Small molecule LFA-1 antagonists compete with an anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibody for binding to the CD11a I domain: development of a flow-cytometry-based receptor occupancy assay

The beta(2) integrin LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) is a leukocyte-specific adhesion molecule that mediates leukocyte extravasation, antigen presentation, and T-cell-mediated cytolysis through its interaction with its counter-receptors, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and ICAM-3. We have recently described a small molecule antagonist of LFA-1 (BIRT 377) that inhibits LFA-1/ICAM-1 molecular interactions, LFA-1-dependent adhesion assays, antigen-induced proliferation of T-cells, and superantigen-induced production of IL-2 in vivo in mice. We have also recently described a unique monoclonal antibody, R3.1, which competes with BIRT 377 and its analogs for binding to both purified full-length LFA-1 and the purified recombinant I domain module. In this manuscript, we extend these studies to cell-based systems and utilize this unique reagent for the development of a receptor occupancy assay. Exploiting these observations, we have designed and validated an assay that allows us to measure receptor occupancy in vitro on monkey and human peripheral blood leukocytes and ex vivo in whole blood from monkeys dosed with small molecule LFA-1 antagonists. Further refinement of these reagents has led to the development of a Fab-based assay that allows rapid and reproducible analysis of whole blood samples. These optimized reagents allow for quantification of the number of receptors expressed on the cell surface and a more accurate quantitation of receptor occupancy.

Amoeboid leukocyte crawling through extracellular matrix: lessons from the Dictyostelium paradigm of cell movement

Cell movement within three-dimensional tissues is a cycling multistep process that requires the integration of complex biochemical and biophysical cell functions. Different cells solve this challenge differently, which leads to differences in migration strategies. Migration principles established for leukocytes share many characteristics with those described for ameba of the lower eukaryote Dictyostelium discoideum. The hallmarks of amoeboid movement include a simple polarized shape, dynamic pseudopod protrusion and retraction, flexible oscillatory shape changes, and rapid low-affinity crawling. Amoeboid crawling includes haptokinetic adhesion-dependent as well as biophysical migration mechanisms on or within many structurally and functionally different substrates. We describe central aspects of amoeboid movement in leukocytes and the implications for leukocyte crawling and positioning strategies within interstitial tissues.

[Adhesion molecules and their role in organ response after trauma]

In this paper, we presented general characterization of adhesion molecules and their role in organ response after injury. Severe trauma is frequently complicated by multiple organ dysfunction (MODS) or failure (MOF). The pathogenesis of these syndromes involves a complex interaction of humoral and cellular events. The recruitment of circulatory leukocytes into tissues is regulated in part by specific leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions with several families of cell adhesion molecules. In the adhesion cascade, the initial phase of inflammation, a transient slowing of neutrophils in postcapillary venules is mediated by selectins. Firm adhesion of neutrophils to the endothelium occurs by interaction of beta 2 integrins to ICAM-1. Diapedesis between endothelial cells requires the engagement of PECAM-1. Significance of the adhesion molecule in organ response after severe trauma permitted their diagnostic and prognostic use as well as new methods of treatment.

MCP-1 and IL-8 trigger firm adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelium under flow conditions

Monocytes contribute to the development of atherosclerotic lesions in mouse models. The chemoattractant proteins (chemokines), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), are found in human atheroma, and mice lacking receptors for these chemokines are less susceptible to atherosclerosis and have fewer monocytes in vascular lesions. Although MCP-1 has a powerful effect on monocytes, IL-8 is thought to act predominantly on neutrophils and it is unclear how it could recruit monocytes. Here we investigate the ability of chemokines to control the interaction of monocytes under flow conditions with vascular endothelium that has been transduced to express specific leukocyte-adherence receptors. We find that MCP-1 and IL-8 can each rapidly cause rolling monocytes to adhere firmly onto monolayers expressing E-selectin, whereas related chemokines do not. These effects do not correlate with either the induction of a calcium transient or chemotaxis. We conclude that chemokines are important modulators of monocyte-endothelial interactions under flow conditions. Moreover, our finding that IL-8 is a powerful trigger for firm adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelium reveals an unexpected role for this chemokine in monocyte recruitment.

The leukocyte cell adhesion cascade and its role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions are known to be mediated by specific cell adhesion receptors expressed on the cell surface. The characterization of these cell adhesion molecules has allowed researchers to examine their roles in a variety of physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. Numerous studies have demonstrated that myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is an acute inflammatory process in which leukocytes are intimately involved. In this review, we summarize the current data on the leukocyte cell adhesion cascade, focus upon studies which have demonstrated specific cell adhesion molecule interactions which mediate the leukocyte involvement in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and suggest future avenues of exploration and possible clinical implications of the studies reviewed.

Neutrophil adhesion to fibrinogen and fibrin under flow conditions is diminished by activation and L-selectin shedding

The adhesion of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]) to immobilized fibrinogen/fibrin is mediated by beta2-integrins. However, the influence of physiologic flow conditions on neutrophil adhesion to these surfaces is poorly defined. In this report, the effect of flow and neutrophil activation on adhesion to immobilized fibrinogen and fibrin was examined. For the evaluation of (the distribution of) neutrophil adhesion, real-time video-assisted microscopy and custom-made software were used. Under flow conditions, adherent neutrophils appeared to support the subsequent margination of other neutrophils, thereby enhancing the adherence of these cells to fibrin. Consequently, neutrophils adhered in clusters, especially at higher shear stresses (eg, cluster index 1.4 at shear 80 mPa). Preactivation of PMNs with fMLP (10(-7) mol/L) or 4beta-phorbol, 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA; 100 ng/mL) resulted in approximately 50% inhibition of adhesion to fibrin and a more random distribution (cluster index <0.5). L-selectin antibodies or neuraminidase treatment of PMNs also inhibited adhesion and clustering, indicating a role for L-selectin. Under static conditions, no clustering appeared and PMN activation with fMLP or PMA caused threefold and sevenfold increased adhesion, respectively. Under these conditions, anti-L-selectin antibodies or neuraminidase did not affect adhesion. These results indicate that, under flow conditions, adherent neutrophils support adhesion of flowing neutrophils by L-selectin-mediated cell-cell interactions. Preactivated neutrophils, with lowered L-selectin expression, are less susceptible for this interaction. By this mechanism, adhered leukocytes can modulate the recruitment of leukocytes to the vessel wall at sites of inflammation.

