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Anticentromere antibody induced by immunization with centromere protein and Freund's complete adjuvant may interfere with mouse early-stage embryo. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2021; 19:127. [PMID: 34416895 PMCID: PMC8377848 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-021-00813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticentromere antibody (ACA) is a member of the antinuclear antibody spectrum (ANAs) which has been speculated to be associated with subfertility. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the induction of ACA production and its potential interference with early-stage embryos. METHODS Recombinant centromere protein-A (CENP-A) or centromere protein-B (CENP-B) and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) were used to immunize mice. Serum ACA level was then evaluated by using an indirect immunofluorescence test. Immunofluorescence assay was performed to detect IgG in follicles in ovarian tissues and early-stage embryos. RESULTS Following treatment, serum positive ACA was observed in mice treated with CENP and CFA. Furthermore, IgG were detected in follicular fluid and early-stage embryos from mice treated with CENP and CFA. CONCLUSIONS This study preliminarily indicated that ACA induced by CENP and CFA may penetrate into the living embryos of early-stage in mice.
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Ovulatory follicular fluid induces sperm phagocytosis by neutrophils, but oviductal fluid around oestrus suppresses its inflammatory effect in the buffalo oviduct in vitro. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:835-846. [PMID: 31081144 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that the conditioned media from bovine oviductal epithelial cell culture suppress sperm phagocytosis by neutrophils, suggesting that the oviduct around oestrus supplies the anti-inflammatory microenvironment. To investigate the immune response of neutrophils toward the sperm at ovulation in the buffalo oviduct, we examined (a) a detailed distribution of neutrophils in the oviduct in buffaloes, (b) the effect of ovulatory follicular fluid (FF) and oviductal fluid (OF) on sperm phagocytosis by neutrophils, and (c) the interaction of the ovulatory FF with OF on sperm phagocytosis by neutrophils in vitro. Buffalo oviducts were collected from healthy reproductive tracts at a local slaughterhouse. A detailed observation by histological examination and transmission electron microscopy revealed that neutrophils exist in the oviduct epithelium and lumen throughout the oestrous cycle in buffaloes. The number of neutrophils at the oestrus stage was higher in ampulla compared with those in isthmus, whereas they remained relatively constant at the dioestrus stage. Two hours of preincubation of neutrophils with FF enhanced sperm phagocytosis through the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) together with H2 O2 production, whereas OF around oestrus (eOF) suppressed sperm phagocytosis, NETs formation, and H2 O2 production and relieved the above FF-induced inflammatory response. Our findings show that neutrophils exist in the healthy cyclic oviduct across bovine species, and the OF supplies a strong anti-inflammatory environment that could minimize the inflammatory effect of the FF that flows into the oviduct lumen after ovulation and supports the occurrence of fertilization.
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Follicular fluid thyroid autoantibodies, thyrotropin, free thyroxine levels and assisted reproductive technology outcome. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206652. [PMID: 30372494 PMCID: PMC6205652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although there are substantial data linking thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) and infertility, data regarding assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes and TAI markers in follicular fluid (FF) of women undergoing ART are scarce. Objective of the study was to assess the association of the levels of thyroid autoantibodies in FF and ART outcome expressed as the achieved pregnancies. METHODS This study enrolled 52 women undergoing ART (26 TAI positive subjects and 26 age and body mass index matched TAI negative controls). Blood samples were drawn before the initiation of protocol for controlled ovarian stimulation, and thyrotropin (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs) and thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs) levels were measured. TSH, fT4, TPOAbs, TgAbs and progesterone levels were also measured in FF. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the groups regarding mean levels of FF TSH and FF fT4. Statistically significant correlation was discovered regarding the levels of serum and FF TPOAbs (0,961, p<0.001 in TAI positive, 0,438, p = 0.025 in TAI negative group) and TgAbs (0,945, p<0.001 in TAI positive, 0,554, p = 0.003 in TAI negative group). Pregnancies rates per initiated cycle and per embryotransfer cycle were significantly different between TAI positive and TAI negative group, (30.8% vs 61.5%), p = 0.026 and (34.8% vs 66.7%), p = 0.029, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that TAI positive women had less chance to achieve pregnancy (p = 0.004, OR = 0.036, 95% CI 0.004-0.347). CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of thyroid autoantibodies in FF of TAI positive women are strongly correlated with serum levels and may have effect on the post-implantation embryo development.
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Evaluation of pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) and its association with inflammatory cytokines in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Gynecol Endocrinol 2018; 34:148-152. [PMID: 28868943 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2017.1371691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation has been suggested as a key contributor of the pathogenesis and development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). To investigate the association between oxidative stress status and inflammatory cytokines in follicular fluid of 21 PCOS women compared to 21 women with normal ovarian function who underwent intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection. Concentration of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α was measured using sandwich ELISA. Oxidative stress was examined by measuring total oxidant status (TOS), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and thiol groups. PCOS women had an elevated concentration of MDA and TOS compared to controls. Levels of TAC and thiol groups were lower in PCOS compared to controls. PCOS patients had a higher concentration of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α compared to controls. Concentration of IL-10 was lower in PCOS compared to controls. Significant correlations were found between MDA and TOS concentration with TNF-α and between IL-6 and MDA, IL-8 and TAC, IL-10 and TOS levels and also between IL-10 and TAC levels. TAC and thiol groups were negatively correlated with TNF-α. Increased oxidative stress in PCOS is associated with inflammation which is closely linked. Inflammation can induce production of inflammatory cytokines in this syndrome and directly stimulates excess ovarian androgen production.
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Differential Expression Profile of Immunological Cytokines in Local Ovary in Patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: analysis by Flow Cytometry. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2015; 197:136-41. [PMID: 26751822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune dysregulation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the Th1 and Th2-related cytokine profile in local ovary of women with PCOS. STUDY DESIGN The T lymphocytes of follicular fluid (FF) were obtained at the time of oocyte retrieval before in-vitro fertilization (IVF) in woman with or without PCOS. After culturing with PMA, Ionomycin and Golgi stop agent, cells were detected for the intracellular cytokine production by flow cytometry. The profile of Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines of CD3(+) CD4(+)T lymphocyte subsets were analyzed through invert gating. These cytokines in FF were also evaluated by ELISA. RESULTS Flow cytometry analysis showed that the production of Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2) cytokines in FF lymphocytes in PCOS patients were significantly higher than those in controls; ELISA result also demonstrated that the concentration of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2) in FF in PCOS patients is significantly increased compared with those in controls. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the immune dominance of Th1 may be the immunological feature of the ovary in PCOS patients. It might participate in the immune pathogenesis in the ovary of PCOS patients. These results suggest that chronic inflammation maybe one of the underlying mechanism for the pathogenesis of PCOS.
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The role of IL-6 trans-signaling in vascular leakage: implications for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in a murine model. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E472-84. [PMID: 23348396 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The inflammatory cytokine IL-6 is related to ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), although the functional role of IL-6 in OHSS remains largely unknown. OBJECTIVE A key feature of the IL-6 response is that its regulation is dependent on IL-6 trans-signaling via soluble IL-6 receptor-α (sIL-6Rα). The objective of the study was to elucidate the mechanistic role of IL-6 trans-signaling in the vascular leakage that underlies the pathophysiology of OHSS. DESIGN Ovarian endothelial cells (ECs) and granulosa-lutein cells were obtained from women undergoing in vitro fertilization. OHSS was induced in mice by administering gonadotropins for 2 days followed by human chorionic gonadotropin. The functional role of IL-6 trans-signaling in OHSS was verified using the designer cytokines Hyper IL-6 and sgp130-Fc. RESULTS The follicular fluid levels of sIL-6Rα were elevated in women at high risk for OHSS. In the murine OHSS model, stimulation with gonadotropins significantly induces ovarian IL-6 and sIL-6Rα expression. In vitro, FSH induces de novo sIL-6Rα synthesis in granulosa-lutein cells through a protein kinase C-dependent pathway. In addition, sIL-6Rα was released by leukocytes in the presence of conditioned medium from human chorionic gonadotropin-treated granulosa-lutein cells. Ovarian ECs responded to the IL-6Rα-IL-6 complex (Hyper IL-6) but not to IL-6 alone. With activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and ERK, Hyper IL-6 increased vascular endothelial growth factor expression and the vascular permeability of ECs. Selective blockade of IL-6 trans-signaling by sgp130-Fc significantly inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor expression and prevented OHSS in mice. CONCLUSIONS IL-6 trans-signaling is activated during the ovarian stimulation process. Our findings provide insight into the biologic effects of IL-6 trans-signaling in OHSS and highlight that IL-6 trans-signaling can induce vascular leakage in this disease.
