229E by using conventional RT-PCR were assessed in parallel by the qRT-PCR assays. By use of the real-time qRT-PCR techniques, the detection rate of HCoVs OC43 and 229E increased from 2.0% to 3.1% and from 0.3% to 2.5%, respectively. The real-time qRT-PCR assays described here allow the rapid, specific, and sensitive laboratory detection and quantitation of human coronaviruses OC43 and 229E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Vijgen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Vijgen L, Keyaerts E, Moës E, Maes P, Duson G, Van Ranst M. Development of one-step, real-time, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assays for absolute quantitation of human coronaviruses OC43 and 229E. J Clin Microbiol 2005. [PMID: 16272469 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.11.5452-5456.2005pmid-16272469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical significance of human coronaviruses in more severe respiratory illnesses has recently been shown to be higher than was previously assumed. Rapid and reliable diagnosis of human coronavirus infections therefore becomes indispensable in a routine clinical setting. In this study, we present a very sensitive and specific TaqMan-based, real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) for the rapid detection and quantitation of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) OC43 and 229E. Absolute viral load measurement in clinical samples was achieved through the construction of in-house HCoV OC43 and 229E cRNA standards for the generation of a standard curve. The HCoV OC43 assay allows quantitation over a range from 20 to 2 x 10(8) RNA copies per reaction mixture (5 microl RNA extract). When this is extrapolated to clinical samples, this corresponds to a detection range of 10(3) to 10(10) viral genome equivalents per ml. By using the HCoV 229E qRT-PCR assay, viral RNA copies ranging from 200 to 2 x 10(9) per reaction mixture can be detected, which corresponds to 10(4) to 10(11) viral genome equivalents per ml sample. A total of 100 respiratory samples screened for the presence of HCoVs OC43 and 229E by using conventional RT-PCR were assessed in parallel by the qRT-PCR assays. By use of the real-time qRT-PCR techniques, the detection rate of HCoVs OC43 and 229E increased from 2.0% to 3.1% and from 0.3% to 2.5%, respectively. The real-time qRT-PCR assays described here allow the rapid, specific, and sensitive laboratory detection and quantitation of human coronaviruses OC43 and 229E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Vijgen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Human coronaviruses, first characterized in the 1960s, are responsible for a substantial proportion of upper respiratory tract infections in children. Since 2003, at least 5 new human coronaviruses have been identified, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, which caused significant morbidity and mortality. NL63, representing a group of newly identified group I coronaviruses that includes NL and the New Haven coronavirus, has been identified worldwide. These viruses are associated with both upper and lower respiratory tract disease and are likely common human pathogens. The global distribution of a newly identified group II coronavirus, HKU1, has not yet been established. Coronavirology has advanced significantly in the past few years. The SARS epidemic put the animal coronaviruses in the spotlight. The background and history relative to this important and expanding research area are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Kahn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Keyaerts E, Vijgen L, Maes P, Duson G, Neyts J, Van Ranst M. Viral load quantitation of SARS-coronavirus RNA using a one-step real-time RT-PCR. Int J Infect Dis 2005; 10:32-7. [PMID: 16023880 PMCID: PMC7110610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious disease that first occurred in humans in the People's Republic of China in November 2002 and has subsequently spread worldwide. A novel virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family has been identified as the cause of this pulmonary disease. The severity of the disease combined with its rapid spread requires the development of fast and sensitive diagnostic assays. Results A real-time quantitative RT-PCR was designed in the nsp11 region of the replicase 1B domain of the SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) genome. To evaluate this quantitative RT-PCR, cRNA standards were constructed by in vitro transcription of SARS-CoV Frankfurt 1 RNA using T7 RNA polymerase, followed by real-time RT-PCR. The assay allowed quantitation over a range of 102 to 108 RNA copies per reaction. Conclusions Extrapolated to clinical samples, this novel assay has a detection range of 104 to 1010 copies of viral genome equivalents per millilitre. In comparison to the current de facto cRNA Artus Biotech standard, the in-house cRNA standard gives a 100-fold higher absolute quantity, suggesting a possible underestimation of the viral load when using the Artus Biotech standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Keyaerts
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Vijgen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Maes
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Griet Duson
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Belgium
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +32 16 347908; fax: +32 16 347900.
