1
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Panghal A, Jena G. Single versus intermittent cycle exposure effect of 6-mercaptopurine in juvenile Sprague-Dawley rat: a germ cell-specific mechanistic study. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2024; 397:3155-3168. [PMID: 37891257 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Infertility is a frequent long-term adverse effect of cancer therapy for children. Compromised testicular functions in adolescence are frequent observations after chemotherapy and there are currently no well-established alternatives to avoid this damage. Antimetabolites such as 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) are used to treat a variety of cancer; however, its treatment-associated adverse effects on the male reproductive functions are overlooked. Here, the molecular processes underlying 6-MP-induced male germ cell damage in juvenile Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (3 weeks) have been investigated. Rats were administered with low (5 mg/kg), medium (10 mg/kg), and high (20 mg/kg) doses of 6-MP per orally either singly (1 week × 1 cycle) or intermittently (1 week treatment followed by 1 week remission period × 3 cycles). The toxicity was evaluated in terms of genotoxicity and testes- and sperm-related cellular and molecular parameters. Single cycle of exposure either produced mild or no toxic manifestations at the end of the 6th week. Intermittent cycles of exposure, particularly at the 10 and 20 mg/kg, decreased body and organ weights, increased micronucleated cells in the peripheral blood, induced oxidative/nitrosative stress, altered sperm chromatin quality, reduced serum testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, increased testicular structural aberrations, DNA damage, and apoptosis, and upregulated TNF-α expression and downregulated p-AMPK and β-catenin expressions. Conclusively, intermittent cycles of exposure at 10 and 20 mg/kg doses to the juvenile rats significantly induced oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and cellular and molecular perturbations in the testes and sperm of adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archna Panghal
- Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Gopabandhu Jena
- Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India.
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2
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Dong N, Ma HX, Liu XQ, Li D, Liu LH, Shi Q, Ju XL. Histidine re-sensitizes pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia to 6-mercaptopurine through tetrahydrofolate consumption and SIRT5-mediated desuccinylation. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:216. [PMID: 38485947 PMCID: PMC10940622 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Despite progressive improvements in the survival rate of pediatric B-cell lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), chemoresistance-induced disease progression and recurrence still occur with poor prognosis, thus highlighting the urgent need to eradicate drug resistance in B-ALL. The 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) is the backbone of ALL combination chemotherapy, and resistance to it is crucially related to relapse. The present study couples chemoresistance in pediatric B-ALL with histidine metabolism deficiency. Evidence was provided that histidine supplementation significantly shifts the 6-MP dose-response in 6-MP-resistant B-ALL. It is revealed that increased tetrahydrofolate consumption via histidine catabolism partially explains the re-sensitization ability of histidine. More importantly, this work provides fresh insights into that desuccinylation mediated by SIRT5 is an indispensable and synergistic requirement for histidine combination therapy against 6-MP resistance, which is undisclosed previously and demonstrates a rational strategy to ameliorate chemoresistance and protect pediatric patients with B-ALL from disease progression or relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hui-Xian Ma
- Cryomedicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xue-Qin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dong Li
- Cryomedicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ling-Hong Liu
- Cryomedicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qing Shi
- Cryomedicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiu-Li Ju
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China.
- Cryomedicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China.
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3
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Jakubowski M, Majchrzycki Ł, Zarkov A, Voelkel A, Sandomierski M. Zinc-doped hydroxyapatite as a pH responsive drug delivery system for anticancer drug 6-mercaptopurine. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35395. [PMID: 38433609 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
6-Mercaptopurine (6MP) is commonly used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia as an important agent in maintenance therapy. Despite its therapeutic benefits, 6MP has some limitations during therapy. Taking into account the disadvantages during 6MP therapy, there is a great need to create an appropriate delivery system for this drug. 6MP contains in its structure nitrogen and sulfur atoms capable of forming coordination compounds with metal ions, for example zinc. Therefore, in this work, we prepared biocompatible hydroxyapatite (HAp) doped with zinc ions, and used it as a carrier for 6MP. Doped HAp has not been used as a carrier for this drug before. The work proved that the prepared carrier-drug system has a particle size of about 130 nm, which indicates its potential for intravenous delivery. In addition, in an acidic environment (imitating cancer cells), the carrier agglomerates allow targeted release of the drug. The drug is evenly distributed, which indicates that the doses released from it will always be comparable. The release of the drug in a neutral environment is long-lasting in controlled doses, whereas in an acidic environment it is immediate. The obtained results indicate the high potential of the material in both slow-release and cancer-targeted release of 6MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Jakubowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Majchrzycki
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksej Zarkov
- Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Adam Voelkel
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariusz Sandomierski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
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4
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Ranjit S, Wang Y, Zhu J, Cheepala SB, Schuetz EG, Cho WJ, Xu B, Robinson CG, Wu G, Naren AP, Schuetz JD. ABCC4 impacts megakaryopoiesis and protects megakaryocytes against 6-mercaptopurine induced cytotoxicity. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 72:101017. [PMID: 37988981 PMCID: PMC10874622 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.101017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The role of ABCC4, an ATP-binding cassette transporter, in the process of platelet formation, megakaryopoiesis, is unknown. Here, we show that ABCC4 is highly expressed in megakaryocytes (MKs). Mining of public genomic data (ATAC-seq and genome wide chromatin interactions, Hi-C) revealed that key megakaryopoiesis transcription factors (TFs) interacted with ABCC4 regulatory elements and likely accounted for high ABCC4 expression in MKs. Importantly these genomic interactions for ABCC4 ranked higher than for genes with known roles in megakaryopoiesis suggesting a role for ABCC4 in megakaryopoiesis. We then demonstrate that ABCC4 is required for optimal platelet formation as in vitro differentiation of fetal liver derived MKs from Abcc4-/- mice exhibited impaired proplatelet formation and polyploidization, features required for optimal megakaryopoiesis. Likewise, a human megakaryoblastic cell line, MEG-01 showed that acute ABCC4 inhibition markedly suppressed key processes in megakaryopoiesis and that these effects were related to reduced cAMP export and enhanced dissociation of a negative regulator of megakaryopoiesis, protein kinase A (PKA) from ABCC4. PKA activity concomitantly increased after ABCC4 inhibition which was coupled with significantly reduced GATA-1 expression, a TF needed for optimal megakaryopoiesis. Further, ABCC4 protected MKs from 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) as Abcc4-/- mice show a profound reduction in MKs after 6-MP treatment. In total, our studies show that ABCC4 not only protects the MKs but is also required for maximal platelet production from MKs, suggesting modulation of ABCC4 function might be a potential therapeutic strategy to regulate platelet production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Ranjit
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Childres's Research Hospital, USA
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Childres's Research Hospital, USA
| | - Jingwen Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Childres's Research Hospital, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Satish B Cheepala
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Childres's Research Hospital, USA
| | - Erin G Schuetz
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Childres's Research Hospital, USA
| | - Woo Jung Cho
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Center, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA
| | - Beisi Xu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA
| | | | - Gang Wu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA
| | - Anjaparavanda P Naren
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John D Schuetz
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Childres's Research Hospital, USA.
