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White CS, Hung CC, Lanka S, Maddox CW, Barri A, Sokale AO, Dilger RN. Dietary monoglyceride supplementation to support intestinal integrity and host defenses in health-challenged weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae105. [PMID: 38629856 PMCID: PMC11044705 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Frequent incidence of postweaning enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) diarrhea in the swine industry contributes to high mortality rates and associated economic losses. In this study, a combination of butyric, caprylic, and capric fatty acid monoglycerides was investigated to promote intestinal integrity and host defenses in weanling pigs infected with ETEC. A total of 160 pigs were allotted to treatment groups based on weight and sex. Throughout the 17-d study, three treatment groups were maintained: sham-inoculated pigs fed a control diet (uninfected control [UC], n = 40), ETEC-inoculated pigs fed the same control diet (infected control [IC], n = 60), and ETEC-inoculated pigs fed the control diet supplemented with monoglycerides included at 0.3% of the diet (infected supplemented [MG], n = 60). After a 7-d acclimation period, pigs were orally inoculated on each of three consecutive days with either 3 mL of a sham-control (saline) or live ETEC culture (3 × 109 colony-forming units/mL). The first day of inoculations was designated as 0 d postinoculation (DPI), and all study outcomes reference this time point. Fecal, tissue, and blood samples were collected from 48 individual pigs (UC, n = 12; IC, n = 18; MG, n = 18) on 5 and 10 DPI for analysis of dry matter (DM), bacterial enumeration, inflammatory markers, and intestinal permeability. ETEC-inoculated pigs in both the IC and MG groups exhibited clear signs of infection including lower (P < 0.05) gain:feed and fecal DM, indicative of excess water in the feces, and elevated (P < 0.05) rectal temperatures, total bacteria, total E. coli, and total F18 ETEC during the peak-infection period (5 DPI). Reduced (P < 0.05) expression of the occludin, tumor necrosis factor α, and vascular endothelial growth factor A genes was observed in both ETEC-inoculated groups at the 5 DPI time point. There were no meaningful differences between treatments for any of the outcomes measured at 10 DPI. Overall, all significant changes were the result of the ETEC infection, not monoglyceride supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S White
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Chien-Che Hung
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Saraswathi Lanka
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Carol W Maddox
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Zhang Y, Tian X, Dong Y, Li R, Shen M, Yi D, Wu T, Wang L, Zhao D, Hou Y. Bacillus coagulans prevents the decline in average daily feed intake in young piglets infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 by reducing intestinal injury and regulating the gut microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1284166. [PMID: 38035331 PMCID: PMC10686232 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1284166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), an important intestinal pathogen, poses a significant threat to the intestinal health of piglets. Bacillus coagulans (BC), a potential feed additive, can improve the intestinal function of piglets. However, the effects of BC on growth performance and intestinal function in ETEC-infected piglets are still unclear. In this study, 24 7-day-old piglets were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: control group (fed a basal diet), ETEC group (fed a basal diet and challenged with ETEC K88) and BC+ETEC group (fed a basal diet, orally administered BC, challenged with ETEC K88). During Days 1-6 of the trial, piglets in the BC+ETEC group were orally administered BC (1×108CFU/kg). On Day 5 of the trial, piglets in the ETEC and BC+ETEC groups were orally administered ETEC K88 (5×109CFU/piglet). Blood, intestinal tissue, and content samples were collected from the piglets on Day 7 of the trial. Results The average daily feed intake in the ETEC group was significantly reduced compared to that of the control group. Further research revealed that ETEC infection significantly damaged the structure of the small intestine. Compared to the control group, the villus height and surface area of the jejunum, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum, and the activities of catalase and total superoxide dismutase in the jejunum were significantly reduced. Additionally, the levels of myeloperoxidase in the jejunum, malondialdehyde in the plasma and jejunum, and intestinal epithelial apoptosis were significantly increased in the ETEC group. However, BC supplementation had significantly mitigated these negative effects in the BC+ETEC group by Day 7 of the trial. Moreover, BC supplementation improved the gut microbiota imbalance by reversing the decreased numbers of Enterococcus, Clostridium and Lactobacillus in jejunum and Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the colon, as well as the increased number of Escherichia coli in the jejunum induced by ETEC K88. Conclusions Overall, BC supplementation reduced the decline in average daily feed intake in ETEC K88-infected piglets by attenuating intestinal epithelial apoptosis and oxidative stress and regulating the gut microbiota. This suggests that BC may be used to prevent intestinal infections caused by ETEC in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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Park JY, Abekura F, Cho SH. GM1a ganglioside-binding domain peptide inhibits host adhesion and inflammatory response of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin-B in HCT-8 cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16835. [PMID: 37803175 PMCID: PMC10558473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of illness and death but has no effective therapy. The heat-labile enterotoxin LT is a significant virulence factor produced by ETEC. The heat-labile enterotoxin-B (LT-B) subunit may enter host cells by binding to monosialotetrahexosylganglioside-a (GM1a), a monosialoganglioside found on the plasma membrane surface of animal epithelial cells. This research was conducted to develop conformationally comparable peptides to the carbohydrate epitope of GM1a for the treatment of ETEC. We used the LT-B subunit to select LT-B-binding peptides that structurally resemble GM1a. The ganglioside microarray and docking simulations were used to identify three GM1a ganglioside-binding domain (GBD) peptides based on LT-B recognition. Peptides had an inhibiting effect on the binding of LT-B to GM1a. The binding capacity, functional inhibitory activity, and in vitro effects of the GBD peptides were evaluated using HCT-8 cells, a human intestinal epithelial cell line, to evaluate the feasibility of deploying GBD peptides to combat bacterial infections. KILSYTESMAGKREMVIIT was the most efficient peptide in inhibiting cellular absorption of LT-B in cells. Our findings offer compelling evidence that GM1a GBD-like peptides might act as new therapeutics to inhibit LT-B binding to epithelial cells and avoid the subsequent physiological consequences of LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Park
- Division of Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Fukushi Abekura
- Division of Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Cho
- Division of Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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Rim S, Sakkestad ST, Zhou F, Gullaksen SE, Skavland J, Chauhan SK, Steinsland H, Hanevik K. Dynamics of circulating lymphocytes responding to human experimental enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250254. [PMID: 37102399 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important cause of children's and travelers' diarrhea, with no licensed vaccine. This study aimed to explore the role of cellular immunity in protection against human ETEC infection. Nine volunteers were experimentally infected with ETEC, of which six developed diarrhea. Lymphocytes were collected from peripheral blood buffy coats, before and 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, and 28 days after dose ingestion, and 34 phenotypic and functional markers were examined by mass cytometry. Thirty-three cell populations, derived by manually merging 139 cell clusters from the X-shift unsupervised clustering algorithm, were analyzed. Initially, the diarrhea group responded with increased CD56dim CD16+ natural killer cells, dendritic cells tended to rise, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells decreased. On day 5-7, an increase in plasmablasts was paralleled by a consistent rise in CD4+ Th17-like effector memory and regulatory cell subsets. CD4+ Th17-like central memory cells peaked on day 10. All Th17-like cell populations showed increased expression of activation, gut-homing, and proliferation markers. Interestingly, in the nondiarrhea group, these same CD4+ Th17-like cell populations expanded earlier, normalizing around day 7. Earlier development of these CD4+ Th17-like cell populations in the nondiarrhea group may suggest a recall response and a potential role in controlling ETEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Rim
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sunniva T Sakkestad
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stein-Erik Gullaksen