[Regulation of leukocyte migration by adhesion molecules]

The ability of leukocytes to leave the blood-stream and migrate into tissues is a critical feature of the immune system, essential in eliminating infectious pathogens and allowing leukocyte accumulation at sites of injury, infection or inflammation. Lymphocytes continuously recirculate between tissues, lymphoid organs and blood, whereas neutrophils or monocytes lack this capacity. Migration of various leukocyte subpopulations into tissues is regulated by specific combinations of adhesion receptors and chemoattractants which direct them into tissues. Selectins initiate leukocyte attachment along vascular endothelium by mediating leukocyte rolling along inflamed endothelium, whereas CD11/CD18 (alpha L, M, X/beta 2) integrins have a more important role in subsequent steps of leukocyte migration into tissues. alpha 4/beta 1 or alpha 4/beta 7 integrins play a role in mediating lymphocyte rolling and firm adhesion to vascular wall. Leukocyte migration is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, the regulation of hematopoiesis and hemostasis. This reaction is also involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, reperfusion injuries and malignant cell metastasis. Leukocyte migration inhibitors may have therapeutic potential against inflammation and associated diseases.

Antibody-induced engagement of beta 2 integrins on adherent human neutrophils triggers activation of p21ras through tyrosine phosphorylation of the protooncogene product Vav

It is known that beta 2 integrins are crucial for leukocyte cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and accumulating evidence now suggests that integrins serve not only as a structural link but also as a signal-transducing unit that controls adhesion-induced changes in cell functions. In the present study, we plated human neutrophils on surface-bound anti-beta 2 (CD18) antibodies and found that the small GTP-binding protein p21ras is activated by beta 2 integrins. Pretreatment of the cells with genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, led to a complete block of p21ras activation, an effect that was not achieved with either U73122, which abolishes the beta 2 integrin-induced Ca2+ signal, or wortmannin, which totally inhibits the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. Western blot analysis revealed that antibody-induced engagement of beta 2 integrins causes tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins in the cells. One of these tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins had an apparent molecular mass of 95 kDa and was identified as the protooncogene product Vav, a p21ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is specifically expressed in cells of hematopoietic lineage. A role for Vav in the activation of p21ras is supported by the observations that antibody-induced engagement of beta 2 integrins causes an association of Vav with p21ras and that the effect of genistein on p21ras activation coincided with its ability to inhibit both the tyrosine phosphorylation of Vav and the Vav-p21ras association. Taken together, these results indicate that antibody-induced engagement of beta 2 integrins on neutrophils triggers tyrosine phosphorylation of Vav and, possibly through its association, a downstream activation of p21ras.

Significance of the inflammatory response in brain ischemia

Leukocytes appear to have a central role in the inflammatory response that develops during acute brain ischemia. This brief review adduces evidence that leukocytes accumulate in focal zones of acute brain ischemia at a sufficiently early stage to participate in the process of progressive ischemic brain damage and that partial inhibition of that accumulation, by various measures, can attenuate ischemic brain injury. Mechanisms of leukocyte adhesion are discussed in detail and an inference is put forward that leukocytes are an important factor in progressive ischemic injury, but almost certainly act in concert with a number of other similarly important factors. On this basis, leukocyte inhibition may have demonstrable benefit in acute stroke, but ultimately be found to only partially spare potentially salvageable tissue in the ischemic zone.

Cross-linking of CD18 in human neutrophils induces an increase of intracellular free Ca2+, exocytosis of azurophilic granules, quantitative up-regulation of CD18, shedding of L-selectin, and actin polymerization

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) exert most of their physiological functions while adherent to surfaces rather than in suspension. PMN adhesion is largely dependent on the function of the beta 2 integrins, CD11a,b,c/CD18. We mimicked engagement of beta 2 integrins by antibody cross-linking of CD18 on isolated human PMNs using both intact monoclonal antibody and F(ab')2 fragments. Within seconds of CD18 cross-linking, we observed a significant, transient rise of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration by 200-300 nM, which was largely due to Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores. The Ca2+ signal was blocked after pretreatment with phorbol myristate acetate, an activator of protein kinase C, but not with herbimycin A, a potent inhibitor of tyrosine kinases. In addition to the rise of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration, CD18 cross-linking induced exocytosis of azurophilic granules (release of 26% of total PMN elastase), which was significantly inhibited by herbimycin A. Moreover, 2.2-fold up-regulation of CD18 antigen and significant down-regulation of surface expression of the granulocyte adhesion molecule L-selectin were induced. Granulocyte F-actin content as measured by nitrobenzoxadiazole-phallacidin increased significantly 1 min after CD18 cross-linking. By contrast, CD18 cross-linking by soluble antibodies did not induce superoxide production, but PMNs bound to immobilized monoclonal antibodies against CD18 released significant amounts of superoxide. Initial signaling through beta 2 integrins does not appear to be mediated by a phospholipase C isoform activated through tyrosine phosphorylation, because the Ca2+ signal was not altered by herbimycin A. However, more complex cellular responses including exocytosis were found to require tyrosine phosphorylation. We show that engagement of beta 2 integrins provides an important stimulatory signal to PMNs inducing degranulation, modulation of L-selectin, and cytoskeletal changes.

