Investigation of the Mechanism of Action of Periploca forrestii Schltr. Extract on Adjuvant Collagen Rats Based on UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS Non-Targeted Lipidomics

Periploca forrestii Schltr. (P. forrestii) is a classical medicinal plant and is commonly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, soft tissue injuries, and traumatic injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-arthritic effects of three fractions of P. forrestii alcoholic extracts (PAE), P. forrestii water extracts (PWE), and total flavonoids from P. forrestii (PTF) on Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritis in rats, and to use a non-targeted lipidomic method to investigate the mechanism of action of the three fractions of P. forrestii in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. To assess the effectiveness of anti-rheumatoid arthritis, various indicators were measured, including joint swelling, histopathological changes in the joints, serum cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6)), and the joint inflammatory substance prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Finally, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS) was used to determine the non-targeted lipid histology of the collected rat serum and urine samples to investigate the possible mechanism of action. PWE, PAE, and PTF were all effective in treating FCA-induced rheumatoid arthritis. The administered groups all reduced joint swelling and lowered serum inflammatory factor levels in rats. In the screening of lipid metabolite differences between serum and urine of the rat model group and the normal group, a total of 52 different metabolites were screened, and the levels of lipid metabolites in PWE, PAE, and PTF were significantly higher than those in the normal group after administration. In addition, PWE, PAE, and PTF may have significant therapeutic effects on FCA-induced arthritis by modulating nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and histidine metabolic pathways.

β-cyclodextrin microencapsulation enhanced antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic properties of Tunisian Periploca angustifolia roots condensed tannins in rats

This study aimed to investigate the microencapsulation of novel condensed tannins isolated from Periploca angustifolia roots, using β-cyclodextrin macrocyclic oligosaccharides, in order to enhance their antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic potentials. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results revealed that tannin fraction was successfully included into β-cyclodextrin cavities proved with an encapsulation efficacy of 70%. Our in vitro findings highlighted that both pure and encapsulated tannins have efficient inhibition capacities of pancreatic lipase activity. However, the inclusion complex has the greatest, in vivo, antioxidant, and antihyperlipidemic effects. In fact, results showed that complexed tannins had markedly restored serum lipid biomarkers, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl oxidation, and antioxidant enzyme defense. These findings were additionally confirmed by aortic and myocardial muscle sections of histological examination. Consequently, β-cyclodextrin microencapsulation may be considered as an effective and promising technique for tannin delivery with improved antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities.

Label-free quantitative proteomics analysis of Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr. leaves treated by an odor compound of Periploca sepium Bunge

The odor compound from Periploca sepium Bunge, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde (HMB), is an allelochemical agent and is one of the least investigated isomers of vanillin. In this study, we used label-free quantitative proteomics analysis technology to investigate the effect of HMB on the protein expression of Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr. leaves in July 2019 on Guiyang. A total of 269 proteins of 624 identified proteins were differentially expressed, among which 21.18% of the proteins were up-regulated and 32.71% down-regulated. These proteins were classified into 11 cell components and more than 20% of differentially expressed proteins were located in cell membrane and chloroplast. Functional classification analysis showed that 12 molecular functions were altered upon HMB treatment, and the ratio of catalytic activity was the highest (19.53%). At least 12 biological functions were affected, which involved small molecule metabolic processes, organic substance metabolic processes, gene expression, and photosynthesis. Our data provide resources and insights into the biochemical mechanism by which HMB kills weeds.

A review on traditional usages, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of periploca forrestii schltr

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Periploca forrestii Schltr. was listed as a classical medicinal plant in "Miao medicine", which is a branch of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). According to the theory of TCM, P. forrestii has the efficacy of relaxing tendons and activating collaterals, and dispelling wind and eliminating dampness. Hence, it was often used for the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis and traumatic injury in clinical practice.

AIMS OF THE REVIEW

This review aims to present comprehensive information for the research progress of P. forrestii. The researches on botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of the plant are summarized. We mainly focus on the phytochemical and pharmacological investigations. As a representative class of phytochemicals in P. forrestii, more attention is paid to cardiac glycosides. The insights into potential action of mechanisms and possible future studies on P. forrestii are also discussed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Relevant literature was acquired from scientific databases including Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scifinder, Baidu Scholar, PubMed and Chinese national knowledge infrastructure. Monographs and Chinese pharmacopoeia were also utilized as references.

RESULTS

To date, all kinds of phytochemical constituents have been isolated and identified from this plant including cardiac glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, quinones, organic phenolic acids and others. Among these, cardiac glycosides were considered as the major ingredients and bioactive materials. Modern pharmacological studies demonstrated that the plant possessed extensive bioactivity, such as anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, immunosuppressive action, wound healing activity, antioxidant, anti-tumor and, cardiotonic properties.

CONCLUSIONS

As an important medicinal plant, lots of studies have proved that P. forrestii has significant therapeutical effects, especially on rheumatoid arthritis and traumatic injury. These results provide modern scientific evidence for traditional use and contribute to the development of novel remedies for chronic diseases. However, the exact mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. Furthermore, the long-term in vivo toxicity and clinical efficacy also require in-depth exploration in the future.

Discovery of potential Q-marker of traditional Chinese medicine based on plant metabolomics and network pharmacology: Periplocae Cortex as an example

BACKGROUND

Quality control exerted great importance on the clinical application of drugs for ensuring effectiveness and safety. Due to chemical complexity, diversity among different producing areas and harvest seasons, as well as unintentionally mixed with non-medicinal parts, the current quality standards of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) still faced challenges in evaluating the overall chemical consistency.

PURPOSE

We aimed to develop a new strategy to discover potential quality marker (Q-marker) of TCM by integrating plant metabolomics and network pharmacology, using Periplocae Cortex (GP, the dried root bark of Periploca sepium Bge.) as an example.

METHODS

First, plant metabolomics analysis was performed by UPLC/Q-TOF MS in 89 batches of samples to discover chemical markers to distinguish medicinal parts (GP) and non-medicinal parts (the dried stem bark of Periploca sepium Bge. (JP)), harvest seasons and producing region of Periplocae Cortex. Second, network pharmacology was applied to explore the initial linkages among chemical constituents, targets and diseases. Last, potential Q-marker were selected by integrating analysis of plant metabolomics and network pharmacology, and the quantification method of Q-marker was developed by using UPLC-TQ-MS.