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre of Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Hematology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Helse Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jørn Skavland
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sudhir K Chauhan
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Steinsland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kurt Hanevik
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Kovanda L, Park J, Park S, Kim K, Li X, Liu Y. Dietary butyrate and valerate glycerides impact diarrhea severity and immune response of weaned piglets under ETEC F4-ETEC F18 coinfection conditions. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad401. [PMID: 38044688 PMCID: PMC10721436 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes post-weaning diarrhea in piglets, significantly impacting animal welfare and production efficiency. The two primary ETEC pathotypes associated with post-weaning diarrhea are ETEC F4 and ETEC F18. During the post-weaning period, piglets may be exposed to both ETEC F4 and ETEC F18. However, the effects of coinfection by both strains have not been studied. Short chain fatty acid feed additives, such as butyrate and valerate, are being investigated for their potential to improve animal performance and disease resistance. Therefore, this pilot experiment aimed to test the effects of butyrate glycerides or valerate glycerides on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, and immune responses of piglets under ETEC F4-ETEC F18 coinfection conditions. Twenty piglets were individually housed and assigned to one of the three dietary treatments immediately at weaning (21 to 24 d of age). The dietary treatments included control (basal diet formulation), control supplemented with 0.1% butyrate glycerides or 0.1% valerate glycerides. After a 7-d adaptation, all pigs were inoculated with ETEC F4 and ETEC F18 (0.5 × 109 CFU/1.5 mL dose for each strain) on three consecutive days. Pigs and feeders were weighed throughout the trial to measure growth performance. Fecal cultures were monitored for hemolytic coliforms, and blood samples were collected for whole blood and serum analysis. Pigs fed valerate glycerides tended (P = 0.095) to have higher final body weight compared with control. The overall severity of diarrhea was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in both treatment groups than control. Pigs fed valerate glycerides tended (P = 0.061) to have lower neutrophils and had significantly (P < 0.05) lower serum TNF-α on day 4 post-inoculation. This pilot experiment established an appropriate experimental dose for an ETEC F4-ETEC F18 coinfection disease model in weaned piglets. Results also suggest that butyrate glycerides and valerate glycerides alleviated diarrhea and regulated immune responses in piglets coinfected with ETEC F4 and ETEC F18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kovanda
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jungjae Park
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sangwoo Park
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kwangwook Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Xunde Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Wong BT, Park S, Kovanda L, He Y, Kim K, Xu S, Lingga C, Hejna M, Wall E, Sripathy R, Li X, Liu Y. Dietary supplementation of botanical blends enhanced performance and disease resistance of weaned pigs experimentally infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac353. [PMID: 36271913 PMCID: PMC9746801 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Botanicals exhibit promising impacts on intestinal health, immune-regulation, and growth promotion in weaned pigs. However, these benefits may vary depending on major active components in the final feed additive products. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate two types of botanical blends (BB) that were comprised of 0.3% capsicum oleoresin and 12% garlic extracts from different sources on performance, diarrhea, and health of weaned piglets experimentally infected with a pathogenic Escherichia coli F18. Sixty weanling pigs (7.17 ± 0.97 kg body weight (BW)) blocked by weight and gender were assigned to one of five dietary treatments: negative control (NC), positive control (PC), or dietary supplementation with 100 mg/kg of BB1, 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg of BB2. This study lasted 28 d with 7 d before and 21 d after the first E. coli inoculation (day 0). All pigs, except negative control, were orally inoculated with 1010 cfu E. coli F18/3-mL dose for 3 consecutive days. Blood samples were collected periodically to analyze systemic immunity. Intestinal tissues and mucosa were collected on days 5 and 21 PI for analyzing histology and gene expression. All data, except for frequency of diarrhea, were analyzed by ANOVA using the PROC MIXED of SAS. The Chi-square test was used for analyzing frequency of diarrhea. Escherichia coli infection reduced (P < 0.05) growth rate and feed intake and increased (P < 0.05) frequency of diarrhea of weaned pigs throughout the experiment. Supplementation of 100 mg/kg BB1 or BB2 alleviated (P < 0.05) frequency of diarrhea of E. coli challenged pigs during the entire experiment. Escherichia coli infection also enhanced (P < 0.05) serum TNF-α and haptoglobin concentrations on day 4 post-inoculation (PI) but reduced (P < 0.05) duodenal villi height and area on day 5 PI, while pigs supplemented with 100 mg/kg BB1 or BB2 had lower (P < 0.05) serum TNF-α than pigs in PC on day 4 PI. Pigs fed with 100 mg/kg BB2 had higher (P < 0.05) jejunal villi height than pigs in PC on day 5 PI. Pigs fed with 100 mg/kg BB2 had reduced (P < 0.05) gene expression of IL1B, PTGS2, and TNFA in ileal mucosa than pigs in PC on day 21 PI. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of botanical blends at 100 mg/kg could enhance disease resistance of weaned pigs infected with E. coli F18 by enhancing intestinal morphology and regulating local and systemic immunity of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden T Wong
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sangwoo Park
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lauren Kovanda
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yijie He
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kwangwook Kim
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shiyu Xu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christopher Lingga
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Monika Hejna
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Xunde Li
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Dewanggana MN, Evangeline C, Ketty MD, Waturangi DE, Yogiara, Magdalena S. Isolation, characterization, molecular analysis and application of bacteriophage DW-EC to control Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli on various foods. Sci Rep 2022; 12:495. [PMID: 35017610 PMCID: PMC8752677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among food preservation methods, bacteriophage treatment can be a viable alternative method to overcome the drawbacks of traditional approaches. Bacteriophages are naturally occurring viruses that are highly specific to their hosts and have the capability to lyse bacterial cells, making them useful as biopreservation agents. This study aims to characterize and determine the application of bacteriophage isolated from Indonesian traditional Ready-to-Eat (RTE) food to control Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) population in various foods. Phage DW-EC isolated from Indonesian traditional RTE food called dawet with ETEC as its host showed a positive result by the formation of plaques (clear zone) in the bacterial host lawn. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results also showed that DW-EC can be suspected to belong to the Myoviridae family. Molecular characterization and bioinformatic analysis showed that DW-EC exhibited characteristics as promising biocontrol agents in food samples. Genes related to the lytic cycle, such as lysozyme and tail fiber assembly protein, were annotated. There were also no signs of lysogenic genes among the annotation results. The resulting PHACTS data also indicated that DW-EC was leaning toward being exclusively lytic. DW-EC significantly reduced the ETEC population (P ≤ 0.05) in various food samples after two different incubation times (1 day and 6 days) in chicken meat (80.93%; 87.29%), fish meat (63.78%; 87.89%), cucumber (61.42%; 71.88%), tomato (56.24%; 74.51%), and lettuce (46.88%; 43.38%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nisita Dewanggana
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jenderal Sudirman 51 Street, South Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 12930, Indonesia
| | - Clare Evangeline
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jenderal Sudirman 51 Street, South Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 12930, Indonesia
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Maurita Delia Ketty
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jenderal Sudirman 51 Street, South Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 12930, Indonesia
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Diana Elizabeth Waturangi
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jenderal Sudirman 51 Street, South Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 12930, Indonesia.