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5
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Liu L, Lei Y, Zheng Z, Zhou X, Chen S, Zeng G, Yu L, Wang P, Chen L. 6-Mercaptopurine potently inhibits recruitment of SHP2 by phosphorylated PD-1 to inhibit PD-1 signalling and enhance T cell function. Immunology 2023; 170:230-242. [PMID: 37259771 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody inhibitors that block PD-1/PD-L1 interaction have been approved for oncological clinics, yielding impressive treatment effects. Small molecules inhibiting PD-1 signalling are at various stages of development, given that small molecular drugs are expected to outperform protein drugs in several ways. Currently, a significant portion of these small molecular inhibitors achieve this purpose by binding to a limited region of the PD-L1 protein, thereby limiting the choice of chemical structures. Alternative strategies for developing small-molecular PD-1 inhibitors are urgently needed to broaden the choice of chemical structures. Here, we report that 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) inhibits PD-1 signalling, activates T cell function in vitro and in vivo and shrinks tumours by activating cytotoxic T cells. Mechanistically, 6-MP potently inhibited PD-1 signalling by blocking the recruitment of SHP2 by PD-1. Considering that 6-MP is a chemotherapeutic agent already approved by the FDA for childhood leukaemia, our work revealed a novel anti-tumour mechanism for this drug and suggests that 6-MP warrants further clinical evaluation for other tumour types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Lei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongyao Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingang Zhou
- Department of Pathlogy & Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuzhen Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guandi Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pathlogy & Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Ergin AD, Oltulu Ç, Koç B. Enhanced Cytotoxic Activity of 6-Mercaptopurine-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Hepatic Cancer Treatment. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2023; 21:212-221. [PMID: 37417972 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2023.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
6-Mercaptopurine (6-MCP) is an antiproliferative purine analog used in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis). Although 6-MCP has the great therapeutic potential for cancer and immunosuppressant-related diseases, 6-MCP is not readily soluble in water, presents a high first-pass effect, short half-life (0.5-1.5 h), and implies a low bioavailability (16%). On the contrary, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are prepared from solid lipids at room temperature and body temperature. In this study, SLNs were prepared w/o/w double emulsion-solvent evaporation method using Precirol ATO5 as matrix lipid. In the emulsion stabilization, surfactant (Tween 80) and polymeric stabilizer (polyvinyl alcohol [PVA]) were used. Two group formulations using Tween 80 and PVA were compared in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential encapsulation efficiency%, and process yield%. Differential calorimetric analysis and release properties were examined for optimum formulation, and release kinetics were calculated. According to studies, sustained release was obtained with SLNs by the Korsmayer-Peppas kinetic model. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed on the hepatocarcinoma (HEP3G) cell line. According to the results, successful SLN formulations were produced, and PVA was found best stabilizer. Optimum formulation exhibited significantly higher cytotoxic effects on HEP3G than on pure 6-MCP. These results demonstrated that solid lipid nanodrug delivery systems have great potential for formulation of 6-MCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Doğan Ergin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Faculty of Pharmacy, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Çağatay Oltulu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Büşra Koç
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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7
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Zudeh G, Franca R, Lucafò M, Bonten EJ, Bramuzzo M, Sgarra R, Lagatolla C, Franzin M, Evans WE, Decorti G, Stocco G. PACSIN2 as a modulator of autophagy and mercaptopurine cytotoxicity: mechanisms in lymphoid and intestinal cells. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201610. [PMID: 36596605 PMCID: PMC9811133 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PACSIN2 variants are associated with gastrointestinal effects of thiopurines and thiopurine methyltransferase activity through an uncharacterized mechanism that is postulated to involve autophagy. This study aims to clarify the role of PACSIN2 in autophagy and in thiopurine cytotoxicity in leukemic and intestinal models. Higher autophagy and lower PACSIN2 levels were observed in inflamed compared with non-inflamed colon biopsies of inflammatory bowel disease pediatric patients at diagnosis. PACSIN2 was identified as an inhibitor of autophagy, putatively through inhibition of autophagosome formation by a protein-protein interaction with LC3-II, mediated by a LIR motif. Moreover, PACSIN2 resulted a modulator of mercaptopurine-induced cytotoxicity in intestinal cells, suggesting that PACSIN2-regulated autophagy levels might influence thiopurine sensitivity. However, PACSIN2 modulates cellular thiopurine methyltransferase activity via mechanisms distinct from its modulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zudeh
- Department of Translational and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health I.R.C.C.S. Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Raffaella Franca
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marianna Lucafò
- Department of Translational and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health I.R.C.C.S. Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Erik J Bonten
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Saint Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Matteo Bramuzzo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy and Nutrition Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health I.R.C.C.S. Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sgarra
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Martina Franzin
- Department of Translational and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health I.R.C.C.S. Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - William E Evans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saint Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Giuliana Decorti
- Department of Translational and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health I.R.C.C.S. Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Stocco
- Department of Translational and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health I.R.C.C.S. Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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8
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Jia H, Vashisth MK, Ge Y, Dai Q, He F, Wang X. Anti-inflammation and anti-aging mechanisms of mercaptopurine in vivo and in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 638:103-111. [PMID: 36442232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the biggest organ of the human body, which easily gets irritated by exposure to the sun. Skin photoaging and acute photodamage are caused by intense UV-B radiation. Therefore, it is imperative to find new compounds to prevent skin damage and aging. Mercaptopurine is an immunologic agent commonly used for treating Acute lymphoblastic leukemia and inflammatory bowel disease. The beneficial effects of mercaptopurine on the skin have not been reported, and its intrinsic mechanism of action is unclear. Therefore, this study was to explore mercaptopurine when exposed to UV-B radiation in HacaT cells and C57BL6 mice aging and damage effects. The model of in vivo UV-B-induced skin damage and skin photoaging was established, and the impact of mercaptopurine on cell and animal skin was studied. The study found that mercaptopurine, on the one hand, inhibits cellular and animal senescence. On the other, it inhibits the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which are important signaling molecules in the early UV-B reaction signaling pathway. In addition, mercaptopurine downregulates matrix metalloproteinase expression, increases collagen fiber content, and facilitates collagen synthesis. Treatment with mercaptopurine also inhibits the expression of inflammatory factors and reduces inflammatory cell infiltration of the skin. In conclusion, our study elucidates mercaptopurine's anti-photoaging and anti-inflammatory activity in cellular and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- HuiJie Jia
- School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China; Key Laboratory of University Cell Biology Yunnan Province, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Manoj Kumar Vashisth
- School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China; Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Yuchen Ge
- School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China; Key Laboratory of University Cell Biology Yunnan Province, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Qianlong Dai
- School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China; Key Laboratory of University Cell Biology Yunnan Province, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Fei He
- School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China; Key Laboratory of University Cell Biology Yunnan Province, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China; Key Laboratory of University Cell Biology Yunnan Province, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China.
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9
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Bunea MC, Diculescu VC, Enculescu M, Oprea D, Enache TA. Influence of the Photodegradation of Azathioprine on DNA and Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214438. [PMID: 36430909 PMCID: PMC9692341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Azathioprine (AZA) is a pharmacologic immunosuppressive agent administrated in various conditions such as autoimmune disease or to prevent the rejection of organ transplantation. The mechanism of action is based on its biologically active metabolite 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), which is converted, among others, into thioguanine nucleotides capable of incorporating into replicating DNA, which may act as a strong UV chromophore and trigger DNA oxidation. The interaction between azathioprine and DNA, before and after exposure to solar simulator radiation, was investigated using UV-vis spectrometry and differential pulse voltammetry at a glassy carbon electrode. The results indicated that the interaction of AZA with UV radiation was pH-dependent and occurred with the formation of several metabolites, which induced oxidative damage in DNA, and the formation of DNA-metabolite adducts. Moreover, the viability assays obtained for the L929 cell culture showed that both azathioprine and degraded azathioprine induced a decrease in cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monica Enculescu
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Daniela Oprea
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Atomistilor 405, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Teodor Adrian Enache
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Correspondence:
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10
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Kneusels J, Kaehler M, Cascorbi I, Wedel T, Neunlist M, Lucius R, Cossais F. Limited Impact of 6-Mercaptopurine on Inflammation-Induced Chemokines Expression Profile in Primary Cultures of Enteric Nervous System. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1781-1793. [PMID: 33864170 PMCID: PMC8187225 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidences indicate that the enteric nervous system (ENS) and enteric glial cells (EGC) play important regulatory roles in intestinal inflammation. Mercaptopurine (6-MP) is a cytostatic compound clinically used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. However, potential impacts of 6-MP on ENS response to inflammation have not been evaluated yet. In this study, we aimed to gain deeper insights into the profile of inflammatory mediators expressed by the ENS and on the potential anti-inflammatory impact of 6-MP in this context. Genome-wide expression analyses were performed on ENS primary cultures exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 6-MP alone or in combination. Differential expression of main hits was validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) using a cell line for EGC. ENS cells expressed a broad spectrum of cytokines and chemokines of the C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL) family under inflammatory stress. Induction of Cxcl5 and Cxcl10 by inflammatory stimuli was confirmed in EGC. Inflammation-induced protein secretion of TNF-α and Cxcl5 was partly inhibited by 6-MP in ENS primary cultures but not in EGC. Further work is required to identify the cellular mechanisms involved in this regulation. These findings extend our knowledge of the anti-inflammatory properties of 6-MP related to the ENS and in particular of the EGC-response to inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kneusels
- Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Meike Kaehler
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ingolf Cascorbi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thilo Wedel
- Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Ralph Lucius
- Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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11