RESULTS

The chemical profiling of GP and JP was investigated. Fifteen distinguishing features were designated as core chemical markers to distinguish GP and JP. Besides, the content of 4-methoxybenzaldehyde-2-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranoside could be used to identify Periplocae Cortex harvested in spring-autumn or summer. Meanwhile, a total of 15 components targeted rheumatoid arthritis were screened out based on network pharmacology. Taking absorbed constituents into consideration, 23 constituents were selected as potential Q-marker. A simultaneous quantification method (together with 11 semi-quantitative analysis) was developed and applied to the analysis of 20 batches of commercial Periplocae Cortex on the market. The PLS-DA model was successfully developed to distinguish GP and JP samples. In addition, the artificially mixed GP sample, which contained no less than 10% of the adulterant (JP), could also be correctly identified.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicated that 9 ingredients could be considered as Q-marker of Periplocae Cortex. This study has also demonstrated that the plant metabolomics and network pharmacology could be used as an effective approach for discovering Q-marker of TCM to fulfill the evaluation of overall chemical consistency among samples from different producing areas, harvest seasons, and even those commercial crude drugs, which might be mixed with a small amount of non-medicinal parts.

Phytochemicals of Periploca aphylla Dcne. ameliorated streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rat

BACKGROUND

Periploca aphylla is used by local population and indigenous medicine practitioners as stomachic, tonic, antitumor, antiulcer, and for treatment of inflammatory disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate antidiabetic effect of the extract of P. aphylla and to investigate antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

METHODS

The present research was conducted to evaluate the antihyperglycemic potential of methanol extract of P. aphylla (PAM) and subfractions n-hexane (PAH), chloroform (PAC), ethyl acetate (PAE), n-butanol (PAB), and aqueous (PAA) in glucose-overloaded hyperglycemic Sprague-Dawley rats. Based on the efficacy, PAB (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) was tested for its antidiabetic activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced via intraperitoneal injection of STZ (55 mg/kg) in rat. Blood glucose values were taken weekly. HPLC-DAD analysis of PAB was carried out for the presence of various polyphenols.

RESULTS

HPLC-DAD analysis of PAB recorded the presence of rutin, catechin, caffeic acid, and myricetin. Oral administration of PAB at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 21 days significantly restored (P < 0.01) body weight (%) and relative liver and relative kidney weight of diabetic rats. Diabetic control rats showed significant elevation (P < 0.01) of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, creatinine, total bilirubin, and BUN while reduced (P < 0.01) level of glucose, total protein, albumin, insulin, and HDL in serum. Count of blood cells and hematological parameters were altered in diabetic rats. Further, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and total soluble protein concentration decreased while concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and percent DNA damages increased (P < 0.01) in liver and renal tissues of diabetic rats. Histopathological damage scores increased in liver and kidney tissues of diabetic rats. Intake of PAB (400 mg/kg) resulted in significant improvement (P < 0.01) of above parameters, and results were comparable to that of standard drug glibenclamide.

CONCLUSION

The result suggests the antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of PAB treatment in STZ-compelled diabetic rat. PAB might be used as new therapeutic agent in diabetic patients to manage diabetes and decrease the complications.

Anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of pregnane glycosides from the root bark of Periploca sepium Bunge

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Periploca sepium Bunge (P. sepium) is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. Periploca sepium periplosides (PePs), isolated from the root bark of P. sepium, characterized as the cardiac glycosides-free pregnane glycosides fraction, is expected to possess therapeutic potential on inflammatory arthritis.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The current study is designed to evaluate the anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities effects of the PePs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The anti-nociceptive activity of PePs was examined in the writhing test and hot-plate test in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity of PePs was determined by the 2, 4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced ear edema model and the carrageenan induced paw edema model in mice. The anti-arthritic activity of PePs was investigated by evaluating the joint inflammation and arthritis pathology in rat adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA) and murine collagen induced arthritis (CIA). Phytohaemagglutinin M (PHA-M) -elicited human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were further applied to assess the suppressive activity of PePs on IFN-γ and IL-17 production.

RESULTS

PePs treatment markedly decreased the acetic acid-induced visceral nociceptive response and increased the hot-plate pain threshold. Further, oral administration of PePs exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing DNFB-induced ear edema in mice and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. Moreover, oral treatment of PePs ameliorated joint swelling and attenuated bone erosion in rodent arthritis, and the therapeutic benefits were partially attributed to the suppression of proinflammatory cytokines such IFN-γ and IL-17. Moreover, PePs suppressed the proliferation as well as IFN-γ and IL-17 secretion in PHA-M-elicited human PBMCs in a concentration dependent manner.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, our results justified the traditional use of Periploca sepium Bunge for the treatment of diseases associated with inflammation and pain.

Correlation between Quality and Geographical Origins of Cortex Periplocae, Based on the Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Chemical Markers Combined with Chemical Pattern Recognition

Quality assessment of Cortex Periplocae remains a challenge, due to its complex chemical profile. This study aims to investigate the chemical components of Cortex Periplocae, including its non-volatile and volatile constituents, via liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) assays. The established strategy manifested that Cortex Periplocae from different producing areas was determined by identifying 27 chemical markers with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with quadrupole tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS), including four main groups of cardiac glycosides, organic acids, aldehydes, and oligosaccharides. These groups' variable importance in the projection (VIP) were greater than 1. Simultaneously, the samples were divided into four categories, combined with multivariate statistical analysis. In addition, in order to further understand the difference in the content of samples from different producing areas, nine chemical markers of Cortex Periplocae from 14 different producing areas were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), and results indicated that the main effective constituents of Cortex Periplocae varied with places of origin. Furthermore, in GC-MS analysis, samples were divided into three groups with multivariate statistical analysis; in addition, 22 differential components whose VIP were greater than 1 were identified, which were principally volatile oils and fatty acids. Finally, the relative contents of seven main volatile constituents were obtained, which varied extremely with the producing areas. The results showed that the LC-MS/MS and GC-MS assays, combined with multivariate statistical analysis for Cortex Periplocae, provided a comprehensive and effective means for its quality evaluation.

