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Kitamura N, Sacco MD, Ma C, Hu Y, Townsend JA, Meng X, Zhang F, Zhang X, Ba M, Szeto T, Kukuljac A, Marty MT, Schultz D, Cherry S, Xiang Y, Chen Y, Wang J. Expedited Approach toward the Rational Design of Noncovalent SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2848-2865. [PMID: 33891389 PMCID: PMC8536799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is a validated antiviral drug target. Several Mpro inhibitors have been reported with potent enzymatic inhibition and cellular antiviral activity, including GC376, boceprevir, calpain inhibitors II, and XII, with each containing a reactive warhead that covalently modifies the catalytic Cys145. Coupling structure-based drug design with the one-pot Ugi four-component reaction, we discovered one of the most potent noncovalent inhibitors, 23R (Jun8-76-3A) that is structurally distinct from the canonical Mpro inhibitor GC376. Significantly, 23R is highly selective compared with covalent inhibitors such as GC376, especially toward host proteases. The cocrystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro with 23R revealed a previously unexplored binding site located in between the S2 and S4 pockets. Overall, this study discovered 23R, one of the most potent and selective noncovalent SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors reported to date, and a novel binding pocket in Mpro that can be explored for inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kitamura
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Michael Dominic Sacco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | - Chunlong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Julia Alma Townsend
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, United States
| | - Fushun Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, United States
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | - Mandy Ba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Tommy Szeto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Adis Kukuljac
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | - Michael Thomas Marty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - David Schultz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Yan Xiang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, United States
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
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2
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Kobayashi N, Sato N, Sugita K, Kihara T, Koike K, Sugawara T, Tada Y, Yoshikawa T. Synthesis and Evaluation of in Vivo Anti-hypothermic Effect of the N- and C-Terminus Modified Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Mimetic: [(4S,5S)-(5-Methyl-2-oxooxazolidine-4-yl)carbonyl]-[3-(thiazol-4-yl)-L-alanyl]-L-prolinamide. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:314-324. [PMID: 33790077 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We explored orally effective thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mimetics, which show high central nervous system effects in structure-activity relationship studies based on in vivo antagonistic activity on reserpine-induced hypothermia (anti-hypothermic effect) in mice starting from TRH. This led us to the TRH mimetic: [(4S,5S)-(5-methyl-2-oxooxazolidine-4-yl)carbonyl]-[3-(thiazol-4-yl)-L-alanyl]-L-prolinamide 1, which shows a higher anti-hypothermic effect compared with that of TRH after oral administration. We next attempted further chemical modification of the N- and C-terminus of 1 to find more orally effective TRH mimetics. As a result, we obtained several N- and C-terminus modified TRH mimetics which showed high anti-hypothermic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norihito Sato
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | - Katsuji Sugita
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | - Tsuyoshi Kihara
- Shionogi Global Infectious Diseases Division, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University
| | - Katsumi Koike
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | - Tamio Sugawara
- Laboratory for Advanced Medicine Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | - Yukio Tada
- Laboratory for Advanced Medicine Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
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3
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Zhang L, Li F, Hou C, Zhu S, Zhong L, Zhao J, Song C, Li W. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel stachydrine derivatives as potent neuroprotective agents for cerebral ischemic stroke. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:2529-2542. [PMID: 32372350 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stachydrine is a natural product with multiple protective biological activities, including those involved in preventing cancer, ischemia, and cardiovascular disease. However, its use has been limited by low bioavailability and unsatisfactory efficacy. To address this problem, a series of stachydrine derivatives (A1/A2/A3/A4/B1/B2/B3/B4) were designed and synthesized, and biological studies were carried out in vitro and in vivo. When compared with stachydrine, Compound B1 exhibited better neuroprotective effects in vitro, and significantly reduced infarction size in the model of the middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model. Therefore, Compound B1 was selected for further research on ischemic stroke. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Feng Li
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, 262700, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 23 HongKong Road, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chenhui Hou
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Sifeng Zhu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lili Zhong
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jianchun Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Cai Song
- Shenzhen Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518116, China
| | - Wenbao Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Innovation Center for Marine Drug Screening and Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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4
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Katarzyńska J, Artym J, Kochanowska I, Jędrzejczak K, Zimecki M, Lisowski M, Wieczorek R, Piotrowski Ł, Marcinek A, Zabrocki J, Jankowski S. 4-Methylpseudoproline analogues of cyclolinopeptide A: Synthesis, structural analysis and evaluation of their suppressive effects in selected immunological assays. Peptides 2020; 132:170365. [PMID: 32622694 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new analogues of cyclolinopeptide A (CLA) and their linear precursors modified with (R)- and (S)-4-methylpseudoproline in the Pro3-Pro4 fragment are presented. The peptides were tested in comparison with cyclosporine A (CsA) in concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced mouse splenocyte proliferation and in secondary humoral immune response in vitro to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Their effects on expression of selected signaling molecules in the Jurkat T cell line were also determined. In addition, the structural features of the peptides, applying nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism, were analyzed. The results showed that only peptides 7 and 8 modified with (R)-4-methylpseudoproline residue (c(Leu1-Val2-(R)-(αMe)Ser(ΨPro)3-Pro4-Phe5-Phe6-Leu7-Ile8-Ile9) and c(Leu1-Val2-Pro3-(R)-(αMe)Ser(ΨPro)4-Phe5-Phe6-Leu7-Ile8-Ile9), respectively) strongly suppressed mitogen-induced splenocyte proliferation and the humoral immune response, with peptide 8 being more potent. Likewise, peptide 8 more strongly elevated expression of Fas, a proapoptotic signaling molecule in Jurkat cells. We postulate that the increased biological activity of peptide 8, compared to the parent molecule and other studied peptides, resulted from its more flexible structure, found on the basis of both CD and NMR studies. CD and NMR spectra showed that replacement of Pro3 by (R)-(αMe)Ser(¬Pro) caused much greater conformational changes than the same replacement of the Pro4 residue. Such a modification could lead to increased conformational freedom of peptide 8, resulting in a greater ability to adopt a more compact structure, better suited to its putative receptor. In conclusion, peptide 8 is a potent immune suppressor which may find application in controlling immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Katarzyńska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Artym
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Iwona Kochanowska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karol Jędrzejczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Michał Zimecki
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Lisowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Robert Wieczorek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Piotrowski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marcinek
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Janusz Zabrocki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Stefan Jankowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
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5
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Kanwal S, Ann NU, Fatima S, Emwas AH, Alazmi M, Gao X, Ibrar M, Zaib Saleem RS, Chotana GA. Facile Synthesis of NH-Free 5-(Hetero)Aryl-Pyrrole-2-Carboxylates by Catalytic C-H Borylation and Suzuki Coupling. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092106. [PMID: 32365945 PMCID: PMC7248765 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A convenient two-step preparation of NH-free 5-aryl-pyrrole-2-carboxylates is described. The synthetic route consists of catalytic borylation of commercially available pyrrole-2-carboxylate ester followed by Suzuki coupling without going through pyrrole N–H protection and deprotection steps. The resulting 5-aryl substituted pyrrole-2-carboxylates were synthesized in good- to excellent yields. This synthetic route can tolerate a variety of functional groups including those with acidic protons on the aryl bromide coupling partner. This methodology is also applicable for cross-coupling with heteroaryl bromides to yield pyrrole-thiophene, pyrrole-pyridine, and 2,3’-bi-pyrrole based bi-heteroaryls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Kanwal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science & Engineering (SBASSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore 54792, Pakistan; (S.K.); (N.-u.-A.); (S.F.); (M.I.); (R.S.Z.S.)