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Jiang Y, Wang Z, Duan W, Liu L, Si M, Chen X, Fang CJ. The critical size of gold nanoparticles for overcoming P-gp mediated multidrug resistance. Nanoscale 2020; 12:16451-16461. [PMID: 32790812 PMCID: PMC7430045 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03226c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a huge obstacle during cancer treatment. One of the most studied MDR mechanisms is P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated drug efflux. Based on the three-dimensional structural characteristics of P-gp, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with average sizes of 4.1 nm and 5.4 nm were designed for the construction of nanodrug delivery systems (NanoDDSs), with the anticancer molecules 2-(9-anthracenylmethylene)-hydrazinecarbothioamide (ANS) and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) modified on the AuNP surfaces through the thiol group. In vitro cytotoxicity results suggested that the larger sized AuNPs can effectively decrease the drug resistance index of MCF-7/ADR cells to ∼2. Verapamil and P-gp antibody competitive experiments, combined with the cellular uptake of AuNPs, indicated that larger NanoDDSs were more conducive to intracellular drug accumulation and thus had improved anticancer activities, due to a size mismatch between the nanoparticles and the active site of P-gp, and, therefore, reduced drug efflux was seen. Measurements of ATPase activity and intracellular ATP levels indicated that the larger nanoparticles do not bind well to P-gp, thus avoiding effective recognition by P-gp. This was further evidenced by the observation that 4.1 nm and 5.4 nm NanoDDS-treated MCF-7/ADR cells showed remarkable differences in energy-related metabolic pathways. Therefore, the critical size of AuNPs for overcoming MDR was identified to be between 4.1 nm and 5.4 nm. This provides a more accurate description of the composite dimension requirements for NanoDDSs that are designed to overcome MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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von Borstel A, Abdulahad WH, Dekkema G, Rutgers A, Stegeman CA, Veldman J, Heeringa P, Sanders JS. Mycophenolic acid and 6-mercaptopurine both inhibit B-cell proliferation in granulomatosis with polyangiitis patients, whereas only mycophenolic acid inhibits B-cell IL-6 production. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235743. [PMID: 32645052 PMCID: PMC7347169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is an autoimmune disease affecting mainly small blood vessels. B-cells are important in the GPA pathogenesis as precursors of autoantibody-producing cells but likely also contribute (auto)antibody-independently. This has been underlined by the effectiveness of B-cell-depletion (with Rituximab) in inducing and maintaining disease remission. Mycophenolate-mofetil (MMF) and azathioprine (AZA) are immunosuppressive therapies frequently used in GPA-patients. Interestingly, MMF-treated GPA-patients are more prone to relapses than AZA-treated patients, while little is known about the influence of these drugs on B-cells. We investigated whether MMF or AZA treatment (or their active compounds) alters the circulating B-cell subset distribution and has differential effects on in vitro B-cell proliferation and cytokine production in GPA-patients that might underlie the different relapse rate. Circulating B-cell subset frequencies were determined in samples from AZA-treated (n = 13), MMF-treated (n = 12), untreated GPA-patients (n = 19) and matched HCs (n = 41). To determine the ex vivo effects of the active compounds of MMF and AZA, MPA and 6-MP respectively, on B-cell proliferation and cytokine production, PBMCs of untreated GPA-patients (n = 29) and matched HCs (n = 30) were cultured for 3-days in the presence of CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG) with MPA or 6-MP. After restimulation (with phorbol myristate acetate, calcium-ionophore), cytokine-positive B-cell frequencies were measured. Finally, to assess the effect of MMF or AZA treatment on in vitro B-cell proliferation and cytokine production, PBMCs of MMF-treated (n = 18), and AZA-treated patients (n = 28) and HCs (n = 41) were cultured with CpG. The memory B-cell frequency was increased in AZA- compared to MMF-treated patients, while no other subset was different. The active compounds of MMF and AZA showed in vitro that MPA decreased B-cell proliferation in GPA-patients and HCs. B-cell proliferation in MMF- and AZA-treated patients was not different. Finally, the IL-6+ B-cell frequency was decreased by MPA compared to 6-MP. No differences in IL-10+, IL-6+ or TNFα+ B-cell proportions or proliferation were found in MMF- and AZA-treated patients. Our results indicate that MMF could be superior to AZA in inhibiting B-cell cytokine production in GPA-patients. Future studies should assess the effects of these immunosuppressive drugs on other immune cells to elucidate mechanisms underlying the potential differences in relapse rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk von Borstel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Wayel H. Abdulahad
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerjan Dekkema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Abraham Rutgers
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Coen A. Stegeman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna Veldman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Heeringa
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Stephan Sanders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Rodrigues JCG, de Souza TP, Pastana LF, Ribeiro dos Santos AM, Fernandes MR, Pinto P, Wanderley AV, de Souza SJ, Kroll JE, Pereira AL, Magalhães L, Mercês LRD, Vidal AF, Vinasco-Sandoval T, Cavalcante GC, Guerreiro JF, de Assumpção PP, Ribeiro-dos-Santos Â, Santos S, dos Santos NPC. Identification of NUDT15 gene variants in Amazonian Amerindians and admixed individuals from northern Brazil. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231651. [PMID: 32294118 PMCID: PMC7159207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The nudix hydrolase 15 (NUDT15) gene acts in the metabolism of thiopurine, by catabolizing its active metabolite thioguanosine triphosphate into its inactivated form, thioguanosine monophosphate. The frequency of alternative NUDT15 alleles, in particular those that cause a drastic loss of gene function, varies widely among geographically distinct populations. In the general population of northern Brazilian, high toxicity rates (65%) have been recorded in patients treated with the standard protocol for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which involves thiopurine-based drugs. The present study characterized the molecular profile of the coding region of the NUDT15 gene in two groups, non-admixed Amerindians and admixed individuals from the Amazon region of northern Brazil. METHODS The entire NUDT15 gene was sequenced in 64 Amerindians from 12 Amazonian groups and 82 admixed individuals from northern Brazil. The DNA was extracted using phenol-chloroform. The exome libraries were prepared using the Nextera Rapid Capture Exome (Illumina) and SureSelect Human All Exon V6 (Agilent) kits. The allelic variants were annotated in the ViVa® (Viewer of Variants) software. RESULTS Four NUDT15 variants were identified: rs374594155, rs1272632214, rs147390019, andrs116855232. The variants rs1272632214 and rs116855232 were in complete linkage disequilibrium, and were assigned to the NUDT15*2 genotype. These variants had high frequencies in both our study populations in comparison with other populations catalogued in the 1000 Genomes database. We also identified the NUDT15*4 haplotype in our study populations, at frequencies similar to those reported in other populations from around the world. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that Amerindian and admixed populations from northern Brazil have high frequencies of the NUDT15 haplotypes that alter the metabolism profile of thiopurines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pablo Pinto
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Sandro José de Souza
- Brain Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Kroll
- Brain Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Adenilson Leão Pereira
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Leandro Magalhães
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Laís Reis das Mercês
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Amanda Ferreira Vidal
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Vinasco-Sandoval
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Chaves Cavalcante
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - João Farias Guerreiro
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Ândrea Ribeiro-dos-Santos
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Sidney Santos
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ney Pereira Carneiro dos Santos
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Jiang JH, Deng P. Discovery of New Inhibitors of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Type 1 Receptor by Utilizing Docking and Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174090. [PMID: 31438649 PMCID: PMC6747504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/1970] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays an important role in pathological fibrosis and cancer transformation. Therefore, the inhibition of the TGF-β signaling pathway has therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancer. In this study, the binding modes between 47 molecules with a pyrrolotriazine-like backbone structure and transforming growth factor-beta type 1 receptor (TβR1) were simulated by molecular docking using Discovery Studio software, and their structure–activity relationships were analyzed. On the basis of the analysis of the binding modes of ligands in the active site and the structure–activity relationships, 29,254 new compounds were designed for virtual screening. According to the aforementioned analyses and Lipinski’s rule of five, five new compounds (CQMU1901–1905) with potential activity were screened through molecular docking. Among them, CQMU1905 is an attractive molecule composed of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), and 5-azacytosine. Interestingly, 5-FU, 6-MP, and 5-azacytidine are often used as anti-metabolic agents in cancer treatment. Compared with existing compounds, CQMU1901–1905 can interact with target proteins more effectively and have good potential for modification, making them worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hao Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ping Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Iesavand H, Rahmati M, Afzali D, Modiri S. Investigation on absorption and release of mercaptopurine anticancer drug from modified polylactic acid as polymer carrier by molecular dynamic simulation. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2019; 105:110010. [PMID: 31546426 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The absorption and release of 6-mercaptopurine anticancer drug was investigated in biodegradable and biocompatible polymer of polylactic acid (PLA) using molecular dynamics simulation. For this purpose, the amount of mixing energy, radius of gyration, mean squared displacement and radial distribution function were computed and compared in concentrations of 5-36 wt% of 6-mercaptopurine drug. The simulation results show that increasing the concentration of the drug reduces mixing energy and PLA polymer carrier is able to carry 35.8 wt% of 6-mercaptopurine anticancer drug. Based on these results, the amount of 6-mercaptopurine release from PLA carrier 35.8 wt% of it in water environment is zero due to hydrophobic property of PLA and 6-mercaptopurine. Finally, polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer with different percentages (10-30 wt%) was used to modify PLA carrier. The simulation results show that the rate of drug release increases by increasing the concentration of PEG polymer in the modified PLA carrier and also with increasing the percentage of drug loaded in the carrier and also the optimum weight percentage of PEG in modified PLA carrier for 35.8 wt% of drug concentration is 11 wt% and the rate of drug release is slower and equal to 4.4 molecules/ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Iesavand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rahmati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Dariush Afzali
- Department of Environment, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sina Modiri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
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Dieck CL, Tzoneva G, Forouhar F, Carpenter Z, Ambesi-Impiombato A, Sánchez-Martín M, Kirschner-Schwabe R, Lew S, Seetharaman J, Tong L, Ferrando AA. Structure and Mechanisms of NT5C2 Mutations Driving Thiopurine Resistance in Relapsed Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:136-147.e6. [PMID: 29990496 PMCID: PMC6049837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations in the cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II gene NT5C2 drive resistance to 6-mercaptopurine in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Here we demonstrate that constitutively active NT5C2 mutations K359Q and L375F reconfigure the catalytic center for substrate access and catalysis in the absence of allosteric activator. In contrast, most relapse-associated mutations, which involve the arm segment and residues along the surface of the inter-monomeric cavity, disrupt a built-in switch-off mechanism responsible for turning off NT5C2. In addition, we show that the C-terminal acidic tail lost in the Q523X mutation functions to restrain NT5C2 activation. These results uncover dynamic mechanisms of enzyme regulation targeted by chemotherapy resistance-driving NT5C2 mutations, with important implications for the development of NT5C2 inhibitor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Dieck