Genus Periploca (Apocynaceae): A Review of Its Classification, Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Toxicology

The genus Periploca belongs to the family Apocynaceae, which is composed of approximately ten species of plants according to incomplete statistics. Most of these plants serve as folk medicines with a long history, especially Periploca sepium and Periploca forrestii. The botanical classifications, chemical constituents, biological activities and toxicities of the genus Periploca were summarized in the literature from 1897 to early 2019. Though the botanical classification of this genus is controversial, these species are well-known to be rich sources of diverse and complex natural products-above all, cardiac steroids and C₂₁ pregnane steroids with special structures and obvious pharmacological activities. The various crude extracts and 314 isolated metabolites from this genus have attracted much attention in intensive biological studies, indicating that they are equipped with cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant, insecticidal and other properties. It is noteworthy that some cardiac glycosides showed hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity at certain doses. Therefore, in view of the medical and agricultural value of the genus Periploca, in-depth investigations of the pharmacology in vivo, the mechanisms of biological actions, and the pharmacokinetics of the active ingredients should be carried out in the future. Moreover, in order to ensure the safety of clinical medication, the potential toxicities of cardiac glycosides or other compounds should also be paid attention. This systematic review provides an important reference base for applied research on pharmaceuticals and pesticides from this genus.

GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds present in medicinally important Periploca hydaspidis

The present study investigates the pharmaceutically bioactive compounds in Methanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracted samples from the root of Periploca hydaspidis through Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy analysis. The mass spectrum obtained was compared with the data base of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) which contains more than 62000 patterns of the mass spectrum. During matching with NIST library the match factor greater than 700 was considered only for better and pure results. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various important compounds in the extracts like Lupeol, Furanol, Decanal, Decanoic acid, Dioxane and Oxirane. Besides these compounds the analysis also revealed the presence of antibiotics, fatty acids and protein.

Bioinspired synthesis and characterization of gold nano-particles from medicinally important Periploca hydaspidis and their in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity

This research investigates the synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles from Periploca hydaspidis and their antimicrobial and anti oxidant activity. The synthesis of AuNPs was confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer and structure by a high resolution atomic force microscope. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy was used to study the crystallite size and different functional groups. DPPH radical scavenging activity and disc diffusion protocol was applied for the determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. A ratio of 1:8 of 1mM AuCl₃ solutions with plant boiled extract used for synthesis of gold nano-particles. The formation of the gold nano-particles was determined by the color change from yellow to dark purple which were confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Gold nano-particles were stable between 24°C and 39°C, mM concentration of the salt and neutral pH. The groups responsible for the synthesis of gold nano-paricles were Alkenes and aliphatic amines. The AuNP were cubic in nature and the nanocrystallite size was 6.99nm. Gold nano-particles revealed good antioxidant activity and controlled the growth of K. pnemoniae, E. coli, X. compestris, C. albicans and P. chrysogenum.

Periplocin, the most anti-proliferative constituent of Periploca sepium, specifically kills liposarcoma cells by death receptor mediated apoptosis

BACKGROUND

During a screening of Chinese plants traditionally used for the treatment of cancer and related diseases, extracts of the root bark of Periploca sepium Bunge showed strong cytotoxic activity.

PURPOSE

Isolate and identify cytotoxic compounds from P. sepium and investigate the effects and mechanism of action on different cancer cell lines.

METHODS

Extracts obtained with solvents of different polarities of the root bark of P. sepium were tested for their anti-proliferative effects. The most active extract was subjected to activity-guided fractionation using different chromatographic methods. The most active compound was further investigated on sarcoma cell lines regarding its effects concerning apoptosis, DNA damage and death receptor expression.

RESULTS

We isolated the cardiac glycosides periplocin, glucosyl divostroside, periplogenin, periplocymarin and periplocoside M with periplocin exhibiting the lowest IC₅₀ value against leukemia and liposarcoma cells. Liposarcomas are rare tumors within the heterogeneous group of soft tissue sarcomas and respond poorly to conventional treatments. Periplocin led to growth inhibition and apoptosis induction by changing the expression of death receptors and inducing DNA double strand breaks in SW-872 cells.

CONCLUSION

Periplocin displays a promising mechanism of action in sarcoma cells because altering the death receptor expression is an interesting target in sarcoma treatment especially to overcome TRAIL resistance.

In Vivo and In Vitro Anti-Arthritic Effects of Cardenolide-Rich and Caffeoylquinic Acid-Rich Fractions of Periploca forrestii

Periploca forrestii Schltr. (P. forrestii) is a species used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) known as “Miao medicine”, and has a long history of use in the treatment of rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and joint pain. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-arthritis effects of the cardenolide-rich and caffeoylquinic acid-rich fractions (CDLFs and CQAFs) of P. forrestii in collagen-induced arthritic (CIA) rats, and defined the mechanisms of therapeutic action in MH7A cells treated with TNF-α. Serum rheumatoid factor (RF), TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, PGE₂, NO, SOD, and MDA were determined by ELISA or other commercially assay kits. Histopathological changes in ankle joint tissues were examined. The mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS in MH7A cells were measured by qRT-PCR assays. In addition, the expressions of iNOS, COX-2, and p65 proteins, and the phosphorylation of IκBα, p38, ERK_1/2, and JNK proteins in MH7A cells were analyzed by Western blot. The results showed that CDLF and CQAF could suppress the paw swelling in CIA rats at different doses (125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg). Histopathological examination suggests that the CDLF and CQAF significantly relieved the damage of the structure of the ankle joint in CIA rats. In addition, serum RF, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, PGE₂, NO, and MDA were decreased, along with increased activity of serum SOD. Furthermore, CDLF and CQAF downregulated the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, iNOS, and p65, and inhibited the phosphorylation of IκBα, p38, ERK_1/2, and JNK in MH7A cells treated with TNF-α. These findings demonstrated that both CDLF and CQAF exhibited anti-arthritic activity, which might be associated with their inhibitory effects on the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.

Green synthesis and characterization of silver nano-particles from pharmaceutically important Periploca hydaspidis and their biological activity

The present study describes the synthesis, characterization of nano-particles from Periploca hyaspidis and their in vitro biological activity. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer and structure by atomic force microscope. The crystallite size and different functional groups was determined by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. Anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activity was carried out by disc diffusion and DPPH radical scavenging protocol respectively. Silver nano-particles (AgNPs) were synthesized by mixing 1mM AgNO3 solutions with plant boiled extract in 1:9. The color change from yellow to dark brown indicated the synthesis of the nano-particles. The AgNPs were more stable at 25°C to 45°C, 1mM concentration of the salt and neutral to slightly basic pH. The results revealed that aromatic amines were responsible for the synthesis of AgNPs. The crystallite size was 7.50 nm, cubic and in nanorgime. AgNPs showed good anti-oxidant activity and was effective against K. pnemoniae, E. coli, X. compestris, C. albicans and P. chrysogenum.

