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Sreiri N, Ben Abdallah Y, Belfeki N, Klopfenstein T, Zayet S. Chlamydia psittaci-related pleuro-myocarditis. Braz J Infect Dis 2024; 28:103739. [PMID: 38679059 PMCID: PMC11099301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2024.103739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci ‒ related community-acquired pneumonia associated to acute myocarditis was diagnosed in a young man with no medical history, and a professional exposition to birds. The diagnosis was confirmed with positive specific polymerase chain reaction in bronchoalveolar lavage. The patient was treated with spiramycin for two weeks with anti-inflammatory treatment for myocarditis for three months. Clinical and biological improvement was rapidly observed followed by normalization of electrocardiogram and chest CT scan. No relapse was reported for over a two-year follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Sreiri
- Nord Franche-Comté Hospital, Infectious Diseases Department, Trévenans, France
| | | | - Nabil Belfeki
- Groupe Hospitalier Sud Ile de France, Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology Department, Melun, France
| | | | - Souheil Zayet
- Nord Franche-Comté Hospital, Infectious Diseases Department, Trévenans, France.
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2
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Bonwitt J, Riethman M, Glashower D, Oltean HN, Wohrle R, Joseph B, McHale B, Ritchie B. Application of environmental sampling to investigate a case of avian chlamydiosis in a pet store and breeding facility leading to mass bird exposures. Zoonoses Public Health 2023; 70:572-577. [PMID: 37157946 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is a bacterium that causes chlamydiosis in birds and can cause zoonotic psittacosis in people. In November 2017, we received notification of a suspected case of avian chlamydiosis in a captive cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) that was sold by an online pet bird retail and breeding facility in Washington State. We describe the investigation with emphasis on how environmental sampling was used to guide veterinary and public health interventions. Bird samples were collected either from pooled droppings, pooled plumage or individual nasal and choanal swabs. Environmental samples were obtained by swabbing cleaning mops, tables and cage structures. All samples were tested by polymerase chain reaction and positive samples underwent genotyping. Approximately 1000 birds representing four taxonomic orders were kept within an open-space warehouse. Eight of 14 environmental samples and one of two pooled faecal samples were positive for Chlamydia spp. The contaminating strain of Chlamydia spp. was identified as genotype A. The facility was closed for environmental disinfection, and all psittacines were treated with oral doxycycline for 45 days. Ten of 10 environmental and two of two pooled faecal samples were negative for C. psittaci 11 months after the completion of environmental disinfection and antimicrobial treatment. This investigation highlights the importance of preventing and mitigating pathogen incursion in an online pet retail and breeding facility. Environmental sampling is valuable to guide animal and public health interventions for control of C. psittaci, particularly when large numbers of birds are exposed to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Bonwitt
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Office of Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | | | - Hanna N Oltean
- Office of Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington, USA
| | - Ron Wohrle
- Office of Environmental Public Health Sciences, Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA
| | - Brian Joseph
- Washington State Department of Agriculture, Olympia, Washington, USA
- Lifestock Int'l, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Brittany McHale
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Branson Ritchie
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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3
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Huang Y, Li S, He S, Li Y, He Q, Wu Y. Chlamydia psittaci inclusion membrane protein CPSIT_0842 induces macrophage apoptosis through MAPK/ERK-mediated autophagy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 157:106376. [PMID: 36716815 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2023.106376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is a multi-host zoonotic pathogen, which mainly infects poultry and inflicts an appreciable economic burden on the livestock farming industry. C. psittaci inclusion membrane proteins are uniquely positioned at the host-pathogen interface and are important virulence proteins. We have previously confirmed that Incs regulate host cell survival to help Chlamydia sp. evade host-cell-mediated defense mechanisms. However, the role of the Inc, CPSIT_0842, in the regulation of cell death following the establishment of persistent C. psittaci infection remains unknown. This study explored the effect of CPSIT_0842 on the crosstalk between the autophagic and apoptotic pathways in macrophages. Results showed that CPSIT_0842 initiated autophagy and blocked autophagic flux in human macrophages, as indicated by autophagy-related protein LC3-II, Beclin-1, and p62 upregulation, autophagosome accumulation, and lysosomal protein LAMP1 diminution. We also showed that the disruption of autophagic flux had a regulatory effect on CPSIT_0842-induced apoptosis. Moreover, the suppression of autophagy initiation by 3-methyladenine attenuated CPSIT_0842-induced apoptosis. By contrast, the induction of autophagic flux by rapamycin did not significantly affect CPSIT_0842-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that CPSIT_0842 induced macrophage apoptosis by initiating incomplete autophagy through the MAPK/ERK/mTOR signaling pathway, which may be instrumental to the ability of C. psittaci to evade the host innate immune response and establish persistent infection. The improved understanding of the autophagic and cell death pathways triggered upon bacterial inclusion will likely help in the development of novel treatment strategies for chlamydia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Huang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Siqin He
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Qingzhi He
- School of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
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4
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Origlia JA, Madariaga MJ, Correa EDC, Unzaga MF, Piscopo MV, Pecoraro MR, Cadario ME. First detection of Chlamydia avium in healthy Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva) in Argentina. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:553-557. [PMID: 36342659 PMCID: PMC9943987 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, new Chlamydia species, other than Chlamydia psittaci, have been confirmed in birds. One of these new species, Chlamydia avium, was reported mainly in pigeons and parrots in Europe. Analyzing multimucosal swabs obtained from 7 Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva) from illegal trade and admitted to the Reserva Experimental Horco Molle (Tucuman, Argentina) for their rehabilitation, we describe the finding of the genetic material of C. avium in 2 of these birds. There were no signs compatible with the chlamydiosis-like disease in the studied birds or in the rehabilitation center staff. The use of sensitive and wide-ranging molecular tools is necessary for the detection of all Chlamydiaceae present in birds and would aid in the selection of control measures in wildlife rehabilitation centers to prevent outbreaks in the facilities and the introduction of pathogens in nature. We provide the first molecular evidence of the presence of C. avium in Argentina and a new species of psittacine host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Aníbal Origlia
- Cátedra de Patología de Aves y Pilíferos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118 S/N, La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Julia Madariaga
- Sección Serología y Pruebas Biológicas, Instituto de Zoonosis Luis Pasteur, Av. Díaz Vélez 4821, 1405, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Elena Del Carmen Correa
- Reserva Experimental Horco Molle, FCN-IML, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Unzaga
- Cátedra de Patología de Aves y Pilíferos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118 S/N, La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miguel Victor Piscopo
- Cátedra de Patología de Aves y Pilíferos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118 S/N, La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Ricardo Pecoraro
- Laboratorio de Virología (LAVIR), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118 S/N, La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Estela Cadario
- Servicio de Bacteriología Clínica, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1280, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
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5
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Guscoth LB, Taylor DM, Coad F. Persistent renal replacement requirement following fulminant psittacosis infection in pregnancy. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e250221. [PMID: 36524261 PMCID: PMC9748922 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-250221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is a zoonotic bacterial infection that most commonly causes mild flu-like symptoms in humans. However, in pregnancy, it can present as fulminant psittacosis associated with systemic illness, disseminated intravascular coagulation, renal and hepatic failure. We describe a case of a veterinary nurse in her 30s who presented at 32 weeks' gestation with rapidly progressive multiorgan failure, with positive, C. psittaci serology. Further history revealed that she had delivered a number of dead lambs in the preceding weeks to her illness, highlighting the importance of a thorough social history. C. psittaci should be suspected in the differential as a causative organism for severe pneumonia with multiorgan failure particularly in pregnant women with animal or bird contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla B Guscoth
- Anaesthesia, Epsom and Saint Helier Hospital NHS Trust, Carshalton, Sutton, UK
| | | | - Felicity Coad
- Acute Medicine, Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust, Bath, Bath and North East Somer, UK
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6
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Muroni G, Pinna L, Serra E, Chisu V, Mandas D, Coccollone A, Liciardi M, Masala G. A Chlamydia psittaci Outbreak in Psittacine Birds in Sardinia, Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:14204. [PMID: 36361084 PMCID: PMC9658638 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is an intracellular bacterium belonging to the Chlamydiaceae family. It is the ethiologic agent of psittacosis, an occupational zoonotic disease that mainly concerns people who work in close contact with birds that represent the main infection route for human transmission. In Italy, information about this disease is lacking. This study is the first case of avian chlamydiosis reported from a pet shop in Sardinia, Italy. Chlamydia psittaci detected in psittacine birds by molecular analysis, direct immunofluorescence test together with anatomo-pathological observed lesions, highlighted the importance of focusing the attention over this underestimated zoonosis in a "One Health" prospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Muroni
- Zoonotic Pathology and OIEReference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Duca degli Abruzzi n. 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Luigia Pinna
- S.C. Complex Territorial Diagnostic Structure of Cagliari, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 09067 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisa Serra
- Zoonotic Pathology and OIEReference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Duca degli Abruzzi n. 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Valentina Chisu
- Zoonotic Pathology and OIEReference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Duca degli Abruzzi n. 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniela Mandas
- S.C. Complex Territorial Diagnostic Structure of Cagliari, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 09067 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Coccollone
- S.C. Complex Territorial Diagnostic Structure of Cagliari, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 09067 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Manuel Liciardi
- S.C. Complex Territorial Diagnostic Structure of Cagliari, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 09067 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Zoonotic Pathology and OIEReference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Duca degli Abruzzi n. 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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7