| | - Yogiara
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jenderal Sudirman 51 Street, South Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 12930, Indonesia
| | - Stella Magdalena
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jenderal Sudirman 51 Street, South Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 12930, Indonesia
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Wang D, Zhou L, Zhou H, Hu H, Hou G. Chemical composition and protective effect of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf extract on piglet intestines. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:2767-2778. [PMID: 33140438 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary intervention is an important approach to improve intestinal function of weaned piglets. Phytogenic and herbal products have received increasing attention as in-feed antibiotic alternatives. This study investigated the chemical composition of guava leaf extract (GE) by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Meanwhile, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with GE on diarrhea in relation to immune responses and intestinal health in weaned piglets challenged by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). RESULTS In total, 323 characterized compounds, which including 91 phenolic compounds and 232 other compounds were identified. Animal experiment results showed that the supplementation of 50-200 mg kg-1 of GE in the diet could reduce diarrhea incidence, increase activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and total anti-oxidant capacity in the serum (P < 0.05), decrease the levels of interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α in the serum or jejunum mucosa (P < 0.05), and increase villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio (P < 0.05) in the jejuna of piglets challenged by oral ETEC compared with negative control group (NC). Meanwhile, diet supplementation with 50-200 mg kg-1 GE reduced the levels of D-lactate, endothelin-1 and diamine oxidase in the serum, and increased the expression of zonula occludens-1, Claudin-1, Occludin and Na+ /H+ exchanger 3 (P < 0.05) in the jejuna mucosa of piglets challenged by ETEC compared with the NC. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that GE could attenuate diarrhea and improve intestinal barrier function of piglets challenged by ETEC. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingfa Wang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Luli Zhou
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Hanlin Zhou
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Haichao Hu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Guanyu Hou
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
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He LH, Wang H, Liu Y, Kang M, Li T, Li CC, Tong AP, Zhu YB, Song YJ, Savarino SJ, Prouty MG, Xia D, Bao R. Chaperone-tip adhesin complex is vital for synergistic activation of CFA/I fimbriae biogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008848. [PMID: 33007034 PMCID: PMC7531860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonization factor CFA/I defines the major adhesive fimbriae of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and mediates bacterial attachment to host intestinal epithelial cells. The CFA/I fimbria consists of a tip-localized minor adhesive subunit, CfaE, and thousands of copies of the major subunit CfaB polymerized into an ordered helical rod. Biosynthesis of CFA/I fimbriae requires the assistance of the periplasmic chaperone CfaA and outer membrane usher CfaC. Although the CfaE subunit is proposed to initiate the assembly of CFA/I fimbriae, how it performs this function remains elusive. Here, we report the establishment of an in vitro assay for CFA/I fimbria assembly and show that stabilized CfaA-CfaB and CfaA-CfaE binary complexes together with CfaC are sufficient to drive fimbria formation. The presence of both CfaA-CfaE and CfaC accelerates fimbria formation, while the absence of either component leads to linearized CfaB polymers in vitro. We further report the crystal structure of the stabilized CfaA-CfaE complex, revealing features unique for biogenesis of Class 5 fimbriae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-hui He
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Enteric Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Yang Liu
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Enteric Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Mei Kang
- Department of Laboratory medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang-cheng Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ai-ping Tong
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-bo Zhu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying-jie Song
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Stephen J. Savarino
- Enteric Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Prouty
- Enteric Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Di Xia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Rui Bao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Fabà L, Litjens R, Allaart J, van den Hil PR. Feed additive blends fed to nursery pigs challenged with Salmonella. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5682637. [PMID: 31863091 PMCID: PMC6978908 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella in pigs is a concern for human foodborne salmonellosis. Dietary fungal fermented products, coated butyrate, and organic acids (OAs) may be promising control strategies. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate in vitro binding affinity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typh) and Enteritidis (S. Ent), and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4 or F18 to mannan-rich hydrolyzed copra meal (MCM) and fermented rye (FR) with Agaricus subrufescens; and (ii) to assess MCM and FR efficacy to control in vivo S. Typh shedding when combined with OAs and compared with coated butyrate strategy. A 31-d study included 32 pigs [6.29 ± 0.76 kg BW] individually housed and distributed into four dietary treatments: control diet; OA.BU, 4 kg/t OA plus 6 kg/t coated butyrate; OA.MCM, 4 kg/t OA plus 1 kg/t MCM; and OA.FR, 4 kg/t OA plus 2 kg/t FR. All pigs were challenged for 7 d with 1 mL S. Typh (109 colony forming units daily) at 10 d postweaning. Temperature and fecal samples were collected before and after challenge, and fecal Salmonella shedding quantified. Diarrhea scores were monitored daily and growth performance was evaluated weekly. In vitro, culture with MCM and FR showed significant (P < 0.01) binding affinity for both S. Typh and S. Ent, but not for ETEC F4 and F18. In vivo, pigs fed OA.MCM and OA.FR had lower (P < 0.05) shedding and day 3 peak shedding of S. Typh after infections than pigs fed control and OA.BU diets. Pigs fed OA.FR diet tended to have an 18% increase (P = 0.068) in BW on day 14 post first inoculation compared with control and OA.BU, and 19% increased (P = 0.093) final BW at day 21 compared with control. Diarrhea frequency post infection was overall lower (P = 0.006) for OA.FR (18.9%) than OA.BU (44.8%) and OA.MCM (41.7%) while control (28.7%) was not different. In conclusion, FR and MCM show in vitro-binding affinity to Salmonella enterica serovars Typh and Ent. Feeding FR or MCM combined with OA to nursery pigs reduces the peak and averages S. Typh shedding compared with control. Fermented rye with OA tends to improve pig performance after S. Typh challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Fabà
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Amersfoort MH, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author:
| | | | - Janneke Allaart
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht CS, The Netherlands
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11
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Yin H, Ye P, Lei Q, Cheng Y, Yu H, Du J, Pan H, Cao Z. In vitro probiotic properties of Pediococcus pentosaceus L1 and its effects on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced inflammatory responses in porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2020; 144:104163. [PMID: 32194178 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate in vitro probiotic characteristics of Pediococcus pentosaceus strain L1 from pickled radish and investigate its impacts on inflammatory responses in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4+. The abilities of P. pentosaceus L1 to tolerate gastrointestinal conditions and to antagonize ETEC F4+ growth were determined. Adhesion of P. pentosaceus L1 and its effect on ETEC F4+ adhesion to porcine IPEC-J2 IEC were evaluated. Furthermore, the effects of this strain on proinflammatory gene expression and cytokines/chemokine production in porcine IPEC-J2 IEC induced by ETEC F4+ were determined. P. pentosaceus L1 showed good tolerance to the medium adjusted at pH 2.5 and consequently supplemented with 0.3% oxgall. Reduction of ETEC F4+ growth in co-culture with L1 was found. Effective adhesion of L1 to porcine. IPEC-J2 IEC was observed under these conditions. P. pentosaceus L1 decreased the adhesion of ETEC F4+ to IPEC-J2 IEC and the extent of inhibition of ETEC F4+ adhesion depended on the timing of L1 addition. Further analysis revealed down-regulation of expression of ETEC F4+-induced proinflammatory genes encoding interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in IPEC-J2 IEC. Expression of the genes involved in NF-κB pathway, including RELA and NFKB1, were also repressed, as was production of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8. These results indicate that P. pentosaceus L1 may have potential as a probiotic for control of ETEC infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajuan Yin
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, North Suburb, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Ye
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, North Suburb, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China; Biotechnology Department, Qujing Vocational and Technical College, 1308 Taihe Street East, Qilin District, Qujing, 655000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingzhi Lei
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, North Suburb, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Yandong Cheng