Adhesion molecule deficiencies and their clinical significance

Adhesion molecules play a major role in the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of inflammation. Currently, two congenital hereditary Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) syndromes are recognized. LAD I is due to the absence of the beta subunit of the integrin molecule, while LAD II is caused by a deficiency of Sialy1 Lewis X, the neutrophil ligand for selectins. Clinically, both syndromes are characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, more severe in LAD I. Developmental abnormalities (growth and mental retardation) constitute a prominent feature of LAD II and may be attributed to a general defect found in fucose metabolism in LAD II. Neutrophil motility was found to be defective in both syndromes. Using activated umbilical endothelial cells, we showed that LAD I neutrophil do not bind to cells expressing ICAM-1, while LAD II cells do not bind to endothelial cells expressing E- or P-selectin. Skin window technique showed a marked decrease in margination in both syndromes. Using intravital microscopy we were able to show that the basic defect in LAD II is in the "rolling" phase, while in LAD I, firm adhesion and transmigration are defective. Studies of these two rare conditions emphasized the important in vivo roles of adhesion molecules in host defense mechanism.

Involvement of CD11b/CD18 in enhanced neutrophil adhesion by Fc gamma receptor stimulation

Neutrophils showed a rapid and transient adhesion to immunoglobulin G (IgG)-coated plates compared with their adhesion to bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated plates: the adhesion reached a peak after 15 min of incubation and then gradually returned to almost the basal state in 60 min. The addition of monomeric IgG or anti-Fc gamma RII monoclonal antibody (mAb) (IV.3) suppressed the increase in adhesion, whereas anti-Fc gamma RIII mAb (3G8) was hardly effective, indicating that the interaction of Fc gamma R, especially Fc gamma RII, with coated IgG is involved in the process. Adhesion was also blocked by cytochalasin B, suggesting that functional actin filament structures are crucial. Protein kinase inhibitors, erbstatin and genistein, inhibited the adhesion in a dose-dependent manner. The adhesion was inhibited by anti-CD11b (M1/70) and anti-CD18 (MHM23, TS1/18) mAbs. Moreover, neutrophils from a patient with complete leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome did not show increased adhesion to IgG-coated plates. The adhesion of neutrophils to fibrinogen- and BSA-coated plates was also increased when Fc gamma R was stimulated in the fluid phase with soluble aggregated IgG, which was also inhibited by anti-CD11b mAb. Stimulation of neutrophil Fc gamma R with soluble aggregated IgG enhanced the expression of CD11b in concert with the enhanced adhesion. These data collectively suggest that stimulation via Fc gamma R evokes a tyrosine kinase-dependent and actin filament-dependent intracellular signal that enhances the specific and nonspecific adhesive activity of neutrophils, presumably through the activation of CD11b/CD18.

Reduction of burn injury by inhibiting CD18-mediated leukocyte adherence in rabbits

The progressive nature of dermal ischemia and subsequent tissue destruction within the "zone of stasis" is a central focus in burn research. To examine the role of neutrophils and neutrophil adherence within the zone of stasis, we utilized the monoclonal antibody (MAb) 60.3, directed to the human leukocyte adherence glycoprotein CD18 to block neutrophil adherence to endothelium and intravascular aggregation in a rabbit model of partial-thickness burn. Burns were created by applying an 80 degrees C brass template to the dorsal rabbit skin for 5 or 10 seconds. Animals treated with MAb 60.3 thirty minutes following a 5-second burn had less edema, thinner eschar, and earlier elevation of the eschar than control animals. Histologic analysis revealed an eightfold increase in live hair follicles (p < 0.05) and 43 percent greater reepithelialization at 8 days (p < 0.05) and a 15 percent reduction in burn surface area at 24 hours (p < 0.0001) in the antibody-treated group. There was no significant difference between treatment and control groups exposed to 10-second burns. We conclude that neutrophils and increased neutrophil adherence play important roles in the progressive tissue destruction within the zone of stasis in burns. Furthermore, moderate burn injury may be significantly attenuated by blocking neutrophil adherence functions with a CD18 MAb.

Restoration of lytic function in a human natural killer cell line by gene transfection

NK cells can recognize and lyse target cells without restriction by the MHC. The molecular interaction responsible for NK cell recognition is poorly understood. It has been frequently suggested that the loss of beta 2 integrin in immune competent cells may lead to dysfunction due to inadequate cell-cell interaction. We examined the role of lymphocyte functional adhesion molecule-1 in the function of a human natural killer leukemia cell line, YT-1. A mutant YT-1(-) cell subclone showed an absence of killing activity against a B lymphoma cell line, compared with that against a CD11a/CD18 positive parental cell line, YT-1(+) cells. We found that this loss of cytotoxicity was correlated with lack of surface expression of CD11a/CD18 molecules due to the mutation of the CD18 gene. Using gene transfer experiments, we provide strong evidence demonstrating that CD18 transfection to this mutant NK cell line, YT-1(-), restored the surface expression of CD11a/CD18, and this restoration was accompanied by reexpression of cytotoxic function.