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He S, Wang C, Huang Y, Lu S, Li W, Ding N, Chen C, Wu Y. Chlamydia psittaci plasmid-encoded CPSIT_P7 induces macrophage polarization to enhance the antibacterial response through TLR4-mediated MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2022; 1869:119324. [PMID: 35809864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the protective effects of Chlamydia psittaci plasmid-encoded protein CPSIT_P7 as vaccine antigens to against chlamydial infection have been confirmed in our previous study, the function and mechanism of CPSIT_P7 inducing innate immunity in the antibacterial response remain unknown. Here, we found that plasmid protein CPSIT_P7 could induce M1 macrophage polarization upregulating the genes of the surface molecule CD86, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), and antibacterial effector NO synthase 2 (iNOS). During M1 macrophage polarization, macrophages acquire phagocytic and microbicidal competence, which promotes the host antibacterial response. As we observed that CPSIT_P7-induced M1 macrophages could partially reduce the infected mice pulmonary Chlamydia psittaci load. Furthermore, CPSIT_P7 induced M1 macrophage polarization through the TLR4-mediated MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Collectively, our results highlight the effect of CPSIT_P7 on macrophage polarization and provide new insights into new prevention and treatment strategies for chlamydial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqin He
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yanru Huang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Simin Lu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Nan Ding
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Chaoqun Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Yimou Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Tang J, Tan W, Luo L, Xu H, Li N. Application of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing in the Diagnosis of Pneumonia Caused by Chlamydia psittaci. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0238421. [PMID: 35938720 PMCID: PMC9431268 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02384-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psittacosis is an uncommon disease which mainly presents as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). We aim to apply metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) as a promising tool in the diagnosis of psittacosis pneumonia and to describe its clinical spectrum to provide physicians with a better understanding and recognition of this disease. Thirteen cases of psittacosis pneumonia were diagnosed by using mNGS. A retrospective analysis of the data on clinical manifestations, laboratory data, computed tomography (CT) images, new diagnosis tools, treatments, and outcomes was summarized. These patients had common symptoms of fever and weakness; some had poor appetite, cough, myalgia, and headache. Ten patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), among which six patients were severe pneumonia cases and needed ventilator therapy. Most patients got psittacosis pneumonia during the cold season. Ten cases were sporadic, but three were family clustering. All of the 13 patients were traced to an exposure history to birds, cat, or poultry, among which 2 only touched the innards of killed poultry before cooking, which may be an atypical exposure history not been reported before, to our knowledge. Most patients had various degrees of liver dysfunction. Air-space consolidations, along with ground-glass opacities and reticular shadows, were detected on chest CT scan. mNGS takes 48 to 72 h to provide results and helps to diagnose psittacosis. After being diagnosed by mNGS, with effective medicines, all patients finally had complete recoveries. The use of mNGS can improve the diagnostic rate of psittacosis pneumonia and shorten the course of disease control. IMPORTANCE Psittacosis pneumonia is easily underdiagnosed and misdiagnosed. In this study, we use mNGS in the diagnosis of psittacosis pneumonia. We found this disease is prone in the cold season, and touching the innards of killed poultry during cooking may be an atypical exposure history which has not been reported before to our knowledge. There are sporadic cases and family outbreak cases as well. Except for typical symptoms of fever and weakness, headache may be the main and only symptom in some patients. The rate of severe pneumonia is high among inpatients with psittacosis pneumonia, and the incidence of hepatic involvements is also high. Psittacosis pneumonia can be cured if the diagnosis is accurate and in time, even if it is severe pneumonia on admission. Some problems worthy of our attention about psittacosis pneumonia were put forward, such as its sick season, special exposure history, the rate of severe disease, and the high cure rate. mNGS can quickly and objectively detect more rare pathogenic microorganisms in clinical specimens without the need for specific amplification and has an advantage in the diagnosis of rare pathogenic bacteria in difficult cases such as psittacosis pneumonia. The use of mNGS can improve the accuracy and reduce the delay in the diagnosis of psittacosis, which shortens the course of disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanmei Tan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingxin Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Xu
- Vision Medicals Center for Infection Disease, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Li X, Zuo Z, Wang Y, Hegemann JH, He C. Polymorphic Membrane Protein 17G of Chlamydia psittaci Mediated the Binding and Invasion of Bacteria to Host Cells by Interacting and Activating EGFR of the Host. Front Immunol 2022; 12:818487. [PMID: 35173712 PMCID: PMC8841347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.818487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) is an obligate intracellular, gram-negative bacterium, and mainly causes systemic disease in psittacine birds, domestic poultry, and wild fowl. The pathogen is threating to human beings due to closely contacted to employees in poultry industry. The polymorphic membrane proteins (Pmps) enriched in C. psittaci includes six subtypes (A, B/C, D, E/F, G/I and H). Compared to that of the 1 pmpG gene in Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis), the diverse pmpG gene-coding proteins of C. psittaci remain elusive. In the present study, polymorphic membrane protein 17G (Pmp17G) of C. psittaci mediated adhesion to different host cells. More importantly, expression of Pmp17G in C. trachomatis upregulated infections to host cells. Afterwards, crosstalk between Pmp17G and EGFR was screened and identified by MALDI-MS and Co-IP. Subsequently, EGFR overexpression in CHO-K1 cells and EGFR knockout in HeLa 229 cells were assessed to determine whether Pmp17G directly correlated with EGFR during Chlamydial adhesion. Finally, the EGFR phosphorylation was recognized by Grb2, triggering chlamydial invasion. Based on above evidence, Pmp17G possesses adhesive property that serves as an adhesin and activate intracellular bacterial internalization by recognizing EGFR during C. psittaci infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zonghui Zuo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Biology, Institute for Functional Microbial Genomics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yihui Wang
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Johannes H. Hegemann
- Department of Biology, Institute for Functional Microbial Genomics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cheng He
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Cheng He,
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Yuan Y, Zhang X, Gui C. Detection of Chlamydia psittaci in both blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26514. [PMID: 34232184 PMCID: PMC8270604 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Chlamydia psittaci (C psittaci) is a gram-negative obligate intracellular parasite, with birds as main hosts. The main route of infection in humans is inhalation of aerosols from contaminated animal excreta through the respiratory tract. The main manifestation of C psittaci infection is pneumonia. Patients suffering from severe infection are prone to sepsis and multiple organ failure. We report a case of simultaneous detection of C psittaci in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) technology. PATIENT CONCERNS The 71-year-old male patient was a farmer with a long history of raising poultry and initial symptoms of fever and muscle pain accompanied by limb weakness and paroxysmal cough. DIAGNOSES The patient was diagnosed with sepsis, severe pneumonia, and multiple organ failure. INTERVENTIONS Anti-infective therapy with doxycycline and meropenem was applied. OUTCOMES The patient's body temperature and infection indicators improved and the chest X-ray findings showed the amelioration of lesions after 18 days of treatment. The patient was discharged without treatment on hospital day 19 due to financial constraints and subsequently died after 7 days. LESSONS mNGS is an excellent diagnostic tool when specific pathogens are undetected by traditional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan, China
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11
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Pang Y, Cong F, Zhang X, Li H, Chang YF, Xie Q, Lin W. A recombinase polymerase amplification-based assay for rapid detection of Chlamydia psittaci. Poult Sci 2020; 100:585-591. [PMID: 33518111 PMCID: PMC7858173 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is a zoonotic agent of systemic wasting disease in birds and atypical pneumonia in mammalians including humans, constituting a public health risk. A rapid diagnostic assay would be beneficial in screening C. psittaci in the field. In this study, we developed a probe-based recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay for the rapid detection of C. psittaci. The specific primer pairs and probe targeting the conserved region of the outer membrane protein A gene were designed and applied to the real-time real-time RPA assay. The test can be performed at 39°C for 20 min using a portable device, with sensitivities approaching 100 copies of DNA molecules per reaction, with no cross-reaction with other pathogens. The clinical performance of the RPA assay was evaluated in an outbreak of C. psittaci and has high accuracy levels in field applications. The epidemic C. psittaci strains were classed into 2 genotypes: A and C. Collectively, this study offers a promising approach in screening for C. psittaci both in a laboratory setting and in field settings, and RPA can be used as an effective clinical test to monitor outbreaks in domestic fowl populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Feng Cong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510633, P.R. China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Hongxin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Wencheng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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12
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Shima K, Weber MM, Schnee C, Sachse K, Käding N, Klinger M, Rupp J. Development of a Plasmid Shuttle Vector System for Genetic Manipulation of Chlamydia psittaci. mSphere 2020; 5:e00787-20. [PMID: 32848009 PMCID: PMC7449628 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00787-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia psittaci is a known avian pathogen causing psittacosis in birds and is capable of zoonotic transmission. In human pulmonary infections, C. psittaci can cause pneumonia associated with significant mortality if inadequately diagnosed and treated. Although intracellular C. psittaci manipulates host cell organelles for its replication and survival, it has been difficult to demonstrate host-pathogen interactions in C. psittaci infection due to the lack of easy-to-handle genetic manipulation tools. Here, we show the genetic transformation of C. psittaci using a plasmid shuttle vector that contains a controllable gene induction system. The 7,553-bp plasmid p01DC12 was prepared from the nonavian C. psittaci strain 01DC12. We constructed the shuttle vector pCps-Tet-mCherry using the full sequence of p01DC12 and the 4,449-bp fragment of Chlamydia trachomatis shuttle vector pBOMB4-Tet-mCherry. pCps-Tet-mCherry includes genes encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP), mCherry, and ampicillin resistance (AmpR). Target genes can be inserted at a multiple cloning site (MCS). Importantly, these genes can be regulated by a tetracycline-inducible (tet) promoter. Using the pCps-Tet-mCherry plasmid shuttle vector, we show the expression of GFP, as well as the induction of mCherry expression, in C. psittaci strain 02DC15, which belongs to the avian C. psittaci 6BC clade. Furthermore, we demonstrated that pCps-Tet-mCherry was stably retained in C. psittaci transformants. Thus, our C. psittaci plasmid shuttle vector system represents a novel targeted approach that enables the elucidation of host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE Psittacosis, caused by avian C. psittaci, has a major economic impact in the poultry industry worldwide and represents a significant risk for zoonotic transmission to humans. In the past decade, the tools of genetic manipulation have been improved for chlamydial molecular studies. While several genetic tools have been mainly developed in Chlamydia trachomatis, a stable gene-inducible shuttle vector system has not to date been available for C. psittaci In this study, we adapted a C. trachomatis plasmid shuttle vector system to C. psittaci We constructed a C. psittaci plasmid backbone shuttle vector called pCps-Tet-mCherry. The construct expresses GFP in C. psittaci Importantly, exogeneous genes can be inserted at an MCS and are regulated by a tet promoter. The application of the pCps-Tet-mCherry shuttle vector system enables a promising new approach to investigate unknown gene functions of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Shima