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Obesity is associated with a higher level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in follicular fluid of women undergoing medically assisted procreation (PMA) programs. EUROPEAN REVIEW FOR MEDICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2011; 15:267-273. [PMID: 21528772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytokines are glycoproteins that modulate reproductive function through a series of various mechanisms (by both conditioning gonadal steroidogenesis and contributing to the preservation of an inflammatory microenvironment). AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the impact of certain clinical variables (i.e., age, obesity, insulin resistance index, serum antithyroid antibodies serum levels) on the serum concentrations of cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-10 in the follicular fluid of women undergoing a medically assisted procreation (PMA) cycle. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 40 female patients undergoing an intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in oocytes, following ovarian stimulation by purified FSH and hCG carried out after suppression of ovarian function. The follicular fluid, obtained by surgical ultrasonography-guided withdrawal, was stored at -30 degrees C. Subsequently the cytokines were assayed by ELISA technique. RESULTS Women suffering from class II obesity showed follicular levels of TNF-alpha significantly higher (p < 0.05) than women with a normal body mass index (BMI). Significantly higher concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were found in women with HOMA index > 2.5. Women clinically presenting with concomitant obesity and high serum levels of antithyroid antibodies were found to have higher follicular levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 (p < 0.05) in comparison with women suffering from obesity only or low antithyroid antibodies levels only, or from both these conditions. CONCLUSION Obesity is a common clinical condition associated with a higher concentration of inflammatory substances in the follicular fluid of infertile women. It is not understood, as yet, the possible pejorative role exerted by the presence of other clinical conditions, such as insulin resistance and high levels of antithyroid antibodies, that are conditions frequently encountered in the clinical practice.
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Soluble HLA-G molecules in follicular fluid: A tool for oocyte selection in IVF? J Reprod Immunol 2007; 74:133-42. [PMID: 17399800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Currently, different approaches are used to select oocytes for in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures, but they do not assure a significant association with the pregnancy outcome. Since several studies have proposed the expression of HLA-G antigens in early embryos to be a possible marker of elevated implantation rate, we have investigated the presence of soluble HLA-G molecules in 50 follicular fluids (FFs). The results have shown soluble HLA-G antigens (sHLA-G) in 19/50 (38%) FFs. Furthermore, we have related the presence of sHLA-G molecules in FFs to detection of the soluble antigens in culture supernatants of the corresponding fertilized oocyte, evidencing a significant relationship (p=1.3 x 10(-6); Fisher exact p-test). Specific ELISA and Western blot approaches identified both HLA-G5 and soluble HLA-G1 molecules in FFs while immunocytochemical analysis indicated polymorphonuclear-like and granulosa cells as responsible for production of sHLA-G1 and HLA-G5 molecules. In contrast, only sHLA-G1 antigens were detected in culture supernatants of fertilized oocytes. Overall, these results suggest a role for sHLA-G molecules in the ovulatory process and propose the FFs analysis for sHLA-G molecule presence as a useful tool for oocyte selection in IVF.
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Regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in follicular fluid accumulate differentially in patients with and without endometriosis undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2006; 86:1616-20. [PMID: 16997300 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the amount of regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) in follicular fluid (FF) of patients with and without endometriosis and to determine their oocyte fertilization and pregnancy rates. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Germany. PATIENT(S) Thirty-two women with endometriosis stages I-IV and 28 women without endometriosis, both groups surgically and histologically confirmed. INTERVENTION(S) Diagnostic laparoscopy, IVF-ET. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) RANTES and MCP-1 levels in follicular fluid, measured by ELISA, and oocyte fertilization and pregnancy rates. RESULT(S) Follicular response and days of gonadotropin stimulation were similar between the two groups. The levels of RANTES in FF from patients with endometriosis were significantly higher (460.4 +/- 90.3 pg/mL) compared with concentrations in patients with tubal infertility (243.8 +/- 70.9 pg/mL; P<.05). In contrast, MCP-1 concentrations in FF from women with endometriosis (330.0 +/- 29.2 pg/mL) were lower than in women with tubal infertility (420.5 +/- 46.6 pg/mL; P<.05). Oocyte fertilization rates in the endometriosis group (54%) were significantly lower than those of the tubal infertility group (73%; P<.05), as were the pregnancy rates (19% vs. 35%, respectively; P<.01). CONCLUSION(S) Women with endometriosis-associated infertility have a poor IVF outcome. Immune cell recruitment into the ovary might affect follicular function and lead to impaired oocyte quality.
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IgG-antiphospholipid antibodies in follicular fluid of IVF-ET patients are related to low fertilization rate of their oocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 55:341-8. [PMID: 16635208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2006.00374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Patients undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) failures show an increased incidence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in their blood. The physiological manifestations of aPL in this patient group are nonetheless controversial. Pathological effects of aPL on embryos in vitro have been documented. We questioned whether aPL if found in follicular fluids (FFs) could result in embryonic damage. METHOD OF STUDY Blood from 44 patients with three or more IVF-ET failures were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for the presence of immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgM and IgA aPL. Both the 29 aPL-positive and 15 aPL-negative patients gave permission for FF collection during their next IVF-ET attempt for additional aPL determinations. RESULTS Patients with no aPL in their blood, had no aPL in their FFs. Patients with IgG and/or IgM aPL in their blood had IgG but not IgM in their respective FFs. CONCLUSIONS The presence of IgG aPL in FFs and increased infertility length were significantly related to lower fertilization rates, independently. Follicular fluid IgG aPL appears as a risk factor in association with successful IVF-ET outcomes.
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Ovarian follicular concentration of IL-12, IL-15, IL-18 and p40 subunit of IL-12 and IL-23. Hum Reprod 2006; 21:2650-5. [PMID: 16772281 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to determine the presence of interleukin (IL)-12, IL-15, IL-18 and p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23 in follicular fluid from spontaneous cycles and the relation between the concentration of selected cytokines and IVF-embryo transfer outcome. METHODS IVF-embryo transfer and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA and MBL, Nagoya, Japan) were used. RESULTS Follicular fluid of women included in the IVF-embryo transfer procedure contained common p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23 (median 70.1 pg/ml), IL-15 (median 1.3 pg/ml) and IL-18 (median 38.2 pg/ml). There was a significant negative correlation between follicular fluid concentrations of IL-15 and IL-18 (R=-0.392, P=0.003). Significantly higher concentrations of common p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23 (median 79.8 pg/ml) were found in the follicular fluid taken from follicles containing oocytes, when compared with those without an oocyte (median 44.5 pg/ml, P=0.006). Patients who achieved clinical pregnancy had significantly decreased concentration of IL-15 (median 0.8 pg/ml) compared with patients without successful IVF-embryo transfer outcome (median 1.4 pg/ml, P=0.047). CONCLUSION Follicular fluid collected from spontaneous cycles contains detectable levels of p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23, IL-15 and IL-18. Increased concentrations of p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23 in follicles containing oocytes suggest an important role of this cytokine in reproduction. Possible negative value of IL-15 as a predictor of IVF-embryo transfer success remains to be determined.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND It is known that endometriosis is an inflammatory disease and those patients seem to have lower pregnancy rates. The aim of the study was to investigate the concentrations of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines in the follicular fluid of patients with and without endometriosis. METHODS Follicular aspiration, recovering follicular fluid during assisted reproductive treatment, follicular fluid storage and analysis of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines were carried out. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-15, leukemia inhibitory factor, epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78, regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted, and growth-regulated oncogene-alpha were analyzed in the follicular fluid and compared between women with (n =47) and without endometriosis (n = 279). RESULTS The above cytokines were detected in the follicular fluid samples. Epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78 levels were significantly higher in follicular fluid from endometriosis patients than from controls (p = 0.008). Increases (to twice the control level) were also observed for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and for interleukin-6. CONCLUSIONS Increased follicular fluid levels of epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 indicate that these cytokines may influence oocyte quality and fecundability of women with endometriosis by deteriorating the microenvironment in the human follicle.