Triggering of respiratory burst by tumor necrosis factor in neutrophils adherent to fibronectin. Evidence for a crucial role of CD18 glycoproteins

Human neutrophils, plated on fibronectin (FN)-coated wells, were found to release large quantities of superoxide anion (O2-) in response to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). The O2- release was completely inhibited by two monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs, MHM23 and TS1/18) against CD18 glycoproteins. An independently derived anti-CD18 MoAb (60.3) was ineffective. These MoAbs failed to inhibit neutrophil adhesion to FN-coated surfaces. Moreover, neutrophils incubated for 30 min on FN and then washed to remove non-adherent cells, were responsive to TNF-alpha in the presence of anti-CD18 MoAbs MHM23 and TS1/18. Consequently, the CD18-dependent capacitation of the respiratory burst can occur before TNF-alpha triggering. Finally, neutrophils plated on FN in the presence of anti-CD18 MoAbs and then washed, i.e. adherent cells blocked in their surface CD18 molecules, released O2- after adding TNF-alpha but only in the absence of additional anti-CD18 MoAbs. This is consistent with a TNF-alpha ability to induce rapid expression and activation of new oxidative burst-capacitating CD18 molecules. The results suggest that the anchorage of neutrophils to FN surfaces depends on adherence molecules apparently unrelated to CD18, probably the so-called fibronectin receptors (FNRs), whereas the capacitation of the respiratory burst in response to TNF-alpha requires the intervention of CD18 glycoproteins, available on the membrane of "resting" neutrophils or mobilized to the cell surface by TNF-alpha.

A possible mechanism for vascular endothelial cell injury elicited by activated leukocytes: a significant involvement of adhesion molecules, CD11/CD18, and ICAM-1

To clarify the mechanism of vascular endothelial cell injury induced by activated leukocytes, we investigated the intracellular peroxide level in endothelial cells and the effect of antibodies against adhesion molecules on it. The change in the intracellular peroxide level was measured using the fluorescence of 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. The fluorescence intensity of the endothelial cells exposed to PMA-stimulated leukocytes increased with time up to 15 min, although neither PMA alone nor unstimulated leukocytes alone showed such increase at all. When catalase, which degrades hydrogen peroxide produced by leukocytes, was added to this system, the peroxide level in endothelial cells decreased significantly. On the other hand, pretreatment of endothelial cells with allopurinol, a specific inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, also caused significant inhibition of the increase in peroxide level in the endothelial cells. The monoclonal antibodies against CD11a, CD11b, CD18, and ICAM-1 showed almost complete inhibition of the increase in intracellular peroxide levels of the endothelial cells exposed to PMA-stimulated leukocytes. In contrast, the anti-CD11c antibody could not block the increase in fluorescence intensity due to peroxides. The endothelial injury elicited by activated leukocytes was partially inhibited by catalase alone (approximately 40%) and allopurinol alone (approximately 60%), but it was completely inhibited by the concomitant treatment of endothelial cells with catalase and allopurinol. The specific antibodies against such adhesion molecules as ICAM-1 and CD11/CD18 except CD11c/CD18 also blocked the endothelial cell injury significantly. These data suggest that there is a good correlation between the early increase in intracellular peroxides and endothelial cell injury elicited by PMA-stimulated leukocytes and that the adhesion of activated leukocytes to endothelial cells via CD11a/CD18-ICAM-1 must be deeply involved in these phenomena.

Oxygen-induced lung injury in the guinea pig proceeds through CD18-independent mechanisms

The pathogenesis of pulmonary oxygen toxicity is postulated to be related in part to neutrophil-mediated injury. This study examined the effect of a monoclonal antibody directed against the CD11a,b,c/CD18 glycoprotein complex (beta 2 leukocyte integrins) on oxygen-induced lung injury. M8, a monoclonal antibody that binds to the beta chain of the guinea pig leukocyte integrins that facilitate neutrophil adherence to vascular endothelium, was injected into adult guinea pigs prior to and during exposure to > 98% oxygen. Control oxygen-exposed animals were injected with a noninhibitory antibody to the CD18 complex or with saline. Survival in oxygen was similar for animals treated with M8 when compared with those treated with saline (102 versus 105 h, respectively, NS). Pulmonary edema as assessed by protein in the supernatant of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was higher in the three groups of oxygen-exposed animals than in the air-exposed groups (p < 0.01), but it did not differ between the M8 antibody treatment group and the other oxygen-exposed groups. M8 antibody treatment did not decrease hyperoxia-induced neutrophil accumulation into the lung as assessed by myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) in lung homogenates or by neutrophil counts in histologic specimens. M8 antibody also did not decrease neutrophil counts or MPO in alveolar lavage fluid, both of which were significantly elevated in all oxygen-exposed groups. These results suggest that hyperoxia-induced neutrophil migration into the lung and acute lung injury occurs by CD18-independent processes in the guinea pig model of pulmonary oxygen toxicity.

Molecular mechanisms involved in superoxide-induced leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in vivo

Intravital microscopy was used to monitor leukocyte adherence, flux, rolling velocity, and number of rolling leukocytes (flux/velocity) in venules 25-40 microns in diameter. The superoxide-generating system, hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase (HX/XO), was infused into the mesenteric circulation in untreated animals or in animals pretreated with either catalase (a hydrogen peroxide scavenger), WEB-2086 [a platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist], or monoclonal antibodies directed against adhesion molecules CD18 (CL26) or P-selectin (PB1.3). HX/XO infusion caused a decrease in leukocyte rolling velocity and an increase in the number of rolling and adherent leukocytes. WEB-2086 prevented the increase in leukocyte adhesion and markedly increased leukocyte rolling velocity. PB1.3 abolished the HX/XO-associated rise in the flux of rolling leukocytes and proportionally decreased the number of adherent leukocytes. CL26 abolished HX/XO-induced leukocyte adhesion and also reduced the number of rolling leukocytes. In conclusion, P-selectin mediates the increased leukocyte flux induced by superoxide, whereas PAF and CD18 modulate leukocyte adhesion. PAF also reduces leukocyte rolling velocity, possibly as a result of CD18, but not P-selectin.