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mary M Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Christiane Schnee
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-lnstitut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Konrad Sachse
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nadja Käding
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel, Germany
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13
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Chen X, Cao K, Wei Y, Qian Y, Liang J, Dong D, Tang J, Zhu Z, Gu Q, Yu W. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of severe pneumonias caused by Chlamydia psittaci. Infection 2020; 48:535-542. [PMID: 32314307 PMCID: PMC7223968 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chlamydia psittaci infection in humans can lead to serious clinical manifestations, including severe pneumonia, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and, rarely, death. Implementation of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) gives a promising new tool for diagnosis. The clinical spectrum of severe psittacosis pneumonia is described to provide physicians with a better understanding and to highlight the rarity and severity of severe psittacosis pneumonia. METHODS Nine cases of severe psittacosis pneumonia were diagnosed using mNGS. Retrospective analysis of the data on disease progression, new diagnosis tool, treatments, and outcomes, and the findings were summarised. RESULTS Frequent symptoms included chills and remittent fever (100%), cough and hypodynamia (100%), and headache and myalgia (77.8%). All patients were severe psittacosis pneumonia developed respiratory failure, accompanied by sepsis in 6/9 patients. mNGS takes 48-72 h to provide the results, and help to identify diagnosis of psittacosis. Laboratory data showed normal or slightly increased leucocytes, neutrophils, and procalcitonin but high C-reactive protein levels. Computed tomography revealed air-space consolidation and ground-glass opacity, which began in the upper lobe of one lung, and spread to both lungs, along with miliary, nodular, or consolidated shadows. One patient died because of secondary infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae, while the other eight patients experienced complete recoveries. CONCLUSIONS The use of mNGS can improve accuracy and reduce the delay in diagnosis of psittacosis. Severe psittacosis pneumonia responds well to the timely use of appropriate antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancheng Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ke Cao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajun Qian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Danjiang Dong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhanghua Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qin Gu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenkui Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Shaw KA, Szablewski CM, Kellner S, Kornegay L, Bair P, Brennan S, Kunkes A, Davis M, McGovern OL, Winchell J, Kobayashi M, Burton N, de Perio MA, Gabel J, Drenzek C, Murphy J, Holsinger C, Forlano L. Psittacosis Outbreak among Workers at Chicken Slaughter Plants, Virginia and Georgia, USA, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25:2143-2145. [PMID: 31625859 PMCID: PMC6810211 DOI: 10.3201/eid2511.190703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During August–October, 2018, an outbreak of severe respiratory illness was reported among poultry slaughter plant workers in Virginia and Georgia, USA. A multiorganizational team investigated the cause and extent of illness, determined that the illness was psittacosis, and evaluated and recommended controls for health hazards in the workplace to prevent additional cases.
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15
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Amery-Gale J, Legione AR, Marenda MS, Owens J, Eden PA, Konsak-Ilievski BM, Whiteley PL, Dobson EC, Browne EA, Slocombe RF, Devlin JM. SURVEILLANCE FOR CHLAMYDIA SPP. WITH MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING ANALYSIS IN WILD AND CAPTIVE BIRDS IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA. J Wildl Dis 2020; 56:16-26. [PMID: 31329521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci typically infects birds and can cause outbreaks of avian chlamydiosis, but it also has the potential to cause zoonotic disease (psittacosis) in humans. To better understand the epidemiology of C. psittaci in Victoria, Australia, we conducted opportunistic sampling of more than 400 wild and captive birds presented to the Australian Wildlife Health Centre at Zoos Victoria's Healesville Sanctuary for veterinary care between December 2014 and December 2015. Samples were screened for the presence of chlamydial DNA using quantitative PCR, and positive samples were subjected to multilocus sequence typing analysis. The results showed a significantly higher prevalence of infection in captive birds (8%; 9/113) compared to wild birds (0.7%; 2/299). Multilocus sequence typing analysis revealed that C. psittaci sequence type 24 was detected in both wild and captive birds in the local region, while C. psittaci sequence type 27 was detected for the first time in an Australian avian host. The generally low prevalence of C. psittaci detection points to a generally low zoonotic risk to veterinary and support staff, although this risk may be higher when handling captive birds, where the prevalence of C. psittaci infection was almost 10-fold higher. Even with low rates of C. psittaci detection, appropriate hygiene and biosecurity practices are recommended due to the serious human health implications of infection with this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemima Amery-Gale
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Zoos Victoria, Badger Creek Road, Healesville, Victoria 3777, Australia
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marc S Marenda
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Jane Owens
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Eden
- Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Zoos Victoria, Badger Creek Road, Healesville, Victoria 3777, Australia
| | - Barbara M Konsak-Ilievski
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Pam L Whiteley
- Wildlife Health Surveillance Victoria, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Elizabeth C Dobson
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Clayton Laboratory, 1868 Dandenong Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Browne
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Clayton Laboratory, 1868 Dandenong Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Ron F Slocombe
- Veterinary Pathology, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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16
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Mattmann P, Marti H, Borel N, Jelocnik M, Albini S, Vogler BR. Chlamydiaceae in wild, feral and domestic pigeons in Switzerland and insight into population dynamics by Chlamydia psittaci multilocus sequence typing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226088. [PMID: 31887111 PMCID: PMC6936790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Feral pigeons, common wood pigeons and Eurasian collared doves are the most common representatives of the Columbidae family in Switzerland and are mostly present in highly populated, urban areas. Pigeons may carry various members of the obligate intracellular Chlamydiaceae family, particularly Chlamydia (C.) psittaci, a known zoonotic agent, and C. avium. The objective of the study was to identify the infection rates of common free-roaming pigeons for different Chlamydia species with the overall aim to assess the risk pigeons pose to public health. In this study, 431 pigeons (323 feral pigeons, 34 domestic pigeons, 39 Eurasian collared doves, 35 common wood pigeons) from several geographic locations in Switzerland were investigated for the presence of Chlamydiaceae. Samples consisted of pooled choanal-cloacal swabs (n = 174), liver samples (n = 52), and paired swab and liver samples from 205 pigeons (n = 410). All 636 samples were screened using a Chlamydiaceae family-specific 23S rRNA real-time PCR (qPCR). Subsequent species identification was performed by DNA-microarray assay, sequencing of a 16S rRNA gene fragment and a C. psittaci specific qPCR. In total, 73 of the 431 pigeons tested positive for Chlamydiaceae, of which 68 were positive for C. psittaci, four were C. avium-positive and one pigeon was co-infected with C. avium and C. psittaci. The highest infection rates were detected in feral (64/323) and domestic pigeons (5/34). Common wood pigeons (2/35) and Eurasian collared doves (2/39) revealed lower infection rates. Additionally, multilocus sequence typing of twelve selected C. psittaci-positive samples revealed closely related sequence types (ST) between and within different Swiss cities. Furthermore, liver and corresponding swab samples from the same bird were colonized by the same ST. Considering the high infection rates of C. psittaci in domestic and feral pigeons, close or frequent contact to these birds poses a human health risk.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Domestic
- Animals, Wild
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/classification
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Bird Diseases/diagnosis
- Bird Diseases/microbiology
- Chlamydiaceae/classification
- Chlamydiaceae/genetics
- Chlamydiaceae/isolation & purification
- Chlamydophila psittaci/genetics
- Chlamydophila psittaci/isolation & purification
- Columbidae
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- DNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- Multilocus Sequence Typing
- Phylogeny
- Population Dynamics
- Psittacosis/diagnosis
- Psittacosis/microbiology
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/isolation & purification
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
- Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca Mattmann
- National Reference Centre for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (NRGK), Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Marti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Jelocnik
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Sarah Albini
- National Reference Centre for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (NRGK), Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Renate Vogler
- National Reference Centre for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (NRGK), Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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17
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Čechová L, Halánová M, Babinská I, Danišová O, Bartkovský M, Marcinčák S, Marcinčáková D, Valenčáková A, Čisláková L. Chlamydiosis in farmed chickens in Slovakia and zoonotic risk for humans. Ann Agric Environ Med 2018; 25:320-325. [PMID: 29936804 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/82948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chlamydia psittaci is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium causing respiratory disease (chlamydiosis) or asymptomatic carriage in poultry. In humans, it is a zoonotic agent of ornithosis/psittacosis. Due to low awareness of the disease and variable clinical presentation, psittacosis is often remains unrecognised as such by general practitioners. Zoonotic transfer occurs through inhalation of contaminated aerosols, and originates from feathers, faecal material and respiratory tract exudates. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate chickens for the presence of Chlamydia sp. from pharyngeal and cloacal swabs and review the zoonotic risk for humans. MATERIAL AND METHODS 138 clinically healthy chickens from farms in Slovakia were examined for the presence of Chlamydia sp. The age of the chickens was 6 months. Two different samples were used - pharyngeal swabs and cloacal swabs. Each sample was examined by the molecular PCR method, and in the case of a positive result the identity of the obtained sequences was examined by a BLAST search. RESULTS Of the total number of 276 examined samples from 138 chickens, 19 (6.9%) showed positivity for C. psittaci infection, 12 (8.7%) which were positive from pharyngeal swabs and 7 (5.1%) from cloacal swabs. None of the chickens were positive in both samples. Phylogenetic examination of the 19 isolates identified in the study, based on the 23S rRNA gene sequence, revealed that the isolates obtained were identical with C. psittaci, and genetically very close to genotypes B and genotype E. CONCLUSIONS C. psittaci infections are apparently emerging in chickens. Chicken-processing plant employees should be considered a risk group for human psittacosis. There is a need for higher awareness and for efficient risk assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Čechová
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Monika Halánová
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Ingrid Babinská
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Oľga Danišová
- Department of Biology and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Bartkovský
- Department of Hygiene and Food Industry Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Slavomír Marcinčák
- Department of Hygiene and Food Industry Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Dana Marcinčáková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Alexandra Valenčáková
- Department of Biology and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Lýdia Čisláková
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia.