Phenolic compounds analysis, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects of Periploca angustifolia extract on cadmium-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cell line and rats

A total of five components (Catechin, Caffeic acid, Ferulic acid, Rosmarinic acid, and Amentoflavone) were identified in Periploca angustifolia leaf methanolic extract. This extract did not cause any cytotoxic effect on HepG2 cell line within the range of concentrations tested (0-400 µg mL^-1). Thus, pre-treatment with 100 µg mL^-1 of P. angustifolia leaf methanolic extract (PAE) significantly (p < .05) protective HepG2 cells against cytotoxicity induced by cadmium exposure. However, Cd-intoxication significantly (p < .05) increased alanine and aspartate amino transferases serum activities (ALT and AST) and bilirubin content by 1.85-, 1.13-, and 3.55-fold, respectively. The levels of hepatic antioxidant parameters including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were significantly (p < .05) decreased in Cd-intoxicated rats with concomitant enhancement of lipid peroxidation. Our results showed that P. angustifolia leaf methanolic extract can induce antioxidant effects and also exerts beneficial effects for the treatment of Cd-induced hepatotoxicity.

Green synthesised zinc oxide nanostructures through Periploca aphylla extract shows tremendous antibacterial potential against multidrug resistant pathogens

To grapple with multidrug resistant bacterial infections, implementations of antibacterial nanomedicines have gained prime attention of the researchers across the globe. Nowadays, zinc oxide (ZnO) at nano-scale has emerged as a promising antibacterial therapeutic agent. Keeping this in view, ZnO nanostructures (ZnO-NS) have been synthesised through reduction by P. aphylla aqueous extract without the utilisation of any acid or base. Structural examinations via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction have revealed pure phase morphology with highly homogenised average particle size of 18 nm. SEM findings were further supplemented by transmission electron microscopy examinations. The characteristic Zn-O peak has been observed around 363 nm using ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy examination has also confirmed the formation of ZnO-NS through detection of Zn-O bond vibration frequencies. To check the superior antibacterial activity of ZnO-NS, the authors' team has performed disc diffusion assay and colony forming unit testing against multidrug resistant E. coli, S. marcescens and E. cloacae. Furthermore, protein kinase inhibition assay and cytotoxicity examinations have revealed that green fabricated ZnO-NS are non-hazardous, economical, environmental friendly and possess tremendous potential to treat lethal infections caused by multidrug resistant pathogens.

Purification, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides Isolated from Cortex Periplocae

In this study, crude Cortex Periplocae polysaccharides (CCPPs) were extracted with water. CCPPs were decolored with AB-8 resin and deproteinated using papain-Sevage methods. Then, they were further purified and separated through DEAE-52 anion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography, respectively. Three main fractions—CPP1, CPP2, and CPP3, (CPPs)—were obtained. The average molecular weights, monosaccharide analysis, surface morphology, and chemical compositions of the CPPs were investigated by high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In addition, the antioxidant activities of these three polysaccharides were investigated. The results indicated that all of the CPPs were composed of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, glucose, and galactose. These three polysaccharides exhibited antioxidant activities in four assays including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical, reducing power, and total antioxidant activity in vitro. The data indicated that these three polysaccharides could be utilized as potential natural sources of alternative additives in the functional food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.

Absolute Configuration of Periplosides C and F and Isolation of Minor Spiro-orthoester Group-Containing Pregnane-type Steroidal Glycosides from Periploca sepium and Their T-Lymphocyte Proliferation Inhibitory Activities

Further phytochemical investigation of the root bark of Periploca sepium afforded nine new spiro-orthoester group-containing pregnane-type glycosides termed periplosides O-V and 3-O-formyl-periploside A. The structures of these glycosides along with the absolute configuration of the unique seven-membered formyl acetal-bridged spiro-orthoester function and the 4,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-Δ³-2-hexosulosyl moiety were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation and chemical transformation. The absolute configurations of the major compounds periplosides C and F were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against the proliferation of T-lymphocytes. As a result, periploside C, the most abundant glycoside containing a spiro-orthoester moiety found in the plant, exhibited the most favorite selective index value (SI = 82.5). The length and constitution of the saccharide chain in the periplosides were found to influence the inhibitory activity and the SI value.

The therapeutic effects of Periploca forrestii Schltr. Stem extracts on collagen-induced arthritis by inhibiting the activation of Src/NF-κB signaling pathway in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Periploca forrestii Schltr. is a classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) called Heilonggu (HLG) in China. According to the theory of TCM, it possesses the efficacy of eliminating wind and removing dampness. In clinical practice, it is commonly used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The present work aimed to evaluate the anti-rheumatism activity of HLG ethanol extract and reveal the underlying molecular mechanism by employing an animal model of collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis (CIA) in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The CIA was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by intradermal injection of bovine collagen-II in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) at the base of tail. The rats received oral administration of HLG (200 and 400mg/kg) from day 1, with the treatment lasting for 28 days. A variety of indicators were measured for evaluation of anti-rheumatism effect, including paw swelling, arthritis scores, and histopathological changes. Furthermore, the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor NF-κB p65 and Src kinase in joint synovial tissues were detected to explore the possible mechanisms.

RESULTS

The administration of HLG significantly restored type II collagen-induced arthritis in rats as evidenced by decrease in paw swelling and inflammatory factors in serum. Meanwhile, this treatment also notably reduced NF-κB p65 and COX-2 expression. Surprisingly, the activity of Src kinase was also inhibited demonstrated by downregulation of phosphorylated Src.

CONCLUSION

Our results revealed that HLG possessed observable therapeutic action on collagen-induced arthritis by inhibiting the activation of Src and nuclear translocation of NF-κB in rats. HLG may serve as a potential candidate for the management of patients with RA.

Insecticidal Pregnane Glycosides from the Root Barks of Periploca sepium

To explore novel lead compounds for botanical pesticides from natural sources, a new pregnane glycoside (periplocoside) P2 as well as its isomer, a known pregnane glycoside P1, were isolated from the root barks of Periploca sepium using a bioactivity-guided method, and their structures were confirmed by ID NMR, 2D NMR, IR, ESI-MSn and HRMS. Their insecticidal activities were evaluated against 3rd instar larvae of M separata, and the results indicated that P2 exhibited excellent insecticidal activity with LC₅₀ values of 2.9 and 2.2 mg/mL after 24 and 48 h, respectively, much lower than those of the positive control celangulin-V (24.7 and 21.0 mg/mL after 24 and 48 h, respectively). This work demonstrated that pregnane glycosides from Periploca sepium could be promising lead compounds for developing botanical pesticides urgently needed in agriculture.