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Antibody structural variation in rainbow trout fluids. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 143:61-9. [PMID: 16324863 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Revised: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were immunized with trinitrophenylated-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (TNP-KLH) and the redox structure of induced anti-TNP antibodies from the serum, mucus, egg and ovarian fluid was examined. In conducting these studies it was determined that all TNP-specific antibody from each source possessed the mAb-specific H chain (1-14) epitopes, which facilitated the direct structural analysis of the induced antibodies. A protocol was developed which ensured complete adsorption of all specific anti-TNP antibody from each fluid. Together these protocols permitted the unbiased compositional analysis of all redox forms of the anti-TNP antibodies from each source. All antibodies, regardless of source, possessed the same molecular mass, characteristic of the trout tetramer (800 kDa). It was found that specific antibody titers were significantly higher in male than female trout, while the degree of disulfide polymerization was relatively invariant in male antibodies, while being highly variable in female antibodies. Within the females, no distinctively different redox ratios were between antibodies isolated from sera, ovarian fluid or eggs: however, mucus antibodies possessed a unique redox structure consisting of halfmeric constituents that were not observed in antibodies from other fluids.
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Antisperm Antibodies in Semen, Sera and Follicular Fluids of Infertile Patients: Relation to Reproductive Outcome afterIn VitroFertilization. Am J Reprod Immunol 2005; 54:13-20. [PMID: 15948768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Data given in the literature, regarding the influence of antisperm antibodies (ASA) in the semen and/or sera on in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure outcome are controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of ASA in semen, peripheral blood and follicular fluid as well as to determine total immunoglobulin concentration in the serum and follicular fluid. Selected parameters were analyzed with regard to IVF outcome. METHOD OF STUDY The study enrolled 52 married couples. ASA in the semen was determined by direct immunobead mixed antiglobulin reaction (MAR Screen test), while in the peripheral blood and follicular fluid was determined by indirect immunobead MAR Screen test. Immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM and IgA) concentration in the follicular fluid and serum was determined by a liquid-phase immunoprecipitation assay with nephelometric end-point detection and analyzed with regard to IVF outcome. RESULTS Semen MAR test IgG was < 20% in 38 couples, and > 20% in 14 couples. Fertilization (73.2% versus 71.5%) and pregnancy rates (28.9% versus 28.57%) in both groups of patients were not significantly different. The results of direct and indirect MAR test were not associated with fertilization and pregnancy rates. Total serum IgG, IgM and IgA in infertile women were within normal ranges. Follicular fluid IgG was within normal values for serum samples, while IgA and IgM were decreased. CONCLUSION The presence of ASA on sperm or in the serum and follicular fluid was not associated with IVF outcome in the couples with good quality semen characteristic.
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B- and T-cells in the Follicular Fluid and Peripheral Blood of Patients Undergoing IVF/ET Procedures. Am J Reprod Immunol 2004; 52:379-85. [PMID: 15663603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2004.00238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM To analyse percentage of total and memory CD27(+) B-cells and other lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood (PB) and follicular fluid (FF) of infertile married couples. METHOD OF STUDY Forty-eight couples from in vitro fertilization/embryo transfer (IVF/ET) programme were divided into four groups: patients with previous unsuccessful fertilization (n = 13), ectopic pregnancy (n = 8), multiple (at least three) failed IVF/ET (n = 18) and missed abortions (n = 9). Control group consisted of 15 married couples with healthy children. RESULTS PB memory CD27(+) B-cells were significantly decreased in all groups of infertile patients compared with controls. First group had increased memory B-cells percentages compared with the second group. The differences in the percentages of PB memory B-cells in third and fourth group compared with the first group were not statistically significant. FF memory B-cells in the first and third group were significantly increased compared with second and fourth group. The percentage of total FF B-cells in all groups were significantly decreased compared with their percentage in PB. Male partners of women from the first group had had significantly increased percentages of memory B-cells compared with the partners of women from the second group. Percentage of total T- and B-cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, NK cells and activated HLA-DR(+) T-cells in all groups were not significantly different from controls. We found no statistically significant difference between immunoglobulin E levels in all groups of patients. We found lower levels of IgA and IgM in FF compared with serum in all groups. CONCLUSION Infertile patients have significantly decreased percentage of CD27(+) B-cells in the PB. Abnormalities in the memory B-cell compartment may contribute to the pathogenesis of infertility. In the T-cell compartment abnormalities were not detected. It appears that hormonal stimulation did not influence cellular immunity parameters.
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Abstract
PROBLEM To evaluate the effect of hypoxia on interleukin (IL)-8 expression in human ovarian follicles. METHOD OF STUDY Follicular fluid (FF) from each follicle was separately collected from women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Concentrations of oxygen, progesterone, estradiol, IL-1alpha/beta, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in FF were measured. Isolated granulosa-lutein cells (GLC) from obtained FF were cultured under normoxic or hypoxic conditions, and concentrations of IL-8 in culture media were measured. RESULTS Simple regression analysis demonstrated a significant negative correlation between the concentrations of IL-8 and oxygen in FF (r = 0.50, P < 0.0001). However, none of the concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha in FF showed a significant correlation with IL-8 concentrations. Hypoxia stimulated the secretion of IL-8 by cultured GLC over twofolds compared with a normoxic control (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that IL-8, like other angiogenic factors, is upregulated under hypoxic condition, which argues that hypoxia in the ovarian follicles comes into play in ovarian functions by inducing a range of proangiogenic and chemoattractive substances.
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Antibody response in the female rabbit reproductive tract to influenza haemagglutinin encoded by a recombinant myxoma virus. Virology 2003; 313:286-95. [PMID: 12951040 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The antibody response in serum and the reproductive tract of female rabbits to a model antigen, influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA), encoded by a recombinant myxoma virus was investigated. Strong and lasting IgG antibody responses to HA were induced in serum following intradermal, intranasal, and intravaginal immunisations. HA IgG was also detected in reproductive tract fluids but was only about 1% the titer of that in serum. HA IgA was not detected in serum of any infected groups and was occasionally detected in reproductive tract fluids at a low titer only after infections through mucosal sites. HA IgM was also detected only in some of the reproductive tract fluids at very low levels. Induction of ovulation did not change these patterns and B cell homing to the reproductive tract was not profound. In contrast, HA IgG and IgM titers in ovarian follicular fluids were comparable to that in serum. These data suggest that if this virus is used to deliver an immunocontraceptive vaccine that requires a high-level antibody response, the target antigen needs to be accessible to serum antibody or in the ovary.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Contraception, Immunologic
- Female
- Follicular Fluid/immunology
- Genetic Vectors
- Genitalia, Female/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/biosynthesis
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/analysis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin M/analysis
- Models, Animal
- Myxoma virus/genetics
- Myxoma virus/metabolism
- Orthomyxoviridae/immunology
- Ovulation
- Rabbits
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Effect of Antisperm Antibodies Present in Human Follicular Fluid upon the Acrosome Reaction and Sperm-Zona pellucidaInteraction. Am J Reprod Immunol 2003; 50:209-19. [PMID: 14629025 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0897.2003.00082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM To determine the ability of IgGs isolated from follicular fluids (hFFIgGs) to induce the acrosome reaction (AR) in human spermatozoa and to inhibit sperm-zona pellucida (ZP) interaction. METHOD OF STUDY Incubation of capacitated spermatozoa with hFFIgGs (n = 40) and assessment of their effect on the AR or hemizona (HZ) assay in a condition that allows sperm-ZP interaction, avoiding acrosomal exocytosis. RESULTS hFFIgGs from different women varied in their ability of inducing the AR. Those hFFIgGs with the highest AR-inducing capacity evoked the exocytotic response in most of the different sperm donors tested [high Induction Frequency (IF)]. Some of these antibodies were also able of inhibiting sperm binding to ZP [low HZ Index (HZI)]. A significant correlation was found between the IF and the HZI for each hFFIgG. CONCLUSIONS Human follicular fluid contains antibodies capable of inducing the AR and inhibiting sperm-ZP binding, suggesting that they could be directed towards ZP receptors. hFFIgGs would constitute a tool for the identification of sperm entities involved in fertilization.