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Bellau-Pujol S, Vabret A, Legrand L, Dina J, Gouarin S, Petitjean-Lecherbonnier J, Pozzetto B, Ginevra C, Freymuth F. Development of three multiplex RT-PCR assays for the detection of 12 respiratory RNA viruses. J Virol Methods 2005; 126:53-63. [PMID: 15847919 PMCID: PMC7112904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Three multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR assays were developed to detect simultaneously 12 RNA respiratory viruses: influenza viruses A, B and C, human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), parainfluenza virus types 1-4 (PIV-1, -2, -3 and -4), human coronavirus OC43 and 229E (HCoV) and rhinovirus (hRV). An internal amplification control was included in one of the RT-PCR assays. The RT-PCR multiplex 1 and the hemi-nested multiplex 1 detected 1 and 0.1 TCID50 of RSV A, respectively, and 0.01 and 0.001 TCID50 of influenza virus A/H3N2, respectively. Two hundred and three nasal aspirates from hospitalised children were retrospectively tested in comparison with two conventional methods: direct immunofluorescence assay and viral isolation technique. Almost all samples (89/91) that were positive by immunofluorescence assay and/or viral isolation technique were detected by the multiplex assay. This method also detected an additional 85 viruses and 33 co-infections. The overall sensitivity (98%), rapidity and enhanced efficiency of these multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR assays suggest that they would be a significant improvement over conventional methods for the detection of a broad spectrum of respiratory viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Child
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/isolation & purification
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/isolation & purification
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Humans
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
- Gammainfluenzavirus/genetics
- Gammainfluenzavirus/isolation & purification
- Metapneumovirus/genetics
- Metapneumovirus/isolation & purification
- Nasal Cavity/virology
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/isolation & purification
- Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human/isolation & purification
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/isolation & purification
- Parainfluenza Virus 4, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Quality Control
- RNA Viruses/genetics
- RNA Viruses/isolation & purification
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/isolation & purification
- Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis
- Respiratory Tract Infections/virology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards
- Rhinovirus/genetics
- Rhinovirus/isolation & purification
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Virus Cultivation
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bellau-Pujol
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, av. Georges Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
| | - A. Vabret
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, av. Georges Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
| | - L. Legrand
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, av. Georges Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
| | - J. Dina
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, av. Georges Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
| | - S. Gouarin
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, av. Georges Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
| | - J. Petitjean-Lecherbonnier
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, av. Georges Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
| | - B. Pozzetto
- Laboratory of Virology, CHU Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex, France
| | - C. Ginevra
- Laboratory of Virology, CHU Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex, France
| | - F. Freymuth
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, av. Georges Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
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29
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Adachi D, Johnson G, Draker R, Ayers M, Mazzulli T, Talbot P, Tellier R. Comprehensive detection and identification of human coronaviruses, including the SARS-associated coronavirus, with a single RT-PCR assay. J Virol Methods 2005; 122:29-36. [PMID: 15488617 PMCID: PMC7112817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Revised: 07/17/2004] [Accepted: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-associated human coronavirus (SARS-HCoV) is a newly described, emerging virus conclusively established as the etiologic agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). This study presents a single-tube RT-PCR assay that can detect with high analytical sensitivity the SARS-HCoV, as well as several other coronaviruses including other known human respiratory coronaviruses (HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E). Species identification is provided by sequencing the amplicon, although a rapid screening test by restriction enzyme analysis has proved to be very useful for the analysis of samples obtained during the SARS outbreak in Toronto, Canada.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Coronavirus/classification
- Coronavirus/genetics
- Coronavirus/isolation & purification
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/classification
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/isolation & purification
- Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/classification
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/isolation & purification
- DNA, Complementary
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/metabolism
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/classification
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/genetics
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/isolation & purification
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/diagnosis
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Adachi
- Division of Microbiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5G 1X8
| | - G. Johnson
- Division of Microbiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5G 1X8
| | - R. Draker
- Metabolism Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5G 1X8
| | - M. Ayers
- Metabolism Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5G 1X8
| | - T. Mazzulli
- Department of Microbiology, Mt Sinai Hospital Toronto, Ont., Canada
| | - P.J. Talbot
- INRS- Institut Armand Frappier, Laval, Qué., Canada
| | - R. Tellier
- Division of Microbiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5G 1X8
- Metabolism Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5G 1X8
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 416 813 6592; fax: +1 416 813 6257.