[Quality assessment of Periplocae Cortex from different habitats by UPLC fingerprint and quantitative analysis]

Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was employed for simultaneous determination of three components and fingerprint analysis of Periplocae Cortex with gradient elution of mehtanol and water containing 0.1% phosphoric acid as mobile phase. Three components including chlorogenic acid, 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde and periplocoside were well separated under the analytical condition. Seventeen peaks were selected as the common peaks of 30 batches of Periplocae Cortex. The results showed that there is a significant difference in contents of periplocoside between the samples collected from Henan and Shanxi province. Based on the results of three components quantification and fingerprint analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis ( HCA) and principle component analysis (PCA) were used to further prove the differences between two group samples, and the results indicated that quality of Periplocae Cortex from Shanxi was more stable than that from Henan. The established UPLC fingerprint and quantitative analysis methods could be used efficiently in the quality control of Periplocae Cortex, and this study might contribute to the reasonable clinical application.

[A new C21 steroidal saponins from Periplocae Cortex]

To study the chemical constituents of Periplocae Cortex, the separation and purification of 70% alcohol extract were carried out by column chromatographies on AB-8 macroporous resin, silica gel and preparative HPLC. The structure of the compounds were identified by NMR and TOF-MS. A new compound was isolated and identified as 21-O-methyl-Δ5-pregnene-3β, 14β, 17β, 21-tetraol-20-one-3-O-β-D-oleandropyranosyl(1-->4)-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-β-D-cymaropyranosyl (1), named as periplocoside P.

Total synthesis of periploside A, a unique pregnane hexasaccharide with potent immunosuppressive effects

Periploside A is a pregnane hexasaccharide identified from the Chinese medicinal plant Periploca sepium, which features a unique seven-membered formyl acetal bridged orthoester (FABO) motif and potent immunosuppressive activities. Here, we show the synthesis of this molecule in a total of 76 steps with the longest linear sequence of 29 steps and 9.2% overall yield. The FABO motif is constructed via a combination of Sinaÿ's and Crich's protocol for the formation of orthoester and acetal glycosides, respectively. The 2-deoxy-β-glycosidic linkages are assembled stereoselectively with judicious choice of the glycosylation methods. The epimer at the spiro-quaternary carbon in the FABO motif has also been elaborated in a stereo-controlled manner. This epimer, as well as the synthetic analogues bearing the FABO motif, retain largely the inhibitory activities of periploside A against the proliferation of T-lymphocyte, indicating the importance of the chemical connection of the FABO motif to their immunosuppressive activity.

Histopathological effects and immunolocalization of periplocoside NW from Periploca sepium Bunge on the midgut epithelium of Mythimna separata Walker larvae

Periplocoside NW (PSNW) with pregnane glycoside skeleton is a novel insecticidal compound isolated from the root bark of Periploca sepium Bunge. This compound has a potent stomach poisoning activity against several insect pests. In this study, we observed the intoxication symptoms, investigated the histopathological effects and carried out immuno-electron microscopic localization of PSNW on the midgut epithelium of oriental armyworm Mythimna separata Walker larvae for better understanding its action mechanism against insects. Ultrastructural observations showed that cell damages caused by PSNW in the midgut of M. separata larvae are related to the degeneration of brush border microvilli. The dissolution of cytoskeletal structures in the interior and on the surface of microvilli was responsible for the decrease in size and eventual disappearance of microvilli when bubbles of cytoplasmic substances protrude into the midgut lumen of M. separata, thus resulting in cell death. The immuno-electron microscopic localization research showed that gold particle appeared on the microvilli layer of the midgut of M. separate larvae firstly. The density of gold particle gradually added with the time, and finally microvilli layer was destructed severely. Meantime, the gold particles were also presented to the intracellular organelle membrane and the organelles also were destructed. Therefore, we proposed that this membrane system on insect midgut epithelium cells is the initial acting site of PSNW against insects.

A new triterpene and protective effect of Periploca somaliensis Browicz fruits against CCl₄-induced injury on human hepatoma cell line (Huh7)

The potential hepatoprotective effect of the methanolic extract of Periploca somaliensis Browicz fruits, its different fractions (n-hexane, chloroform and n-butanol) and the major isolated compound ursolic acid was evaluated using the human hepatoma cell line (Huh7) based on the changes in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, glutathione and superoxide dismutase. Each sample was tested at three different concentrations (1000, 100 and 10 μg/mL). All tested samples exhibited a potent concentration-independent cytoprotective effect relative to silymarin as a reference standard. Chromatographic fractionation of the chloroform-soluble fraction of the methanol extract of P. somaliensis Browicz fruits afforded two known triterpenes, namely ursolic acid, and 11α,12α-epoxy-3β-hydroxy-olean-13β,28-olide, and a newly discovered one, namely 3β-hydroxy-urs-11-en-13β,28-olide. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by the analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectral data.

Effects of periplocoside X on midgut cells and digestive enzymes activity of the soldiers of red imported fire ant

The pathological effects of ingested periplocoside X, an insecticidal component isolated from the root of Periploca sepium Bunge, on the midgut epithelial cells of the soldiers of red imported fire ant were studied and the symptom was described. The results showed that periplocoside X could induce a severe, time-dependent cytotoxicity in the midgut epithelial cells. An optical microscopy showed that epithelial cells swelled firstly and then lysed. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that numerous swollen lysosomes were appeared, microvilli were disrupted and sloughed off, and the numbers of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria decreased sharply in earlier stage. Numerous vacuoles were observed in the later stage. Finally, periplocoside X resulted in cell death by cytolysis. Assay of main three digestive enzymes activity indicated that amylase activity was significantly inhibited, but no significant changes were seen for lipase activity and total protease activity. So it is suggested that periplocoside X induced mainly to organic damage of midgut epithelium cells of insect. In all, insect midgut is one of targets for periplocoside X.

[Chemical constituents of Periploca forrestii]

The chemical constituents of Periploca forrestii were studied by means of macroporous resin, silica gel, ODS column chromatography and PHPLC. Nine compounds were isolated from this plant. By using ESI-MS and NMR, the structures of the nine compounds were determined as scopoletin (1), trans-3, 4-methylenedioxycinnamyl alcohol (2), syringaresinol (3), syringaresinol 4-0-beta-D-glucopyranoside (4), 6'-0-(E)-feruloylsucrose (5), loliolide (6), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyl-benzaidehyde (7), delta5-pregnene-3beta, 17alpha, 20alpha-triol (8) and delta5-pregnene-3 beta, 17alpha, 20 alpha-triol-20-0-beta-D-canaropyranoside (9), respectively. Compounds 1, 2 and 5-7 are isolated from Periplocagenus for the first time.