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Interferon-α-like biological activity in human seminal plasma, follicular fluid, embryo culture medium, amniotic fluid and fetal blood. Reprod Fertil Dev 2003; 15:423-8. [PMID: 15018779 DOI: 10.1071/rd03020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2003] [Accepted: 01/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of cytokines exhibiting antiviral, antiproliferative and immunoregulatory properties. The principal stimulus for the synthesis of IFNs is the presence of viral double-stranded RNA, although rare examples of constitutive synthesis have also been described. The aim of the present study was to determine IFN-α-like biological activity in the seminal plasma, follicular and amniotic fluid, embryo culture medium, and fetal blood obtained from patients without apparent viral or bacterial infections. Interferon-α-like biological activity was determined by a standard cytopathic effect inhibition bioassay. The study included two groups of patients. The first group consisted of 30 married couples participating in the programme for assisted reproduction and the second group consisted of 23 patients scheduled for prenatal diagnosis (15 for amniocentesis and eight for cordocentesis). The seminal plasma of infertile men (asthenozoospermia, oligoasthenozoospermia) contained a high titre of IFN-α-like antiviral activity. Asthenozoospermia was diagnosed in men with a normal sperm concentration but less than 50% progressively motile sperm and oligoasthenozoospermia was diagnosed in men with a sperm count less than 1 × 106 mL−1. Despite slightly higher antiviral titres in the seminal plasma obtained from asthenozoospermic patients, no clear association between IFN-α-like biological activity and sperm concentration was found. Interferon-α-like biological activity was found in all samples of follicular and amniotic fluid and in fetal blood of patients with intrauterine growth retardation and trisomy 18. Antiviral titres from seminal plasma and follicular fluids were significantly higher compared with amniotic fluids and fetal blood. Embryo culture medium did not contain IFN-α-like biological activity. Our results demonstrate that IFN-α-like activity in biological fluids is relevant for reproduction, even in the absence of infection.
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Immunosuppressive properties of follicular fluid and media conditioned by zygotes correlate with subsequent conception in in vitro fertilization. Am J Reprod Immunol 2002; 48:329-33. [PMID: 12516656 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0897.2002.01178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Our objective in this study was to correlate immunosuppressive properties of follicular fluid (FF) and media conditioned by zygotes and early embryos with the occurrence of conception in an in vitro fertilization (IVF) program. METHOD OF STUDY Fifty-seven IVF patients were studied. Donor lymphocytes were incubated with mitogens and FF from mature oocytes or conditioned media from zygotes and early embryos. Proliferation was assessed by radioactive thymidine incorporation. Proliferation Index (PI) was the ratio between radioactive labeling of lymphocytes incubated in the presence and absence of a mitogen. RESULTS The FFs and media conditioned by zygotes from conception cycles had higher immunosuppressive activity than those from non-conception cycles. CONCLUSIONS Immunosuppressive activity present in FF and media conditioned by zygotes may be a major determinant of conception in IVF, and may serve as a marker for embryo quality.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine (1) the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in male and female patients with reproductive disorders and controls; (2) the presence of anti-H. pylori antibodies in samples of follicular fluid, vaginal secretions and sperm; and (3) the existence of a structural homology between a major spermatozoa protein, tubulin, and H. pylori proteins. PATIENTS AND METHODS Serum samples from 167 patients with infertility and 837 age- and gender-matched controls (blood donors) were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting to determine the seropositivity for H. pylori infection. The presence of anti-H. pylori antibodies in samples of follicular fluid, vaginal secretions and sperm was determined using the same techniques. The possible cross-reactivity with spermatozoa of anti-H. pylori hyperimmune sera and human antibodies was studied by immunofluorescence. The N-acid homology of human tubulin with the principal H. pylori proteins was assayed by the WU-blastp program available on the Internet. RESULTS The prevalence of infection was significantly higher in patients than controls (49.1% v. 33.5%, P < 0.001). Follicular fluids from infected patients contained specific antibodies in all cases, sperm samples in about 50% of cases, and vaginal secretions in a minority of cases. Sera to H. pylori whole antigens and VacA reacted with the tails and the pericentriolar area of human spermatozoa (which are rich in tubulin); sera to urease and heat-shock protein (Hsp) did not. Follicular fluids with anti-H. pylori antibodies immune reacted with spermatozoa. A linear homology was found between beta-tubulin and three H. pylori proteins, flagellin, VacA and CagA. CONCLUSIONS H. pylori infection may increase the risk of developing reproductive disorders or worsen the clinical expression of this syndrome.
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Abstract
PURPOSE In the present study, we investigated the existence of soluble CD44 (sCD44) in human follicular fluid, the relationship between the concentration of sCD44 and that of other hormonal parameters, and the prognostic value of sCD44 in follicular fluid in in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs. METHODS A total of 63 follicular fluid specimens from patients (n = 30) participating in our IVF programs was analyzed by RIA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The mean concentration (+/- SE) of sCD44 in follicular fluid was 265.4 +/- 7.8 ng/ml. The variation of the follicular fluid concentration of sCD44 was strictly associated with that of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (r = 0.572, P < 0.0001). The mean concentration of sCD44 in follicular fluid was significantly higher in follicles containing subsequently unfertilized oocytes than that in those containing oocytes that had undergone fertilization (P = 0.0428). In the analysis of each follicle that contained an oocyte subsequently fertilized, the mean concentration of sCD44 was significantly higher in follicular fluid with the subsequently good-quality embryos than in that with the subsequently poor-quality embryos (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that the concentration of sCD44 in follicular fluid reflects the development of embryos derived from the same follicle, so the sCD44 in human follicular fluid may be useful in the assessment of the prognostic value of IVF programs.
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Fertility in rats immunized with steroid-free bovine follicular fluid. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2000; 67:257-62. [PMID: 11206393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibin is a gonadal hormone that inhibits the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland. The objective of this study was to determine whether active immunization of male and female rats against inhibin rich, steroid-free bovine follicular fluid would increase inhibin antibody titre, onset of female puberty, pregnancy rate, litter size, testis weights, testosterone concentration and serum FSH. Immunization of rats with steroid free bovine follicular fluid stimulated production of anti-inhibin antibodies that immunoneutralized endogenous inhibins and increased levels of circulating FSH in immunized males. Inhibin immunoneutralization resulted in early vaginal opening in immunized females compared with controls and pregnancy rates were increased when immunized female rats were mated with immunized males. However, serum testosterone, testis weights and potential litter size remained unchanged. We conclude that methods to immunoneutralize inhibin may have merit as therapeutic procedures to enhance reproductive performance in domestic animals.
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Gonadotropin- and cytokine-regulated expression of the chemokine interleukin 8 in the human preovulatory follicle of the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:4387-95. [PMID: 11095484 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.85.11.6954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 8 (IL-8) is a chemotactic cytokine involved in the recruitment and activation of neutrophils as well as in cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Because these events are essential components of folliculogenesis, ovulation, and subsequent repair of the ruptured follicle, the presence and regulation of IL-8 in the human follicle of the menstrual cycle was investigated. The concentrations of IL-8 were higher in follicular fluids from dominant follicles of late follicular/ovulatory phase compared with those of midfollicular phase. IL-8 was detected in the media from cultured granulosa and theca cells, with 10-fold higher levels in the theca cell cultures. Exposure to FSH and LH increased the IL-8 secretion from granulosa cells, but no effect was seen in theca cell cultures. Estradiol and progesterone did not affect IL-8 secretion from any cell type. The cytokines IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, but not tumor necrosis factor alpha, enhanced IL-8 secretion from both cell types. IL-8 levels in cultures of granulosa-lutein cells from hyperstimulated in vitro fertilization cycles were not affected by either gonadotropins or steroids. These data provide evidence that ovarian IL-8 is gonadotropin and cytokine induced and may be involved in the hormonally regulated stages of follicular development and ovulation.