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, North Suburb, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Yu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, North Suburb, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjing Du
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, North Suburb, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Pan
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, North Suburb, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, North Suburb, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenhui Cao
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, North Suburb, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, North Suburb, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Karimi Rahjerdi A, Jafari M, Motamedi MJ, Amani J, Salmanian AH. Immunogenic Evaluation of Bivalent Vaccine Candidate against Enterohemorrhagic and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Iran J Immunol 2019; 16:200-211. [PMID: 31552829 DOI: 10.22034/iji.2019.80271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caused by bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens, diarrhea is the second leading cause of death among children under five. Two strains of E. coli, namely Enterotoxigenic, ETEC and Enterohemorrhagic EHEC are the most important causes of this disease in developing countries. EHEC is a major causative agent of bloody diarrhea and hemorrhagic uremic syndrome, while ETEC is the most important cause of diarrhea in neonates and travelers. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the immunologic properties of a subunit vaccine candidate comprising the main immunogenic epitopes from these two bacterial strains. METHODS The construct comprised of LTB and CfaB antigens from ETEC, and Intimin and Stx2B antigens from EHEC, was designed, analyzed and synthesized using bioinformatics methods. The chimeric gene was sub-cloned in the expression vector and expressed in E. coli host. The purified chimera protein was injected subcutaneously into the experimental animals. The production of specific antibodies was confirmed by immunological methods, and the protection capacity was evaluated by the challenge of immunized mice with the pathogenic bacteria. RESULTS Chimeric recombinant protein was able to increase IgG titer. Neutralization assay indicated that the antibodies generated against LtB moiety were able to neutralize ETEC toxin. In animal challenge study, all non-immune mice died within 3 days after the injection of toxin, but all immunized mice survived from Stx toxin. CONCLUSIONS The immunity to both ETEC and EHEC bacteria is significant, and this structure can be considered as a candidate for vaccine production against these bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Karimi Rahjerdi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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Cai G, Liu Y, Li X, Lu J. New Levan-Type Exopolysaccharide from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as an Antiadhesive Agent against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:8029-8034. [PMID: 31246026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A special levan-type exopolysaccharide (EPS) from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JN4 with antiadhesive activity against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) was purified and identified. Chemical analysis indicated that EPS-JN4 with a low molecular weight of 8 kDa is composed of fructose and glucose with a molar ratio of 46.1:1. Structural analysis clarified that EPS-JN4 contains a main chain of β-(2,6)-linked Fruf residues and intensive branches of a single 2-linked Fruf at every six residues. Furthermore, the superior antiadhesive activity of EPS-JN4 against ETEC showed its potential usage as an antiadhesive agent for diarrhea prevention. EPS-JN4 is a specific type of levan family, for its small molecular size and intensive branches. The results expand the knowledge on structural types of levan and illustrate its potential as an antiadhesive agent for diarrhea prevention, which will be conducive to elucidate the relation between structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
- School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Yifan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Jian Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
- School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
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14
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Li Q, Burrough ER, Gabler NK, Loving CL, Sahin O, Gould SA, Patience JF. A soluble and highly fermentable dietary fiber with carbohydrases improved gut barrier integrity markers and growth performance in F18 ETEC challenged pigs1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2139-2153. [PMID: 30888017 PMCID: PMC6488326 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a source of dietary soluble (SF) and insoluble fiber (IF) without or with exogenous carbohydrases (xylanase, β-glucanase, and pectinase) on diarrhea incidence, selected immune responses, and growth performance in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-challenged pigs. Sixty weaned pigs (6.9 ± 0.1 kg BW, ~23 d of age) were blocked by initial BW and placed in individual pens. Pens were randomly assigned to one of six treatments (n = 10 per treatment), including a nonchallenged control (NC), a positive challenge control (PC), the PC + a soluble fiber diet (10% sugar beet pulp) without (SF-) or with carbohydrases (SF+), and PC + an IF diet (15% corn distillers dried grains with solubles) without (IF-) or with carbohydrases (IF+). The control diet was primarily based on corn and soybean meal with 13.5% whey powder. The two sources of fiber were added at the expense of cornstarch in the control diet. Pigs were orally inoculated with 6 mL hemolytic F18 ETEC (~3.5 × 109 cfu/mL) or sham infected with 6 mL phosphate-buffered saline on day 7 (0 d postinoculation, dpi) postweaning. All ETEC challenged pigs were confirmed to be genetically susceptible to F18 ETEC. Pigs had free access to feed and water throughout the 14-d trial. Pig BW and feed intake were recorded on dpi -7, 0, and 7 or 8. Fecal swabs were collected on dpi -7, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 or 8 to evaluate hemolytic E. coli shedding. Fecal score was visually ranked daily postchallenge to evaluate diarrhea incidence. Blood samples were collected on dpi -1, 3, and 7 or 8 at necropsy and intestinal tissues were collected at necropsy. Pigs on PC had lower dpi 1 to 7 ADG and ADFI than those on NC (P < 0.05). Compared with PC pigs, SF+ pigs had greater ADG during both pre- and postchallenge period (P < 0.05). The IF- increased postchallenge diarrhea incidence compared with PC (P < 0.05). Pigs on SF- had lower ileal E. coli attachment than PC (P < 0.05). The SF+ reduced haptoglobin and IF+ reduced C-reactive protein on dpi 3 compared with PC (P < 0.05). Compared with PC pigs, SF+ pigs tended to have lower ileal tumor necrosis factor alpha and greater ileal occludin (OCLN) mRNA (P < 0.10) and had greater (P < 0.05) colonic OCLN mRNA levels. Collectively, IF- increased incidence of diarrhea and fecal E. coli shedding compared with PC. The SF+ pigs had improved growth compared with PC pigs, likely due in part to a reduction in inflammatory intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | | | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Stacie A Gould
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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15
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Zhu C, Ye JL, Yang J, Yang KM, Chen Z, Liang R, Wu XJ, Wang L, Jiang ZY. Differential expression of intestinal ion transporters and water channel aquaporins in young piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5240-5252. [PMID: 29293799 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was to determine whether the expression of genes involved in intestinal water and ion transport would be affected by enterotoxigenic (ETEC) K88 both in vitro and in vivo. First, 36 male piglets (4 d old) were randomly allotted to either the control or the ETEC K88 group. Each group had 6 replicates with 3 piglets per replicate. All piglets were fed with the same diets for 17 d. On d 15, piglets in the ETEC K88 group were challenged with ETEC K88 (serotype O149:K91:K88ac) at 1 × 10 cfu per pig, whereas those in the control group received the same volume of sterile PBS. After being challenged with ETEC K88 for 72 h (d 18), 1 piglet from each replicate was selected for slaughter to collect samples from the jejunum, ileum, and colon. The mRNA expression and protein abundance of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in the ileum and colon were increased compared with that in the control group ( < 0.05). Furthermore, the mRNA expression of () in the ileum and colon was increased by ETEC K88 challenge ( < 0.05), whereas in the jejunum, both its mRNA and protein expression were increased by ETEC K88 treatment ( < 0.05). Additionally, an established porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) was used to investigate the effect and possible mechanism of ETEC K88 on expression of water channel aquaporins (AQP) and ion transporters. Cells (1.17 × 10 per well) were grown in 6-well plates and treated with ETEC K88 at a multiplicity of infection of 50:1 for 3 h. The mRNA expression of , , and () in IPEC-J2 cells was reduced after ETEC K88 treatment ( < 0.05). Further analyses using western blotting also demonstrated that ETEC K88 decreased the protein expression of AQP3, AQP9, and AQP11 in IPEC-J2 cells ( < 0.05). Moreover, the phosphorylation levels of protein kinase A (PKA) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-response element binding protein (CREB) were decreased by ETEC K88 challenge ( < 0.05). The results indicate that ETEC K88 challenge induced differential expression of intestinal ion transporters and AQP in young piglets, probably by regulation of the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. This study might provide new insights about the importance of fluid homeostasis in control of ETEC-induced diarrhea in young piglets.