Chemical constituents from the roots of Periploca sepium with insecticidal activity

Five compounds were isolated from the root powder of Periploca sepium. By mainly HR-ESI-MS, (1)H, (13)C, and 2D NMR spectral data, they were characterized as periplocoside X (1), oligasaccharide A (2), periplocoside A (3), periplocoside E (4), and periplocoside N (5), respectively. Compounds 1-5 were found to possess insecticidal activities against the red imported fire ant. Among the compounds, periplocoside X showed significant activity with LD(50) values of 748.99, 116.62, 2169.58, and 3079.33mg/l against soldiers, workers, males, and alate females of red imported fire ant, respectively.

Cytotoxic cardenolides from the stems of Periploca forrestii

Six new cardenolides, periforosides D-E (1-2), periforgenin C (3) and periforosides F-H (4-6), as well as 10 previously identified cardenolides (7-16) were isolated from the ethanol extract of the stems of Periploca forrestii. The structures of the new compounds were determined using extensive spectroscopic analyses including HRESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR data. Evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of all the isolated compounds in five different human cancer cell lines indicated that compounds 2-6, 8, 9 and 12-16 have potent activity.

A new oligosaccharide from Periploca calophylla

OBJECTIVE

To study the chemical constituents of Periploca calophylla.

METHOD

Various chromatographic techniques were used to isolate the constituents, and their structures were identified by spectral and chemical methods.

RESULT

Two oligosaccharides were isolated from the chloroform part of P. calophylla and their structures were identified as 4-O-acetyl-beta-cymaropyranosyl (1-->4)-O-beta-D-cymaropyranosyl(1-->4)-O-beta-D-canaropyranosyl (1-->4)-O-beta-D-cymaropyranosy(1-->4)-O-oleandronic acid-delta-lactone(1), and perisaccharide B (2).

CONCLUSION

Compound 1 is a new compound. Compound 2 is reported for the first time from this plant.

Structural revision of periplocosides and periperoxides, natural immunosuppressive agents from the genus Periploca

The structures of a series of peroxy function containing pregnane glycosides isolated from Periploca sepium and Periploca forrestii were revised to be orthoester group bearing ones using 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques, as well as chemical transformations and X-ray crystallographic diffraction analysis. The orthoester function appears to be an essential structural feature for immunosuppressive activity.

Five new C21 steroidal glycosides from Periploca sepium

Five new C(21) steroidal glycosides, named periseosides A-E (1-5), along with six known analogues, were isolated from the root barks of Periploca sepium. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence. All compounds were evaluated for their immunosuppressive activities.

[Affect of Ag+ and La3+ elicitors on growth and accumulation of adventitious roots of Periploca sepium]

OBJECTIVE

To study the characteristics of the growth and periplocin accumulation of the adventitious roots of Periploca sepium, and on this basis, study the effect of Ag+ and La3+ elicitors on the growth and periplocin accumulation of the adventitious roots.

METHOD

The adventitious roots were sampled every four days, and the dry weight and the contents of the periplocin were measured. The curves of the growth and periplocin accumulation of the roots were plotted. The Ag+ and La3+ elicitors with different concentrations were added to the medium when the adventitious roots grew in the stable phase to study the optimal concentration which was good to synthesize the periplocin. Besides, the optimal concentration of Ag+ and La3+ elicitors was added to the different growth phases to study the effect of the elicitors on the growth and periplocin synthesis of adventitious roots.

RESULT

The characteristics of the growth of adventitious roots of P. sepium showed a typical growth S-Curve, which displayed a half-coupling relationship with the metabolism of periplocin. The optimal concentrations of Ag+ and La3+ elicitors were both 0.05 mmol L(-1). Besides, it was the best period for the Ag+ and La3+ elicitors to elicit the synthesis of periplocin when in the terminally exponential phase.

CONCLUSION

The growth of adventitious roots and the accumulation of periplocin show a half-coupling relationship. Besides, the concentration and additive time of Ag and La3+ elicitors obviously influences the growth of adventitious roots and synthesis of periplocin.

[Induction of Periploca sepium in vitro plantlet and studies on dynamic accumulation of periplocin]

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the content of periplocin in different part of the Periploca sepium in vitro plantlet and study its dynamic variation during the process of differentiation.

METHOD

The seeds were generated seedling under aseptic condition, and the cut hypocotyl was induced to form the callus and adventitious buds on the MS culture medium with the hormone of IBA 0.1 mg x L(-1) + BA 1 mg x L(-1). The seedling was cut down when the buds grew up to 3 cm and then the root was cultured in the 1/2 MS culture medium with the hormone of IBA 0.5 mg x L(-1) to form intact plantlet. Different parts of it were collected and the content of periplocin was measured during the process of differentiation.

RESULT

The contents of periplocin varied widely in different parts during the process of differentiation, with the highest in the roots and then callus, stem and leaf of intact plantlet, stem and leaf of plantlet without root from high to low.

CONCLUSION

The periplocin of the secondary metabolite is more likely to be produced and accumulated in root and callus. Periplocin in stem and leaf is probably transported by conducting tissue.

Periplocin from Cortex periplocae inhibits cell growth and down-regulates survivin and c-myc expression in colon cancer in vitro and in vivo via beta-catenin/TCF signaling

Cancer of the colon and rectum is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and accounts for approximately 10% of all cancer-related deaths. Although surgical resection or radiotherapy are potentially curative for localized disease, advanced colon cancer is currently associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, the development of a new and effective chemotherapeutic agent is required to target critical pathways to induce responsiveness of colon cancer cells to death signals. Dysregulation of the beta-catenin/TCF pathway plays a central role in early activities of colorectal carcinogenesis. In this study, human colon cancer SW480 cells were used to investigate the effect of CPP (periplocin from Cortex periplocae) on the modulation of the beta-catenin/TCF signaling pathway. Our research results showed that CPP caused a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of cell growth as assessed by MTT assay and an induction in apoptosis as measured by flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the CPP- treated cells were characterized by a decreased expression of beta-catenin protein in the total cell lysates and cytosolic and nuclear extracts. This expression alleviates the binding activity of T-cell factor (Tcf) complexes to its specific DNA-binding sites. Thus, the protein expression of the downstream elements survivin and c-myc was down-regulated. To determine the precise inhibitory mechanisms involved, further in-depth in vivo studies of CPP are warranted. In conclusion, our data suggest that CPP wields a multi-prong strategy to target the beta-catenin/Tcf signaling pathway, leading to the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of growth of colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, CPP may become a potential agent against colon cancer.