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Abstract
In previous papers, we referred to studies of the influence of antiovarian autoantibodies on menstrual cycle disorders in adolescent girls. We examined autoantibodies against ooplasma, zona pellucida, membrana granulosa, theca folliculi interna, and lutein cells. In infertile women in the IVF/ET program, we studied the positivity of antiovarian antibodies and cytokines, namely, TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta, in follicular fluid correlated with the following subgroups, characterized by the outcome of in vitro fertilization, as follows: G, pregnant; F, fertilized; N, nonfertilized; and O, no oocyte gained. The presence of autoantibodies corresponds to the success or failure of the IVF/ET program. Our results support the hypothesis that antiovarian autoantibodies play an important role in both the endocrine and the reproductive function of the human ovary and that it can influence them negatively.
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Abstract
We sought and detected functionally active complement in human ovarian follicular fluid obtained during the peri-ovulatory period. All the functional complement activities tested, including total haemolytic complement, classical pathway activity, alternative pathway activity and C1 inhibitor function were present with values within the normal serum range. Active complement in follicular fluid is relevant for the function of the enzymatic multifactorial mechanism of ovulation. The presence in hereditary angioedema patients of both complement (C1 inhibitor deficiency and chronically consumed complement) and ovarian abnormalities (cystic ovaries), led us to study complement function in the follicular fluid of women of reproductive age affected with hereditary angioedema. In contrast to healthy women, hereditary angioedema patients showed dramatically reduced classical pathway activity and undetectable functional and antigenic C1 inhibitor. C4 was very low, while C3 and B were slightly reduced or within the normal serum range. This complement profile was also detected in patients' sera. Since hereditary angioedema patients often show cystic ovaries (polycystic or multifollicular), the presence of multifollicular ovaries in the two patients studied, along with complement dysfunction, may be relevant. These findings, as well as the normalisation of the ovaries found by us in hereditary angioedema patients and in the patients reported here who were undergoing danazol treatment, and the increase in C1 inhibitor and the improvement of clinical symptoms, suggest a further link between complement and ovarian function.
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Relationship between ovarian stimulation regimen and cytokine concentration in follicular fluid and their effect on fertilization and pregnancy outcome of patients undergoing ICSI program. Am J Reprod Immunol 2000; 43:12-20. [PMID: 10698035 DOI: 10.1111/j.8755-8920.2000.430103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The aims of this study were to evaluate the presence of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in pre-ovulatory follicular fluid (FF) in patients undergoing ovarian hyperstimulation for intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment, to determine the differences between the concentrations of these cytokines in relation to ovarian stimulation regimens, and to find the relationship between these parameters and estradiol 17-beta, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration in serum, as well as ICSI outcome. METHOD IGF-I and PDGF were measured in the FF of 85 patients. The IGF-I levels were measured by radioimmunoassay, whereas the concentrations of PDGF and EGF were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique, using commercially available kits. RESULTS IGF-I (0.42 +/- 0.09 ng/mL), PDGF (307.3 +/- 274.5 pg/mL), and EDF (8.88 +/- 6.4 pg/mL) were present in pre-ovulatory FF in patients undergoing ovarian hyperstimulation for ICSI treatment. The mean concentration of IGF-I in the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) group was significantly higher (P = 0.036) than that found in the human menopausal gonadotrophin (hMG)/FSH group, whereas no significant difference in the mean concentrations of PDGF (P = 0.58) and EGF was shown between all investigated groups. CONCLUSION Controlled ovarian stimulation regimens affect only IGF-I levels in FF and the cytokine concentrations of all investigated groups, in turn, showed no correlation either with steroid hormones in serum or ICSI outcome.
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Cytokines in older patients undergoing in vitro fertilization: the relationship to the response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. J Assist Reprod Genet 1999; 16:247-52. [PMID: 10335471 PMCID: PMC3455706 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020363312252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our purpose was to assess the endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine milieu in follicles of older women undergoing stimulated cycles, comparing normal (NR) and low (LR) responses, based on the measurement of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in serum and follicular fluid (FF). METHODS A total of 40 women entered the study, divided into three groups: (1) older patients (> 37 years) with NR (age-NR; n = 18); (2) older women with LR (age-LR; n = 11); and (3) normal controls, aged < 35 years (control; n = 11). IL-1 beta, IL-6, and VEGF measured in serum (day of ovum pickup) and FF, employing ELISAs. RESULTS Follicular fluid IL-6 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in age-LR compared to the other two groups. IL-6 and VEGF showed a 4- to 20-fold increase in FF compared to blood, suggesting the ovary as an additional source of both cytokines. IL-1 beta levels remained unchanged in FF compared to blood and, also, among groups. CONCLUSIONS These data provide further evidence that the endocrine, paracrine, and/or autocrine status in vivo of older patients is different from that of younger women and suggest that cytokines, specifically IL-6, may be involved in the changes observed during senescence within the ovary.
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Epidermal growth factor and leukemia inhibitory factor levels in follicular fluid. Association with in vitro fertilization outcome. THE JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE 1999; 44:367-9. [PMID: 10319308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in follicular fluid, if any, and to assess the association of these cytokines with the outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF). STUDY DESIGN EGF and LIF levels determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 60 preovulatory follicular fluids were compared with 25 IVF outcomes. RESULTS Immunoreactive EGF and LIF could be detected in human follicular fluid. Levels of these cytokines were similar in FF obtained from follicles that resulted in fertilized oocytes and those that did not. EGF levels were significantly lower in patients establishing a pregnancy as compared to patients achieving no pregnancy (P < .007). LIF levels were similar in both groups of patients. CONCLUSION EGF appears to be associated with IVF outcome.
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The pathogenesis of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: in vivo studies investigating the role of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Fertil Steril 1999; 71:482-9. [PMID: 10065786 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(98)00484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate systemic and ovarian changes in levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in response to hCG administration to determine which may be the potential initiator of vascular effects and to identify the main source of the substance; to evaluate serum and follicular fluid levels of these cytokines as markers of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), and to compare levels of these cytokines under basal conditions in women with normal ovulation and those with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN Prospective controlled study. SETTING In vitro fertilization program at the Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Valencia, Spain. PATIENT(S) Women undergoing IVF, in whom the first two study objectives were analyzed, and women with normal ovulation and patients with PCOS undergoing retrieval of immature oocytes in natural cycles or cycles stimulated for IUI but cancelled during induction of ovulation, in whom the third study objective was analyzed. INTERVENTION(S) Serum was collected before and after hCG administration, and follicular fluid was collected at ovum pick-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Serum and follicular fluid levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and VEGF. RESULT(S) There was a significant increase in serum VEGF levels after hCG administration in patients who were at risk for OHSS compared with those who were not at risk for OHSS. Significantly lower VEGF levels were found in the follicular fluid of patients who were at risk; this decrease was the only useful marker to discriminate between the two groups. Moreover, both groups had similar cytokine production under basal conditions. An increase in serum E2 occurred coincident with a decrease in IL-1beta, IL-6, and VEGF in patients with PCOS. CONCLUSION(S) Vascular endothelial growth factor seems to be the mediator of hCG on the vascular tree. There was an early systemic increase in VEGF that may have significance in the development of OHSS. A decrease in the follicular fluid VEGF concentration is a valid marker to identify women in whom OHSS will develop. The pattern of cytokine release in patients with PCOS under basal conditions was not different from that in women with normal ovulation.