| | - Noor-ul- Ann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science & Engineering (SBASSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore 54792, Pakistan; (S.K.); (N.-u.-A.); (S.F.); (M.I.); (R.S.Z.S.)
| | - Saman Fatima
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science & Engineering (SBASSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore 54792, Pakistan; (S.K.); (N.-u.-A.); (S.F.); (M.I.); (R.S.Z.S.)
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Meshari Alazmi
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (X.G.)
- College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xin Gao
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (X.G.)
| | - Maha Ibrar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science & Engineering (SBASSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore 54792, Pakistan; (S.K.); (N.-u.-A.); (S.F.); (M.I.); (R.S.Z.S.)
| | - Rahman Shah Zaib Saleem
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science & Engineering (SBASSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore 54792, Pakistan; (S.K.); (N.-u.-A.); (S.F.); (M.I.); (R.S.Z.S.)
| | - Ghayoor Abbas Chotana
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science & Engineering (SBASSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore 54792, Pakistan; (S.K.); (N.-u.-A.); (S.F.); (M.I.); (R.S.Z.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +92-42-3560-8281
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6
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Ugwu DI, Okoro UC, Mishra NK. Synthesis of proline derived benzenesulfonamides: A potent anti-Trypanosoma brucei gambiense agent. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 154:110-116. [PMID: 29778893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of death in Africa and other developing nations are still attributed to trypanosomiasis. Excessive sleep has been associated with increased inflammation. We report herein, the synthesis, antitrypanosomal and anti-inflammatory activities of eight new carboxamide derivatives bearing substituted benzenesulfonamides. The base promoted reactions of l-proline and L-4-hydroxyproline with substituted benzenesulfonyl chlorides gave the benzenesulfonamides (11a-h) in excellent yields. Boric acid mediated amidation of the benzenesulfonamides (11a-h) and p-aminobenzoic acid (12) gave the new carboxamides (13a-h) in excellent yields. The new carboxamides were tested for their antitrypanosomal and anti-inflammatory activities against Trypanosome brucei gambiense and inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Compound 13f was the most potent antitrypanosomal agent with an IC50 value of 2 nM as against 5 nM for melarsoprol; whereas compound 13a was the most potent anti-inflammatory agent with percentage inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema of 58, 60, 67 and 84% after 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h and 3 h administration respectively. The structure-activity relationship study revealed that substitution at the para position in the benzenesulfonamide ring increased both the antitrypanosomal and anti-inflammatory activities. The 4-hydroxyprolines (13a-d) showed higher anti-inflammatory activity than the prolines (13e-h). In contrast, the prolines (13e-h) had higher antitrypanosomal activities than the 4-hydroxyprolines. The link between excessive sleep and inflammation makes the report of this class of compounds possessing both antitrypanosomal and anti-inflammatory activity worthwhile. The pharmacokinetic studies showed that the compounds would not pose oral bioavailability, transport and permeability problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Ugwu
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.
| | - Uchechukwu C Okoro
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Narendra K Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
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7
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Aghahosseini H, Ramazani A, Ślepokura K, Lis T. The first protection-free synthesis of magnetic bifunctional l-proline as a highly active and versatile artificial enzyme: Synthesis of imidazole derivatives. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 511:222-232. [PMID: 29028573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
l-Proline is a bifunctional versatile organocatalyst that could promote a variety of useful transformations. Some passive and dynamic interactions between this simple amino acid and different substrates, which are necessary to enzymatic reactions, have given it "the simplest enzyme" title. Herein we presented the first report on the synthesis of magnetic bifunctional l-proline as an artificial enzyme without requiring any protection/deprotection steps according to an operationally simple process. This magnetic nano-biocatalyst is a promising catalyst that in a case study was successfully applied for the synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazoles in the 70-99% and 60-90% yields respectively, which it could be extended to the variety of l-proline-based organic transformations. The synergic effect of bifunctional l-proline shell as catalytic active site and magnetite nanoparticles core, which could function as protein mimics endow it high efficiency, versatility, recoverability, reusability and good turnover frequency, which are necessary characters for artificial enzymes' designing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, P O Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Katarzyna Ślepokura
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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8
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Kawatkar SP, Gagnon M, Hoesch V, Tiong-Yip C, Johnson K, Ek M, Nilsson E, Lister T, Olsson L, Patel J, Yu Q. Design and structure-activity relationships of novel inhibitors of human rhinovirus 3C protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3248-3252. [PMID: 27265257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) is a primary cause of common cold and is linked to exacerbation of underlying respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD. HRV 3C protease, which is responsible for cleavage of viral polyprotein in to proteins essential for viral life-cycle, represents an important target. We have designed proline- and azetidine-based analogues of Rupintrivir that target the P2 pocket of the binding site. Potency optimization, aided with X-ray crystallography and quantum mechanical calculations, led to compounds with activity against a broad spectrum of HRV serotypes. Altogether, these compounds represent alternative starting points to identify promising leads in our continual efforts to treat HRV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Kawatkar
- AstraZeneca Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, United States.
| | - M Gagnon
- AstraZeneca Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - V Hoesch
- AstraZeneca Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - C Tiong-Yip
- AstraZeneca Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - K Johnson
- AstraZeneca Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - M Ek
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - E Nilsson
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - T Lister
- AstraZeneca Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - L Olsson
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - J Patel
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Q Yu
- AstraZeneca Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, United States
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9
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Swarna Sowmya N, Sampathkrishnan S, Vidyalakshmi Y, Sudhahar S, Mohan Kumar R. Synthesis, growth, structural, thermal and optical studies of pyrrolidinium-2-carboxylate-4-nitrophenol single crystals. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 145:333-339. [PMID: 25795607 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic nonlinear optical material, pyrrolidinium-2-carboxylate-4-nitrophenol (PCN) was synthesized and single crystals were grown by slow evaporation solution growth method. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the structure and lattice parameters of PCN crystals. Infrared, Raman and NMR spectral analyses were used to elucidate the functional groups present in the compound. The thermal behavior of synthesized compound was studied by thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) analyses. The photoluminescence property was studied by exciting the crystal at 360 nm. The relative second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of grown crystal was estimated by using Nd:YAG laser with fundamental wavelength of 1,064 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Swarna Sowmya
- Department of Applied Physics, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Chennai 602117, India
| | - S Sampathkrishnan
- Department of Applied Physics, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Chennai 602117, India
| | - Y Vidyalakshmi
- Department of Physics, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
| | - S Sudhahar
- Department of Physics, Presidency College, Chennai 600005, India
| | - R Mohan Kumar
- Department of Physics, Presidency College, Chennai 600005, India.