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gannie Tzoneva
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Farhad Forouhar
- Hervert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, 701 Fairchild Center, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zachary Carpenter
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | - Renate Kirschner-Schwabe
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Scott Lew
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, 701 Fairchild Center, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | | | - Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, 701 Fairchild Center, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Adolfo A Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, ICRC 402, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Gupta N, Lustig RH, Chao C, Vittinghoff E, Andrews H, Leu CS. Thiopurines are negatively associated with anthropometric parameters in pediatric Crohn's disease. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2036-2046. [PMID: 29760546 PMCID: PMC5949716 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i18.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the distribution of anthropometric parameter (AP)-z-scores and characterize associations between medications/serum biomarkers and AP-z-scores in pediatric Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS CD patients [< chronological age (CA) 21 years] were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Descriptive statistics were generated for participants' demographic characteristics and key variables of interest. Paired t-tests were used to compare AP-z-scores calculated based on CA (CA z-scores) and bone age (BA) (BA z-scores) for interpretation of AP's. Linear regression was utilized to examine associations between medications and serum biomarkers with AP-z-scores calculated based on CA (n = 82) and BA (n = 49). We reported regression coefficients as well as their corresponding p-values and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Mean CA at the time of the study visit was 15.3 ± 3.5 (SD; range = 4.8-20.7) years. Mean triceps skinfold (P = 0.039), subscapular skinfold (P = 0.002) and mid-arm circumference (MAC) (P = 0.001) BA z-scores were higher than corresponding CA z-scores. Medications were positively associated with subscapular skinfold [adalimumab (P = 0.018) and methotrexate (P = 0.027)] and BMI CA z-scores [adalimumab (P = 0.029)]. Azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine were negatively associated with MAC (P = 0.045), subscapular skinfold (P = 0.014), weight (P = 0.002) and BMI (P = 0.013) CA z-scores. ESR, CRP, and WBC count were negatively associated, while albumin and IGF-1 BA z-scores were positively associated, with specific AP z-scores (P < 0.05). Mean height CA z-scores were higher in females, not males, treated with infliximab (P = 0.038). Hemoglobin (P = 0.018) was positively associated, while platelets (P = 0.005), ESR (P = 0.003) and CRP (P = 0.039) were negatively associated with height CA z-scores in males, not females. CONCLUSION Our results suggest poor efficacy of thiopurines and a possible sex difference in statural growth response to infliximab in pediatric CD. Prospective longitudinal studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Gupta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, United States
| | - Robert H Lustig
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Cewin Chao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Services, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Eric Vittinghoff
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Howard Andrews
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Cheng-Shiun Leu
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States
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Gardner SG, Marshall DD, Daum RS, Powers R, Somerville GA. Metabolic Mitigation of Staphylococcus aureus Vancomycin Intermediate-Level Susceptibility. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e01608-17. [PMID: 29109158 PMCID: PMC5740343 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01608-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen whose infections are increasingly difficult to treat due to increased antibiotic resistance, including resistance to vancomycin. Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strains develop resistance to vancomycin through adaptive changes that are incompletely understood. Central to this adaptation are metabolic changes that permit growth in the presence of vancomycin. To define the metabolic changes associated with adaptive resistance to vancomycin in S. aureus, the metabolomes of a vancomycin-sensitive and VISA strain pair isolated from the same patient shortly after vancomycin therapy began and following vancomycin treatment failure were analyzed. The metabolic adaptations included increases in acetogenesis, carbon flow through the pentose phosphate pathway, wall teichoic acid and peptidoglycan precursor biosynthesis, purine biosynthesis, and decreased tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity. The significance of these metabolic pathways for vancomycin-intermediate susceptibility was determined by assessing the synergistic potential of human-use-approved inhibitors of these pathways in combination with vancomycin against VISA strains. Importantly, inhibitors of amino sugar and purine biosynthesis acted synergistically with vancomycin to kill a diverse set of VISA strains, suggesting that combinatorial therapy could augment the efficacy of vancomycin even in patients infected with VISA strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart G Gardner
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Darrell D Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Robert S Daum
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Powers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Greg A Somerville
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Pranzatelli MR, Tate ED, Allison TJ. 6-Mercaptopurine modifies cerebrospinal fluid T cell abnormalities in paediatric opsoclonus-myoclonus as steroid sparer. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 190:217-225. [PMID: 28710878 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), a known immunosuppressant, to normalize cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocyte frequencies in opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) and function as a steroid sparer. CSF and blood lymphocytes were immunophenotyped in 11 children with OMS (without CSF B cell expansion) using a comprehensive panel of cell surface adhesion, activation and maturation markers by flow cytometry, and referenced to 18 paediatric controls. Drug metabolites, lymphocyte counts and liver function tests were used clinically to monitoring therapeutic range and toxicity. In CSF, adjunctive oral 6-MP was associated with a 21% increase in the low percentage of CD4+ T cells in OMS, restoring the CD4/CD8 ratio. The percentage of CD4+ T cells that were interferon (IFN)-γ+ was reduced by 66%, shifting the cytokine balance away from T helper type 1 (Th1) (proinflammatory) predominance. The percentage of natural killer (NK) cells decreased significantly in CSF (-32%) and blood (-67 to -82%). Low blood absolute lymphocyte count was more predictive of improvement in CSF lymphocyte proportions (correlated with % CD4+ T cells) than the 6-thioguanine level (no correlation). 6-MP was difficult to titrate: 50% achieved the target absolute lymphocyte count (< 1·5 K/mm); 20%, the 'therapeutic' 6-thioguanine level; and 40% the non-toxic 6-methylmercaptopurine level. Side effects and transaminase elevation were mild and reversible. Clinical steroid-sparing properties and lowered relapse frequency were demonstrated. 6-MP displayed unique pharmacodynamic properties that may be useful in OMS and other autoimmune disorders. Its steroid sparer capacity is limited to children in whom the therapeutic window can be reached without limiting pharmacokinetic factors or side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Pranzatelli
- National Pediatric Neuroinflammation Organization, Inc., the National Pediatric Myoclonus Center, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - E D Tate
- National Pediatric Neuroinflammation Organization, Inc., the National Pediatric Myoclonus Center, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - T J Allison
- National Pediatric Neuroinflammation Organization, Inc., the National Pediatric Myoclonus Center, Orlando, FL, USA
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Skrzypczak-Zielinska M, Borun P, Bartkowiak-Kaczmarek A, Zakerska-Banaszak O, Walczak M, Dobrowolska A, Kurzawski M, Waszak M, Lipinski D, Plawski A, Slomski R. A Simple Method for TPMT and ITPA Genotyping Using Multiplex HRMA for Patients Treated with Thiopurine Drugs. Mol Diagn Ther 2016; 20:493-9. [PMID: 27307154 PMCID: PMC5021755 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-016-0217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) and inosine triphosphatase (ITPA) are crucial enzymes involved in the metabolism of thiopurine drugs: azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine, used in the treatment of leukemia or inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The activity in these enzymes correlates with the genetic polymorphism of the TPMT and ITPA genes, respectively, which determines an individual reaction and dosing of thiopurines. Three main TPMT alleles: TPMT*2 (c.238G>C), TPMT*3A (c.460G>A, c.719A>G) and TPMT*3C (c.719A>G) account for 80-95 % of inherited TPMT deficiency in different populations in the world. In the ITPA gene, a c.94C>A mutation is significantly associated with an adverse thiopurine reaction. The aim of this study was to develop a quick and highly sensitive method for determining major TPMT and ITPA alleles. Here we present the molecular test for genotyping c.238G>C, c.460G>A, c.719A>G and c.94C>A changes based on multiplex high resolution melting analysis (HRMA). We analyzed DNA samples from 100 clinically diagnosed IBD patients treated with thiopurine drugs, and a known genotype in the positions 238, 460 and 719 of the TPMT gene as well as in position 94 of the ITPA gene. Our results obtained with multiplex HRMA indicated 100 % accuracy in comparison with data from restriction fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) and standard DNA sequencing. We conclude, that multiplex HRMA can be used as a quick, sensitive and efficient alternative diagnostic method compared to conventional techniques for the determination of TPMT*2, TPMT*3A and TPMT*3C alleles and c.94C>A change in the ITPA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawel Borun
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszynska 32, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Bartkowiak-Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oliwia Zakerska-Banaszak
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszynska 32, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Walczak
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszynska 32, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dobrowolska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Human Nutrition and Internal Diseases, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kurzawski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Waszak
- Department of Functional Anatomy, University School of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Daniel Lipinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Plawski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszynska 32, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ryszard Slomski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszynska 32, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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21
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LaDuke KE, Ehling S, Cullen JM, Bäumer W. Effects of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine on canine primary hepatocytes. Am J Vet Res 2016; 76:649-55. [PMID: 26111096 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.7.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the cytotoxic effects of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine on canine hepatocytes. SAMPLE Commercially available cryopreserved canine primary hepatocytes. PROCEDURES The study consisted of 2 trials. In trial 1, hepatocytes were incubated with azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, or 6-thioguanine at 1 of 6 concentrations (0.468, 0.937, 1.875, 3.750, 7.500, or 15.000 μmol/L) for 24, 48, or 72 hours. At each time, cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were determined for each thiopurine-concentration combination, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was determined for cells incubated with each thiopurine at a concentration of 15 μmol/L. In trial 2, hepatocytes were incubated with azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, or 6-thioguanine at 1 of 3 concentrations (18.75, 37.50, or 75.00 μmol/L) for 24 hours, after which the free glutathione concentration was determined for each thiopurine-concentration combination and compared with that for hepatocytes incubated without a thiopurine (control). RESULTS Incubation of hepatocytes with each of the 3 thiopurines adversely affected cell viability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner; however, this decrease in cell viability was not accompanied by a concurrent increase in LDH or ALT activity. Likewise, free glutathione concentration for hepatocytes incubated for 24 hours with supratherapeutic thiopurine concentrations (> 18.75 μmol/L) did not differ significantly from that of control cells. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that thiopurines adversely affected the viability of canine hepatocytes in a time- and concentration-dependent manner but had a nonsignificant effect on the LDH and ALT activities and free glutathione depletion of those hepatocytes.