Capillary filtration during acute inflammation: role of adherent neutrophils

Fluid filtration rate with respect to surface area (Jv/S) was measured in capillaries of rat mesentery by a micro-occlusion technique. Superfusion of the mesentery with 100 nM platelet-activating factor (PAF) caused a fivefold increase in Jv/S (control, mean +/- SE = 0.016 +/- 0.002 micron/s, n = 44 rats; PAF, 0.078 +/- 0.010, n = 10), whereas 20 nM leukotriene B4 (LTB4) had no effect (0.010 +/- 0.003, n = 8). These doses of PAF and LTB4 induced a similar level of leukocyte adherence to venular endothelium. Neutrophils play a role in PAF-mediated increases in Jv/S, since a significantly lower Jv/S was elicited by PAF superfusion in neutropenic rats (0.024 +/- 0.006, n = 7). Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) directed against either the leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein CD11/CD18 (0.037 +/- 0.006, n = 8) or the endothelial cell adhesion molecule P-selectin (0.025 +/- 0.004, n = 8) also attenuated PAF-induced capillary filtration, whereas a nonbinding form of the P-selection MAb had no inhibitory effect (0.066 +/- 0.024, n = 3). These results indicate that PAF, but not LTB4, enhances capillary fluid filtration rate. While neutrophils do not adhere to endothelium in capillaries exposed to PAF, they do appear to contribute significantly to the PAF-induced capillary fluid filtration.

C5a-induced myocardial ischemia: role for CD18-dependent PMN localization and PMN-platelet interactions

Intracoronary C5a in swine decreases coronary blood flow and regional myocardial segment shortening, responses mediated by thromboxane (Tx) A2-induced coronary vasoconstriction and intramyocardial trapping of granulocytes (PMNs). We sought to determine the origin of TxA2 and to investigate the role of CD18-dependent PMN function by utilizing an anti-CD18 monoclonal antibody, IB4. Isolated C5a-stimulated PMNs or platelets did not produce TxB2. However, together, C5a-stimulated PMNs and platelets produced TxB2. IB4 bound porcine PMN surface CD18 and blocked C5a-induced PMN functions. In vivo, IB4 loading (2 mg/kg) transiently decreased arterial blood pressure and circulating platelet counts in six of nine animals (390 +/- 31 vs. 176 +/- 41 X 10(6)/ml, control vs. IB4; P < 0.002) and significantly ameliorated C5a-induced decreases in coronary venous PMN count (-4.1 +/- 0.6 vs. -1.4 +/- 0.8 X 10(6) cells/ml), coronary artery blood flow (-10 +/- 1 vs. -4 +/- 1 ml/min), and segment shortening (-15 +/- 2 vs. -8 +/- 2%, C5a vs. C5a + IB4). We conclude that 1) production of TxB2 in response to C5a is mediated by a PMN-platelet interaction, 2) IB4 functionally blocks CD18 on porcine PMNs, and 3) C5a-induced myocardial PMN extraction is mediated, in part, by a CD18-dependent mechanism. These results suggest that PMN-platelet interactions and CD18-dependent PMN extraction are important in C5a-induced myocardial ischemia.

Role of endothelial adhesion molecules in NSAID-induced gastric mucosal injury

A number of recent studies have demonstrated that neutrophil adherence to the vascular endothelium is a critical early event in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal injury induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Although a role in this process for the leukocyte adhesion molecule, CD11/CD18, has been demonstrated, the involvement of endothelial adhesion molecules has not previously been examined. Therefore, using monoclonal antibodies directed against a number of endothelial adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, P-selectin, E-selectin), we studied the role of these molecules in the production of mucosal injury after indomethacin administration and in indomethacin-induced leukocyte adherence. As previously shown in the rabbit, anti-CD18 markedly reduced (by 75%) the severity of damage induced by indomethacin in the rat. Moreover, this antibody completely prevented indomethacin-induced leukocyte adherence. Similarly, anti-ICAM-1 significantly attenuated (by 74%) the severity of indomethacin-induced gastric injury while also markedly reducing leukocyte adherence (by 83%). Anti-P-selectin and anti-E-selectin produced only small (approximately 35%), but statistically significant, reductions of mucosal injury, but only anti-P-selectin significantly affected indomethacin-induced leukocyte adherence (by approximately 50%). These results demonstrate that indomethacin-induced leukocyte adherence and mucosal injury are dependent on the expression of CD18 and ICAM-1. P-selectin also appears to play a small, but important, role in these processes, whereas the role of E-selectin remains equivocal. These studies support the hypothesis that interactions at the leukocyte-endothelium interface are critical in the pathogenesis of NSAID-induced mucosal injury, and this interface may represent a rational target for therapies aimed at preventing this form of injury.

[Adhesion molecules of Leu-CAMs leukocytes]

Adhesion molecules of leucocytes Leu-CAMs, also called beta-2 integrins, are heterodimeric glycoproteins which play a crucial role in interactions of leucocytes between themselves or with fundamental intercellular substances. They comprise 3 elements: LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) expressed at the surface of leucocytes, and in particular lymphocytes, M01 or MAC-1 (CD11b/CD18), and p 150.95 (CD11c/CD18) expressed only on granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages. Their structure, function and regulation are studied. These 3 elements differ in the ligand(s) to which they adhere. LFA-1 intervenes in the adhesion of lymphocytes T and B and of cells presenting with the APC antigen; it therefore plays an important role in lymphoblast proliferation, T-cell cytotoxicity and immunoglobulin synthesis. M01 and p 150.95 intervene in the adhesion of particles and germs opsonized by serum complement, thereby playing a fundamental role in the body's defence against bacterial and fungal infections. They also intervene in the adhesion of leucocytes onto the vascular endothelium and in their migration through this vascular wall towards the inflammatory focus. The pathologies related to a congenital deficiency of these adhesion molecules or to the alterations they acquired are dealt with. The use of monoclonal antibodies directed against leucocyte adhesion in animal experiments opens new therapeutic vistas.