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16
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Yan YL, Hu Y, Simpson DJ, Gänzle MG. Enzymatic Synthesis and Purification of Galactosylated Chitosan Oligosaccharides Reducing Adhesion of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:5142-5150. [PMID: 28593759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 causes diarrhea in weaned piglets and represent a suitable model system for ETEC causing childhood diarrhea. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of oligosaccharides against ETEC K88 adhesion to porcine erythrocytes with two bioassays. Galactosylated chitosan-oligosaccharides (Gal-COS) were synthesized through transgalactosylation by β-galactosidase. Fractions 2-5 of Gal-COS were obtained through cation exchange and size exclusion chromatography. Fractions 2-5 of acetylated Gal-COS were obtained through chemical acetylation followed by size exclusion chromatography. Gal-COS F2 containing the largest oligosaccharides had the highest antiadhesion activity with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.22 g/L, followed by F3 and F4. Acetylation of Gal-COS decreased their ability to reduce ETEC K88 adhesion. The composition of active oligosaccharides was determined with LC-MS. Galactosylation of COS produces oligosaccharides which reduce ETEC K88 adhesion; moreover, resulting oligosaccharides match the composition of human milk oligosaccharides, which prevent adhesion of multiple pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Lu Yan
- University of Alberta , Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta T6E2P5, Canada
| | - Ying Hu
- University of Alberta , Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta T6E2P5, Canada
| | - David J Simpson
- University of Alberta , Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta T6E2P5, Canada
| | - Michael G Gänzle
- University of Alberta , Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta T6E2P5, Canada
- Hubei University of Technology , College of Bioengineering and Food Science, Wuhan 430068, P.R. China
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Sun X, Gänzle M, Wu J. Identification and Characterization of Glycopeptides from Egg Protein Ovomucin with Anti-Agglutinating Activity against Porcine K88 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Strains. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:777-783. [PMID: 28051864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ovomucin is a glycoprotein from egg white with potential to act as an anti-adhesive agent against infectious diseases. This study aimed to determine whether ovomucin or ovomucin hydrolysates could prevent adhesion of two porcine K88 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains. Adhesion was assessed in vitro using a hemagglutination assay. Ovomucin hydrolysates, but not intact ovomucin, prevented adhesion of ETEC to porcine erythrocytes. The ovomucin hydrolysate prepared by acid protease II exhibited the best anti-agglutinating activity against both strains; this hydrolysate was fractionated by cation exchange chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The most active fractions, F3(9) and F7(1), with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 0.03 and 0.25 g/L against strains ECL13795 and ECL13998, respectively, were subjected to structural characterization. Six identified glycopeptides were all derived from α-ovomucin, composed of a pentasaccharide core of two N-acetylglucosamine and three mannose residues (GlcNAc2Man3) and a bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). The terminal β-linked galactose from these glycopeptides could be one of the binding sites for K88ac fimbriae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Sun
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , 4-10 Ag/For Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Michael Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , 4-10 Ag/For Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , 4-10 Ag/For Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
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McArthur MA, Chen WH, Magder L, Levine MM, Sztein MB. Impact of CD4+ T Cell Responses on Clinical Outcome following Oral Administration of Wild-Type Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Humans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005291. [PMID: 28103236 PMCID: PMC5283752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a non-invasive enteric pathogen of considerable public health importance, being one of the most common attributable causes of diarrheal illness in infants and young children in developing countries and the most common cause of traveler’s diarrhea. To enhance study-to-study consistency of our experimental challenge model of ETEC in volunteers, and to allow concomitant multi-site trials to evaluate anti-ETEC immunoprophylactic products, hundreds of vials, each containing a standardized inoculum of virulent wild-type (wt) ETEC strain H10407 (serotype O78:H11 expressing colonization factor antigen I and heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins), were prepared under current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) and frozen. Following thawing, the contents of each vial can be used (diluted as necessary) to prepare consistent challenge inoculum, even at different study sites. A preliminary human experimental challenge study using this cGMP inoculum was conducted on a research isolation ward and the clinical and cell-mediated immune responses evaluated. Of the 6 healthy adult volunteers challenged 83% (5/6) developed diarrhea and 50% developed moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD). Moderate and severe diarrhea were defined as passage of ≥ 1 liter or ≥ 3 liters of diarrheal stool respectively. We compared the CD4+ T cell responses of volunteers who developed MSD against those who did not and identified significant differences in ETEC-specific cytokine production and gut homing potential. We furthermore demonstrated that increased expression of the gut-homing molecule integrin α4β7 by peripheral T follicular helper cells (pTfh) correlated with decreased stool volume and increased ETEC-specific IgA B memory cell (BM) development. Collectively, despite small numbers of volunteers, our results indicate a potential role for CD4+ T cells, in particular pTfh, in modulating disease outcome following exposure to wt ETEC in a volunteer experimental challenge model. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important cause of diarrheal illness in infants and young children in the developing world, as well as in individuals traveling to endemic areas. Due to the lack of suitable animal models for human ETEC infection, we performed a human challenge study in which volunteers ingested wild-type ETEC in a controlled clinical setting. In addition to closely monitoring their clinical status, we studied their ETEC-specific T cell responses prior to and after challenge and studied the presence of associations between CD4+ T cell responses and clinical outcome. We observed differences in the immunological responses of individuals who developed moderate to severe diarrhea following challenge compared to those who did not. These results indicate that T cells may be an important component of the immune response against ETEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A. McArthur
- Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Wilbur H. Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laurence Magder
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Liu Y, Dai C, Sun L, Zhu G, Wu S, Bao W. Effects of the -791(C→T) mutation in the promoter for tumor necrosis factor alpha on gene expression and resistance of Large White pigs to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18. Can J Vet Res 2016; 80:203-8. [PMID: 27408333 PMCID: PMC4924554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays an important role in the immune system. In this study, TNF-α expression was analyzed in 11 tissues of 8 piglets resistant to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F18 and 8 ETEC F18-susceptible piglets from the Large White breed. The expression levels of TNF-α were high in immune organs (spleen, lung, thymus, and lymph nodes). The levels were higher in ETEC F18-resistant piglets than in ETEC F18-susceptible piglets, with significant differences in spleen, kidney, thymus, lymph node, and duodenum (P < 0.05). The mutation TNF-α -791(C→T) and 3 genotypes (CC, CT, and TT) were identified. The TNF-α expression levels in the spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, and duodenum were significantly higher in the TT pigs than in the CC pigs (P < 0.05). Thus, TNF-α -791(C→T) has significant effects on mRNA expression and may regulate ETEC F18 resistance of weaning piglets. Therefore, the -791(C→T) mutation of the TNF-α gene could be considered an important potential genetic marker of ETEC F18 resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China (Liu, Dai, Sun, Wu, Bao); Department of College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China (Zhu)
| | - Chaohui Dai
- Department of College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China (Liu, Dai, Sun, Wu, Bao); Department of College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China (Zhu)
| | - Li Sun
- Department of College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China (Liu, Dai, Sun, Wu, Bao); Department of College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China (Zhu)
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Department of College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China (Liu, Dai, Sun, Wu, Bao); Department of College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China (Zhu)