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10
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Anbuselvi D, Jayaraman D, Arul Martin Mani J, Joseph V. Growth and optical, thermal, mechanical and surface morphology studies of semiorganic nonlinear optical material: Dichlorobis (l-proline) zinc (II) crystal. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 127:405-414. [PMID: 24637277 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The organometallic nonlinear optical material Dichlorobis (l-proline) zinc (II) (DCBPZ) was crystallized using solution growth technique. XRD data reveal that the grown crystal belongs to orthorhombic system with space group P212121. The crystals were characterized using UV-vis-NIR, FTIR and NMR spectral studies, SEM-EDAX analysis and Atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermal and microhardness studies. Photoconductivity measurements were made to understand the response of the grown material to the visible light. The SHG efficiency of DCBPZ was also measured using Kurtz and Perry powder technique. It is observed that the NLO activity of DCBPZ is found to be twice that of KDP due to improved linear and nonlinear optical properties of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Anbuselvi
- Department of Physics, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - D Jayaraman
- Department of Physics, Presidency College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - V Joseph
- Department of Physics, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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11
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Pandey AK, Yap GPA, Zondlo NJ. (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyproline(4-nitrobenzoate): strong induction of stereoelectronic effects via a readily synthesized proline derivative. Crystallographic observation of a correlation between torsion angle and bond length in a hyperconjugative interaction. J Org Chem 2014; 79:4174-9. [PMID: 24720652 PMCID: PMC4017608 DOI: 10.1021/jo500367d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
(2S,4R)-4-Hydroxyproline(4-nitrobenzoate) was synthesized. The crystal structure revealed an exo ring pucker, with the nitrobenzoate pseudoaxial on the pyrrolidine envelope and antiperiplanar to C(β) and C(δ) C-H bonds. The unit cell exhibited variation in C(δ)-H/C(γ)-O and C(β)-H/C(γ)-O torsion angles, with a 15° increase in torsion angle (148° to 163°) observed to result in a 0.018 Å decrease in C(δ)-H/C(γ)-O bond length, consistent with favorable σC-H → σ*C-O hyperconjugative interactions increasing with greater orbital overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Glenn P. A. Yap
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Neal J. Zondlo
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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12
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Sheykhi H, Safaei E. A proline-based aminophenol ligand: synthesis, iron complexation, magnetic, electronic and redox investigation. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 118:915-920. [PMID: 24161856 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A new proline-based aminophenol ligand was synthesized by a convenient procedure. The ligand was characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and IR spectroscopies, elemental analysis and optical activity measurements. Mononuclear iron(III) complex (FeL(Pro)) of this ligand was synthesized and characterized by IR, UV-vis, ESI-MS, magnetic susceptibility studies and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The equilibrium formation constant of FeL(Pro) and the pure UV-vis spectral profile of the complex was determined by multivariate hard modeling method. The molecular structure of FeL(Pro) determined by ESI-MS consist of two aminophenolate ligands. The variation of magnetic susceptibility with temperature indicates paramagnetic iron(III) in the monomeric complex. FeL(Pro) complex undergo metal-centered reduction, and ligand-centered oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Sheykhi
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 45195 Zanjan, Iran
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13
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Bezuglov VV, Gretskaia NM, Vasil'eva TM, Petrukhina GN, Andreeva LA, Miasoedov NF, Makarov VA. [Antiaggregation activity of arachidonic acid conjugates with neurotropic peptides proglyprol and semax]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2014; 77:30-32. [PMID: 25102733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The influence two original derivatives of a therapeutically important peptide, bearing arachidonic acid residue with semax and proglyprol, upon platelet aggregation have been studied in vitro. It is established that both derivatives, in contrast to the parent peptide, possess moderate anti-aggregant properties and produce a dose-dependent decrease in the interplatelet interaction induced by ADP, epinephrine, and arachidonic acid within the concentration range of 0.018 - 1.8 mM. This activity was more pronounced for arachidonoylsemax in comparison with arachidonoylproglyprol.