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18
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Liu SS, Chu J, Zhang Q, Sun W, Zhang TY, He C. Development of a Novel PmpD-N ELISA for Chlamydia psittaci Infection. Biomed Environ Sci 2016; 29:315-322. [PMID: 27353705 DOI: 10.3967/bes2016.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chlamydia psittaci is an avian respiratory pathogen and zoonotic agent. The wide prevalence of C. psittaci poses a threat to the poultry industry and its employees. However, few commercial kits are available for detecting avian antibodies excluding the in-house ELISA kit. In this study, we developed a novel ELISA kit for detecting antibodies against C. psittaci based on the N-terminal fragment of polymorphic outer membrane protein D (PmpD-N) as the coating antigen. METHODS The antigen concentrations, primary antibody, and cut-off value were determined and optimized. The ELISA, designated PmpD-N ELISA, was assessed for sensitivity, specificity, and concordance using sera samples from 48 experimentally infected and 168 uninfected SPF chickens. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity of PmpD-N ELISA were 97.9%, 100%, respectively, while the concordance was 98.1% as compared to that of MOMP-ELISA. No cross-reaction with positive sera for other avian pathogens was found. Using PmpD-N ELISA, 799/836 clinical samples were positive, including 93.0% and 98.1% positivity in layers and broilers, respectively. CONCLUSION These data indicate that indirect ELISA with PmpD-N as the antigen candidate is a promising approach for the surveillance of C. psittaci infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Shan Liu
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Tongren Polytechnic College, Tongren 554300, Guizhou, China; National and Local Engineering Research Centre for Separation and Purification Ethnic Chinese Veterinary Herbs, Tongren 554300, Guizhou, China
| | - Jun Chu
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Tongren Polytechnic College, Tongren 554300, Guizhou, China
| | - Tian Yuan Zhang
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cheng He
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Spoorenberg SMC, Bos WJW, van Hannen EJ, Dijkstra F, Heddema ER, van Velzen-Blad H, Heijligenberg R, Grutters JC, de Jongh BM. Chlamydia psittaci: a relevant cause of community-acquired pneumonia in two Dutch hospitals. Neth J Med 2016; 74:75-81. [PMID: 26951352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Of all hospitalised community-acquired pneumonias (CAPs) only a few are known to be caused by Chlamydia psittaci. Most likely the reported incidence, ranging from of 0% to 2.1%, is an underestimation of the real incidence, since detection of psittacosis is frequently not incorporated in the routine microbiological diagnostics in CAP or serological methods are used. METHODS C. psittaci real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was routinely performed on the sputum of 147 patients hospitalised with CAP, who participated in a clinical trial conducted in two Dutch hospitals. In 119/147 patients the paired complement fixation test (CFT) was also performed for the presence of Chlamydia antibodies. Positive CFTs were investigated by micro- Immunofluorescence for psittacosis specificity. Case criteria for psittacosis were a positive PCR or a fourfold rise of antibody titre in CFT confirmed by micro- Immunofluorescence. Furthermore, we searched for parameters that could discriminate psittacosis from CAPs with other aetiology. RESULTS 7/147 (4.8%) patients were diagnosed with psittacosis: six with PCR and one patient with a negative PCR, but with CFT confirmed by micro- Immunofluorescence. Psittacosis patients had had a higher temperature (median 39.6 vs. 38.2 °C;) but lower white blood cell count (median 7.4 vs. 13.7 x 109/l) on admission compared with other CAP patients. CONCLUSION In this study, C. psittaci as CAP-causing pathogen was much higher than previously reported. To detect psittacosis, PCR was performed on all CAP patients for whom a sputum sample was available. For clinical use, PCR is a fast method and sputum availability allows genotyping; additional serology can optimise epidemiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M C Spoorenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
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Čechová L, Halánová M, Kalinová Z, Čisláková L, Halán M, Valenčáková A. Detection of CHLAMYDIA PSITTACI in feral pigeons (COLUMBA LIVIA DOMESTICA) in Slovakia and their characterisation. Ann Agric Environ Med 2016; 23:75-78. [PMID: 27007521 DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1196856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Chlamydia psittaci, an obligate intracellular bacterium, which is the etiologic agent of avian chlamydiosis in birds and ornithosis/psittacosis in humans, has been reported to be one of the most common pathogens found in feral pigeons worldwide, and thus constitutes a zoonotic risk. The aim of the study was to investigate pigeons in Slovakia living in areas in close proximity to humans for the presence of C. psittaci, using pharyngeal and cloacal swabs. MATERIAL AND METHODS 122 clinically healthy pigeons from different geographical regions of Slovakia were examined for the presence of C. psittaci. The adult pigeons of both genders were captured during the summer period in the urban centres of Slovakian towns. Each sample was examined by molecular method PCR, and in the case of positive result the identity of the obtained sequence was examined by a BLAST search. RESULTS Of the total number of 244 examined samples, 14 (5.7%) showed positivity for C. psittaci infection, 5 of which were from pharyngeal swabs (4.1%) and 9 from cloacal swabs (7.4%). A positive result was detected in 13 pigeons (10.7%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the positive samples are genetically very close to genotypes B and genotype E. CONCLUSION Phylogenetic examination of the 14 isolates of C. psittaci identified in the presented study, based on 23S rRNA gene sequence, revealed their close relationship with C. psittaci genotypes B and E. Both genotypes are predominantly prevalent in pigeons and both can be transmitted to humans. Therefore, it is necessary to perform screening examinations of animals and analyse the epidemiological factors affecting the way of transmission and circulation of pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Čechová
- P. J. Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Halánová
- P. J. Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Kalinová
- P. J. Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Lýdia Čisláková
- P. J. Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Miloš Halán
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Parasitology, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Alexandra Valenčáková
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Biology and Genetics, Košice, Slovak Republic
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Wu H, Wang C, Jiang C, Xie Y, Liu L, Song Y, Ma X, Wu Y. Localization and characterization of two putative TMH family proteins in Chlamydia psittaci. Microbiol Res 2015; 183:19-25. [PMID: 26805615 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci), an obligate intracellular agent of psittacosis, causes an atypical pneumonia in humans. The transmembrane head proteins (TMH) of C. psittaci, putatively belong to the Inc family and presumably play similar roles. CPSIT_0844 and CPSIT_0846 were the putative TMH proteins of C. psittaci. To identify these two proteins, antisera were raised with fusion proteins which were prokaryotic expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. By immunofluorescence assay, CPSIT_0844 and CPSIT_0846 were localized in the inclusion membrane of C. psittaci-infected cells. By RT-PCR and western blot analysis to detect the temporal expression, CPSIT_0844 and CPSIT_0846 were detected as early as 12h post-infection (p.i.) and 6h p.i., separately; meanwhile, in secretions monitored with immunofluorescence assay, these proteins were observed in the inclusion membrane at 18h p.i. and remained in the inclusion membrane throughout the growth cycle. CPSIT_0844 and CPSIT_0846 could specifically be recognized by the antiserum of C. psittaci but failed to react with the antiserums of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae, which is consistent with the fact that they had no significant orthologs in C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae. These results revealed that CPSIT_0844 and CPSIT_0846, the putative TMH family proteins, might be unique to C. psittaci and could be used to diagnose the infection caused by C. psittaci. Moreover, CPSIT_0844 and CPSIT_0846 could induce the expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in THP-1 cells, which might contribute to chlamydia-induced inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang 421001, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Chuanhao Jiang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yafeng Xie
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Liangzhuan Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ying Song
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang 421001, China.