| | - Shenglong Wu
- Department of College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China (Liu, Dai, Sun, Wu, Bao); Department of College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China (Zhu)
| | - Wenbin Bao
- Department of College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China (Liu, Dai, Sun, Wu, Bao); Department of College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China (Zhu)
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20
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Raval YS, Stone R, Fellows B, Qi B, Huang G, Mefford OT, Tzeng TRJ. Synthesis and application of glycoconjugate-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles as potent anti-adhesion agents for reducing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections. Nanoscale 2015; 7:8326-8331. [PMID: 25896754 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00511f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene oxide stabilized magnetic nanoparticles (PEO-MNPs) bio-functionalized with glycoconjugate (Neu5Ac(α2-3)Gal(β1-4)Glcβ-sp) (GM3-MNPs) are synthesized using click chemistry. Interaction of GM3-MNPs with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strain K99 (EC K99) is investigated using different microscopic techniques. Our results suggest that GM3-MNPs can effectively act as non-antibiotic anti-adhesion agents for treating ETEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash S Raval
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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21
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Xia P, Song Y, Zou Y, Yang Y, Zhu G. F4+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) adhesion mediated by the major fimbrial subunit FaeG. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:1118-24. [PMID: 25847483 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The FaeG subunit is the major constituent of F4(+) fimbriae, associated with glycoprotein and/or glycolipid receptor recognition and majorly contributes to the pathogen attachment to the host cells. To investigate the key factor involved in the fimbrial binding of F4(+) Escherichia coli, both the recombinant E. coli SE5000 strains carrying the fae operon gene clusters that express the different types of fimbriae in vitro, named as rF4ab, rF4ac, and rF4ad, respectively, corresponding to the fimbrial types F4ab, F4ac, and F4ad, and the three isogenic in-frame faeG gene deletion mutants were constructed. The adhesion assays and adhesion inhibition assays showed that ΔfaeG mutants had a significant reduction in the binding to porcine brush border as well as the intestinal epithelial cell lines, while the complemented strain ΔfaeG/pfaeG restored the adhesion function. The recombinant bacterial strains rF4ab, rF4ac, and rF4ad have the same binding property as wild-type F4(+) E. coli strains do and improvement in terms of binding to porcine brush border and the intestinal epithelial cells, and the adherence was blocked by the monoclonal antibody anti-F4 fimbriae. These data demonstrate that the fimbrial binding of F4(+) E. coli is directly mediated by the major FaeG subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yajie Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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22
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Wijemanne P, Moxley RA. Glucose significantly enhances enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli adherence to intestinal epithelial cells through its effects on heat-labile enterotoxin production. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113230. [PMID: 25409235 PMCID: PMC4237375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study tested whether exposure of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) to glucose at different concentrations in the media results in increased bacterial adherence to host cells through increased heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) production, thereby suggesting the effects are physiological. Porcine-origin ETEC strains grown in Casamino acid yeast extract medium containing different concentrations of glucose were washed and inoculated onto IPEC-J2 porcine intestinal epithelial cells to test for effects on adherence and host cell cAMP concentrations. Consistent with previous studies, all LT+ strains had higher ETEC adherence to IPEC-J2 cells than did LT− strains. Adherence of the LT− but not the LT+ strains was increased by pre-incubating the IPEC-J2 cells with LT and decreased by co-incubation with GM1 ganglioside in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). To determine whether the glucose concentration of the cell culture media has an effect on adherence, IPEC-J2 cells were inoculated with LT+ or LT− strains in cell culture media containing a final glucose concentration of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0%, and incubated for 4 h. Only media containing 0.25% glucose resulted in increased adherence and cAMP levels, and this was limited to IPEC-J2 cells inoculated with LT+ strains. This study supports the hypothesis that glucose, at a concentration optimal for LT expression, enhances bacterial adherence through the promotion of LT production. Hence, these results establish the physiological relevance of the effects of glucose on LT production and provide a basis for how glucose intake may influence the severity of ETEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prageeth Wijemanne
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Rodney A. Moxley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Chen XY, Woodward A, Zijlstra RT, Gänzle MG. Exopolysaccharides synthesized by Lactobacillus reuteri protect against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in piglets. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:5752-60. [PMID: 25015886 PMCID: PMC4178603 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01782-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of diarrhea in piglets; ETEC cells colonize the intestinal mucosa with adhesins and deliver toxins that cause fluid loss. This study determined the antiadhesive properties of bacterial exopolysaccharides (reuteran and levan) and related glycans (dextran and inulin) in a small intestinal segment perfusion (SISP) model. The SISP model used 10 jejunal segments from 5-week-old piglets. Five segments were infected with ETEC expressing K88 fimbriae (ETEC K88), while five segments were treated with saline. Every two segments (ETEC and non-ETEC infected) were infused with 65 ml of 10 g liter(-1) of glycans or saline (control) for 8 h. High-resolution melting-curve (HRM) quantitative PCR (qPCR) indicated that E. coli is the dominant bacterium in infected segments, while other bacteria were predominant in noninfected segments. Infection by ETEC K88 was also verified by qPCR; gene copy numbers of K88 fimbriae and the heat-labile toxin (LT) in mucosal scrapings and outflow fluid of infected segments were significantly higher than those in noninfected segments. Genes coding for K88 fimbriae and LT were also detected in noninfected segments. LT amplicons from infected and noninfected segments were 99% identical over 481 bp, demonstrating the presence of autochthonous ETEC K88. All glycans reduced fluid loss caused by ETEC K88 infection. Reuteran tended (P = 0.06) to decrease ETEC K88 levels in mucosal scraping sample, as judged by qPCR. Fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that reuteran significantly (P = 0.012) decreased levels of adherent ETEC K88. Overall, reuteran may prevent piglet diarrhea by reducing adhesion of ETEC K88.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Adrienne Woodward
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ruurd T Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael G Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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24
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Goetstouwers T, Van Poucke M, Coppieters W, Nguyen VU, Melkebeek V, Coddens A, Van Steendam K, Deforce D, Cox E, Peelman LJ. Refined candidate region for F4ab/ac enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli susceptibility situated proximal to MUC13 in pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105013. [PMID: 25137053 PMCID: PMC4138166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
F4 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F4 ETEC) are an important cause of diarrhea in neonatal and newly-weaned pigs. Based on the predicted differential O-glycosylation patterns of the 2 MUC13 variants (MUC13A and MUC13B) in F4ac ETEC susceptible and F4ac ETEC resistant pigs, the MUC13 gene was recently proposed as the causal gene for F4ac ETEC susceptibility. Because the absence of MUC13 on Western blot from brush border membrane vesicles of F4ab/acR+ pigs and the absence of F4ac attachment to immunoprecipitated MUC13 could not support this hypothesis, a new GWAS study was performed using 52 non-adhesive and 68 strong adhesive pigs for F4ab/ac ETEC originating from 5 Belgian farms. A refined candidate region (chr13: 144,810,100–144,993,222) for F4ab/ac ETEC susceptibility was identified with MUC13 adjacent to the distal part of the region. This candidate region lacks annotated genes and contains a sequence gap based on the sequence of the porcine GenomeBuild 10.2. We hypothesize that a porcine orphan gene or trans-acting element present in the identified candidate region has an effect on the glycosylation of F4 binding proteins and therefore determines the F4ab/ac ETEC susceptibility in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphanie Goetstouwers
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Mario Van Poucke
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Wouter Coppieters