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22
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Broekman MMTJ, Roelofs HMJ, Wong DR, Kerstholt M, Leijten A, Hoentjen F, Peters WHM, Wanten GJA, de Jong DJ. Allopurinol and 5-aminosalicylic acid influence thiopurine-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro. Cell Biol Toxicol 2015; 31:161-71. [PMID: 25916701 PMCID: PMC4441745 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-015-9301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of thiopurines is frequently accompanied by hepatotoxicity. Studies on hepatocyte cultures showed a time- and dose-dependent increase of thiopurine toxicity. 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and allopurinol can influence thiopurine metabolism; however, it is unknown whether this affects in vitro cytotoxicity. METHODS Human hepatoma cells (Huh7, HepG2 and HepaRG) were incubated with increasing concentrations of thiopurines, 5-ASA or allopurinol. Water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 (WST-1) cytotoxicity assays were used to calculate cell survival curves and half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50). Combination experiments with thiopurines with a fixed dose of 200 μM 5-ASA or 100 μM allopurinol were conducted in HepaRG cells. Caspase-3/7 activation was evaluated, and single cell electrophoresis analysis was performed. RESULTS A time- and dose-related cytotoxic effect was seen with azathioprine (AZA) in all hepatoma cells, whereas Huh7 and HepG2 cells did not show toxicity to 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP). HepaRG cells expressed the highest levels of drug metabolising enzymes, and therefore, combination experiments were conducted in HepaRG cells. Addition of a non-toxic dose of allopurinol resulted in a twofold to threefold increased cytotoxicity of all thiopurines, which seemed to be mediated by apoptosis/DNA damage. CONCLUSION The addition of allopurinol to thiopurines leads to a two-threefold increased cytotoxicity in HepaRG cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M T J Broekman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 455, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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23
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Belousova AK, Gerasimova GK. Search for the biochemical parameters of tumor cell sensitivity and resistance to antimetabolites. Antibiot Chemother (1971) 2015; 28:48-52. [PMID: 7191237 DOI: 10.1159/000386059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of murine tumors sensitive and resistant to 6-theopurines and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was studied. A positive correlation between the tumor sensitivity to thiopurines, the level of hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase and the rates of the antimetabolite incorporation into RNA and DNA was shown. The sensitivity of tumors to 5-FU correlated with the rates of pyrimidine nucleosides and antimetabolite uptake and the time of retention of labeled 5-FU in RNA. The activites of orotate-phosphoribosyl transferase, uridine kinase, the degree of thymidylate synthetase inhibition of 5-FU and ratio of the de novo to salvage pathways of thymidylate biosynthesis are also important.
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24
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Prüfer J, Schuchardt M, Tölle M, Prüfer N, Höhne M, Zidek W, van der Giet M. Harmful effects of the azathioprine metabolite 6-mercaptopurine in vascular cells: induction of mineralization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101709. [PMID: 25029363 PMCID: PMC4100760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular mineralization contributes to the high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients who suffer from chronic kidney disease and in individuals who have undergone solid organ transplantation. The immunosuppressive regimen used to treat these patients appears to have an impact on vascular alterations. The effect of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) on vascular calcification has not yet been determined. This study investigates the effect of 6-MP on vascular mineralization by the induction of trans-differentiation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. 6-MP not only induces the expression of osteo-chondrocyte-like transcription factors and proteins but also activates alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity and produces calcium deposition in in vitro and ex vivo models. These processes are dependent on 6-MP-induced production of reactive oxygen species, intracellular activation of mitogen-activated kinases and phosphorylation of the transcription factor Cbfa1. Furthermore, the metabolic products of 6-MP, 6-thioguanine nucleotides and 6-methyl-thio-inosine monophosphate have major impacts on cellular calcification. These data provide evidence for a possible harmful effect of the immunosuppressive drug 6-MP in vascular diseases, such as arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Prüfer
- Charité – Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Charité Centrum 13, Department of Nephrology Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Fachbereich Biochemie, Chemie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam Schuchardt
- Charité – Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Charité Centrum 13, Department of Nephrology Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Tölle
- Charité – Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Charité Centrum 13, Department of Nephrology Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Prüfer
- Charité – Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Charité Centrum 13, Department of Nephrology Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Universitaet Potsdam, Department of Nutrition Science, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Walter Zidek
- Charité – Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Charité Centrum 13, Department of Nephrology Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus van der Giet
- Charité – Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Charité Centrum 13, Department of Nephrology Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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25
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Nafe LA, Dodam JR, Reinero CR. In-vitro immunosuppression of canine T-lymphocyte-specific proliferation with dexamethasone, cyclosporine, and the active metabolites of azathioprine and leflunomide in a flow-cytometric assay. Can J Vet Res 2014; 78:168-175. [PMID: 24982547 PMCID: PMC4068407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A high rate of mortality, expense, and complications of immunosuppressive therapy in dogs underscores the need for optimization of drug dosing. The purpose of this study was to determine, using a flow-cytometric assay, the 50% T-cell inhibitory concentration (IC50) of dexamethasone, cyclosporine, and the active metabolites of azathioprine (6-mercaptopurine) and leflunomide (A77 1726) in canine lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A). Whole blood was collected from 5 privately owned, healthy dogs of various ages, genders, and breeds. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, obtained by density-gradient separation, were cultured for 72 h with Con A, a fluorochrome-tagged cell proliferation dye, and various concentrations of dexamethasone (0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000, and 10 000 μM), cyclosporine (0.2, 2, 10, 20, 30, 40, 80, and 200 ng/mL), 6-mercaptopurine (0.5, 2.5, 50, 100, 250, and 500 μM), and A77 1726 (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 200 μM). After incubation, the lymphocytes were labeled with propidium iodide and an antibody against canine CD5, a pan T-cell surface marker. Flow cytometry determined the percentage of live, proliferating T-lymphocytes incubated with or without immunosuppressants. The mean (± standard error) IC50 was 3460 ± 1900 μM for dexamethasone, 15.8 ± 2.3 ng/mL for cyclosporine, 1.3 ± 0.4 μM for 6-mercaptopurine, and 55.6 ± 22.0 μM for A77 1722. Inhibition of T-cell proliferation by the 4 immunosuppressants was demonstrated in a concentration-dependent manner, with variability between the dogs. These results represent the initial steps to tailor this assay for individual immunosuppressant protocols for dogs with immune-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carol R. Reinero
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Carol Reinero; telephone: 573-882-7821; fax: 573-884-7563; e-mail:
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26
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Abstract
Historically genetics has not been considered when prescribing drugs for children. However, it is clear that genetics are not only an important determinant of disease in children but also of drug response for many important drugs that are core agents used in the therapy of common problems in children. Advances in therapy and in the ethical construct of children's research have made pharmacogenomic assessment for children much easier to pursue. It is likely that pharmacogenomics will become part of the therapeutic decision making process for children, notably in areas such as childhood cancer where the benefits and risks of therapy are considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rieder
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, Western University, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, Canada, N6C 2V5,
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27
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Liu Q, Zhu X, Xu L, Fu Y, Garvey WT. 6-Mercaptopurine augments glucose transport activity in skeletal muscle cells in part via a mechanism dependent upon orphan nuclear receptor NR4A3. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E1081-92. [PMID: 24022864 PMCID: PMC3840207 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00169.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purine anti-metabolite 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) is widely used for the treatment of leukemia and inflammatory diseases. The cellular effects of 6-MP on metabolism remain unknown; however, 6-MP was recently found to activate the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A3 in skeletal muscle cell lines. We have reported previously that NR4A3 (also known as NOR-1, MINOR) is a positive regulator of insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. To further explore the role of NR4A3 activation in insulin action, we explored whether 6-MP activation of NR4A3 could modulate glucose transport system activity in L6 skeletal muscle cells. We found that 6-MP increased both NR4A3 expression and NR4A3 transcriptional activity and enhanced glucose transport activity via increasing GLUT4 translocation in both basal and insulin-stimulated L6 cells in an NR4A3-dependent manner. Furthermore, 6-MP increased levels of phospho-AS160, although this effect was not modulated by NR4A3 overexpression or knockdown. These primary findings provide a novel proof of principle that 6-MP, a small molecule NR4A3 agonist, can augment glucose uptake in insulin target cells, although this occurs via both NR4A3-dependent and -independent actions; the latter is related to an increase in phospho-AS160. These results establish a novel target for development of new treatments for insulin resistance.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Animals
- Antimetabolites/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/drug effects
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- GTPase-Activating Proteins/metabolism
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative/metabolism