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14
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Kiefl J, Pollner G, Schieberle P. Sensomics analysis of key hazelnut odorants (Corylus avellana L. 'Tonda Gentile') using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in combination with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF-MS). J Agric Food Chem 2013. [PMID: 23663170 DOI: 10.1021/jf400807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS) has been used a few times to identify and quantitate single aroma-active compounds, but the capability of this technique to monitor a complete set of key odorants evoking the aroma of a given food in one run has not been exploited so far. A fast, multiodorant analysis using GC×GC-TOF-MS in combination with stable isotope dilution assays (SIDA) was developed to quantitate the entire set of aroma compounds, the sensometabolome, of raw and roasted hazelnuts ( Corylus avellana L. 'Tonda Gentile') previously established by GC-olfactometry. The capability of the method to evaluate the aroma contribution of each sensometabolite was evaluated by introducing a new term, the limit of odor activity value (LOAV), indicating whether a given aroma compound can be determined down to an odor activity value (OAV) of 1 (odor activity value = ratio of concentration to odor threshold). The advantage of the new method was proven by comparing the performance parameters with a traditional one-dimensional approach using GC-ion trap mass-spectrometry (GC-IT-MS). The results showed that the detector linearity and sensitivity of GC×GC-TOF-MS was on average higher by a factor of 10 compared to GC-IT-MS, thus enabling the quantitation of the aroma relevant amounts of 22 key odorants of hazelnuts in one run of the 30 aroma-active compounds. Seven novel isotopically labeled internal standards were synthesized to meet the analytical requirements defined by electron impact ionization in TOF-MS, that is, to keep the label. On the basis of the quantitative results obtained, it was possible to closely mimic the aroma of raw and roasted 'Tonda Gentile' hazelnuts by preparing an aroma recombinate containing the key odorants at their natural concentrations occurring in the nuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kiefl
- German Research Center for Food Chemistry , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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15
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Pandey AK, Naduthambi D, Thomas KM, Zondlo NJ. Proline editing: a general and practical approach to the synthesis of functionally and structurally diverse peptides. Analysis of steric versus stereoelectronic effects of 4-substituted prolines on conformation within peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4333-63. [PMID: 23402492 PMCID: PMC4209921 DOI: 10.1021/ja3109664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized proline residues have diverse applications. Herein we describe a practical approach, proline editing, for the synthesis of peptides with stereospecifically modified proline residues. Peptides are synthesized by standard solid-phase peptide synthesis to incorporate Fmoc-hydroxyproline (4R-Hyp). In an automated manner, the Hyp hydroxyl is protected and the remainder of the peptide synthesized. After peptide synthesis, the Hyp protecting group is orthogonally removed and Hyp selectively modified to generate substituted proline amino acids, with the peptide main chain functioning to "protect" the proline amino and carboxyl groups. In a model tetrapeptide (Ac-TYPN-NH2), 4R-Hyp was stereospecifically converted to 122 different 4-substituted prolyl amino acids, with 4R or 4S stereochemistry, via Mitsunobu, oxidation, reduction, acylation, and substitution reactions. 4-Substituted prolines synthesized via proline editing include incorporated structured amino acid mimetics (Cys, Asp/Glu, Phe, Lys, Arg, pSer/pThr), recognition motifs (biotin, RGD), electron-withdrawing groups to induce stereoelectronic effects (fluoro, nitrobenzoate), handles for heteronuclear NMR ((19)F:fluoro; pentafluorophenyl or perfluoro-tert-butyl ether; 4,4-difluoro; (77)SePh) and other spectroscopies (fluorescence, IR: cyanophenyl ether), leaving groups (sulfonate, halide, NHS, bromoacetate), and other reactive handles (amine, thiol, thioester, ketone, hydroxylamine, maleimide, acrylate, azide, alkene, alkyne, aryl halide, tetrazine, 1,2-aminothiol). Proline editing provides access to these proline derivatives with no solution-phase synthesis. All peptides were analyzed by NMR to identify stereoelectronic and steric effects on conformation. Proline derivatives were synthesized to permit bioorthogonal conjugation reactions, including azide-alkyne, tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene, oxime, reductive amination, native chemical ligation, Suzuki, Sonogashira, cross-metathesis, and Diels-Alder reactions. These proline derivatives allowed three parallel bioorthogonal reactions to be conducted in one solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Devan Naduthambi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Krista M. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Neal J. Zondlo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
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16
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Silaichev PS, Filimonov VO, Slepukhin PA, Maslivets AN. Spiroheterocyclization of methyl 1-aryl-3-cinnamoyl-4,5-dioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylates by the action of 3-(arylamino)-1H-inden-1-ones. Molecules 2012; 17:13787-94. [PMID: 23174896 PMCID: PMC6268825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171213787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl 1-aryl-3-cinnamoyl-4,5-dioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylates interact with 3-(arylamino)-1H-inden-1-ones to give the corresponding 1,1'-diaryl-3'-cinnamoyl-4'-hydroxy-1H-spiro[indeno[1,2-b]pyrrole-3,2'-pyrrole]-2,4,5'(1'H)-triones in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel S. Silaichev
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Perm State National Research University, Perm 614066, Russia; (P.S.S.); (V.O.F.)
| | - Valeriy O. Filimonov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Perm State National Research University, Perm 614066, Russia; (P.S.S.); (V.O.F.)
| | - Pavel A. Slepukhin
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Russian Academy of Science, Ural Branch, Yekaterinburg 620219, Russia;
| | - Andrey N. Maslivets
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Perm State National Research University, Perm 614066, Russia; (P.S.S.); (V.O.F.)
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17
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Lebon F, Pégurier C, Ledecq M, Mathieu B, Bosman N, Frycia A, Lengelé S, Dhurke K, Kanduluru AK, Meunier S, Wagner A, Wolff C, Provins L. Towards a KCC2 blocker pharmacophore model. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3978-82. [PMID: 22608391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A multi-disciplinary approach was used to identify the first pharmacophore model for KCC2 blockers: several physico-chemical studies such as XRD and NMR were combined to molecular modelling techniques, SAR analysis and synthesis of constrained analogues in order to determine a minimal conformational space regrouping few potential bioactive conformations. These conformations were further compared to the conformational space of a different series of KCC2 blockers in order to identify the common pharmacophoric features. The synthesis of more potent analogues in this second series confirmed the usefulness of this KCC2 blocker pharmacophore model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lebon
- UCB Pharma, UCB NewMedicines, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium.
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18
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Krow GR, Shoulders MD, Edupuganti R, Gandla D, Yu F, Sonnet PE, Sender M, Choudhary A, DeBrosse C, Ross CW, Carroll P, Raines RT. Synthesis of 5-fluoro- and 5-hydroxymethanoprolines via lithiation of N-BOC-methanopyrrolidines. Constrained Cγ-exo and Cγ-endo Flp and Hyp conformer mimics. J Org Chem 2012; 77:5331-44. [PMID: 22607128 PMCID: PMC3381989 DOI: 10.1021/jo300700a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proline derivatives with a C(γ)-exo pucker typically display a high amide bond trans/cis (K(T/C)) ratio. This pucker enhances n→π* overlap of the amide oxygen and ester carbonyl carbon, which favors a trans amide bond. If there were no difference in n→π* interaction between the ring puckers, then the correlation between ring pucker and K(T/C) might be broken. To explore this possibility, proline conformations were constrained using a methylene bridge. We synthesized discrete gauche and anti 5-fluoro- and 5-hydroxy-N-acetylmethanoproline methyl esters from 3-syn and 3-anti fluoro- and hydroxymethanopyrrolidines using directed α-metalation to introduce the α-ester group. NBO calculations reveal minimal n→π* orbital interactions, so contributions from other forces might be of greater importance in determining K(T/C) for the methanoprolines. Consistent with this hypothesis, greater trans amide preferences were found in CDCl(3) for anti isomers en-MetFlp and en-MetHyp (72-78% trans) than for the syn stereoisomers ex-MetFlp and ex-MetHyp (54-67% trans). These, and other, K(T/C) results that we report here indicate how substituents on proline analogues can affect amide preferences by pathways other than ring puckering and n→π* overlap and suggest that caution should be exercised in assigning enhanced pyrrolidine C(γ)-exo ring puckering based solely on enhanced trans amide preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Krow
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
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19
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Leis HJ, Windischhofer W. (S)-(-)-N-(pentafluorobenzylcarbamoyl)prolyl chloride: a chiral derivatisation reagent designed for gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry of amino compounds. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2012; 26:592-598. [PMID: 22328211 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The synthesis of a novel chiral derivatisation reagent, (S)-(-)-N-(pentafluorobenzylcarbamoyl)prolyl chloride is described which is preferably useful for negative-ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. METHODS Preparation of the reagent followed a general strategy used to prepare enantioselective reagents based on the N-substitution of L-proline. Pentafluorobenzyl chloroformate smoothly reacted with L-proline to give the desired derivatisation reagent after conversion into the acyl chloride. The product was sufficiently pure to be used in the following steps without any additional purification. RESULTS The reagent was tested against selected chiral and non-chiral analytical targets. Chromatographic enantioseparation was at least equal to the commonly used (S)-(-)-N-(heptafluorobutyryl)prolyl derivatives. The derivatives exhibit excellent mass spectral properties under negative ion chemical ionisation, i.e. reduced fragmentation and thus high ion current for the targeted m/z during analysis. With electron ionisation, the fragmentation that occurs is mainly directed by the introduced group. Enantioseparation with gas chromatography/negative-ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry of the derivatives was demonstrated for the enantiomers of amphetamine, α-aminocaprylic acid methyl ester and threo-methylphenidate. CONCLUSIONS The new derivatisation reagent shows highly improved mass spectral properties for negative-ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry and is thus suitable for sensitive chiral detection of amino compounds. The reagent extends the applicability of dissociative resonance electron capture using pentafluorobenzyl derivatives to chiral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J Leis
- University Children's Hospital, Research Unit of Osteology and Analytical Mass Spectrometry, Auenbruggerplatz 34/II, A-8036, Graz, Austria.