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Vallet S, Gagneur A, Talbot PJ, Legrand MC, Sizun J, Picard B. Detection of human Coronavirus 229E in nasal specimens in large scale studies using an RT-PCR hybridization assay. Mol Cell Probes 2004; 18:75-80. [PMID: 15051115 PMCID: PMC7134763 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2003] [Accepted: 09/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel human Coronavirus (HCoV) was this year recognized as the etiological agent of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Two other HCoV (HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43) have been known for 30 years. HCoV-229E has been recently involved in nosocomial respiratory viral infections in high-risk children. However, their diagnosis is not routinely performed. Currently, reliable immunofluorescence and cell culture methodologies are not available. As part of a four-year epidemiological study in a Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive care unit, we have performed and demonstrated the reliability of a reverse transcription-PCR-hybridization assay to detect HCoV of the 229E antigenic group in 2028 clinical respiratory specimens. In hospitalized children (children and newborns) and staff members we found a high incidence of HcoV-229E infection. This reverse transcription-PCR-hybridization assay gave a high specificity and a sensitivity of 0.5 50% Tissue Culture Infective Dose per ml. This technique is reliable and its application for screening large number of clinical samples would improve the diagnosis of HCoVs respiratory infection and our knowledge of these viruses epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vallet
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Microbiology, Centre hospitalier Universitaire Morvan, 5 avenue Foch, 29200 Brest Cedex, France.
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Coiras MT, Aguilar JC, García ML, Casas I, Pérez-Breña P. Simultaneous detection of fourteen respiratory viruses in clinical specimens by two multiplex reverse transcription nested-PCR assays. J Med Virol 2004; 72:484-95. [PMID: 14748074 PMCID: PMC7166637 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for rapid, sensitive, and accurate diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections in children, elderly, and immunocompromised patients, who are susceptible to serious complications. The multiplex RT‐nested PCR assay has been used widely for simultaneous detection of non‐related viruses involved in infectious diseases because of its high specificity and sensitivity. A new multiplex RT‐PCR assay is described in this report. This approach includes nested primer sets targeted to conserve regions of human parainfluenza virus haemagglutinin, human coronavirus spike protein, and human enterovirus and rhinovirus polyprotein genes. It permits rapid, sensitive, and simultaneous detection and typing of the four types of parainfluenza viruses (1, 2, 3, 4AB), human coronavirus 229E and OC43, and the generic detection of enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. The testing of 201 clinical specimens with this multiplex assay along with other one formerly described by our group to simultaneously detect and type the influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, and a generic detection of all serotypes of adenovirus, covers the detection of most viruses causing respiratory infectious disease in humans. The results obtained were compared with conventional viral culture, immunofluorescence assay, and a third multiplex RT‐PCR assay for all human parainfluenza viruses types described previously. In conclusion, both multiplex RT‐PCR assays provide a system capable of detecting and identifying simultaneously 14 different respiratory viruses in clinical specimens with high sensitivity and specificity, being useful for routine diagnosis and survey of these viruses within the population. J. Med. Virol. 72:484–495, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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MESH Headings
- Coronavirus/classification
- Coronavirus/genetics
- Coronavirus/isolation & purification
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/classification
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/isolation & purification
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/classification
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/isolation & purification
- Enterovirus/classification
- Enterovirus/genetics
- Enterovirus/isolation & purification
- Genes, Viral
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/classification
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/isolation & purification
- Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human/classification
- Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human/isolation & purification
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/classification
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/isolation & purification
- Parainfluenza Virus 4, Human/classification
- Parainfluenza Virus 4, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Paramyxovirinae/classification
- Paramyxovirinae/genetics
- Paramyxovirinae/isolation & purification
- Picornaviridae/classification
- Picornaviridae/genetics
- Picornaviridae/isolation & purification
- Polyproteins/genetics
- Respiratory System/virology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis
- Respiratory Tract Infections/virology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Rhinovirus/classification
- Rhinovirus/genetics
- Rhinovirus/isolation & purification
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Coiras
- Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorios, Servicio de Virología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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32