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège (B34), Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - Van Ut Nguyen
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Vesna Melkebeek
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Annelies Coddens
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katleen Van Steendam
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc J. Peelman
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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25
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González-Ortiz G, Bronsoms S, Quarles Van Ufford HC, Halkes SBA, Virkola R, Liskamp RMJ, Beukelman CJ, Pieters RJ, Pérez JF, Martín-Orúe SM. A proteinaceous fraction of wheat bran may interfere in the attachment of enterotoxigenic E. coli K88 (F4+) to porcine epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104258. [PMID: 25119298 PMCID: PMC4138013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat bran (WB) from Triticum aestivum has many beneficial effects on human health. To the best of our knowledge, very little has been published about its ability to prevent pathogenic bacterial adhesion in the intestine. Here, a WB extract was fractionated using different strategies, and the obtained fractions were tested in different in vitro methodologies to evaluate their interference in the attachment of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 to intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) with the aim of identifying the putative anti-adhesive molecules. It was found that a proteinaceous compound in the >300-kDa fraction mediates the recognition of ETEC K88 to IPEC-J2. Further fractionation of the >300-kDa sample by size-exclusion chromatography showed several proteins below 90 kDa, suggesting that the target protein belongs to a high-molecular-weight (MW) multi-component protein complex. The identification of some relevant excised bands was performed by mass spectrometry (MS) and mostly revealed the presence of various protease inhibitors (PIs) of low MW: Serpin-Z2B, Class II chitinase, endogenous alpha-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor and alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor CM3. Furthermore, an incubation of the WB extract with ETEC K88 allowed for the identification of a 7S storage protein globulin of wheat, Globulin 3 of 66 kDa, which may be one of the most firmly attached WB proteins to ETEC K88 cells. Further studies should be performed to gain an understanding of the molecular recognition of the blocking process that takes place. All gathered information can eventually pave the way for the development of novel anti-adhesion therapeutic agents to prevent bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma González-Ortiz
- Servei de Nutrició i Benestar Animal (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Sílvia Bronsoms
- Servei de Proteòmica i Biologia Estructural, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Mòdul B Parc de Recerca, Barcelona, Spain
| | - H. C. Quarles Van Ufford
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S. Bart A. Halkes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ritva Virkola
- Department of Biosciences, General Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rob M. J. Liskamp
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J. Beukelman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roland J. Pieters
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - José Francisco Pérez
- Servei de Nutrició i Benestar Animal (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana María Martín-Orúe
- Servei de Nutrició i Benestar Animal (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Fleckenstein JM, Sheikh A. Designing vaccines to neutralize effective toxin delivery by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1799-812. [PMID: 24918359 PMCID: PMC4073130 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6061799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are a leading cause of diarrheal illness in developing countries. Despite the discovery of these pathogens as a cause of cholera-like diarrhea over 40 years ago, and decades of vaccine development effort, there remains no broadly protective ETEC vaccine. The discovery of new virulence proteins and an improved appreciation of the complexity of the molecular events required for effective toxin delivery may provide additional avenues to pursue in development of an effective vaccine to prevent severe diarrhea caused by these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Fleckenstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue; Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Alaullah Sheikh
- Molecular Microbiology and Microbiobial Pathogenesis Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8051, 660 South Euclid Avenue; Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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27
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Finamore A, Roselli M, Imbinto A, Seeboth J, Oswald IP, Mengheri E. Lactobacillus amylovorus inhibits the TLR4 inflammatory signaling triggered by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli via modulation of the negative regulators and involvement of TLR2 in intestinal Caco-2 cells and pig explants. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94891. [PMID: 24733511 PMCID: PMC3986366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation derived from pathogen infection involves the activation of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Despite the established immunomodulatory activities of probiotics, studies relating the ability of such bacteria to inhibit the TLR signaling pathways are limited or controversial. In a previous study we showed that Lactobacillus amylovorus DSM 16698T, a novel lactobacillus isolated from unweaned pigs, protects the intestinal cells from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 infection through cytokine regulation. In the present study we investigated whether the ability of L. amylovorus to counteract the inflammatory status triggered by ETEC in intestine is elicited through inhibition of the TLR4 signaling pathway. We used the human intestinal Caco-2/TC7 cells and intestinal explants isolated from 5 week-old crossbreed Pietrain/Duroc/Large-White piglets, treated with ETEC, L. amylovorus or L. amylovorus cell free supernatant, either alone or simultaneously with ETEC. Western blot analysis showed that L. amylovorus and its cell free supernatant suppress the activation of the different steps of TLR4 signaling in Caco-2/TC7 cells and pig explants, by inhibiting the ETEC induced increase in the level of TLR4 and MyD88, the phosphorylation of the IKKα, IKKβ, IκBα and NF-κB subunit p65, as well as the over-production of inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-1β. The immunofluorescence analysis confirms the lack of phospho-p65 translocation into the nucleus. These anti-inflammatory effects are achieved through modulation of the negative regulators Tollip and IRAK-M. We also found that L. amylovorus blocks the up-regulation of the extracellular heat shock protein (Hsp)72 and Hsp90, that are critical for TLR4 function. By using anti-TLR2 antibody, we demonstrate that TLR2 is required for the suppression of TLR4 signaling activation. These results may contribute to develop therapeutic interventions using L. amylovorus in intestinal disorders of piglets and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Finamore
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura (CRA), Centro di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione (Research Center on Food and Nutrition, CRA-NUT), Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Roselli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura (CRA), Centro di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione (Research Center on Food and Nutrition, CRA-NUT), Rome, Italy
| | - Ambra Imbinto
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura (CRA), Centro di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione (Research Center on Food and Nutrition, CRA-NUT), Rome, Italy
| | - Julie Seeboth
- INRA, UMR 1331 Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
- University of Toulouse, National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse (INP), UMR 1331 Toxalim, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle P. Oswald
- INRA, UMR 1331 Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
- University of Toulouse, National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse (INP), UMR 1331 Toxalim, Toulouse, France
| | - Elena Mengheri
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura (CRA), Centro di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione (Research Center on Food and Nutrition, CRA-NUT), Rome, Italy
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28