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Effect of passive immunization with buffalo follicular fluid antisera on ovarian activity in guinea pigs. Anim Reprod Sci 1998; 52:245-51. [PMID: 9783997 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4320(98)00096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian activity and follicular populations were studied in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) following administration of antisera against buffalo follicular fluid (buFF). Antibodies were raised in rabbits and the titre tested by immunodiffusion assay. Fourteen guinea pigs cycling normally were randomized into two groups. Animals in Group I (n = 8) were treated (i.p.) with 0.5 ml antisera and in Group II (control, n = 6) with the same volume of normal rabbit serum at 12 h intervals on the 10th and 11th day of their oestrous cycle. They were sacrificed 24 h after onset of estrus when ovulation points were counted and ovaries processed for microscopical examination. Treatment with buFF-antisera increased ovulation rate (3.6 vs. 2.0; p < 0.01) but had no significant effect on the total number of follicles. However, the treatment reduced the percentages of atretic follicles in all size classes. These results indicated that the administration of a buFF-antisera produced in the rabbits increased ovulation rate in guinea pigs by reducing the incidence of atresia.
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Gonadotropins induce the release of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha from the human preovulatory follicle. Am J Reprod Immunol 1998; 39:387-90. [PMID: 9645270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1998.tb00374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The effects of exogenous gonadotropin administration and steroid levels on the release of various cytokines into the human follicular fluid (FF) were studied. METHOD OF STUDY Forty patients were included in two groups, those undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) (n = 33) and natural cycles (n = 7). FF transvaginal aspirations were performed 36 hr after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin or a spontaneous surge of luteinizing hormone, respectively. FF cytokine measurements were performed with sensitive immunoassays. RESULTS FF cytokine levels were higher after COH [interleukin (IL)-1 beta, 6.6 +/- 0.32 pg/ml; IL-6, 18.7 +/- 2.1 pg/ml; and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, 32.5 +/- 4.9 pg/ml] than in natural unstimulated cycles (0.52 +/- 0.1 pg/ml, P < 0.001; 8.9 +/- 1.2 pg/ml, P < 0.01; and 13.2 +/- 2.6 pg/ml, P < 0.001, respectively). FF estradiol (E2) and progesterone levels were not statistically different between groups, despite the higher serum E2 levels observed in patients after COH. CONCLUSIONS Gonadotropins might regulate ovarian secretion of cytokines, because FF IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha levels after COH were higher than during natural cycles.
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The effect of antigamete antibodies on the success of assisted reproduction. CLIN EXP OBSTET GYN 1997; 24:67-9. [PMID: 9342464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the presence of antigamente antibodies in unexplained infertility patients and to prove the efficiency of IUI and IVF-ET treatments for these patients. The study includes 46 unexplained infertility patients and as controls, a group of 21 tubal infertility patients. Serum, follicular fluid and cervical mucus samples were collected from each patient and antibodies were measured with commercial ELISA kits. Twenty-two of the 46 unexplained infertility patients produced at least one of the antibodies against sperm or ovary. Fertilization rates were lower in immunological and unexplained infertility patients than in tubal infertility patients, being statistically significant. Pregnancy rates were lower in immunological and unexplained infertility patients than in tubal infertility patients after IVF-ET, but this was not statistically significant. Pregnancy rates after IUI treatment were equal in both immunological and unexplained infertility groups. AGA (antigamete antibodies) were found in 45% of unexplained infertility patients and therefore may be a possible cause of infertility. IUI and IVF-ET are successful choices for treatment of these patients.
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Humoral immune response to membrane components of Chlamydia trachomatis and expression of human 60 kDa heat shock protein in follicular fluid of in-vitro fertilization patients. Hum Reprod 1997; 12:925-9. [PMID: 9194641 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/12.5.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that Chlamydia trachomatis can persist in the female upper genital tract in an unculturable state. Since unsuspected C. trachomatis infection has been associated with adverse in-vitro fertilization (IVF) outcome we sought to detect further evidence of C. trachomatis in the genital tracts of women undergoing IVF. The prevalence and distribution of antibodies to the major structural proteins of C. trachomatis in paired follicular fluid and sera of women undergoing IVF were examined. Sera and follicular fluid samples from 149 women were assayed for immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA antibodies to two C. trachomatis antigens, the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) and a recombinant lipopolysaccharide (rLPS) fragment. Additionally, the expression of human 60 kDa heat shock protein (hsp 60) in follicular fluid was determined. All cervical and follicular fluid samples were negative for C. trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction, ligase chain reaction and DNA probe. Sera from 60% of the subjects were positive for antichlamydial rLPS IgG; 36% were positive for anti-MOMP IgG. Similarly, rLPS-directed and MOMP-directed IgA were detected in sera of 34 and 14% of the subjects respectively. IgG antibodies to MOMP and rLPS were detected in 42 and 41% of the follicular fluid examined respectively. Anti-MOMP IgA was identified in 8.7% of the follicular fluid while 27.5% were positive for anti-rLPS IgA. Human hsp 60 expression was documented in 11.6% of the follicular fluid tested. IgA antibodies to both MOMP (P = 0.03) and rLPS (P = 0.02) in follicular fluid were associated with a failure to become pregnant after embryo transfer. IgG antibodies in sera and follicular fluid and IgA antibodies in sera were unrelated to IVF outcome. Similarly only anti-MOMP IgA (P = 0.02) and anti-rLPS IgA (P = 0.04) in follicular fluid were correlated with human hsp 60 expression in follicular fluid. The unique association between IgA antibodies to two chlamydial antigens in follicular fluid and both hsp 60 expression and IVF failure provides further support for the possibility that a persistent upper genital tract chlamydial infection contributes to IVF failure in some women.
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Abstract
There is a considerable population of macrophages (5-15% of the cells) within the human ovarian follicle at the time of ovulation. Macrophages are also present within the ovarian stroma, mostly near perifollicular capillaries. We hypothesized that macrophage migration in and around the preovulatory follicle is hormonally regulated and that regulation of macrophage migration occurs through local modulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) that chemoattracts and activates monocytes/macrophages. In this regard, we investigated the expression and regulation of MCP-1 in human follicular fluid and in ovarian stromal and granulosa-lutein cell cultures. The concentration of MCP-1 in follicular fluid samples obtained from women prior to the administration of hCG was (n = 4) 90 +/- 27 (mean +/- S.E.) pg/ml; in samples obtained 12 h after the hCG administration it was (n = 3) 135 +/- 23 pg/mL; in follicular fluids obtained 34 h after the hCG administration it was (n = 126) 322 +/- 46 pg/mL (P = 0.007 vs. pre-hCG). The mean ratio of follicular fluid/serum MCP-1 levels was 4.18. There was a correlation between follicular fluid MCP-1 levels and follicular fluid or serum progesterone levels (r = 0.21, P = 0.02; r = 0.29, P = 0.03, respectively). MCP-1 mRNA and the protein were expressed in ovarian stromal and granulosalutein cells in culture and were increased by interleukin-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. LH/hCG induced higher levels of MCP-1 mRNA expression and protein production in both cell cultures. We propose that regulation of MCP-1 in ovarian stromal and granulosa-lutein cells by cytokines may play a role in the physiology of periovulatory events.
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Abstract
CD46 (membrane cofactor protein, MCP) is a cell surface complement regulatory protein which may have an additional role in human sperm-egg interaction. A soluble form (sCD46) has also been detected in a number of biological fluids, most notably seminal plasma. The present study has employed a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA to assay sCD46 in reproductive tract fluids in normal and pathological conditions. Large amounts of sCD46 were detected in seminal plasma of both fertile and infertile men (combined mean, 4859 ng/ml). Vasectomized men had lower levels (mean, 2421 ng/ml), indicating contributory sources both before and after the vas deferens ligation site. Pre-colostrum also contained relatively high quantities (mean, 445 ng/ml), whereas breast milk (mean, 117 ng/ml), peritoneal fluid (mean, 154 ng/ml) and follicular fluid (mean, 107 ng/ml), as well as uterine (mean, 208 ng/ml), umbilical (mean, 166 ng/ml) and peripheral (mean, 206 ng/ml) blood plasma, had sCD46 levels within a comparable range. Amniotic fluid had low sCD46 concentrations (mean, 22 ng/ml). In endometriosis, peritoneal fluid levels of sCD46 were significantly raised (mean, 199 mg/ml). These results indicate distinctive fluid compartmentalisation of sCD46 consistent with a biological function in human reproductive tract fluids.