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Fischer N, Rohde H, Indenbirken D, Günther T, Reumann K, Lütgehetmann M, Meyer T, Kluge S, Aepfelbacher M, Alawi M, Grundhoff A. Rapid metagenomic diagnostics for suspected outbreak of severe pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1072-5. [PMID: 24857411 PMCID: PMC4036763 DOI: 10.3201/eid2006.131526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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23
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Fabris M, Dolcetti R, Pasini E, Quartuccio L, Pontarini E, Salvin S, Ponzoni M, Scott CA, De Vita S. High prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci subclinical infection in Italian patients with Sjögren's syndrome and parotid gland marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT-type. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2014; 32:61-65. [PMID: 24447326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess Chlamydophila psittaci (Cp) subclinical infection in patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). METHODS Seventy-four SS patients (55.4 ±13.4 yrs; 94.6% females) were studied. Among them, 18 had salivary gland mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) B-cell lymphoma, 20 myoepithelial sialoadenitis (MESA), and 36 no lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD). The presence of Cp DNA was assessed in peripheral blood of all patients by specific PCR protocols. Paired salivary gland samples were also investigated whenever available (34 cases), including lymphomatous and non-lymphomatous samples, as well as major and minor salivary gland tissues. As controls, 225 blood donors were analysed in the peripheral blood. RESULTS Overall, Cp DNA was detected in 11/74 (14.9%) SS patients vs. 1/225 (0.4%) controls (p<0.0001). Cp was detected at higher frequency in MALT lymphoma patients (6/18, 33.3%), as compared with MESA (3/20, 15%) or patients without LPD (2/36, 5.6%), (MALT lymphomas vs. others: p=0.02). A similar Cp prevalence was observed in blood vs. salivary gland tissues, however with a higher frequency in the major than in the minor salivary glands (5/18, 27.8%, vs. 1/17, 5.9%, p=0.18). Cp-positive patients were all rheumatoid factor positive (11/11, 100% vs. 40/63, 63.5% Cp-negative; p=0.014), while no difference was noticed for anti-SSA/SSB positivity. CONCLUSIONS In the light of accepted models of MALT B-cell lymphomagenesis and considering previous data implicating Cp infection in ocular adnexa MALT lymphoma, our results suggest that Cp infection could be involved also in a fraction of patients with SS developing lymphoma. The potential therapeutic implications of these findings appear worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Fabris
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Udine, Italy.
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Sánchez S, Clark EG, Wobeser GA, Janzen ED, Philibert H. A retrospective study of non-suppurative encephalitis in beef cattle from western Canada. Can Vet J 2013; 54:1127-32. [PMID: 24293671 PMCID: PMC3831384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-suppurative encephalitis occurs sporadically in beef cattle in western Canada, leading to loss of animals. This retrospective study investigated the presence of viral, bacterial, and protozoal antigens or DNA in 37 western Canadian feedlot cattle with non-suppurative encephalitis for which a cause had not been identified. Cases were selected based on the age of the animal (> 7 months), and clinical history of recumbency and depression. The identification of rabies in 1 case stresses the importance of including this viral disease in the list of differential diagnoses. Because there was variation in the severity, distribution, and type of lesions, it is possible that there may be more than 1 cause, but failure to identify an infectious agent might also suggest that non-infectious agents could play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Sánchez
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Sánchez, Clark, Wobeser, Philibert); Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 (Janzen)
| | - Edward G. Clark
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Sánchez, Clark, Wobeser, Philibert); Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 (Janzen)
| | - Gary A. Wobeser
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Sánchez, Clark, Wobeser, Philibert); Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 (Janzen)
| | - Eugene D. Janzen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Sánchez, Clark, Wobeser, Philibert); Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 (Janzen)
| | - Hélène Philibert
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Sánchez, Clark, Wobeser, Philibert); Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 (Janzen)
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Chahota R, Ogawa H, Mitsuhashi Y, Ohya K, Yamaguchi T, Fukushi H. Genetic Diversity and Epizootiology ofChlamydophila psittaciPrevalent among the Captive and Feral Avian Species Based on VD2 Region ofompAGene. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 50:663-78. [PMID: 16985288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To study genetic diversity and occurrence of Chlamydophila psittaci, a total of 1,147 samples from 11 avian orders including 53 genera and 113 species of feral and captive birds were examined using ompA gene based nested PCR. Three types of chlamydiae: C. psittaci (94.12%), C. abortus (4.41%) and unknown Chlamydophila sp. (1.47%) were identified among 68 (5.93%) positive samples (Psittaciformes-59, Ciconiiformes-8 and Passeriformes-1). Based on nucleotide sequence variations in the VD2 region of ompA gene, all 64 detected C. psittaci strains were grouped into 4 genetic clusters. Clusters I, II, III and IV were detected from 57.35%, 19.12%, 10.29% and 7.35% samples respectively. A single strain of unknown Chlamydophila sp. was found phylogenetically intermediate between Chlamydophila species infecting avian and mammalian hosts. Among Psittaciformes, 28 out of 81 tested species including 10 species previously unreported were found to be chlamydiae positive. Chlamydiosis was detected among 8.97% sick and 48.39% dead birds as well 4.43% clinically normal birds. Therefore, it was observed that though various genetically diverse chlamydiae may cause avian chlamydiosis, only a few C. psittaci strains are highly prevalent and frequently associated with clinical/subclinical infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Chahota
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu, Japan
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Dieu Ngan TT, Thomas S, Larsson M, Horby P, Diep NN, Dat VQ, Trung NV, Ha NH, Rogier van Doorn H, Van Kinh N, Wertheim HFL. First report of human psittacosis in Vietnam. J Infect 2012; 66:461-4. [PMID: 23228501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bode J, Dutow P, Sommer K, Janik K, Glage S, Tümmler B, Munder A, Laudeley R, Sachse KW, Klos A. A new role of the complement system: C3 provides protection in a mouse model of lung infection with intracellular Chlamydia psittaci. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23189195 PMCID: PMC3506576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system modulates the intensity of innate and specific immunity. While it protects against infections by extracellular bacteria its role in infection with obligate intracellular bacteria, such as the avian and human pathogen Chlamydia (C.) psittaci, is still unknown. In the present study, knockout mice lacking C3 and thus all main complement effector functions were intranasally infected with C. psittaci strain DC15. Clinical parameters, lung histology, and cytokine levels were determined. A subset of infections was additionally performed with mice lacking C5 or C5a receptors. Complement activation occurred before symptoms of pneumonia appeared. Mice lacking C3 were ∼100 times more susceptible to the intracellular bacteria compared to wild-type mice, with all C3−/− mice succumbing to infection after day 9. At a low infective dose, C3−/− mice became severely ill after an even longer delay, the kinetics suggesting a so far unknown link of complement to the adaptive, protective immune response against chlamydiae. The lethal phenotype of C3−/− mice is not based on differences in the anti-chlamydial IgG response (which is slightly delayed) as demonstrated by serum transfer experiments. In addition, during the first week of infection, the absence of C3 was associated with partial protection characterized by reduced weight loss, better clinical score and lower bacterial burden, which might be explained by a different mechanism. Lack of complement functions downstream of C5 had little effect. This study demonstrates for the first time a strong and complex influence of complement effector functions, downstream of C3 and upstream of C5, on the outcome of an infection with intracellular bacteria, such as C. psittaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Bode
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Pavel Dutow
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Sommer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin Janik
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Glage
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Burkhard Tümmler
- Clinical Research Group, Pediatric Pulmonology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Antje Munder
- Clinical Research Group, Pediatric Pulmonology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Laudeley
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Konrad W. Sachse
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Klos
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydiaceae are a family of obligate intracellular pathogens causing a wide range of diseases in animals and humans, and facing unique evolutionary constraints not encountered by free-living prokaryotes. To investigate genomic aspects of infection, virulence and host preference we have sequenced Chlamydia psittaci, the pathogenic agent of ornithosis. RESULTS A comparison of the genome of the avian Chlamydia psittaci isolate 6BC with the genomes of other chlamydial species, C. trachomatis, C. muridarum, C. pneumoniae, C. abortus, C. felis and C. caviae, revealed a high level of sequence conservation and synteny across taxa, with the major exception of the human pathogen C. trachomatis. Important differences manifest in the polymorphic membrane protein family specific for the Chlamydiae and in the highly variable chlamydial plasticity zone. We identified a number of psittaci-specific polymorphic membrane proteins of the G family that may be related to differences in host-range and/or virulence as compared to closely related Chlamydiaceae. We calculated non-synonymous to synonymous substitution rate ratios for pairs of orthologous genes to identify putative targets of adaptive evolution and predicted type III secreted effector proteins. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first detailed analysis of the Chlamydia psittaci genome sequence. It provides insights in the genome architecture of C. psittaci and proposes a number of novel candidate genes mostly of yet unknown function that may be important for pathogen-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Voigt
- Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schöfl
- Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans Peter Saluz
- Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydophila psittaci causes psittacosis, an ornithosis acquired usually from infected birds. The disease is often focal and pneumonic but on rare instances can be protean and fatal. Diagnosis is by Chlamydophila serology, which may take as long as 21 days or more. The recovery of the organisms from mice, eggs or tissue culture inoculated with the patient's blood or sputum is tedious and dangerous for laboratory personnel. On occasion, C psittaci inclusion bodies have also been detected in infected cells by fluorescent antibody, Giemsa or Gimenez staining. This report describes heretofore not previously reported recognition of the causative organisms in Diff-Quik-stained clinical cytologic materials. CASE A 17-year-old man presented with fever and sore throat, associated with Steven-Johnson syndrome, of 6 days' duration. In the touch and scrape smears of the orolabial mucosal lesions, C psittaci inclusion bodies were recognizable in Diff-Quik-stained but not with Papanicolaou-stained smears and Gram stain. There were few to numerous organisms per macrophage, which were enlarged or bloated and usually collared by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The diagnosis was supported by a therapeutic trial with doxycycline and confirmed by a positive third serological tests for C psittaci 3 weeks after discharge. CONCLUSION In a suspected or probable case of ornithosis, a rapid diagnosis of C psittaci inclusion bodies is possible in clinical cytology materials using Diff-Quik.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar V Reyes
- Department of Pathology, Morris Hospital, Morris, Illinois, USA.