Is the CD18 adhesion complex of polymorphonuclear leukocytes involved in smoke-induced lung damage? A morphometric study

Neutrophils are the primary vectors that produce lung parenchymal injury after smoke inhalation as a result of their transmigration through endothelial and epithelial gap junctions toward the airway surfaces. LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) on the neutrophil surface is essential for this transmigration in many tissues. We hypothesized that anti-CD18 antibodies would block such movement and prevent lung damage. Ten sheep received nebulized cotton smoke in our standardized model of inhalation injury. The sham group (n = 2) was insufflated with air only, the second group (n = 4) was insufflated with smoke but received no antibody, and the third group (n = 4) was given monoclonal antibody R15.7 before smoke injury. A similar degree of parenchymal injury and an alveolar epithelial reparative response were measured in both groups receiving injury. Neutrophil counts in the interstitium of both injured groups were also similar. However, in the R15.7 pretreated group, neutrophils remained inside the capillary in far larger numbers (p < 0.05). The CD11/18 adhesion complex may not be necessary for the pulmonary microvascular changes associated with inhalation injury.

Comparison of the chemiluminescence responses of bovine neutrophils to differently opsonized zymosan particles

Stimulatory effects of 6 zymosan preparations on luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) responses of isolated bovine neutrophils were compared. Unopsonized zymosan particles and zymosan particles opsonized with bovine IgG1, IgG2, fresh serum, or serum from which zymosan-specific antibodies, but not complement, had been removed (C3-serum) induced strong CL responses, with nearly equal maximal peaks in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+, whereas the response to fetal bovine serum-opsonized zymosan particles was markedly low. Removal of extracellular divalent cations almost completely blocked the CL reaction triggered by unopsonized, IgG1-opsonized, C3-opsonized, and fetal bovine serum-opsonized zymosan particles. By contrast, no change in the respiratory burst activity induced by serum-opsonized zymosan and only partial reduction in the response to IgG2-opsonized zymosan were seen under these conditions. Further experiments were performed with 4 zymosan preparations on neutrophils isolated from 2 calves with a genetic deficiency of CD11/CD18 membrane antigens. The unopsonized zymosan-induced CL reaction was absent in these cells. A reduced, but clear, response was observed with C3-opsonized zymosan. Unexpectedly, in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+, serum-opsonized zymosan failed to generate the respiratory burst, whereas response to IgG2-opsonized zymosan was normal in the CD11/CD18-deficient neutrophils. These findings indicate that unopsonized zymosan may act in a divalent cation-dependent manner at the receptor for C3bi in bovine neutrophils, as it has been shown to do in the human system. In addition, it seems that IgG2-Fc receptors capable of signaling the respiratory burst in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ exist on bovine neutrophils.

CD11b/CD18-dependent polymorphonuclear leucocyte interaction with matrix proteins in adhesion and migration

Adhesion of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) to plastic dishes coated with the matrix proteins laminin (LM), fibronectin (FN), collagen type I (CI) or collagen type IV (CIV) was inhibited by the monoclonal antibody 60.3 (MoAb 60.3; anti-CD18). The highest inhibitory effect was seen on adhesion to CI. PMN adhesion to CI was also effectively inhibited by Mo1 (anti-CD11b) but this antibody had only a minor effect on attachment of PMN to the other matrix proteins. In other experiments MoAb 60.3 inhibited LTB4-induced migration of PMN through polycarbonate filters (3 microns pores) coated with LM, FN, CI or CIV, with the most pronounced effect on migration through those filters coated with CI. By contrast, the antibody Mo1 had no effect on migration through any of the protein-coated filters tested. The results in this study suggest that the CD18 epitope, recognized by 60.3, mediates both adhesion and migration of PMN while the epitope on CD11b recognized by the antibody Mo1 is restricted to adhesion. The results also indicate that CD11b/CD18 is the major receptor on human PMN for CI while interaction with LM, FN and CIV may in addition involve other mechanisms.

Mediation of endothelial injury following neutrophil adherence to extracellular matrix

Since polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) rapidly migrate across the endothelial barrier and attach to extracellular matrix components, we tested the hypothesis that adhesion of PMN to matrix proteins can mediate endothelial injury following PMN activation. Studies were made using gelatin- and fibronectin-coated polycarbonate microporous filters (10 microns thick) on which confluent monolayers of bovine pulmonary microvessel endothelial cells were grown. PMN were layered either directly onto endothelial cells (at a ratio of 10:1) ("upright system") or onto gelatin- and fibronectin-coated filters with the endothelial monolayer grown on the underside of the filter without contact between PMN and endothelial cells ("inverted system"). PMN were activated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 5 x 10(-9) M) in both systems. PMN activation increased endothelial permeability to 125I-labeled albumin in upright as well as inverted systems. Pretreatment of PMN with anti-CD18 monoclonal antibodies IB4 or R15.7, which inhibited PMN adherence to matrix constituents as well as to endothelial cells, prevented the permeability increase in both configurations. This effect of anti-CD18 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was not ascribed to a reduction in PMN activation, since PMA-induced superoxide generation was unaffected. We conclude that activation of PMN adherent to extracellular matrix proteins increases endothelial permeability to albumin and that this response is dependent on PMN adhesion to the matrix. The results support the concept that PMN-mediated increase in endothelial permeability is the result of "targeted" release of PMN products independent of whether the PMN are adherent to the extracellular matrix or the endothelium.