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Abstract
PROBLEM How is it possible that the female genital tract immunologically does not reject spermatooa not the preimplantation and nidating embryo? METHODS Four fluids of the human reproductive tract, i.e., human oviductal fluid (hOF), follicular fluid (FF), amniotic fluid (AF), and seminal plasma (SP) were investigated by specific ELISA for 18 cytokines. The concentrations, presence or absence of these compounds were evaluated for their possible role in the immunology of the reproductive process. RESULTS Stem cell factor and IL-11 were detected in all reproductive tract fluids examined whereas large amounts of IL-1 beta and IL-1RA was found in AF and hOF. Follicular fluid revealed IL-2. HOF contained IL 2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, MIP-1 alpha, IFN-gamma, and high levels of IL-1 beta, IL-10, IL-1RA, and sIL-2R. Amniotic fluid contained sIL-2R, IL-8, IL-1 beta, IL-1RA, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and MIP-1 alpha. No IL-12 or IL-13 was detected in hOF follicular fluid or amniotic fluid. Almost no free TGF-beta 1 or TGF-beta 2 was found in any reproductive tract fluid except seminal plasma. Seminal plasma contained large quantities of free TGF-beta 1 (9,220 +/- 3,635 pg/mL) in addition to large quantities of latent TGF-beta 2 (2,933 +/- 2,169 pg/mL) and TGF-beta 1 (71,000 +/- 3,240 pg/mL). Furthermore, considerable concentrations of IL-8 (1900 +/- 374 pg/mL) and sIL-2R (350 mu/mL) exist in seminal plasma. CONCLUSIONS HOF contains a high level of IL-10 (588 +/- 304 pg/mL), a powerful immune suppressor which probably plays a role in regulating immune responses in the fallopian tube and possibly in the endometrial cavity. Our observations suggest that seminal plasma with its huge content of TGF beta provides immune protection for sperm. Unfortunately, such high concentrations of TGF beta may also inhibit an immune defense in any organ in which semen is deposited.
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Abstract
The ovarian renin-angiotensin system is involved in various aspects of human reproduction. As immunoreactive measurement of angiotensin II (ANG II) in follicular fluid (FF) relates to several angiotensin peptides with different biological activities, HPLC was used to characterize the molecular forms of the ANG II immunoreactivity in human FF. Samples of FF, obtained from gonadotropin-stimulated patients for in vitro fertilization, were collected at the time of oocyte retrieval. The C-terminal 2-8 heptapeptide was never detected. HPLC analysis revealed for the first time that the major component of the ANG II-IR in human FF was the biologically active octapeptide ANG II.
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Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) is increased in the follicular fluids of patients with premature luteinization. Am J Reprod Immunol 1995; 34:356-62. [PMID: 8607940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1995.tb00964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Most, but not all, studies indicate that premature luteinization correlates with poor pregnancy outcome in in-vitro fertilization (IVF) programs. It remains unclear whether cytokines (IL-1 beta, TNF alpha), the established immune mediators, play a role in regulation or initiation of an abnormal follicular or embryo development in patients with premature luteinization. METHODS Levels of cytokines (IL-1 beta, TNF alpha), estradiol (E2) progesterone (P4), and androstenedione (A'ione) were examined in 18 preovulatory follicular fluid (FF) samples from patients with premature luteinization (group 1) and 3 FF samples from patients without premature luteinization (group 2). The number of oocytes recovered, fertilization rate, and pregnancy outcome were evaluated in these two groups. RESULT IL-1 beta (25.4 +/ 11.9 pg/ml, mean +/ SD) and TNF alpha (13.4 +/ 10.7 pg/ml) were present in these FF samples. The mean level of IL-1 beta in group 1 was significantly higher than that in group 2 (37.3 +/ 12.3 vs. 20.0 +/ 7.6 pg/ml; P < 0.00001) and the mean level of E2 was significantly lower in group 1 than that in group 2 (1064 +/ 686 vs. 1570 +/ 641 ng/ml; P = 0.02). The levels of TNF alpha, P4, and A'ione showed no distinction between these two groups. There was no correlation between the levels of either IL-1 beta or TNF alpha and P4, E2 or A'ione. The fertilization rate in group 1 (62/77; 80%) was similar to that in group 2 (124/160; 78%). Five of 7 patients in group 1 and seven of 20 patients in group 2 achieved pregnancy following embryo transfer. One of five pregnancies in group 1 aborted. CONCLUSION The exaggerated levels of IL-1 beta in patients with premature luteinization may arise from accumulation of this cytokine owing to sustained high LH stimulation, and this may be a protective response to the abnormal LH surge and function to inhibit prematurely increased secretion of P4. These data indicate the important role of LH in the induction of IL-1 beta secretion and the possible regulatory action of IL-1 beta in luteinization. According to the diminution of E2 in group 1, there may be a subtle atretic process progressing in follicles primed with prematurely elevated LH. However, the detrimental effect of premature luteinization, if it exists, may work at the stage ¿during or after implantation.
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Autoantibodies and antisperm antibodies in sera and follicular fluids of infertile patients; relation to reproductive outcome after in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 1995; 10:2564-9. [PMID: 8567771 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a135746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune reactions have effects at various concentrations in the reproductive process and autoantibodies may have an impact on fertility and the outcome of assisted conception. We measured the prevalence of and relation between antibodies to smooth muscle, nuclear, phospholipid and sperm antigens, and concentrations of immunoglobulins G, M and A and complement components C3 and C4, in the sera and follicular fluids of women with unexplained infertility (n = 30), endometriosis (n = 20), tubal infertility (n = 50) and the sera of 20 normal non-pregnant women. We assessed fertilization and successful pregnancy rates in relation to antibody status of infertile women after in vitro fertilization. All antibodies had a higher prevalence in infertile women compared with controls and this was significant for smooth muscle antibody in endometriosis (P < 0.05); anticardiolipin antibody in tubal infertility (P < 0.05); and antisperm antibody in all types of infertility (P < 0.001). There was no relation between presence of specific antibodies in serum or between serum and follicular fluids. Total biochemical pregnancy rate was higher with endometriosis (P = 0.05) but clinical pregnancy and live birth rates did not differ between groups or in relation to antibody status. Significant differences in immunoglobulin and complement components occurred in women with and without successful biochemical pregnancy.
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[Evidence of antimicrobial activity of the follicular fluid: an evaluation and analytical study of samples obtained in an assisted reproduction program]. GINECOLOGIA Y OBSTETRICIA DE MEXICO 1995; 63:152-7. [PMID: 7768471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Due to lack of evidence of infection in patients for ovarian punction for ovular capture, the hypothesis of possible antibacterial action that could exist in follicular fluid, was evaluated. One hundred and ten samples of such fluid, were taken for antibacterial analysis, 37 of which, were studied, as they were the clearest ones and not contaminated. Such samples were obtained from hyperstimulated patients, ready for ovular capture through vagina by ultrasonographic guide. A bacterial inoculum, was prepared, in order to evaluate antimicrobial activity of follicular fluid against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. agalactiae, L. monocytogenes and C. albicans. Counting of bacterial colonies, at 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours. Results summary shows bacteriostatic activity in all studied colonies, and E. coli and S. agalactiae seem to be the most sensitive, followed by P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and L. monocytogenes; and still present in C. albicans. It is concluded that follicular fluid has an antibacterial action, probably selective; and that keeping this research line will confirm this finding, and possibly will determine the concerned factors.
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Abstract
A prospective case-controlled study was conducted to evaluate the association between the concentrations of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in human follicular fluid obtained at the time of oocyte collection for in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Follicular fluid was obtained at the time of oocyte collection for IVF consecutively from 40 patients at risk of developing OHSS. Among the 40 patients participating in the study, seven subsequently developed OHSS. Their follicular fluid samples, together with those of an additional seven patients matched by age who did not develop OHSS, were tested for osmolality, total protein content and IL-2 concentrations, and mean serum oestradiol concentrations at the time of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) administration and the mean number of aspirated oocytes were also measured. Follicular fluid IL-2 concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.002) in the OHSS group as compared to the control group. No significant differences were found between the two groups regarding the mean serum oestradiol concentration on the day of HCG administration, or the mean number of aspirated oocytes, follicular fluid osmolality, or total protein concentrations. This study suggests an association between follicular fluid IL-2 concentration and OHSS. IL-2 is known to cause 'vascular leak syndrome', which resembles OHSS. These observations, together with the established interaction between the immune and the reproductive systems, may suggest a pivotal role of IL-2 in the pathogenesis of OHSS.