Perisesaccharides A-E, new oligosaccharides from the root barks of Periploca sepium

Five new oligosaccharides, named perisesaccharides A-E (1- 5), were isolated from the root barks of Periploca sepium. Their structures were elucidated by NMR and HRESIMS data. The absolute configurations of these compounds were determined by a combination of X-ray diffraction analysis, modified Mosher's method, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and acid hydrolysis. The boat conformation of oleandronic acid delta-lactone was reported for the first time.

[A diterpenoid quinone from Periploca forrestii]

Tanshinone II A, which was known unique to the salvia, was separated and purified by silica gel column chromatography and recrystallisation from an ethyl acetate-soluble portion (the anti-inflammatory active portion) of ethanol extract of Periploca forrestii. The diterpenoid quinone was obtained from the Periploca for the first time.

[Chemical constituents of Periploca forrestii]

OBJECTIVE

To study the constituents of the stems of Periploca forrestii.

METHOD

The compounds were separated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, recrystallization and high-performance liquid chromatography. The structures were identified by various spectroscopic methods.

RESULT

Nine compounds were isolated and identified as 3-O-acetyloleanolic acid (1), 14-ursen-3-ol-1-one (2), taraxasterol (3), jacoumaric acid (4), periplogenin (5), 2alpha,3beta-dihydroxyursolic acid (6), E-p-hydroxy-cinnamic acid (7), caffeic acid (8), proanthocyanidin A2 (9).

CONCLUSION

All compounds except 6 were isolated from this plant for the first time, compound 4, 9 were obtained from the Periploca for the first time.

Chemical constituents of Periploca forrestii and their cytotoxicity activity

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the chemical constituents of the roots of Periploca forrestii and evaluate their cytotoxicity activities.

METHOD

Silica gel column chromatography was employed for the isolation and purification of chemical constituents. The structures were identified on the basis of spectral data and the cytotoxicities of compounds 2-4 were investigated by several tumors cell lines including blood tumor (HL-60, CCRT-CEM), prostate tumor (PC-3, DU-145) and Melanoma (UACC-62).

RESULT

Four compounds were isolated and identified as follows, lupeol-20(29)-en-3-nonadecanoate (1), peroiforoside I (2), 3beta,5beta,14beta-3OH-8beta-H-car-20(22)-enolide (3), perplocin (4).

CONCLUSION

Compound 1 is a new lupane triterpene fatty acid ester. Compounds 2-4 showed notable cytotoxicity against all tumor lines.

Complete 1H and 13C NMR assignments of four new oligosaccharides and two new glycosides from Periploca forrestii

Four new oligosaccharides (1-4), one new pregnane glycoside (5), and one new cardiac glycoside (6) were isolated from the roots of Periploca forrestii Schltr. (Asclepiadaceae), a traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and wounds. Their structures were characterized on the basis of extensive analysis of NMR (1H, 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC, TOCSY and ROESY) spectra.

[Studies on content determination of polysaccharides in Periploca forrestii]

OBJECTIVE

To establish a method for content determination of polysaccharides in Periplocaforrestii.

METHOD

The conversion coefficient of P. forrestii. polysaccharide to glucose was obtained by refined polysaccharides, and then the content of crude polysaccharides was determined by sulfuric-phenol method.

RESULT

The content of crude polysaccharides in P. forrestii. was 54.68% (RSD 3.0%, n = 6), and the average recovery was 101.7% (RSD 6.0%, n =6).

CONCLUSION

The method was simple, rapid, and accurate.

[Periplocin extracted from cortex periplocae induces apoptosis of SW480 cells through inhibiting the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

The Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in the development and progression of human cancers, especially in colorectal carcinomas. This study was to analyze the inhibition effect of periplocin extracted from cortex periplocae (CPP) on proliferation of human colon carcinoma cell line SW480 and the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

Cell proliferation of SW480 cells was measured by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry. Protein expression of beta-catenin in total cell lysates, cytosolic extracts, and nuclear extracts were detected by Western blot. Binding activity of the T cell factor (TCF) complex in nucleus to its specific DNA binding site was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Expressions of beta-catenin, survivin, c-myc and cyclin D1 mRNA in cells after the treatment with CPP were detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR.

RESULTS

CPP significantly inhibited the proliferation of SW480 cells in a time-and dose-dependent manner (P<0.01). CPP (0.5 microg/mL) also caused G0/G1 cell cycle arrest of SW480 cells and induced cell apoptosis (P<0.05). Compared to untreated control cells, after the treatment with CPP, the protein levels of beta-catenin in total cell lysates, cytosolic extracts, and nuclear extracts were reduced (P<0.01); the binding activity of the TCF complex in nucleus to its specific DNA binding site was suppressed; mRNAs of the downstream target genes survivin, c-myc and cyclin D1 were decreased (P<0.01) while beta-catenin mRNA remained unchanged.

CONCLUSION

CPP could significantly inhibit the proliferation of SW480 cells, which may be through down-regulating the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway.

Immunosuppressive pregnane glycosides from Periploca sepium and Periploca forrestii

Nine pregnane glycosides containing peroxy functions in their sugar moieties (1-5 and 11-14), five oligosaccharides (6-10), six pregnane glycosides (15-20), and five cardiac glycosides (21-25) were isolated from the root barks of Periploca sepium Bge. (Asclepiadaceae) and the roots of Periploca forrestii Schltr. (Asclepiadaceae), two traditional Chinese medicines used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Among them, 1-8 are hitherto unknown. Their structures were characterized on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. In pharmacological testing, compounds 1-5 and 11-14 were found to exhibit inhibitory activity against the proliferation of T lymphocyte in vitro with IC50 values ranging from 0.29microM to 1.97microM, while the other components showed no significant inhibitory activity.

[Chemical constituents from root barks of Periploca sepium]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the chemical constituents of the root barks of Periploca sepium.

METHOD

Column chromatographic techniques were used to isolate the chemical constituents. NMR and MS methods were employed for their structural elucidation.

RESULT

Eight compounds were isolated and identified as isovanillin (1), vanillin (2), 4-methoxysalicylic acid (3), (24R)-9, 19-cycloart-25-ene-3beta, 24-diol (4), (24S)-9, 19-cycloart-25-ene-3beta, 24-diol (5), cycloeucalenol (6), beta-amyrin acetate (7) and alpha-amyrin (8).

CONCLUSION

Compounds 1-6 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

[Determination of periplocin in different parts of Periploca sepium]

OBJECTIVE

To determinate the content of periplocin in different parts of Periploca sepium Bunge.