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20
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Ostrovskaia RU, Gudasheva TA, Krupina NA, Seredin SB. [The search of small molecules with antipsychotic activity on the background of neurotensin]. Bioorg Khim 2012; 38:119-126. [PMID: 22792715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tridecapeptide neurotensin (NT) is known to exert the neuroleptic-like effects in case of its intracerebral administration. The group of systemically active dipeptides , acylprolyltyrosines, was constructed on the background of NT. Methyl ester of N-caproyl-L-prolyl-L-tyrosine (Dilept) was chosen for further development. The paper is dealing with main principles of Dilept'design and with analysis of the experimental data concerning its effect on the "translational" model of schizophrenia--the deficit of prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle-reaction caused by either dopamine-mimetic, apomorphine, or by the uncompetitive NMDA-blocker, ketamine. Dilept was shown to attenuate these deficits both in case ofintraperitoneal and peroral administration. Dilept is considered as a potential antipsychotic.
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21
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Giordano C, Sansone A, Masi A, Lucente G, Punzi P, Mollica A, Pinnen F, Feliciani F, Cacciatore I, Davis P, Lai J, Ma SW, Porreca F, Hruby V. Synthesis and activity of endomorphin-2 and morphiceptin analogues with proline surrogates in position 2. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:4594-600. [PMID: 20692738 PMCID: PMC5689459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The opioid agonists endomorphins (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH(2); EM1 and Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH(2); EM2) and morphiceptin (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-NH(2)) exhibit an extremely high selectivity for mu-opioid receptor. Here a series of novel EM2 and morphiceptin analogues containing in place of the proline at position 2 the S and R residues of beta-homologues of proline (HPro), of 2-pyrrolidinemethanesulphonic acid (HPrs) and of 3-pyrrolidinesulphonic acid (betaPrs) have been synthesized and their binding affinity and functional activity have been investigated. The highest micro-receptor affinity is shown by [(S)betaPrs(2)]EM2 analogue (6e) which represents the first example of a beta-sulphonamido analogue in the field of opioid peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Giordano
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare del CNR, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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22
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McCormack MP, Shalumova T, Tanski JM, Waters SP. Development of a 2-aza-Cope-[3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition strategy for the synthesis of quaternary proline scaffolds. Org Lett 2010; 12:3906-9. [PMID: 20681608 PMCID: PMC2929309 DOI: 10.1021/ol101606v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot multicomponent procedure for the synthesis of highly functionalized pyrrolidine rings through a domino 2-aza-Cope-[3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition sequence has been demonstrated. This protocol was found to be both high-yielding and stereoselective for the endo cycloadduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. McCormack
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405
| | | | | | - Stephen P. Waters
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405
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Abstract
Anodic olefin coupling reactions using a tosylamine trapping group have been studied. The cyclizations are favored by the use of a less-polar radical cation and more basic reaction conditions. The most significant factor for obtaining good yields of cyclic product is the use of the more basic reaction conditions. However, a number of factors including the nature of both the solvent and the electrolyte used can influence the yield of the cyclizations. The cyclizations allow for the rapid synthesis of both substituted proline and pipecolic acid type derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Chao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
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Abstract
GlcNAc-PROLI/NO prodrugs that are activated by N-acetylglucosaminidase to release nitric oxide (NO) are described. A classical acid-amine coupling is used to bifunctionalize these PROLI/NO prodrugs, which on activation generate up to 4 mol of NO, a peptide residue, and an N-acetylglucosamine residue. Many of the prodrugs synthesized are efficient sources of intracellular NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S. Nandurdikar
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Anna E. Maciag
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Sam Y. Hong
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Harinath Chakrapani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India 411008
| | - Michael L. Citro
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Larry K. Keefer
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Joseph E. Saavedra
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
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25
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Anteunis MJ, Borremans FA, Becu C, Sleeckx J. Preparation of racemic 2r-carboxy-trans, trans-3,4-dideutero-pyrrolidine (DL-trans, trans-3,4-dideutero-proline) and unambiguous assignment of protons in the 1H n.m.r. spectrum of proline. Int J Pept Protein Res 2009; 14:445-50. [PMID: 536112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1979.tb01955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Racemic trans-3,4-dideutero proline has been prepared by catalytic deuteration of 3-pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid. The stereospecificity of the reduction (i.e. trans to the carboxylic group) was ascertained after transformation of the dideutero compound into the diketopiperazide c/Pro, Aib/, for which unambiguous proton assignments in the 1H n.m.r. spectrum had been obtained previously. The identification of the configuration of the dideuteroproline allows for the affirmation of the correctness of proton assignments as previously proposed in literature.