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Dolcetti R, Ponzoni M, Ferreri AJM, Doglioni C. Genetic and epigenetic changes linked to Chlamydophila psittaci-associated ocular adnexal lymphomas. Hematol Oncol 2010; 28:1-2. [PMID: 20128017 DOI: 10.1002/hon.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zhang DD, Liu HG, Li HY, Gao ZF, Zhou XG, Jin HS, Dong LN, Zhang J, Gong LP. [Relationship between primary ocular adnexal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and eye infection]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2009; 38:513-518. [PMID: 20021960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the role of pathogenic microorganisms commonly associated with chronic eye disease, including Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2, and adenovirus type 8 and type 19, in the development of primary ocular adnexal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma in Chinese patients. METHODS Sixty-eight archival cases of primary ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative lesions, including 38 cases of MALT lymphoma, 3 cases of non-MALT lymphoma and 27 cases of chronic inflammation, were enrolled into the study. DNA was extracted from the paraffin-embedded tissue samples. The presence of DNA of C. psittaci, C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, HSV type 1, HSV type 2, adenovirus type 8 and adenovirus type 19 were analyzed by multiplex touchdown enzyme time-release polymerase chain reaction (TETR-PCR). RESULTS All of the specimens yielded PCR products of over 100 base pairs and were thus suitable for TETR-PCR screening of infectious agents. The prevalence of DNA of C. psittaci, C. trachomatis and adenovirus type 19 were 0 in MALT lymphoma, non-MALT lymphoma and chronic inflammation. There were 2 cases positive for C. pneumoniae DNA, amongst the 38 cases of MALT lymphoma studied (5.3%, 2/38). HSV type 1, HSV type 2 and adenovirus type 8 DNA was found in each of the 3 patients with chronic inflammation. CONCLUSION The study indicates that C. psittaci, C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, HSV type 1, HSV type 2, adenovirus type 8 and adenovirus type 19 probably play little role in the pathogenesis of ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma in Chinese patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/virology
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/isolation & purification
- Chlamydia Infections/microbiology
- Chlamydia trachomatis/genetics
- Chlamydia trachomatis/isolation & purification
- Chlamydophila Infections/microbiology
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae/genetics
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae/isolation & purification
- Chlamydophila psittaci/genetics
- Chlamydophila psittaci/isolation & purification
- DNA, Bacterial/analysis
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Eye Infections/microbiology
- Eye Infections/virology
- Eye Neoplasms/microbiology
- Eye Neoplasms/virology
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/microbiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/virology
- Psittacosis/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-dan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Heddema ER, Beld MGHM, de Wever B, Langerak AAJ, Pannekoek Y, Duim B. Development of an internally controlled real-time PCR assay for detection of Chlamydophila psittaci in the LightCycler 2.0 system. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 12:571-5. [PMID: 16700707 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A real-time PCR assay with a DNA purification and inhibition control (internal control; IC) was developed to detect Chlamydophila psittaci DNA in human clinical samples. Novel C. psittaci-specific primers targeting the ompA gene were developed. The IC DNA contained the same primer-binding sites and had the same length and nucleotide content as the C. psittaci DNA amplicon, but had a shuffled probe-binding region. The lower limit of detection was 80 target copies/PCR, corresponding to 6,250 copies/mL in a clinical sample. Specificity was tested using reference strains of 30 bacterial species. No amplification was observed from any of these samples. Respiratory samples from eight patients were positive with this PCR. Six of these patients were confirmed as positive for C. psittaci with serological testing. Two patients had increasing antibody titres, but did not fulfil criteria proposed previously for serologically proven Chlamydia spp. infection. The real-time PCR described in this paper is a sensitive, specific and rapid method to detect C. psittaci DNA in human clinical respiratory samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Heddema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Schwarzová K, Betáková T, Neméth J, Mizáková A. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Chlamydophila psittaci in throat and cloacal swabs from birds migrating through Slovakia. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2007; 51:653-8. [PMID: 17455806 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We have screened 91 migratory birds representing 32 species during the autumn of 2003 for the presence of the zoonotic pathogens Borrelia and Chlamydophila. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), B. burgdorferi sensu stricto was detected in cloacal swabs and, in two causes, also in throat swabs in 8 individuals (8.7 %) representing 7 birds species; B. garinii and B. afzelii were not detected. C. psittaci was detected only in cloacal swabs; 6 birds (6.6 %) from four species were found to be positive. The PCR products were sequenced and the sequences were compared phylogenetically with the gene sequences of 14 Chlamydophila strains retrieved from nucleotide databases; although the sequenced DNA was only 110 bp long, all obtained sequences created a new cluster with sublines branching from a position close to the periphery of the genus. All tested samples appear distinct within the known species and were most similar to C. felis or C. abortis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schwarzová
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Husain A, Roberts D, Pro B, McLaughlin P, Esmaeli B. Meta-analyses of the association between Chlamydia psittaci and ocular adnexal lymphoma and the response of ocular adnexal lymphoma to antibiotics. Cancer 2007; 110:809-15. [PMID: 17594698 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are conflicting reports regarding the association between Chlamydia psittaci (Cps) and ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL) and the efficacy of antibiotics for OAL. In the current study, the authors attempted to clarify the association between Cps and OAL and the efficacy of antibiotics for OAL. METHODS Two meta-analyses were conducted. One focused on the association between Cps and OAL across geographic regions and among different studies. The other was a meta-analysis of the response of OAL to antibiotic treatment. RESULTS The authors identified 11 studies of Cps prevalence that included 458 cases of OAL from 10 different countries. Four studies regarding the efficacy of oral antibiotics to treat OAL were found. One hundred four of the 458 OAL specimens (23%) and 87 of the 346 mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma specimens (25%) were found to be positive for Cps. Ninety-four of the 104 Cps-positive OAL specimens (90%) came from 3 of the 11 studies. There was wide variation noted between geographic regions and even between studies from the same geographic region with regard to the rate of Cps positivity. The 4 studies concerning the efficacy of antibiotics for OAL were from Italy, Austria, Taiwan, and the U.S. and included 42 patients. Twenty patients (48%) achieved some response (complete response in 8 patients, partial response in 8 patients, and minimal response in 4 patients). Twenty patients also had stable disease, and 2 patients progressed during antibiotic therapy. Objective documentation of response (radiographs or clinical slit-lamp photographs) was available for only 3 of the 42 patients. Seven additional patients developed disease recurrence after their initial response or stable disease after antibiotic therapy; 6 of these cases of disease recurrence occurred during the first 12 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the current study suggest a striking variability in the association between Cps and OAL across geographic regions and even between studies from the same geographic regions. The overall rate of Cps positivity in our meta-analysis (23%) was much lower than that reported in the original report. The current study findings also suggest that antibiotics have variable efficacy against OAL. Future prospective trials with standard objective response criteria and a longer follow-up period would be necessary to evaluate the role of antibiotics in the treatment of OAL further.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- Chlamydophila psittaci/genetics
- Chlamydophila psittaci/isolation & purification
- DNA, Bacterial/analysis
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
- Epidemiologic Studies
- Eye Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Eye Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Eye Neoplasms/etiology
- Humans
- Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Lymphoma/etiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/epidemiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/etiology
- Psittacosis/complications
- Psittacosis/microbiology
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Husain
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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35
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Abstract
Chlamydophila (formerly Chlamydia) psittaci genotypes A, B, C, and a new genotype most similar to the 6BC type strain were found in 10 humans with psittacosis by outer membrane protein A gene sequencing. Genotypes B (n = 3) and C (n = 1) are endemic in nonpsittacine European birds. These birds may represent an important part of the zoonotic reservoir.