- Glucose Transporter Type 4/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Mercaptopurine/pharmacology
- Mice
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/drug effects
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- RNA/biosynthesis
- RNA/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/biosynthesis
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Rats
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Steroid/drug effects
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/physiology
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/drug effects
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/physiology
- Stimulation, Chemical
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglan Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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28
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Smith MA, Blaker P, Marinaki AM, Anderson SH, Irving PM, Sanderson JD. Optimising outcome on thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease by co-prescription of allopurinol. J Crohns Colitis 2012; 6:905-12. [PMID: 22386736 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Azathioprine and mercaptopurine remain first line immunomodulatory treatments for inflammatory bowel disease. Toxicity and non-response are significant issues. Co-prescription of allopurinol with reduced-dose (25-33%) azathioprine or mercaptopurine may overcome these problems. We present the outcome of co-prescription in a large single-centre cohort. METHOD Patients on thiopurine/allopurinol co-prescription were identified. Indication for and outcome on combination treatment were established. Blood parameters and metabolite results were compared on single agent and combination treatment. Toxicity associated with combination treatment was sought. RESULTS 110 patients on combination treatment were identified. Clinical remission was achieved in 60/79 (76%) of patients in whom the effect of thiopurine could be studied in isolation. 20/25 patients with hepatotoxicity tolerated combination treatment and normalised their liver function tests. 24/28 patients with atypical side effects tolerated co-therapy. 13/20 non-responders responded to combination treatment. In patients started on combination treatment as first line therapy, 15/23 achieved clinical remission. Thioguanine nucleotides were significantly higher and methylated metabolites significantly lower on combination therapy. Mean cell volume was higher and total white cell and neutrophil counts lower on combination treatment. 13 adverse events occurred, including 6 specific to co-therapy (3 rash, 2 abnormal liver function tests, 1 dosing error). All were minor and self-limiting. CONCLUSION This is the largest published experience of the use of allopurinol to optimise outcomes on thiopurine treatment. Combination therapy permitted successful treatment of a significant number of patients who would otherwise have been labelled as thiopurine failures. A few self-limiting side effects were encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Smith
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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29
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Jahan S, Ahmed S, Emanuel E, Fatima I, Ahmed H. Effect of an anti-thyroid drug, 2,8-Dimercapto-6-hydroxy purine on reproduction in male rats. Pak J Pharm Sci 2012; 25:401-406. [PMID: 22459469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This histomorphological study is designed to evaluate the peripheral action of 2,8-Dimercapto-6-hydroxypurine (an antithyroid drug) on male reproductive system. The drug was administered as i.p. injection for 21 days to investigate its role on morphology of intratesticular cells and plasma testosterone level. Adult male rats (n=12), divided into three groups i.e. control, dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and 2,8-Dimercapto-6-hydroxypurine treated groups and treated with saline, DMSO and 2,8-Dimercapto-6-hydroxypurine for 21 consecutive days respectively. Blood samples were collected at day 1, 7, 14 and 21 and analyzed by using EIA systems. All the animals were scarified on 22nd day and testicular tissues were studied by histomorphpological assesment. 2,8-Dimercapto-6-hydroxypurine caused a significant decrease (P<0.0001) in mean testicular cell population, testicular cell diameter and resulted in arrested spermatogenesis. A significant decrease (P<0.0001) was observed in mean Sertoli and Leydig cell population and diameter in treated group. Similarly a significant decrease was observed in plasma testosterone levels at days 1, 7 and 14 (P<0.05) and further decrease by day 21 (P<0.01) of drug treatment. The present study suggests that 2,8-Dimercapto-6-hydroxypurine is a negative modulator of reproductive system as it suppressed the plasma testosterone level and proliferation of different testicular cell types in adult male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwat Jahan
- Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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30
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Loit E, Tricco AC, Tsouros S, Sears M, Ansari MT, Booth RA. Pre-analytic and analytic sources of variations in thiopurine methyltransferase activity measurement in patients prescribed thiopurine-based drugs: A systematic review. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:751-7. [PMID: 21402061 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Low thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) enzyme activity is associated with increased thiopurine drug toxicity, particularly myelotoxicity. Pre-analytic and analytic variables for TPMT genotype and phenotype (enzyme activity) testing were reviewed. DESIGN AND METHODS A systematic literature review was performed, and diagnostic laboratories were surveyed. RESULTS Thirty-five studies reported relevant data for pre-analytic variables (patient age, gender, race, hematocrit, co-morbidity, co-administered drugs and specimen stability) and thirty-three for analytic variables (accuracy, reproducibility). TPMT is stable in blood when stored for up to 7 days at room temperature, and 3 months at -30°C. Pre-analytic patient variables do not affect TPMT activity. Fifteen drugs studied to date exerted no clinically significant effects in vivo. Enzymatic assay is the preferred technique. Radiochemical and HPLC techniques had intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) below 10%. CONCLUSION TPMT is a stable enzyme, and its assay is not affected by age, gender, race or co-morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Loit
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Chang CZ, Wu SC, Kwan AL, Lin CL, Hwang SL. 6-Mercaptopurine reverses experimental vasospasm and alleviates the production of endothelins in NO-independent mechanism-a laboratory study. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2011; 153:939-49. [PMID: 21170559 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-010-0865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increased endothelin-1 (ET-1) production and diminished nitric oxide synthase (NOS) bioavailability has been observed in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The authors previously found that 6-mercaptopurine (6-mp) is effective in preventing and reversing arterial narrowing in a rodent SAH model. This present study is of interest to examine the effect of 6-mp on ET-1/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in this animal model. METHODS A rodent double hemorrhage SAH model was employed. Animals were randomly assigned to six groups (sham, SAH only, vehicle, 0.5, 1.0 and 2 mg kg(-1) day(-1) 6-mp treatment). Monoclonal CD45 immunostaining was utilized to evaluate monocytes and microglia. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α(RT-PCR), and ET-1 (ELISA) was measured. The basilar arteries (BAs) were harvested and sliced, and their cross-sectional areas were determined. Radiolabeled NOS assay kit was applied to detect eNOS. RESULTS Morphologically, convolution of internal elastic lamina, endothelial cells distortion, and necrotic smooth muscle were prevalently present in the basilar artery of SAH groups, which was absent in the 1 and 2 mg kg(-1) day(-1) 6-mp plus SAH group or the healthy controls. Significant vasospasm was noted in the vehicle group (lumen patency, 54.6%, p ≤ 0.01 compared with the sham group), but it was less prominent in the 2 mg kg(-1) day(-1) 6-mp treatment group (lumen patency, 87.6%, p < 0.05). In addition, administration with 2 mg kg(-1) day(-1) 6-mp reduced cytokine levels by 11%, 47%, and 34% for IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, respectively, and increased ET-1 levels were found in all the animals subject to SAH (SAH only, SAH plus vehicle, SAH plus 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg(-1) day(-1) 6-mp) except in the 2 mg kg(-1) day(-1) 6-mp SAH group, when compared with the healthy controls (no SAH). Meanwhile, treatment with 6-mp did not induce the levels of expressed eNOS in BAs in the 6-mp groups (0.5, 1.0, and 2 mg kg(-1) day(-1) 6-mp plus SAH) when compared with that in the SAH groups (p > 0.1). CONCLUSION In summary, treatment with 6-mp decreased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and diminished experimental vasospasm. This study offered first evidence that 6-mp dose-dependently reduces the level of ET-1 in a NO-independent mechanism, which corresponds to its antivasospastic effect in the condition of chronic vasospasm.
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MESH Headings
- Aneurysm, Ruptured/pathology
- Aneurysm, Ruptured/physiopathology
- Animals
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Connective Tissue/drug effects
- Connective Tissue/pathology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Intracranial Aneurysm/pathology
- Intracranial Aneurysm/physiopathology
- Male
- Mercaptopurine/pharmacology
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Nitric Oxide/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/pathology
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/physiopathology
- Vasospasm, Intracranial/pathology
- Vasospasm, Intracranial/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Zen Chang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Prasad R, Singh UK, Mittal R, Mishra OP. Immunosuppressive therapy in children. J Indian Med Assoc 2011; 109:101-107. [PMID: 21888174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of auto-immune diseases is evolving and newer agents become available. This review will outline treatment options in children with auto-immune disorders. Treatment with current corticosteroids and azathioprine works in majority but issues of intolerance and incomplete response arise, which led to window of newer immunosuppressants including mycophenolate mofetil, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and various antibodies of human and animal origin. The newer agents have been studied in fewer numbers of children, so they are not first-line treatment yet but do have a clear role in patients with intolerance or incomplete response to standard therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajniti Prasad
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi 221005
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Piven' OA, Lukash LL. [Influence of exogeneous proteins on mutagenic process]. Tsitol Genet 2011; 45:68-79. [PMID: 21446161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mutagenic factors of biological origin by the example of carbohydrate-binding proteins are observed. An attempt of summarizing the existing data concerning participation of exogenous macromolecules in mutagenic process is made. The mechanisms of the influence of exogenous macromolecules on mutagenesis, proliferation, and surviving of mammalian cells are discussed.