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26
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Sandberg BE, Ragnarsson U. Preparation of some 2-phenylisopropyl-oxycarbonyl amino acids. Evaluation of their properties with particular reference to application in solid phase peptide synthesis. Int J Pept Protein Res 2009; 6:111-9. [PMID: 4415174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1974.tb02368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Carlson EC, Rathbone LK, Yang H, Collett ND, Carter RG. Improved protocol for asymmetric, intramolecular heteroatom Michael addition using organocatalysis: enantioselective syntheses of homoproline, pelletierine, and homopipecolic acid. J Org Chem 2008; 73:5155-8. [PMID: 18529081 PMCID: PMC2474690 DOI: 10.1021/jo800749t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An improved protocol for the construction of enantioenriched pyrrolidine, indoline, and piperidine rings using an organocatalyzed, intramolecular heteroatom Michael addition is described. Application to the enantioselective synthesis of homoproline, homopipecolic acid, and pelletierine has been accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik C Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, 153 Gilbert Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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Abstract
The full stereochemical characterization of 4-methylproline, a rare amino acid found in a number of peptidic secondary metabolites, has often been hindered by long reaction sequences or low stereoselectivity in the synthesis leading to reference samples. The preparation of the four diastereoisomers of 4-methylproline by a concise and stereoselective route is presented and features a six-step route with late-stage stereodivergence, good stereoselectivity for both cis- and trans-series (75% and 88% de, respectively), and good overall yields (cumulative yields of 30-40%). Additional data on the Marfey's derivatives of the stereoisomers are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel C Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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30
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Lee DJ, Kowalczyk R, Muir VJ, Rendle PM, Brimble MA. A comparative study of different glycosylation methods for the synthesis of d-mannopyranosides of Nα-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline allyl ester. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:2628-34. [PMID: 17854783 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of Nalpha-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-trans-4-hydroxy-4-O-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl)-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl]-l-proline allyl ester and Nalpha-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-trans-4-hydroxy-4-O-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl)-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl]-l-proline allyl ester is described. Glycosylation using Königs-Knorr conditions with a benzoyl protected glycosyl donor provided the optimum method. Removal of the allyl ester gave two mannosylated building blocks suitable for solid phase glycopeptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
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31
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Abstract
Interactions between the integrin, alpha2beta1, and extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly collagen, play a pivotal role in platelet adhesion and thrombus formation. Platelets interact with collagen in the subendothelial matrix that is exposed by vascular damage. To evaluate the potential of alpha2beta1 inhibitors for anticancer and antithrombotic applications, we have developed a series of small molecule inhibitors of this integrin based on a prolyl-2,3-diaminopropionic acid (DAP) scaffold using solid-phase parallel synthesis. A benzenesulfonamide substituent at the N-terminus of the dipepetide and a benzyl urea at the DAP side chain resulted in tight and highly selective inhibition of alpha2beta1-mediated adhesion of human platelets and other cells to collagen.
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32
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Guo Y, Fujiwara K, Amii H, Uneyama K. Selective Defluorination Approach to N-Cbz-3,3-difluoro-2-difluoromethylenepyrrolidine and Its Application to 3,3-Difluoroproline Dipeptide Synthesis. J Org Chem 2007; 72:8523-6. [PMID: 17914839 DOI: 10.1021/jo070719q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mg-promoted defluorination of N-(p-methoxyphenyl)bis(trifluoromethyl)imine 1 gave perfluoroenamine 2, which was readily transformed to N-Cbz-2-trifluoromethyl-3,3-difluoropyrrolidine 10. Chemoselective defluorination from the trifluoromethyl group of 10 by LHMDS-promoted dehydrofluorination in THF provided 3,3-difluoro-2-difluoromethylenepyrrolidine 11. The product 11 was converted to 3,3-difluoroproline dipeptides 16 upon treatment with aminoesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, 3-3-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
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33
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Abstract
The sensitivity to decomposition of the nitric oxide (NO) donor ion, 1-[2-(carboxylato)pyrrolidin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (PROLI/NO), complicates direct electrophilic substitution to form useful prodrug derivatives. A modified general synthetic approach involving 1-[2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate ion (structure A, above) was used to prepare several PROLI/NO prodrugs including the previously inaccessible O2-vinyl derivative, V-PROLI/NO. Metabolism of V-PROLI/NO by liver microsomes enriched in human cytochrome P450 isoforms was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinath Chakrapani
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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34
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Abstract
To extend the memory of chirality (MOC) methodology to structurally more diverse compounds, the synthesis of 4-hydroxy-alpha-methylprolines was undertaken. Yield and selectivity were very good, with an unexpected reversal in selectivity observed for the cyclization of one adduct with an unprotected hydroxyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Kolaczkowski
- Abbott Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Process Chemistry, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, USA.
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35
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Reddy PR, Raju N, Manjula P, Reddy KVG. Synthesis and DNA Binding/Cleavage of Mononuclear Copper(II) Phenanthroline/Bipyridine Proline Complexes. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4:1565-77. [PMID: 17638338 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200790136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The complexes [Cu(II)(phen)(L-Pro)(H2O)]+ ClO4(-) (1; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) and [Cu(II)(bipy)(L-Pro)(H2O)]+ ClO4(-) (2; bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine) were synthesized and characterized by IR, magnetic susceptibility, UV/VIS, EPR, ESI-MS, elemental analysis, and theoretical calculations. The metal center was found in a square-pyramidal geometry. UV/VIS, thermal-denaturation, and fluorescence-spectroscopic studies were conducted to assess the interaction of the complexes with CT-DNA. An intercalative mode of binding was found, with intrinsic binding constants (Kb) of 3.86x10(3) and 4.6x10(3) M(-1) and Stern-Volmer quenching constants (K) of 0.15 and 0.11 for 1 and 2, respectively. Interestingly, none of the Cu(II) complexes was able to cleave pUC-19 DNA, which is attributed to the absence of a Pro amide H-atom and inhibition of the formation of an OH radical from the axially coordinated H2O molecule.
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36
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Abstract
The synthesis of a discovery library of 80 3,4-dehydroproline amides was achieved in a four-step reaction sequence from easily accessible 3-aminoallene-3-carboxylate methyl esters. Diversification of these proline mimics was introduced at five different sites: the substituents at the 3-pyrroline unit (R1, R2, R3), at the nitrogen (R4), and the C-terminus (R5). The 3-pyrroline scaffold was synthesized in excellent yields by a silver-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of aminoallenes, followed by N-functionalization reactions. Maximum diversity was introduced in the final step of the reaction sequence by taking advantage of the carboxylic acid handle of the 3-pyrroline subunit. Amide coupling reactions using polystyrene-carbodiimide (PS-carbodiimide) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) under microwave irradiation led to 3,4-dehydroproline amides that were obtained in purities greater than 85% by LC/MS/ESLD after scavenging the excess HOBt on a silica-bound carbonate SPE cartridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Werner
- Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development (UPCMLD), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
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37
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Prongay AJ, Guo Z, Yao N, Pichardo J, Fischmann T, Strickland C, Myers J, Weber PC, Beyer BM, Ingram R, Hong Z, Prosise WW, Ramanathan L, Taremi SS, Yarosh-Tomaine T, Zhang R, Senior M, Yang RS, Malcolm B, Arasappan A, Bennett F, Bogen SL, Chen K, Jao E, Liu YT, Lovey RG, Saksena AK, Venkatraman S, Girijavallabhan V, Njoroge FG, Madison V. Discovery of the HCV NS3/4A Protease Inhibitor (1R,5S)-N-[3-Amino-1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-2,3-dioxopropyl]-3- [2(S)-[[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl]- 6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2(S)-carboxamide (Sch 503034) II. Key Steps in Structure-Based Optimization. J Med Chem 2007; 50:2310-8. [PMID: 17444623 DOI: 10.1021/jm060173k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structures of both the native holo-HCV NS3/4A protease domain and the protease domain with a serine 139 to alanine (S139A) mutation were solved to high resolution. Subsequently, structures were determined for a series of ketoamide inhibitors in complex with the protease. The changes in the inhibitor potency were correlated with changes in the buried surface area upon binding the inhibitor to the active site. The largest contribution to the binding energy arises from the hydrophobic interactions of the P1 and P2 groups as they bind to the S1 and S2 pockets [the numbering of the subsites is as defined in Berger, A.; Schechter, I. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 1970, 257, 249-264]. This correlation of the changes in potency with increased buried surface area contributed directly to the design of a potent tripeptide inhibitor of the HCV NS3/4A protease that is currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Prongay
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA.