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Nazarian S, Gargari SLM, Rasooli I, Hasannia S, Pirooznia N. A PLGA-encapsulated chimeric protein protects against adherence and toxicity of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Microbiol Res 2013; 169:205-12. [PMID: 23906742 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are the most common cause of diarrhea among children. Colonization factors and enterotoxins are the major ETEC candidate vaccines. Since protection against ETEC mostly occurs by induction of IgA antibodies, much effort is focused on the development of oral vaccines. In this study oral immunogenicity of a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) encapsulated chimeric protein containing CfaB, CstH, CotA and LTB (Heat-labile B subunit) was investigated. The protein was encapsulated in PLGA by double emulsion method and nanoparticles were characterized physicochemically. Immunogenicity was assessed by evaluating IgG1, IgG2 and IgA titers after BALB/c mice vaccination. Non aggregated nanoparticles had a spherical shape with an average particle size of 252.7±23 nm and 91.96±4.4% of encapsulation efficiency. Western blotting showed maintenance of the molecular weight and antigenicity of the released protein. Oral immunization of mice induced serum IgG and fecal IgA antibody responses. Immunization induced protection against ETEC binding to Caco-2 cells. The effect of LT toxin on fluid accumulation in ileal loops was neutralized by inhibition of enterotoxin binding to GM1-ganglosides. Delivery of the chimeric protein in PLGA elicited both systemic and mucosal immune responses. The findings could be exploited to development of oral multi-component ETEC prophylactic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iraj Rasooli
- Department of Biology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Hasannia
- Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Pirooznia
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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29
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Becker PM, van der Meulen J, Jansman AJM, van Wikselaar PG. In vitro inhibition of ETEC K88 adhesion by pea hulls and of LT enterotoxin binding by faba bean hulls. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012; 96:1121-6. [PMID: 21929729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) expressing K88 (F4) adhesins are associated with post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets. Different grain fractions from pea (Pisum sativum) and faba bean (Vicia faba) were tested in vitro for their capacity to counteract aetiological factors, which contribute to the development of diarrhoea. In detail, adhesion of E. coli O149:K91:K88ac (ETEC K88ac) to grain legume products, intended to impair the colonization of the host, was studied as well as interference with receptor binding of the pathogen's heat-labile enterotoxin LT, intended to reduce toxin-inflicted gut cell damage. When comparing different pea and faba bean products tested for their binding capacity of ETEC K88ac, especially pea hulls, but also whole pea meal, starch-enriched and protein-enriched pea meal, and digestion-resistant pea hull and meal fractions showed a higher binding of ETEC K88ac than faba bean products. In contrast to the ETEC K88ac adhesion results, bean hulls proved more effective than pea hulls in preventing GM1 receptor binding of LT. Previous small intestinal segment perfusion experiments we performed with ETEC K88ac-challenged piglets indicated that both pea and bean hulls have the potential for successful application in diarrhoea prophylaxis and treatment, which is in agreement with and refined by our detection of their different modes of functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Becker
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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30
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Zhou H, Zhu J, Zhu G. [Fimbriae of animal-originated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli--a review]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2012; 52:679-686. [PMID: 22934347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Animal-originated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are major pathogens resulting in newborn and young animal diarrhea. Adhesins and enterotoxins, both are essential for the pathogenicity of ETEC, are two major virulent factors of ETEC. Adhesion of animal-originated ETEC fimbrial adhesins (mainly including K88, K99, 987P, F18, F17 and F41) to intestinal epithelial cells is the initial and most important step involved in the ETEC infection. From the 1960s, studies on ETEC fimbrial genes, structure, biosynthesis, regulation of expression, interaction between fimbriae and host receptors have helped to better understand the biology and role of these organelles in pathogenesis. These studies also provide insight into new diagnostic tools and development of vaccines and inhibitors of ETEC colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Schroyen M, Stinckens A, Verhelst R, Janssens S, Niewold T, Buys N. IFABP expression as diagnostic tool for integrity of epithelium. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2011; 76:53-56. [PMID: 21539196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Schroyen
- Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, K.U. Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Takeda Y. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2011; 87:1-12. [PMID: 21233598 PMCID: PMC3035056 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.87.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This review highlighted the following: (i) pathogenic mechanism of the thermostable direct hemolysin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, especially on its cardiotoxicity, (ii) heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, especially structure-activity relationship of heat-stable enterotoxin, (iii) RNA N-glycosidase activity of Vero toxins (VT1 and VT2) produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7, (iv) discovery of Vibrio cholerae O139, (v) isolation of new variant of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor that carries classical ctxB, and production of high concentration of cholera toxin by these strains, and (vi) conversion of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) Vibrio cholerae to culturable state by co-culture with eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Takeda
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India.
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Roubos-van den Hil PJ, Schols HA, Nout MJR, Zwietering MH, Gruppen H. First characterization of bioactive components in soybean tempe that protect human and animal intestinal cells against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:7649-7656. [PMID: 20550210 DOI: 10.1021/jf101379y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tempe extracts can inhibit the adhesion of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) to intestinal cells and thereby can play a role in controlling ETEC-induced diarrhea. The component responsible for this adhesion inhibition activity is still unknown. This research describes the purification and partial characterization of this bioactive component of tempe. After heating, defatting, and protease treatment, the extracts were found to remain active. However, after treatment with polysaccharide-degrading enzyme mixtures the bioactivity was lost. Ultrafiltration revealed the active component to be >30 kDa. Further purification of the bioactive tempe extracts yielded an active fraction with an increased carbohydrate content of higher arabinose content than the nonactive fractions. In conclusion, the bioactive component contains arabinose and originates from the arabinan or arabinogalactan side chain of the pectic cell wall polysaccharides of the soybeans, which is probably released or formed during fermentation by enzymatic modifications.
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Johnson AM, Kaushik RS, Hardwidge PR. Disruption of transepithelial resistance by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol 2009; 141:115-9. [PMID: 19733985 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Transepithelial resistance and tight junction protein localization in porcine intestinal epithelial cells were evaluated as a function of infection with porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates differing in adhesin and enterotoxin profiles. Robust heat-labile enterotoxin-independent reduction of host transepithelial resistance was observed in the absence of tight junction protein mislocalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Sánchez-Juanes F, Alonso JM, Zancada L, Hueso P. Glycosphingolipids from bovine milk and milk fat globule membranes: a comparative study. Adhesion to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains. Biol Chem 2009; 390:31-40. [PMID: 18937626 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several components of milk fat globule membranes (MFGMs) have been reported to display beneficial health properties and some of them have been implicated in the defense of newborns against pathogens. These observations prompted us to determine the glycosphingolipid content of MFGMs and their interaction with pathogens. A comparative study with whole milk components was also carried out. Milk fat globules and MFGMs were isolated from milk. Gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids were obtained from MFGMs and whole milk and their fatty acid contents were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). MFGMs and whole milk showed similar ganglioside and neutral glycosphingolipid contents, with whole milk having more GM3 and glucosylceramide and less GD3, O-acetyl GD3, O-acetyl GT3, and lactosylceramide. The fatty acid content of gangliosides from both sources showed a similar composition. However, the neutral glycosphingolipid fatty acid content seemed to be quite different. Whole milk had fewer very-long-chain fatty acids (18.1% vs. 46.4% in MFGMs) and more medium-chain and unsaturated C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids. Milk fat globules, MFGMs, lactosylceramide, and gangliosides GM3 and GD3 were observed to bind enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains. Furthermore, bacterial hemagglutination was inhibited by MFGMs and glycosphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sánchez-Juanes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
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