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Chang CZ, Kwan AL, Howng SL. 6-Mercaptopurine exerts an immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effect on permanent focal cerebral occlusion in rats. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2010; 152:1383-90; discussion 1390. [PMID: 20464434 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-010-0608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A bursting cascade of inflammation imposes progressive neurological deterioration after experimental stroke has been demonstrated. In our study, 6-mercaptopurine (6-mp) has been successful in alleviating cerebral infarct in a rodent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model. The present study was aimed to examine the effect of 6-mp on cytokine levels in experimental stroke. METHODS The rodent pMCAO model was employed. A dose of 2 mg/kg 6-mp or vehicle (0.1 mol/L PBS) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min after the induction of pMCAO. Neurological score, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokines such as IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha and infarct volume were determined 48 h after pMCAO. RESULTS Cerebral infarction volume was significantly decreased in animals treated with 6-mp (74.3%, p < 0.01), and the ratio of tissue edema was also decreased in 6-mp-treated groups (71%). Animals receiving 6-mp thus showed a significant decrease in IL-1 and TNF-alpha (18/43% and 48/64% in CSF/serum, respectively) when compared with the pMCAO groups (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that 6-mp interposes the production of IL-1 and TNF-alpha in CSF and serum, attenuates ischemic brain injury, and thus alleviates neurological deficits in the pMCAO animals. These findings also offer first evidence that 6-mp may attenuate TNF-alpha-related neuron apoptosis and also support the notion that 6-mp and other anti-inflammatory agents could potentially have therapeutic uses in cases of cerebral infarct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Zen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Linton MF, Fazio S. 6-Mercaptopurine, monocytes, and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1494-6. [PMID: 20631345 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.208264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ma XL, Wang B, Guo HY, Zhang YH, Zhu GH, Duan YL, Yang J, Zhang DW, Jin L, Zhang R, Zhang L, Xie J, Wu MY. [Tolerability of 6-mercaptopurine in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2010; 48:289-292. [PMID: 20654019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) has been the backbone of maintenance chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the response to 6-MP is highly variable, adverse events leading to discontinuation or dose-reduction (children intolerant) of 6-MP occur in many children with ALL. The aim of this study was to investigate the tolerability of 6-MP and to optimize thiopurine use. METHODS The authors evaluated in a prospective manner the tolerance of 6-MP in ALL children from Oct. 1, 2004 to Sept. 30, 2007 who were newly diagnosed in Beijing Children's Hospital, using BCH-ALL-2003 protocols, during the maintenance therapy and followed up to Sept. 30, 2008. All children had a treatment period of at least 3 months for maintenance therapy. RESULTS Totally 133 children including 81 boys and 52 girls at median age of 67 months (18 - 188 months), 100% of the patients went into complete remission (CR) on day 33 of induction chemotherapy, and the median time to CR was 26 months (6 - 47 months). All the children had maintenance therapy from 3 to 25 months (mean 13.5 +/- 7.4) and 72(54%) received 6-MP standard doses continuously for total courses, the median daily dose of 6-MP was 46 mg/(m(2).d) 6-MP, their WBC was (3 - 4) x 10(9)/L, ANC (1.5 - 2) x 10(9)/L, they had no severe liver toxicity. In 4 children the dose of 6-MP was increased to 125% because WBC was higher than 6 x 10(9)/L, ANC higher than 3 x 10(9)/L. Sixty one children (46%) had poor tolerability to 6-MP, they experienced adverse events that led to discontinuation (n = 19) or dose reduction (n = 42) of 6-MP, the actual mean dose for the 42 cases was 25 - 30 mg/(m(2).d) and the time to occurrence of toxic effects was 2.5 weeks. Reasons for discontinuation or dose reduction were severe myelotoxicity occurred in 48 children, hepatotoxicity in 12, and skin rash in one. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of ALL children, the difference of tolerance to oral 6-MP was obvious, 54% of the children well tolerated 6-MP during the whole course at oral standard dose, and severe granulocytopenia did not occur. However, 46% developed severe granulopenia or hepatotoxicity, the dosage had to be reduced in order to decrease the probability of severe toxicity. It is suggested that standard dose of 6-MP is not always the maximum tolerant dose in some children and inadequate dose may be the cause of therapy failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-li Ma
- Hematology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
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Vannas S, Merenmies L. Effect of prednisolone and 6-mercaptopurine on corneal homograft reaction. Acta Ophthalmol 2009; 45:333-40. [PMID: 4860405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1967.tb06497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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FLOERSHEIM GL, ELSON LA. [Restoration of hematopoiesis following a lethal dose of dimethyl myleran by isologic bone marrow transplantation in mice. Experiments on modification of intolerance to homologous bone marrow by 6-mercaptopurine, aminochlorambucil and cortisone]. Acta Haematol 2009; 26:233-45. [PMID: 13893617 DOI: 10.1159/000206657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kudo M, Saito Y, Sasaki T, Akasaki H, Yamaguchi Y, Uehara M, Fujikawa K, Ishikawa M, Hirasawa N, Hiratsuka M. Genetic variations in the HGPRT, ITPA, IMPDH1, IMPDH2, and GMPS genes in Japanese individuals. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2009; 24:557-64. [PMID: 20045992 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.24.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thiopurines (such as azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine) are widely used for the treatment of patients suffering from malignancies, rheumatic disease, inflammatory bowel disease and solid organ transplant rejection. These drugs are activated and eliminated by a number of enzymes in the human body. This analyzes all the exons and exon-intron junctions of 5 enzyme genes (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, HGPRT; inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase, ITPA; inosine monophosphate dehydrogenases 1 and 2, IMPDH1 and IMPDH2 and guanosine monophosphate synthetase, GMPS) involved in the metabolism of thiopurine drugs. Twelve novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (HGPRT: IVS6-12C>A (frequency:0.003); ITPA: 569T>C (Phe189Phe, 0.003); IMPDH1: IVS8-15C>A (0.003), IVS9+227A>G (0.003), IVS17+115C>T (0.003), and 930C>T (Thr310Thr, 0.005); IMPDH2: IVS1+50G>T (0.003), IVS2+15G>A (0.010), IVS3-20G>A (0.003), 609C>T (Arg203Arg, 0.003), and 1534C>T (Arg512Trp, 0.003); and GMPS: 1563T>C (Gly521Gly, 0.003)) and 7 known SNPs (ITPA: 94C>A (Pro32Thr, 0.005), 138G>A (Gln46Gln, 0.586), and 563G>A (Glu187Glu, 0.433); IMPDH1: 987G>C (Leu329Leu, 0.113) and 1575A>G (Ala525Ala, 0.620) and GMPS: IVS5-7T>C (0.153), 993A>G (Thr331Thr, 0.153)) were identified in 200 Japanese subjects. These data should provide useful information for thiopurine therapy in the Japanese and as well as other Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Kudo
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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Eisenthal A, Eytan K, Brazowski E, Katz BZ, Shirazi I, Skornick Y. Effects of 5-fluorouracil on human mitogen-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy individuals. Anticancer Res 2008; 28:3785-3791. [PMID: 19189665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on activated lymphocytes was explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in vitro effects of 5-FU on DNA synthesis in mitogen-activated lymphocytes from healthy volunteers were compared to those of the antimetabolites doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and 6-mercaptopurine. These effects were assessed by alterations in the phenotypic profile and the percentage of cells in various phases of the cell cycle, as well as by the secretion of T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cytokines (ELISA). RESULTS Unlike 5-FU, the other antimetabolites failed to augment DNA synthesis in activated lymphocytes. The effect of 5-FU correlated with an increase in the percentage of cells in the S-phase and caused an increased in CD4+ cells, a decrease in CD56+ cells and a shift of the cytokine secretion pattern from Th2 to Th1. CONCLUSION 5-FU exhibited a unique effect on DNA synthesis in activated lymphocytes which was accompanied by selective effects on various lymphocyte subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Eisenthal
- Department of Pathology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Abstract
The thiopurine drugs-azathioprine (AZA), 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), and thioguanine-are widely used to treat malignancies, rheumatic diseases, dermatologic conditions, inflammatory bowel disease, and solid organ transplant rejection. However, thiopurine drugs have a relatively narrow therapeutic index and are capable of causing life-threatening toxicity, most often myelosuppression. Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT; EC 2.1.1.67), an enzyme that catalyzes S-methylation of these drugs, exhibits a genetic polymorphism in 10% of Caucasians, with 1/300 individuals having complete deficiency. Patients with intermediate or deficient TPMT activity are at risk for excessive toxicity after receiving standard doses of thiopurine medications. This report reviews the recent advances in the knowledge of the mechanism of action as well as the molecular basis and interethnic variations of TPMT and inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPase; EC 3.6.1.19), another enzyme implicated in thiopurine toxicity. In addition, an update on pharmacokinetics, metabolism, drug-drug interactions, safety, and tolerability of thiopurine drugs is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikumar Sahasranaman
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA
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Abstract
Trophoblast cells from placental explants differentiate in culture to extravillous trophoblast cells (EVT cells). During trophoblast differentiation heat-shock-protein-27 (HSP27) mRNA and multidrug-resistance-protein-5 (MRP5, transporter of cyclic nucleotides) expression are increased. HSP27 is a regulator of actin filaments structure and dynamic, has a role in cell differentiation and may affect NF-kB activity. In this study we aimed to assess HSP27 level in trophoblast cells and its correlation with motility and differentiation related processes [MMPs activity, nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), proliferation and MRP5 levels]. We evaluated HSP27 expression in a first trimester human trophoblast explants model designed to assess EVT cells differentiation/migration with/without 6-mercaptopurine (6MP, an EVT inhibitor of migration). We found that HSP27 level is expressed in the nucleous and cytoplasm of non-proliferting villous-trophoblast cells (negative for Ki67) and in the cell periphery and cytoplasm of motile EVT cells. Moreover, 6MP decreased HSP27 nucleous expression that was associated with inhibited MMP2 activity and NO production. Also decreased iNOS expression and increased MRP5 mRNA levels were observed. In conclusion, HSP27 expression is modulated in concordance with migration dependent parameters in trophoblast cells.