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38
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Pandey J, Dwivedi N, Singh N, Srivastava AK, Tamarkar A, Tripathi RP. Diastereoselective synthesis of glycosylated prolines as α-glucosidase inhibitors and organocatalyst in asymmetric aldol reaction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1321-5. [PMID: 17188491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides and glycosyl E-olefins in presence of LDA led to diastereoselective formation of C-glycosylated proline esters. The selected esters on regioselective hydrolysis with LiOH gave C-glycosyl prolines. Few of the proline esters exhibited very good alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The organocatalytic activity of the proline derivatives in a prototype Aldol reaction has also been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Pandey
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
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39
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Zanardi F, Sartori A, Curti C, Battistini L, Rassu G, Nicastro G, Casiraghi G. Diastereoselective synthesis of 4,5'-bis-proline compounds via reductive dimerization of N-acyloxyiminium ions. J Org Chem 2007; 72:1814-7. [PMID: 17263582 DOI: 10.1021/jo062406l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A short, practical synthesis of novel, unsymmetrical 4,5'-bis-proline compounds has been achieved, highlighted by the application of an unprecedented samarium diiodide-driven regio- and diastereocontrolled reductive dimerization of N-acyloxyiminium ions generated from readily available 2-methoxy-5-silyloxymethyl-N-Boc pyrrolidines. The title proline dimers proved to be pertinent metal-free catalysts in aldol and Mannich reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Zanardi
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 27A, I-43100 Parma, Italy
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40
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Abstract
Enantiomerically pure (R)-(+)-pipecolic acid was synthesized in four steps and 42% overall yield starting from dihydropyran and (R)-alpha-methylbenzylamine. A general short strategy is also described for preparing (S)-proline (47.5% overall yield) and derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Fadel
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique et Méthodologie, CNRS, UMR 8182, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Bâtiment 420, Univ Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France.
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41
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Abstract
Enantioenriched 3,4-disubstituted beta-prolines have been prepared with a high diastereocontrol through a carbometalation reaction or through a domino Michael addition/carbometalation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Denes
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, UMR 7611, FR2769, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Tour 44-45, 2ème étage, Case 183, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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42
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Ji H, Gómez-Vidal JA, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Silverman RB. Conformationally restricted dipeptide amides as potent and selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2006; 49:6254-63. [PMID: 17034131 PMCID: PMC2517862 DOI: 10.1021/jm0604124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Four new conformationally restricted analogues of a potent and selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, l-nitroargininyl-l-2,4-diaminobutyramide (1), have been synthesized. N(alpha)-Methyl and N(alpha)-benzyl derivatives (3 and 4, respectively) of 4-N-(l-Arg(NO(2))-trans-4-amino-l-prolineamide (2) are also selective inhibitors, but the potency and selectivity of 3 are weak. Analogue 4 has only one-third the potency and one-half to one-third the selectivity of 2 against iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) and eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase), respectively. 3-N-(l-Arg(NO)(2))-trans-3-amino-l-prolineamide (6) is as potent an inhibitor of nNOS (neuronal nitric oxide synthase) as 2; selectivity for nNOS over iNOS is half of that for 2, but the selectivity for nNOS over eNOS is almost double that for 2. The corresponding cis-isomer (5) is a weak inhibitor of nNOS. These results are supported by computer modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Richard B. Silverman
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Chemistry Phone: 1−847−491−5653
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43
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Dixon SM, Milinkevich KA, Fujii J, Liu R, Yao N, Lam KS, Kurth MJ. A Spiroisoxazolinoproline-Based Amino Acid Scaffold for Solid Phase and One-Bead−One-Compound Library Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 9:143-57. [PMID: 17206843 DOI: 10.1021/cc060090p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, multigram synthesis of a spiroisoxazolinoproline-based amino acid, 7, requiring minimal purification, delivering good cis:trans diastereoselectivity (approximately 1:4), and providing good yields is reported. Surface-bound studies of the reduction of an arylnitro group in the presence of an isoxazoline ring with tin(II) dichloride dihydrate were undertaken to confirm the stability of the isoxazoline ring. Full derivitization of this spiroisoxazolinoproline-based amino acid scaffold was performed during the synthesis of a sample library with high yields and high purity that validated the efficiency of the chemistry that was employed in resin-bound library synthesis. A 129,600 member one-bead-one-compound (OBOC) library based on the scaffold 7 was synthesized utilizing a dual amino acid encoding method and bifunctionalization of TentaGel resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth M Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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44
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Venkatraman S, Bogen SL, Arasappan A, Bennett F, Chen K, Jao E, Liu YT, Lovey R, Hendrata S, Huang Y, Pan W, Parekh T, Pinto P, Popov V, Pike R, Ruan S, Santhanam B, Vibulbhan B, Wu W, Yang W, Kong J, Liang X, Wong J, Liu R, Butkiewicz N, Chase R, Hart A, Agrawal S, Ingravallo P, Pichardo J, Kong R, Baroudy B, Malcolm B, Guo Z, Prongay A, Madison V, Broske L, Cui X, Cheng KC, Hsieh Y, Brisson JM, Prelusky D, Korfmacher W, White R, Bogdanowich-Knipp S, Pavlovsky A, Bradley P, Saksena AK, Ganguly A, Piwinski J, Girijavallabhan V, Njoroge FG. Discovery of (1R,5S)-N-[3-amino-1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-2,3-dioxopropyl]- 3-[2(S)-[[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl]- 6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2(S)-carboxamide (SCH 503034), a selective, potent, orally bioavailable hepatitis C virus NS3 protease inhibitor: a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of hepatitis C infection. J Med Chem 2006; 49:6074-86. [PMID: 17004721 DOI: 10.1021/jm060325b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the major cause of chronic liver disease, leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which affects more than 170 million people worldwide. Currently the only therapeutic regimens are subcutaneous interferon-alpha or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-interferon-alpha alone or in combination with oral ribavirin. Although combination therapy is reasonably successful with the majority of genotypes, its efficacy against the predominant genotype (genotype 1) is moderate at best, with only about 40% of the patients showing sustained virological response. Herein, the SAR leading to the discovery of 70 (SCH 503034), a novel, potent, selective, orally bioavailable NS3 protease inhibitor that has been advanced to clinical trials in human beings for the treatment of hepatitis C viral infections is described. X-ray structure of inhibitor 70 complexed with the NS3 protease and biological data are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Venkatraman
- Schering Plough Research Institute, K-15, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA.