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Laroucau K, Trichereau A, Vorimore F, Mahé AM. A pmp genes-based PCR as a valuable tool for the diagnosis of avian chlamydiosis. Vet Microbiol 2007; 121:150-7. [PMID: 17169505 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study we described the use of a new set of PCR primers (CpsiA/CpsiB) specific of the conserved pmp-family genes of Chlamydophila abortus as an efficient tool for the detection of these bacteria in ruminants including also preliminary results on avian strains. In this work, the use of this set of primers was extended to representative strains of the six major avian serovars (serovars A-F) and to field isolates of C. psittaci. For all the studied representative strains, using purified genomic DNA as a template, CpsiA/CpsiB primers allowed, as observed for C. abortus, a minimal 10-fold PCR signal increase compared to the one observed with ompA specific primers. In comparison to primers targeting the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer, similar or increased sensitivity was observed depending on the strain. All the field isolates were amplified with CpsiA/CpsiB primers. On clinical samples, our primers are the best among those tested for detection of C. psittaci by simple conventional PCR. RFLP experiments performed using PCR fragments amplified with the CpsiA/CpsiB primers gave promising results demonstrating that these primers may provide an interesting tool for molecular typing when the bacterium cannot be grown from pathological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Laroucau
- French Food Safety Agency, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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37
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Heddema ER, van Hannen EJ, Duim B, de Jongh BM, Kaan JA, van Kessel R, Lumeij JT, Visser CE, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE. An outbreak of psittacosis due to Chlamydophila psittaci genotype A in a veterinary teaching hospital. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:1571-1575. [PMID: 17030918 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of psittacosis in a veterinary teaching hospital was recognized in December 2004. Outbreak management was instituted to evaluate the extent of the outbreak and to determine the avian source. Real-time PCR, serologic testing and sequencing of the ompA gene of Chlamydophila psittaci were performed. Sputum samples from patients, throat-swab samples from exposed students and staff, and faecal specimens from parrots and pigeons were tested. In this outbreak, 34 % (10/29) of the tested individuals were infected. The clinical features of the infection ranged from none to sepsis with multi-organ failure requiring intensive-care-unit admission. C. psittaci genotype A was identified as the outbreak strain. Parrots, recently exposed to a group of cockatiels coming from outside the teaching facility, which were used in a practical class, appeared to be the source of the outbreak. One of the tested pigeons harboured an unrelated C. psittaci genotype B strain. The microbiological diagnosis by real-time PCR on clinical specimens allowed for rapid outbreak management; subsequent genotyping of the isolates identified the avian source. Recommendations are made to reduce the incidence and extent of future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edou R Heddema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J van Hannen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bartelt M de Jongh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Kaan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessen Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van Kessel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hygiene, Municipal Health Service, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes T Lumeij
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Avian and Exotic Animal Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline E Visser
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina M J E Vandenbroucke-Grauls
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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38
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Celebi BS, Ak S. A Comparative Study of Detecting Chlamydophila psittaci in Pet Birds Using Isolation in Embryonated Egg and Polymerase Chain Reaction. Avian Dis 2006; 50:489-93. [PMID: 17274283 DOI: 10.1637/7518-021406r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study, for the first time in Turkey, investigated the existence of Chlamydophila psittaci and determined the prevalence of its disease, chlamydiosis, in pet birds. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was compared with other testing methods that have been typically used in the diagnosis of C. psittaci. Fecal specimens (n =96) of avian origin were tested by PCR and two identification methods, modified Gimenez staining (mGS) and direct fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibody staining (FA). The identification methods were implemented by staining the yolk sacs of embryonated chicken eggs inoculated at 6 days of age and harvested between 3 and 10 days after inoculation. Fecal specimens from pet birds were randomly collected from pet shops and homes. These specimens were then used to isolate C. psittaci and to detect its specific DNA. The inocula that were prepared from fecal specimens were then inoculated into yolks of 6-day-old embryonated chicken eggs. The preparations from egg yolk sacs were examined with mGS and direct FA after three blind passages. The PCR method was used to detect specific DNA in feces. In 96 fecal specimens, 33 (34.4%) were positive with PCR, 21 (21.9%) were positive with mGS, and 29 (30.2%) were positive with FA. Among 33 positive specimens with PCR, 28 specimens were positive with FA, and 20 specimens were positive with mGS. The sensitivity and specificity were 59% and 94% between FA and mGS, and 97% and 93% between FA and PCR, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beliz Saracel Celebi
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, 38451 Istanbul, Turkey
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39
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Failing K, Theis P, Kaleta EF. Determination of the inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of four selected drugs (chlortetracycline, doxycycline, enrofloxacin and difloxacin) that reduce in vitro the multiplication of Chlamydophila psittaci. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2006; 113:412-7. [PMID: 17147151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of 18 chlamydial isolates from various psittacine birds, one isolate from a domestic pigeon and one isolate from a Pekin duck were isolated in continuous Buffalo Green Monkey (BGM) kidney cell cultures. All 20 isolates were identified by nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction as Chlamydophila psittaci. These isolates were multiplied to high titres and subsequently tested for in vitro sensitivity against two tetracyclines (chlortetracycline and doxycycline) and two quinolones (enrofloxacin and difloxacin) at concentrations of 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 10.00 microg/ml. Replication of chlamydia in BGM cell cultures is assayed on the basis of formation of intracytoplasmic inclusions that are visualized by Giménez staining. All isolates, although to variable degrees, are sensitive to all four drugs. The number of chlamydial inclusions decreases gradually over a broad range of increasing concentrations of the drugs. The variation in the number of inclusions between isolates is remarkably high for chlortetracycline less for doxycycline and minimal for both fluoroquinolones, the enrofloxacin and difloxacin. The decline in numbers of inclusions is highly dose-dependend and the observed reduction stretches over a wide range of drug dilutions. Therefore, it is proposed to calculate drug sensitivity values in terms of inhibitory concentration 50%, (IC5). Its calculation includes all tested drug dilutions instead of the hitherto more common minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC, which is based on results of serial dilution tests for cell-free growing bacteria. Using a logistic regression model for the calculation of the inhibitory concentration 50% of all 20 chlamydial isolates, the IC50 is 0.807 microg/ml for tetracycline, 0.497 microg/ml for doxycycline, 0.180 microg/ml for enrofloxacin and 0.168 microg/ml for difloxacin. Complete prevention of inclusion formation was already seen for enrofloxacin at a concentration of 1.0 microg/ml in 12 out of 20 and for difloxacin in 5 out of 20 isolates whereas more than 10 microg/mI chlortetracycline is needed in 15 out of 20 isolates and for doxycycline 9 out of 20 isolates yielded inclusions at 10 microg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Failing
- Arbeitsgruppe Biomathematik und Datenverarbeitung, Giessen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland.
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40
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Kaibu H, Iida K, Ueki S, Ehara H, Shimasaki Y, Watanabe S, Anzai H, Takebu W, Muta T, Kusaba T, Kishimoto T, Ando S. Psittacosis in all four members of a family in Nagasaki, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2006; 59:349-50. [PMID: 17060709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Kaibu
- Nagasaki City Laboratory of Public Health and Environment, Nagasaki 852-8104, Japan
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41
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Van Loock M, Loots K, Van Heerden M, Vanrompay D, Goddeeris BM. Exacerbation of Chlamydophila psittaci pathogenicity in turkeys superinfected by Escherichia coli. Vet Res 2006; 37:745-55. [PMID: 16973115 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both Chlamydophila psittaci and Escherichia coli infections are highly prevalent in Belgian turkeys and therefore they both might contribute to the respiratory disease complex observed in turkeys. C. psittaci can infect turkeys within the first week of age, even in the presence of maternal antibodies. However, the first C. psittaci outbreaks occur mostly at the age of 3 to 6 weeks, the period when also E. coli infections appear on the farms. Therefore, we examined in this study the pathogenicity of an E. coli superinfection on C. psittaci predisposed turkeys. Turkeys were infected with C. psittaci, E. coli or with C. psittaci followed by E. coli. Simulating the impact of an E. coli infection during the acute phase or the latent phase of a C. psittaci infection, turkeys received E. coli at 1 or 5 weeks post C. psittaci infection, respectively. E. coli superinfection during the acute phase of C. psittaci infection increased C. psittaci excretion and stimulated chlamydial replication in the respiratory tract resulting in exacerbated clinical disease. Interestingly, E. coli superinfection during the latent phase of C. psittaci infection induced chlamydial replication, leading to increased C. psittaci-specific antibody titres. In addition, chlamydial predisposition gave higher E. coli excretion compared with turkeys that had only been infected with E. coli. Overall, the present study clearly demonstrates the pathogenic interplay between C. psittaci and E. coli resulting in more severe respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnix Van Loock
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Gene Technology, Catholic University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
A recent report suggesting that ocular adnexal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) may be related to Chlamydia psittaci infection underscores the need for reliable epidemiologic data for this malignancy. We examined population-based incidence data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. During 1992-2001 in the 12 SEER areas, ocular (i.e., eye and adnexa) NHL rates per 100,000 person-years for both sexes were highest among Asians/Pacific Islanders, lower in whites, and lower still in blacks. Incidence increased with advancing age and showed little difference by sex, in contrast to other (extranodal and nodal) NHLs, which occurred predominantly in males. From 1975-2001, there was a rapid and steady increase in incidence of ocular NHL, with annual increases of 6.2% and 6.5% among white males and females, respectively, with no evidence of peaking. By contrast, other NHLs showed evidence of peaking in recent years. The distinctive patterns of ocular NHL call for further studies to identify risk factors and mechanisms, including the potential role of C. psittaci or other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Moslehi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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43
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Vargas RL, Fallone E, Felgar RE, Friedberg JW, Arbini AA, Andersen AA, Rothberg PG. Is there an association between ocular adnexal lymphoma and infection with Chlamydia psittaci? Leuk Res 2006; 30:547-51. [PMID: 16246419 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Various subsets of extranodal marginal zone lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT lymphomas) have been associated with infectious organisms. Most notable of these is the association of gastric MALT lymphomas with Helicobacter pylori infection. In a recent publication Ferreri et al. [Ferreri AJ, Guidoboni M, Ponzoni M, De Conciliis C, Dell'Oro S, Fleischhauer K, et al. Evidence for an association between Chlamydia psittaci and ocular adnexal lymphomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:586-94] reported the presence of C. psittaci DNA in 80% of 40 ocular adnexal lymphomas. Similar to the gastric MALT lymphoma data, a subset of these patients responded well to antibiotic treatment. We analyzed a set of ocular adnexal lymphomas and benign (non-neoplastic) lesions for evidence of C. psittaci DNA in patients from New York State. No evidence of C. psittaci DNA was seen in seven MALT-type ocular adnexal lymphomas, four non-MALT ocular lymphomas, one Langerhans histiocytosis, and five reactive lymphoproliferations. We eliminated several possible reasons that would cause our study to fail to find C. psittaci DNA, including the presence of PCR inhibitors, inadequate template DNA, and sequence diversity in the target region in C. psittaci. The positive data were based primarily on patients from Italy, while our study involved only patients living in the Northeastern United States. This would suggest possible geographic differences in the etiology of ocular adnexal lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto L Vargas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, NY 14642, USA
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44
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Abstract
Chlamydophila psittaci was detected in 10% of 431 fulmars examined from the Faroe Islands. Analysis of ompA showed a sequence almost identical to that of the type strain. The origin of C. psittaci outbreaks in fulmars is discussed. Despite a high level of exposure, the risk for transmission of C. psittaci to humans is low.