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van Elden LJR, van Loon AM, van Alphen F, Hendriksen KAW, Hoepelman AIM, van Kraaij MGJ, Oosterheert JJ, Schipper P, Schuurman R, Nijhuis M. Frequent detection of human coronaviruses in clinical specimens from patients with respiratory tract infection by use of a novel real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 2004; 189:652-7. [PMID: 14767819 PMCID: PMC7110206 DOI: 10.1086/381207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2003] [Accepted: 08/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past years, human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been increasingly identified as pathogens associated with more-severe respiratory tract infection (RTI). Diagnostic tests for HCoVs are not frequently used in the routine setting. It is likely that, as a result, the precise role that HCoVs play in RTIs is greatly underestimated. We describe a rapid, sensitive, and highly specific quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of HCoV that can easily be implemented in the routine diagnostic setting. HCoV was detected in 28 (11%) of the 261 clinical specimens obtained from patients presenting with symptoms of RTI ranging from common cold to severe pneumonia. Only 1 (0.4%) of the 243 control specimens obtained from patients without symptoms of RTI showed the presence of HCoV. We conclude that HCoVs can be frequently detected in patients presenting with RTI. Real-time RT-PCR provides a tool for large-scale epidemiological studies to further clarify the role that coronavirus infection plays in RTI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leontine J R van Elden
- Department of Virology, Division of Acute Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Pene F, Merlat A, Vabret A, Rozenberg F, Buzyn A, Dreyfus F, Cariou A, Freymuth F, Lebon P. Coronavirus 229E-related pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:929-32. [PMID: 13130404 PMCID: PMC7107892 DOI: 10.1086/377612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2003] [Accepted: 06/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses strains 229E and OC43 have been associated with various respiratory illnesses ranging from the self-resolving common cold to severe pneumonia. Although chronic underlying conditions are major determinants of severe respiratory virus infections, few data about coronavirus-related pneumonia in immunocompromised patients are available. Here we report 2 well-documented cases of pneumonia related to coronavirus 229E, each with a different clinical presentation. Diagnosis was made on the basis of viral culture and electron microscopy findings that exhibited typical crown-like particles and through amplification of the viral genome by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. On the basis of this report, coronaviruses should be considered as potential causative microorganisms of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Pene
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Cochin-Saint Vincent de Paul Hospital, University Paris V, Paris, France.
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Gagneur A, Legrand M, Picard B, Baron R, Talbot P, de Parscau L, Sizun J. [Nosocomial infections due to human coronaviruses in the newborn]. Arch Pediatr 2002; 9:61-9. [PMID: 11865552 PMCID: PMC7126531 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(01)00696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2001] [Accepted: 09/10/2001] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human coronaviruses, with two known serogroups named 229-E and OC-43, are enveloped positive-stranded RNA viruses. The large RNA is surrounded by a nucleoprotein (protein N). The envelop contains 2 or 3 glycoproteins: spike protein (or protein S), matrix protein (or protein M) and a hemagglutinin (or protein HE). Their pathogen role remains unclear because their isolation is difficult. Reliable and rapid methods as immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction allow new researches on epidemiology. Human coronaviruses can survive for as long as 6 days in suspension and 3 hours after drying on surfaces, suggesting that they could be a source of hospital-acquired infections. Two prospective studies conducted in a neonatal and paediatric intensive care unit demonstrated a significant association of coronavirus-positive nasopharyngal samples with respiratory illness in hospitalised preterm neonates. Positive samples from staff suggested either a patient-to-staff or a staff-to-patient transmission. No cross-infection were observed from community-acquired respiratory-syncitial virus or influenza-infected children to neonates. Universal precautions with hand washing and surface desinfection could be proposed to prevent coronavirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Gagneur
- Unité de réanimation pédiatrique, département de pédiatrie, CHU, 29609 Brest, France
| | - M.C. Legrand
- unité de virologie, département de microbiologie, CHU, 29609 Brest, France
| | - B. Picard
- unité de virologie, département de microbiologie, CHU, 29609 Brest, France
| | - R. Baron
- unité d’hygiène hospitalière, CHU, 29609 Brest, France
| | - P.J. Talbot
- laboratoire de neuro-immunovirologie, INRS-institut Armand-Frappier, université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - L. de Parscau
- Unité de réanimation pédiatrique, département de pédiatrie, CHU, 29609 Brest, France
| | - J. Sizun
- Unité de réanimation pédiatrique, département de pédiatrie, CHU, 29609 Brest, France
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Abstract
An RT-PCR-hybridization was developed that amplified genetic material from the M protein gene of HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43. The analytic sensitivity of these original primers were compared with primers defined in the N gene and described previously. The results show that 0.05 TCID50 of HCoV-229E and 0.01 TCID50 of HCoV-OC43 can be detected by this molecular method using the original method. Detection of HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 in clinical specimens is possible using this method: 348 respiratory specimens (202 sputum and 146 nasal aspirates) were tested with this RT-PCR-hybridization and 12 human coronavirus are detected (3%). The method could provide a useful tool for demonstrating the role of human coronavirus in infections of the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vabret
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hopital, av. Georges Clemenceau, 14 033, Caen, France.
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