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45
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Abstract
[Structure: see text] A procedure for the preparation of proline N-carboxyanhydride in high yield and purity is described using polymer-supported tertiary amines. The polymer-supported amine can be recycled with a basic wash and filtration of the resin. The procedure facilitates the access to the efficient preparation of the polyproline polymer with potential therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar P Gulín
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Parc Científic de Barcelona IRB-PCB, Universitat de Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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46
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Nadano R, Iwai Y, Mori T, Ichikawa J. Divergent Chemical Synthesis of Prolines Bearing Fluorinated One-Carbon Units at the 4-Position via Nucleophilic 5-Endo-Trig Cyclizations. J Org Chem 2006; 71:8748-54. [PMID: 17081002 DOI: 10.1021/jo061421n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)homoallyl]sulfonamides, prepared via ring opening of (S)-glycidyl ethers or 2-aryloxiranes with 1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyllithium, underwent intramolecular addition or S(N)2'-type reaction in the normally disfavored 5-endo-trig fashion, leading to 2-substituted 4-(trifluoromethyl)- or 4-(difluoromethylene)pyrrolidines. Both alpha- and beta-face-selective hydrogenation of the 4-difluoromethylene group afforded syn- and anti-4-(difluoromethyl)pyrrolidines, respectively. These sequences, followed by the oxidation of a 2-hydroxymethyl or 2-aryl group, successfully provided prolines with a trifluoromethyl, difluoromethylene, or difluoromethyl group at the 4-position, including optically active prolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nadano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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47
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Tian X, Field TB, Switzer AG, Mazur AW, Ebetino FH, Wos JA, Berberich SM, Jayasinghe LR, Obringer CM, Dowty ME, Pinney BB, Farmer JA, Crossdoersen D, Sheldon RJ. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of proline and pyrrolidine based melanocortin receptor agonists. A conformationally restricted dipeptide mimic approach. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4745-61. [PMID: 16854081 DOI: 10.1021/jm060384p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of a series of novel proline and pyrrolidine based melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonists are described. To validate a conformationally constrained Arg-Nal dipeptide analogue strategy, we first synthesized and evaluated a test set of cis-(2R,4R)-proline analogues (21a-g). All of these compounds showed significant binding and agonist potency at the hMC1R, hMC3R, and hMC4R. Potent cis-(2S,4R)-pyrrolidine based MCR agonists (35a-g) were subsequently developed by means of this design approach. A SAR study directed toward probing the effect of the two chiral centers in the pyrrolidine ring on biological activity revealed the importance of the (S) absolute configuration at the 2-position for binding affinity, agonist potency, and receptor selectivity. Among the four sets of the pyrrolidine diastereomers investigated, analogues with the (2S,4R) configuration were the most potent agonists across the three receptors, followed by those possessing the (2S,4S) configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Tian
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA.
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48
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Gopalsamy A, Chopra R, Lim K, Ciszewski G, Shi M, Curran KJ, Sukits SF, Svenson K, Bard J, Ellingboe JW, Agarwal A, Krishnamurthy G, Howe AYM, Orlowski M, Feld B, O'Connell J, Mansour TS. Discovery of proline sulfonamides as potent and selective hepatitis C virus NS5b polymerase inhibitors. Evidence for a new NS5b polymerase binding site. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3052-5. [PMID: 16722622 DOI: 10.1021/jm060168g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Through high throughput screening, substituted proline sulfonamide 6 was identified as HCV NS5b RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor. Optimization of various regions of the lead molecule resulted in compounds that displayed good potency and selectivity. The crystal structure of 6 and NS5b polymerase complex confirmed the binding near the active site region. The optimization approach and SAR are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariamala Gopalsamy
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA.
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49
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Gilmore BF, Lynas JF, Scott CJ, McGoohan C, Martin L, Walker B. Dipeptide proline diphenyl phosphonates are potent, irreversible inhibitors of seprase (FAPα). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:436-46. [PMID: 16769036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) and seprase belong to a small group of membrane-bound, proline-specific serine proteases, the serine integral membrane proteases (SIMPs). Whilst DPP-IV is the most exhaustively studied peptidase in this class, relatively less is known about the inhibitor/substrate specificity of its close homolog seprase. Additionally, whereas, DPP-IV expression is largely ubiquitous, seprase expression is restricted to tumour and tissue remodelling sites in vivo. Consequently, the highly restricted expression and distribution of seprase potentially make it an excellent therapeutic target for the modulation of neoplastic invasion and metastasis. Against this background, we now wish to report on the design, synthesis, and kinetic testing of a series of dipeptide proline diphenyl phosphonates, against DPP-IV and seprase. The most potent inhibitor of DPP-IV and seprase was found to be Gly-ProP(OPh)2, which exhibited overall second-order rate constants of inactivation of 5.24 x 105 M-1 min-1 and 1.06 x 104 M-1 min-1 against DPP-IV and seprase, respectively. Both proteases displayed differing profiles of susceptibility towards the other members of the series of inhibitors synthesised. In addition, Gly-ProP(OPh)2 and Tyr-ProP(OPh)2 were found to exert a considerable, dose-dependent anti-invasive effect on the LOX melanoma cell line, in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan F Gilmore
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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50
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Chen L, Kim YM, Kucera DJ, Harrison KE, Bahmanyar S, Scott JM, Yazbeck D. Fluorination-Free Synthesis of a 4,4-Difluoro-3,3-Dimethylproline Derivative. J Org Chem 2006; 71:5468-73. [PMID: 16839124 DOI: 10.1021/jo060057p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A Claisen rearrangement/iodolactamization sequence starting from commercially available trifluoroacetaldehyde methyl hemiacetal, followed by a classical chemical resolution, provided enantiomerically pure 4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethylproline (S)-1. No hazardous fluorination reagents were used, and the overall yield over 12 steps was greater than 28%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Chen
- Chemical Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121-1111, USA.
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