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Espinosa de los Monteros MTL, Laguna Sorina JA, Rueda da Domingo MT, López Hernández B, Bermejo Pérez MJ, Sabonet JC. [Psittacosis outbreak in Granada, Spain]. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2006; 79:591-7. [PMID: 16471138 DOI: 10.1590/s1135-57272005000500009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psittacosis can be transmitted to humans from infected birds, being the cause of atypical pneumonia. This work is aimed at determining the source of a psittacosis outbreak, the characteristics of the subjects exposed and describing the measures to control the outbreak. METHODS Descriptive study. Notification to the Epidemiological Monitoring System and Autonomic Agriculture authorities, taking the pertinent measures (inspection, sampling, disinfecting and precautionary quarantine of birds), closing the establishment. Case definition and epidemiological survey. Frequency analysis. RESULTS Seventeen (17) individuals (one of whom died) came into contact with suspicious animals (53% males/47% females), nine of whom (mean age: 30) showed symptoms (100% fever, flu-like symptoms 44.4%). A serology was performed for C. psitacci on 11 of the 17 subjects exposed (68.75%), two of whom (18.18%) tested positive. The presence of C. psittaci DNA was detected in the pulmonary tissue study conducted on the deceased individual. A total of 33% (3/9) of those showing symptoms were confirmed by diagnosis. The Autonomic Agriculture authorities placed 22 animal compounds under quarantine. A total of seven (10%) of the 70 samples taken (60: animal cloacas and 10 birds) revealed a positive antigen, the PCR nucleic acid test being positive in one there-of. CONCLUSIONS The exposure to diseased animals at the establishments involved caused the outbreak, the common source of contagion being of an occupational nature. The appropriate coordination/collaboration between the local Health and Agriculture authorities made it possible to prevent any further cases from arising.
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46
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Walder G, Hotzel H, Brezinka C, Gritsch W, Tauber R, Würzner R, Ploner F. An unusual cause of sepsis during pregnancy: recognizing infection with chlamydophila abortus. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 106:1215-7. [PMID: 16260577 DOI: 10.1097/01.aog.0000161060.69470.9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydophila abortus (formerly Chlamydia psittaci serovar 1) is a rare but severe cause of gestational septicemia, with particular problems in diagnosis and clinical management. CASE A 32-year-old woman in her fourth pregnancy (16th week of gestation) presented with progressive septicemia after extensive contact with abortive material from her goat flock. Treatment with levofloxacin could not prevent abortion. Multiorgan failure requiring catecholamines and artificial ventilation developed in the patient. After the agent was identified by polymerase chain reaction from acute-phase serum, macrolides were administered and yielded clinical improvement. The patient fully recovered. There were no sequelae in the subsequent 6 months. CONCLUSION Cp abortus must be considered in gestational septicemia after contact with ruminants. Polymerase chain reaction from acute-phase serum is a quick and easy way to establish the diagnosis. Macrolide antibiotics are still the treatment of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Walder
- Department of Hygiene and Social Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, and Department of Anesthesiology, Regional Hospital of Sterzing, Sterzing, Italy.
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47
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Chorazy M, Nasiek-Palka A, Kwaśna K. [The case of 57-year-old patient with ornithosis]. Wiad Lek 2006; 59:716-9. [PMID: 17338137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The authors describe the case of ornithosis in the form of severe pleuropneumonia with breathing disorders. They emphasize that the proper diagnosis and consequently the treatment have been achieved by the detailed anamnesis and not by additional tests, as the immune reaction was found after full remission of pathological lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Chorazy
- Z I Oddziału Wewnetrznego Szpitala im. Stanisława Leszczyńskiego, Katowicach
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Greco
- Department of Animal Health and WellbeingFaculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Bari S.p. per Casamassima Km 370010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy
- Phone: 39 080 4679818, Fax: 39 080 4679843, E-mail:
| | - Marialaura Corrente
- Department of Animal Health and WellbeingFaculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Bari S.p. per Casamassima Km 370010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Animal Health and WellbeingFaculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Bari S.p. per Casamassima Km 370010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy
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49
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Van Loock M, Verminnen K, Messmer TO, Volckaert G, Goddeeris BM, Vanrompay D. Use of a nested PCR-enzyme immunoassay with an internal control to detect Chlamydophila psittaci in turkeys. BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5:76. [PMID: 16185353 PMCID: PMC1261267 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-5-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydophila psittaci, an important turkey respiratory pathogen, is difficult. To facilitate the diagnosis, a nested PCR-enzyme immunoassay (PCR-EIA) was developed to detect the Cp. psittaci outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene in pharyngeal swabs. Methods The fluorescein-biotin labelled PCR products were immobilized on streptavidin-coated microtiter plates and detected with anti-fluorescein peroxidase conjugate and a colorimetric substrate. An internal inhibition control was included to rule out the presence of inhibitors of DNA amplification. The diagnostic value of the ompA nested PCR-EIA in comparison to cell culture and a 16S-rRNA based nested PCR was assessed in pharyngeal turkey swabs from 10 different farms experiencing respiratory disease. Results The sensitivity of the nested PCR-EIA was established at 0.1 infection forming units (IFU). Specificity was 100%. The ompA nested PCR-EIA was more sensitive than the 16S-rRNA based nested PCR and isolation, revealing 105 out of 200 (52.5%) positives against 13 and 74 for the latter two tests, respectively. Twenty-nine (23.8%) out of 122 ompA PCR-EIA negatives showed the presence of inhibitors of DNA amplification, although 27 of them became positive after diluting (1/10) the specimens in PCR buffer or after phenol-chloroform extraction and subsequent ethanol precipitation. Conclusion The present study stresses the need for an internal control to confirm PCR true-negatives and demonstrates the high prevalence of chlamydiosis in Belgian turkeys and its potential zoonotic risk. The ompA nested PCR-EIA described here is a rapid, highly sensitive and specific diagnostic assay and will help to facilitate the diagnosis of Cp. psittaci infections in both poultry and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnix Van Loock
- Department of Biosystems, Catholic University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kristel Verminnen
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Trudy O Messmer
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Guido Volckaert
- Department of Biosystems, Catholic University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bruno M Goddeeris
- Department of Biosystems, Catholic University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke; Belgium
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Rosado MF, Byrne GE, Ding F, Fields KA, Ruiz P, Dubovy SR, Walker GR, Markoe A, Lossos IS. Ocular adnexal lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study of a large cohort of patients with no evidence for an association with Chlamydia psittaci. Blood 2005; 107:467-72. [PMID: 16166588 PMCID: PMC1895606 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-06-2332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are among the most common primary tumors occurring in the ocular adnexa. Herein, we present a 14-year single-institution experience in 62 patients with primary ocular adnexal lymphomas (OALs). Association with Chlamydia psittaci infection is examined in 57 tumor specimens. Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (EMZL) was the most frequent histologic subtype (89%). The majority of patients with EMZL (84%) presented with stage E-extranodal (IE), however only 16% had an advanced stage. All stage IE patients were treated with local radiotherapy, whereas patients with disseminated disease received systemic therapy with or without local irradiation. All but 1 patient with EMZL achieved complete remission (CR). During a median follow-up of 52 months (range, 3-153 months), the estimated 5-year overall survival (OS) and freedom from progression (FFP) were 96% and 79%, respectively. During the follow-up, 22% of patients relapsed, mainly in extranodal sites, and 4% transformed to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. None of the patients exhibited local orbital failure in the radiation field. None of the OAL specimens harbored C psittaci DNA. Our study demonstrates that EMZLs, accounting for the majority of primary OALs, are characterized by an indolent natural history with frequent, continuous extranodal relapses. In South Florida, OALs are not associated with C psittaci infections.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chlamydophila psittaci/genetics
- Chlamydophila psittaci/isolation & purification
- Cohort Studies
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Conjunctival Neoplasms/microbiology
- Conjunctival Neoplasms/pathology
- Conjunctival Neoplasms/therapy
- Eye Neoplasms/microbiology
- Eye Neoplasms/pathology
- Eye Neoplasms/therapy
- Female
- Humans
- Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases/microbiology
- Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases/pathology
- Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases/therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/microbiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/microbiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/microbiology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Orbital Neoplasms/microbiology
- Orbital Neoplasms/pathology
- Orbital Neoplasms/therapy
- Prognosis
- Psittacosis/microbiology
- Psittacosis/pathology
- Psittacosis/therapy
- Risk Factors
- Survival Rate
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel F Rosado
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA
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