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Abstract
Genetic defects in purine metabolism are associated with severe immunodeficiency. Adenosine deaminase deficiency impairs the function of both B- and T-lymphocytes whereas in purine nucleoside (inosine) phosphorylase deficiency there is more severe impairment of T-lymphocyte functions than of B-lymphocyte functions. The relative unimportance of the salvage pathway catalysed by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase is shown by the normal responses of T-lymphocytes from patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome to antigenic and mitogenic stimulation. A mild deficiency of B-lymphocyte function is found in these patients. Agents inhibiting the de novo pathway of purine synthesis, including azaserine, 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine in low doses, block the responses of normal human lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulation. These observations emphasize the importance of the de novo pathway of purine synthesis in lymphocyte responses to antigenic and mitogenic stimulation. There is considerable heterogeneity in the amount of labelled uridine incorporated into human and rat lymphocytes. This does not appear to reflect only a difference between T- and B-lymphocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bressler
- Correspondence: Dr Brian Bressler, Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, 770-1190 Hornby Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6Z 2K5. Telephone 604-68-6332, fax 604-689-2004, e-mail
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Peng XX, Shi Z, Damaraju VL, Huang XC, Kruh GD, Wu HC, Zhou Y, Tiwari A, Fu L, Cass CE, Chen ZS. Up-regulation of MRP4 and down-regulation of influx transporters in human leukemic cells with acquired resistance to 6-mercaptopurine. Leuk Res 2007; 32:799-809. [PMID: 17996297 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism of cellular resistance to 6-MP, we established a 6-MP resistant cell line (CEM-MP5) by stepwise selection of the human T-lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (CEM). CEM-MP5 cells were about 100-fold resistant to 6-MP compared with parental CEM cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated that multidrug resistant protein 4 (MRP4) was increased in CEM-MP5 cells, whereas the levels of the nucleoside transporters hENT1, hCNT2 and hCNT3 were decreased compared with those of parental CEM cells. Consistent with the operation of an efflux pump, accumulation of [14C]6-MP and/or its metabolites was reduced, and ATP-dependent efflux was increased in CEM-MP5 cells. Taken together these results showed that up-regulation of MRP4 and down-regulation of influx transporters played a major role in 6-MP resistance of CEM-MP5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xiang Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY 11439, United States
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Haglund S, Taipalensuu J, Peterson C, Almer S. IMPDH activity in thiopurine-treated patients with inflammatory bowel disease - relation to TPMT activity and metabolite concentrations. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 65:69-77. [PMID: 17662091 PMCID: PMC2291267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine are steroid-sparing drugs used in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The polymorphic enzyme thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) is of importance for thiopurine metabolism and occurrence of adverse events. The role of other thiopurine-metabolizing enzymes is less well known. This study investigated the role of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), which is a key enzyme in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides and also strategically positioned in the metabolic pathway of thiopurines. METHODS IMPDH was measured in 100 healthy blood donors. IMPDH, TPMT and metabolite concentrations were studied in 50 patients with IBD on stable thiopurine therapy. IMPDH activity was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. TPMT activity, 6-methylthioinosine 5'-monophosphate (meTIMP) and 6-thioguanine nucleotide (6-TGN) concentrations were measured in red blood cells, which is the current practice in clinical monitoring of thiopurines. Enzyme activities were related to metabolite concentrations and clinical characteristics. RESULTS A wide range of IMPDH activity was observed both in healthy blood donors (median 13.1, range 4.7-24.2 nmol mg(-1) protein h(-1)) and IBD patients (median 14.0, range 7.0-21.7). There was a negative correlation between IMPDH activity and dose-normalized meTIMP concentrations (r(s) = -0.31, P = 0.03), but no evident correlation to 6-TGN concentration or the meTIMP/6-TGN ratio. There were no significant correlations between TPMT activity and metabolite concentrations. CONCLUSION Even though the meTIMP concentrations correlated inversely to the IMPDH activity, the role of IMPDH in balancing the formation of methylated and phosphorylated metabolites was not evident. Taken together, the results give cause to question established opinions about thiopurine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Haglund
- Research and Development in Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Ryhov Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
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Lin TL, Vala MS, Barber JP, Karp JE, Smith BD, Matsui W, Jones RJ. Induction of acute lymphocytic leukemia differentiation by maintenance therapy. Leukemia 2007; 21:1915-20. [PMID: 17611566 PMCID: PMC2643128 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive study in many malignancies, maintenance therapy has clinically benefited only two diseases: acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). ALL maintenance therapy utilizes low-dose 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) and methotrexate (MTX), while maintenance in APL primarily consists of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). 6MP and MTX as used in ALL are also now usually added to maintenance ATRA for APL, based on data suggesting an improved disease-free survival. Although the mechanism of action of MTX and 6MP as maintenance is unknown, low-dose cytotoxic agents are potent inducers of differentiation in vitro. Thus, we studied whether maintenance therapy in ALL, like ATRA in APL, may be inducing terminal differentiation of ALL progenitors. The APL cell line NB4, the ALL cell lines REH and RS4;11, and patients' ALL blasts were incubated with ATRA, 6MP, and MTX in vitro. All three drugs inhibited the clonogenic growth of the APL and ALL cell lines without inducing immediate apoptosis, but associated with induction of phenotypic differentiation. The three drugs similarly upregulated lymphoid antigen expression, while decreasing CD34 expression, on patients' ALL blasts. These data suggest that induction of leukemia progenitor differentiation plays an important role in the mechanism of action of maintenance therapy in ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Lin
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kalra S, Jena G, Tikoo K, Mukhopadhyay AK. Preferential inhibition of xanthine oxidase by 2-amino-6-hydroxy-8-mercaptopurine and 2-amino-6-purine thiol. BMC Biochem 2007; 8:8. [PMID: 17511860 PMCID: PMC1885804 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background The anticancer drug, 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) is subjected to metabolic clearance through xanthine oxidase (XOD) mediated hydroxylation, producing 6-thiouric acid (6TUA), which is excreted in urine. This reduces the effective amount of drug available for therapeutic efficacy. Co-administration of allopurinol, a suicide inhibitor of XOD, which blocks the hydroxylation of 6MP inadvertently enhances the 6MP blood level, counters this reduction. However, allopurinol also blocks the hydroxylation of hypoxanthine, xanthine (released from dead cancer cells) leading to their accumulation in the body causing biochemical complications such as xanthine nephropathy. This necessitates the use of a preferential XOD inhibitor that selectively inhibits 6MP transformation, but leaves xanthine metabolism unaffected. Results Here, we have characterized two such unique inhibitors namely, 2-amino-6-hydroxy-8-mercaptopurine (AHMP) and 2-amino-6-purinethiol (APT) on the basis of IC50 values, residual activity in bi-substrate simulative reaction and the kinetic parameters like Km, Ki, kcat. The IC50 values of AHMP for xanthine and 6MP as substrate are 17.71 ± 0.29 μM and 0.54 ± 0.01 μM, respectively and the IC50 values of APT for xanthine and 6MP as substrates are 16.38 ± 0.21 μM and 2.57 ± 0.08 μM, respectively. The Ki values of XOD using AHMP as inhibitor with xanthine and 6MP as substrate are 5.78 ± 0.48 μM and 0.96 ± 0.01 μM, respectively. The Ki values of XOD using APT as inhibitor with xanthine and 6MP as substrate are 6.61 ± 0.28 μM and 1.30 ± 0.09 μM. The corresponding Km values of XOD using xanthine and 6MP as substrate are 2.65 ± 0.02 μM and 6.01 ± 0.03 μM, respectively. The results suggest that the efficiency of substrate binding to XOD and its subsequent catalytic hydroxylation is much superior for xanthine in comparison to 6MP. In addition, the efficiency of the inhibitor binding to XOD is much more superior when 6MP is the substrate instead of xanthine. We further undertook the toxicological evaluation of these inhibitors in a single dose acute toxicity study in mice and our preliminary experimental results suggested that the inhibitors were equally non-toxic in the tested doses. Conclusion We conclude that administration of either APT or AHMP along with the major anti-leukemic drug 6MP might serve as a good combination cancer chemotherapy regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukirti Kalra
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, Phase X, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, Punjab,160062 India
| | - Gopabandhu Jena
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, Phase X, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062 India
| | - Kulbhushan Tikoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, Phase X, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062 India
| | - Anup Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, Phase X, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062 India
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