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Chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes towards human pre-ovulatory follicular fluid and serum using a 'sparse-pore' polycarbonate filtration membrane. J Reprod Immunol 1994; 27:151-5. [PMID: 7884743 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0378(94)90030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The chemotactic responses of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) towards pre-ovulatory follicular fluid and serum from patients participating in an in vitro fertilization program were tested in a modified Boyden chamber using a 'sparse-pore' polycarbonate filtration membrane method. The chemotactic activities of follicular fluids were generally low, but were significantly higher in conceptual cycles than in non-conceptual cycles. The chemotactic activities of sera were generally high, but were significantly lower in conceptual cycles. The chemotactic activity of few follicular fluids ever exceeded that of serum, regardless of the occurrence of conception. These findings demonstrate for the first time using an appropriate technique, that pre-ovulatory follicular fluids can be chemotactic for PMN, but the relationship between this activity, serum chemotactic activity and successful pregnancy is not clear.
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Assessment of the relevance of zona pellucida antibodies in follicular fluid of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) patients. Hum Reprod 1994; 9:1827-31. [PMID: 7844210 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of anti-zona pellucida antibodies in the follicular fluid of 11 women who underwent in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer was analysed. Only infertile couples with tubal or unexplained pathologies were included in our study, which was aimed at investigating the relationship between anti-zona pellucida antibodies in follicular fluid and failed fertilization. Whether or not these antibodies were present in some or all follicles in the same patient was also investigated. Out of 55 follicular fluids analysed, 36.3% were positive to the test and no fertilization was observed in oocytes from these follicles, while 63.6% were negative, and the oocyte fertilization rate associated with these was 51.4%. The presence of anti-zona pellucida antibodies was positively correlated with the degree of fertilization failure (P < 0.001 chi 2 test).
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Biochemical and immunological characterization of the acrosome reaction-inducing substance (ARIS) of hFF. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 199:125-9. [PMID: 8123003 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Gel filtration experiments with 3H-progesterone labeled hFF demonstrated that the AR-inducing activity of hFF might be mediated by a progesterone-binding protein. Further immunological investigations added evidence in support to ARIS being identical with the SERPIN CBG. Moreover, only the protein-progesterone-complex was able to induce AR. It is suggested that the CBG-progesterone-complex is proteolytically cleaved at the plasma membrane of spermatozoa, releasing a high local concentration of progesterone which leads to induction of the AR.
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Immunosuppressive activity of peritoneal fluid in women with endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82:206-12. [PMID: 8336865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the immunosuppressive effect of peritoneal fluid and follicular fluid on both natural killer-mediated cytotoxicity and phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte proliferation. METHODS The peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis was compared to both fertile and infertile control fluids. Lymphocytes were pretreated for 2 or 20 hours with peritoneal or follicular fluids, and their cytotoxicity toward K562 tumor cells was measured. We also investigated the phytohemagglutinin-induced stimulation of lymphocytes cocultured with peritoneal or follicular fluid. RESULTS Peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis had a significantly greater immunosuppressive effect on natural killer-mediated cytotoxicity and on phytohemagglutinin stimulation of lymphocytes compared to peritoneal fluid of fertile women without endometriosis (P < .01 and P < .05, respectively). Using the peritoneal fluid of infertile women without endometriosis, these differences were significant only when compared to women with severe endometriosis. Inhibition of the natural killer activity increased when the incubation period was prolonged from 2 to 20 hours (P < .04). There was no correlation between the immunosuppressive effect of peritoneal fluid and the volume of peritoneal fluid, the day of the menstrual period, or estradiol, progesterone, prostaglandin E2, or prostaglandin F2 alpha levels. In peritoneal fluid, the factor responsible for inhibition of natural killer activity was not removed with charcoal treatment. In follicular fluid, on the other hand, the inhibition of natural killer activity decreased significantly after treatment with charcoal. CONCLUSION Natural killer activity is suppressed by the peritoneal fluid of women with severe endometriosis; this may be important in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. The factor responsible for the inhibition of natural killer activity in peritoneal fluid is different from that in follicular fluid.
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Abstract
Sera from 150 women and 162 men with unexplained infertility were examined using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for antisperm antibodies. The results were compared to those of the Friberg agglutination test, the post-coital test, the sperm-cervical mucus contact (SCMC) test and the pregnancy rate. We also tested follicular fluids obtained from 38 women who underwent in-vitro fertilization (IVF). These data were compared with those obtained in serum, post-coital test data and with the later development of the oocyte in IVF. Antibodies in follicular fluid were found only in women with antibodies circulating in serum. The correlation coefficient between these was 0.88 (P < 0.001). There was no correlation between antisperm antibodies in serum found with the ELISA test, and with the agglutination test, the post-coital test or the SCMC test. Neither was there any correlation between antibodies in follicular fluid and the post-coital test, the pregnancy rate or successful IVF.
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Abstract
Unfertilized human oocytes expressed a gp70-related epitope as observed when staining section immunocytochemically with a panel of monoclonal antibodies against gp70 of murine leukemia virus. Some oocytes also expressed virus-like particles at the cell membrane. Follicular fluids, corresponding to these oocytes, contained p30- and gp70-related antigens, reverse transcriptase, and an increased titer of interferon. The three- to four-cell human cleavage stages did not contain the gp70-related epitope. It is concluded that human oocytes, but not early cleavage stages, express products that suggest the presence of an active endogenous retrovirus genome.
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Functionally active complement is present in human ovarian follicular fluid and can be activated by seminal plasma. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 89:154-7. [PMID: 1628423 PMCID: PMC1554394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb06895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ovarian preovulatory follicular fluids (FF) from 10 women were analysed for their complement contents. Functionally active complement was detected in all the fluids studied in amounts similar to those present in normal human serum. Pooled FF was challenged by seminal plasma in order to determine whether seminal plasma could activate FF complement, the pattern of such an activation and the possible consequences on the reproductive function. FF complement activation occurred during the incubation with seminal plasma with features including alternative pathway activation, factor B and C3 conversion and reduction in total haemolytic complement, as well as an inhibition by seminal plasma of the FF complement response to a new activating challenge. Possible consequences for fertilization, implantation of a fertilized ovum and local defence mechanisms against viruses and bacteria are discussed.
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Effect of follicular fluid and inhibin immunoneutralization on FSH-induced preovulatory follicle growth in the ewe. J Endocrinol 1991; 131:401-9. [PMID: 1783887 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1310401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The potential direct ovarian effects of immunoneutralization of inhibin, which increases, and follicular fluid treatment, which inhibits, follicle development in normal ewes was investigated in a sheep model in which endogenous FSH and LH secretion was suppressed thus removing any potential effects of treatment-induced alterations in endogenous FSH or LH secretion. Eighteen Welsh Mountain ewes were treated with two agonist implants containing 3.3 mg buserelin giving a total of 6.6 mg buserelin per animal. During week 5 of treatment all ewes were given a 72-h continuous infusion of ovine FSH (5 micrograms/h) starting at 09.00 h. Six ewes were treated with antiserum to the 1-26 alpha peptide fragment of porcine inhibin 0 h and 24 h after the start of the FSH infusion, and a further six ewes were treated with charcoal-stripped ovine follicular fluid (oFF) as a source of inhibin, at 09.00 and 17.00 h throughout the 72 h of FSH infusion. The plasma concentrations of both FSH and LH were significantly reduced in all ewes after 5 weeks of treatment with buserelin, and no large follicles greater than 2.5 mm in diameter were present. Treatment with inhibin antiserum or oFF had no effect, compared with control ewes, on the plasma concentrations of either FSH or LH during the FSH infusion period. After 72 h of FSH infusion there was no difference in the number of small follicles (less than 2.5 mm in diameter) or large follicles (greater than 2.5 mm in diameter) or the size of the largest follicles between control ewes and ewes treated with either inhibin antiserum or oFF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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