METHODS

HPLC were carried out on ODS column, acetonitril: water (27: 73) as mobile phase, detection wavelength at 220nm.

RESULTS

The content of periplocin in root bark, stem bark, xylem of root, xylem of stem are 1.03%, 0.65%, 0.26%, 0.39% respectively. No periplocin was detected in leaves and fruit.

CONCLUSION

The plant of Periploca sepium Bunge should be multiply utilized.

[Establishment of RP-HPLC fingerprint for quality assessment of Cortex Periplocae]

OBJECTIVE

To establish the RP-HPLC fingerprint analysis for the quality control of Cortex Periplocae.

METHODS

HPLC fingerprint and analysis method of Cortex Periplocae were studied. Kromasil C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) was used, with mixture of acetonitrile and 0.025% phosphate solution as mobile phase in a gradient mode. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min. The wavelength of measurement was 220 nm. 15 Batches of Cortex Periplocae were determined.

RESULTS

The 15 samples were classified as 4 clusters by cluster analysis and the 6 superior in producing area samples were confirmed to establish the mutual model. The samples' quality was assessed by "Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCM 2004".

CONCLUSION

The method is simple and reliable. It can be used to evaluate and control the quality of Cortex Periplocae conveniently.

Periplocoside E, an Effective Compound from Periploca sepium Bge, Inhibited T Cell Activation in Vitro and in Vivo

Periploca sepium Bge, a traditional Chinese herb medicine, is used for treating rheumatoid arthritis in China. Followed the bioactivity-guided isolation, the most potent immunosuppressive compound, periplocoside E (PSE), a pregnane glycoside, had been identified from P. sepium Bge. We investigated the immunosuppressive effects of PSE in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that PSE in a dose-dependent manner significantly inhibited the proliferation of splenocytes induced by concanavalin A and mixed lymphocyte culture reaction at no cytotoxic concentrations (<5 microM). Administration of PSE suppressed a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, and ovalbumin (OVA) induced antigen-specific immune responses in mice. In vivo treatment with PSE dose dependently suppressed OVA-induced proliferation and cytokine [interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma] production from splenocytes in vitro. Purified T cells from OVA-immunized mice with PSE treatment showed its low ability for activation by OVA plus normal antigen presenting cell stimulation again in vitro. Further studies showed PSE dose dependently inhibited anti-CD3-induced primary T cell proliferation, activation for IL-2Ralpha (CD25) expression, and cytokine (IFN-gamma and IL-2) production also at the transcriptional level. PSE was highly specific and significantly inhibited the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Jun N-terminal kinase, whereas activation of p38 was not affected in T cells stimulated with anti-CD3. These results demonstrated that PSE is an immunosuppressive compound in P. sepium Bge, which directly inhibits T cell activation in vitro and in vivo. This study provided evidence to understand the therapeutic effects of P. sepium Bge and indicated that this herb is appropriate for treatment of T cell-mediated disorders, such as autoimmune diseases.

Sulfated pregnane glycosides from Periploca graeca

Six new pregnane glycosides, four of them sulfated derivatives, were isolated from small branches of Periploca graeca. The compounds were identified as 16alpha-[(6-O-sulfo-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]pregn-5-en-20-ol-3beta-yl O-(2-O-acetyl-beta-D-digitalopyranosyl)-(1-->4)-beta-D-cymaropyranoside (1), 16alpha-[(6-O-sulfo-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]pregn-5-en-20-ol-3beta-yl O-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-oleandropyranoside (2), 16alpha-[(6-O-sulfo-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]pregn-5-en-20-ol-3beta-yl O-beta-D-oleandropyranoside (3), 16alpha-[(6-O-sulfo-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]pregn-5-ene-3beta,20-diol (4), 20-O-[(beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-digitalopyranosyl)oxy]pregn-5-en-16beta-ol-3beta-yl O-beta-D-digitalopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-d-cymaropyranoside (5), and calogenin 3-O-beta-D-digitalopyranoside-20-O-beta-D-canaropyranoside (6). Three pregnane glycosides, previously reported from the genus Periploca, were also isolated. Structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments, HRESIMS, elemental analysis, and chemical degradation.

[Clinical efficacy of compound periploca liquid in treating condyloma acuminatum and its effect on human papilloma virus DNA expression in vitro]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the clinical efficacy of compound periploca liquid (CPL) in treating condyloma acuminatum (CA), and to explore its mechanisms at molecular level.

METHODS

Eighty-one patients with CA were randomly divided into three groups, 30 patients in Group A were treated with CPL, 21 in Group B were treated with periploca syrup and 30 in Group C were treated with Youtuoxin (YXG). The clinical efficacy and adverse reaction occurred in the three groups was evaluated respectively. Besides, change of human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA in two patients with CA was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in vitro after being treated with CPL and periploca, the monarchic drug of CPL.

RESULTS

The cure rate obtained in group A, B, and C was 56.67%, 42.86% and 63.33% respectively, the total effective rate in them was 83.33%, 71.43% and 86.67% respectively, the difference of therapeutic efficacy was insignificant among the three groups. But the adverse reaction occurrence in them (6.67%, 4.76% and 86.67%) was significantly different (P < 0.01). The recurrent rate in them was 14.29%, 12.5% and 47.1% respectively. PCR showed negative expression of HPV in the two samples of CA of same concentration after the verrucous homogenate suspension being treated with CPL or periploca syrup of different concentration, while it was positive after the suspension was treated with the group of normal saline without any drug.

CONCLUSION

The therapeutic efficacies of CPL, periploca syrup and Youtuoxin are not significantly different, but the former two have advantages of less adverse effects and lower recurrent rate. And they are possibly having germicidal action on HPV-DNA in CA tissue in vitro.

[Isolation and structure elucidation of glycosides in n-butanol extracts from rhizome of Periploca calophylla]

OBJECTIVE

To study the chemical constituents from n-butanol extracts of Periploca calophylla.

METHOD

The constituents were isolated and purified by chromatographic technology and their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical property and spectroscopic methods.

RESULT

Eight glycosides were isolated and identified as periplocin (I), kaempferol 3-alpha-D-arabinoside (II), kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside (III), 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone-2(S)-3'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (IV), (+)-syringaresinol-4'-O-beta-D-monoglucoside (V), 1-sinapoylglucoside (VI), erigeside C (VII), 2,6-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenol 1-O-beta-D-glucoside (VIII).

CONCLUSION

All the compounds were isolated for the first time from this plant.