CD2: a functional adhesion molecule on murine B cells, involved in interleukin-4-induced aggregation

The murine equivalent to CD2, previously known as a T cell marker, is expressed on mouse B cells. The monoclonal anti-CD2 antibody 12-15 was found to induce B cell homotypic adhesion. When treated with F(ab')2 fragments of 12-15, purified, resting B cells aggregate within 2 h of incubation and the response is optimal after 20 h. Anti-CD2-induced aggregation is a dose-related active process, dependent on temperature, metabolic energy and divalent cations. Aggregation is inhibited by two different Fab monomers of anti-CD2, implying that it is the CD2 molecule itself that functions as an adhesion molecule. We also report that interleukin 4-induced B cell homotypic adhesion involves CD2-mediated cell binding, since the antibodies specific for mouse, CD2, inhibited interleukin-4-induced cell aggregation.

Hydrogen peroxide-induced increase in endothelial adhesiveness is dependent on ICAM-1 activation

Reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) generated by phagocytes promote human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EC). We determined the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a phagocyte-derived ROS, on EC adhesiveness by determining steady-state intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) mRNA and ICAM-1 protein expression. The adhesion of PMN to H2O2-treated EC was concentration dependent with maximal adhesion achieved at 0.1 mM H2O2. PMN adhesion occurred rapidly, reaching its maximum value within a 1-h treatment time. The PMN adhesion was dependent on the interaction between CD11/CD18 integrins on PMN and ICAM-1 on EC, since either anti-CD18 or anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) inhibited (by > 90%) the adhesive interaction between PMN and EC. In parallel with the increases in EC adhesivity, we detected a two- to threefold increase in EC surface expression of ICAM-1 between 0.5 and 1 h after H2O2 challenge. Northern analysis revealed an increase in the steady-state ICAM-1 mRNA signal within 0.5 h after H2O2 exposure, and the response was sustained up to 2 h. Inhibition of intracellular catalase in H2O2-treated EC by 3-amino-1,2,3-triazole augmented the PMN adhesion by 20%, whereas enhancement of EC H2O2-scavenging activity by addition of catalase abrogated the H2O2-induced PMN adhesion, indicating that oxidant-antioxidant balance at the EC interface is a critical factor modulating PMN-EC adhesive interactions. The results suggest that H2O2-induced PMN adhesion is dependent on the rapid induction of the ICAM-1 mRNA signal and the surface expression of ICAM-1 on EC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Lung reperfusion injury is reduced by inhibiting a CD18-dependent mechanism

CD18 designates a component of a leukocyte surface glycoprotein complex that mediates endothelial adherence. To determine whether interference with CD18-dependent leukocyte adhesion modifies reperfusion injury, we transplanted 16 canine left lungs after 4-hour preservation with modified Euro-Collins solution. Anti-canine CD18 monoclonal antibody (R15.7, 1 mg/kg, intravenously) was administered to eight lung recipients 5 minutes before reperfusion; eight control recipients were not treated. Ventilation was identical in donor-recipient pairs (tidal volume, 600 ml; fraction of inspired oxygen, 0.53; positive end-expiratory pressure, 5 cm H2O). Respiratory and inert gas exchange and hemodynamics were assessed in left lung donors one-half hour after right lung exclusion and in allograft recipients at 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 6.0 hours after transplantation and right lung exclusion. Reperfusion injury was evident in both recipient groups at 6 hours after transplantation, but inert gas shunt was lower in monoclonal antibody-treated dogs (13% +/- 6%) than in controls (30% +/- 17%, p < 0.05); comparisons of arterial blood gases in monoclonal antibody recipients (PaO2, 209 +/- 83 mm Hg; PaCO2, 45 +/- 7 mm Hg) and controls (PaO2, 108 +/- 54, p < 0.05; PaCO2, 64 +/- 25, p < 0.05) at 6 hours indicated that monoclonal antibody administration distinctly improved respiratory gas transfer. Gravimetric lung water was less in monoclonal antibody recipients (5.78 +/- 1.01 ml/kg) than in controls (8.02 +/- 1.90 ml/kg, p < 0.05), but lung compliance at 6 hours was equally reduced in monoclonal antibody recipients (40 +/- 9 ml/cm H2O) and in controls (39 +/- 7 ml/cm H2O, p = not significant). Pulmonary vascular resistance doubled immediately after transplantation but was identical in monoclonal antibody-treated dogs (890 +/- 168 dynes.sec.cm-5) and in controls (874 +/- 162 dynes.sec.cm-5, p = not significant) at 6 hours. We conclude that inhibition of CD18-dependent leukocyte function attenuates the development of both shunt and abnormal respiratory gas exchange in lung reperfusion injury. Significant physiologic abnormalities occurred despite R15.7 treatment and may represent inadequate preservation or the effect of CD18-independent adhesion mechanisms.

CD18-dependent adherence reactions play an important role in the development of the no-reflow phenomenon

The aim of this study was to determine whether immunoneutralization of the common beta-subunit of the neutrophil CD11/CD18 glycoprotein adherence complex with monoclonal antibody IB4 (mAb IB4) or neutrophil depletion with a specific canine polyclonal antineutrophil serum (ANS) would reduce the extent of no-reflow in postischemic skeletal muscle. Microvascular patency was assessed by infusion of india ink contrast media and quantified by counting ink-containing microvessels < 15 microns diameter in histological sections obtained from isolated canine gracilis muscles subjected to 4.5 h of continuous perfusion (nonischemic control), 4 h of ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion [ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)] alone, I/R plus ANS, and I/R plus mAb IB4. I/R was associated with a marked reduction in microvascular patency compared with nonischemic controls (0.9 +/- 0.1 vs. 2.3 +/- 0.1 ink-containing microvessels per muscle fiber, respectively). Neutrophil depletion or prevention of neutrophil adherence attenuated the I/R-induced reduction in the number of ink-containing capillaries (1.6 +/- 0.1 and 2.2 +/- 0.2 ink-containing microvessels per muscle fiber, respectively). These data indicate that neutrophils play an important role in the genesis of no-reflow in postischemic skeletal muscle by a mechanism that appears to involve CD18-dependent neutrophil adhesion to the endothelium.

Leukocyte function and nonmalignant leukocyte disorders

This review summarizes recent literature regarding the clinical and molecular features of nonmalignant leukocyte disorders in children. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency and chronic granulomatous disease, two inherited disorders of neutrophil function, continue to be the best-characterized disorders with respect to specific molecular defects. The underlying causes of severe congenital neutropenia and cyclic neutropenia remain elusive. Clinical features of immune-mediated neutropenias and their differential diagnoses are also reviewed.

A subpopulation of Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) molecules mediates neutrophil adhesion to ICAM-1 and fibrinogen

We report that a subpopulation (10%) of the Mac-1 (CD1 1b/CD18) molecules on activated neutrophils mediates adhesion to ICAM-1 and fibrinogen. We describe a novel mAb (CBRM1/5) that binds to an activation-specific neoepitope on a subset of Mac-1 molecules on neutrophils and monocytes after stimulation with chemoattractants or phorobol esters but does not recognize Mac-1 on resting myeloid cells. CBRM1/5 immunoprecipitates a subpopulation of Mac-1 molecules from detergent lysates of neutrophils, binds to immunoaffinity-purified Mac-1, and localizes to the I domain on the alpha chain of Mac-1. Because CBRM1/5 recognizes a fraction of Mac-1 on activated neutrophils, but still blocks Mac-1-dependent adhesion to fibrinogen and ICAM-1, we suggest that only a small subset of Mac-1 molecules is competent to mediate adhesion.

Leukotriene B4-induced hyperadhesiveness of endothelial cells for neutrophils: relation to CD54

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) induced an in vitro transient state of hyperadhesiveness in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), leading to a 2.2-fold increase in the binding of neutrophil granulocytes (PMN), which was less than that conferred by platelet activating factor (PAF) though more than thrombin did (3.4- or 2.0-fold increases, respectively). This study concerns the role of the adhesive molecules CD18 and CD54 for the LTB4- (as well as thrombin- and PAF-) induced endothelial hyperadhesiveness. The MoAbs 60.3 (to the CD18 molecule on PMN) and 84H10 (to one epitope of CD54 on the HUVEC) blocked the adherence of PMN to LTB4-treated HUVEC, whereas MoAb LB-2 (directed at another CD54 epitope) failed to do so. MoAb 84H10 blocked 43% of the thrombin-induced hyperadhesiveness, whereas the PAF response was unaffected. Thus, LTB4-induced HUVEC hyperadhesiveness may therefore be related to a specific domain on the CD54 (or on an antigenically related molecule) as well as being dependent on CD18, whereas the involvement of CD54 was much less or non-existent for the thrombin and PAF responses, respectively.

Therapeutic immunosuppression of T cells

Current immunosuppressive therapy carries a range of unwanted side effects, and tends to penalize the whole immune system. It is desirable to develop therapies that are more selective for antigen-reactive cells. As T lymphocytes use a wide range of surface receptors to interact with antigen-bearing cells and with each other, much interest is devoted to trying to develop agents that selectively block the interaction of these receptors with their ligands, and others that could be used to reprogram the immune system so that it might become tolerant to the antigens rather than attack them.

Effect of antibody to leukocyte adhesion molecule CD18 on recovery of neonatal lamb hearts after 2 hours of cold ischemia

BACKGROUND

Prior studies have shown that leukocytes are important in reperfusion injury after normothermic ischemia, and recently discovered leukocyte adhesion molecules that bind to endothelial ligands may be involved in this process. No studies on the role of leukocyte adhesion molecules in hypothermic ischemia are available.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We assessed the effect of preischemic administration of monoclonal antibody to the leukocyte adhesion molecule CD18 on recovery of isolated blood-perfused neonatal lamb hearts arrested for 2 hours with 15 degrees C K+ cardioplegic solution by comparing nine antibody-treated and nine control hearts. At 30 minutes after reperfusion, antibody-treated hearts compared with control hearts had better percent recovery of maximum left ventricular (LV) developed pressure (83.9 +/- 2.2% versus 73.6 +/- 3.0%, mean +/- SEM), LV dP/dt (78.4 +/- 3.3% versus 67.4 +/- 3.4%), coronary blood flow (159.5 +/- 12.2% versus 84.4 +/- 3.5%), and myocardial oxygen consumption (129.8 +/- 16.5% versus 71.2 +/- 6.2%) (all p < 0.05). In each heart, we also tested coronary vascular resistance (CVR) response to 10(-6) mol/l acetylcholine (ACh) infusion to assess endothelial function. Percent recovery of CVR response to ACh was higher in antibody-treated hearts (38.4 +/- 4.3%) than control hearts (13.4 +/- 12.8%) (p = 0.08).

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that leukocyte adherence to endothelium mediated by CD18 plays an important role in reperfusion after hypothermic ischemia. Antibody to CD18 may be useful in myocardial and endothelial protection during surgically induced ischemia.

Leukotriene B4 mediates shear rate-dependent leukocyte adhesion in mesenteric venules

Previous studies have demonstrated that low shear rates promote leukocyte adherence to microvascular endothelium in postcapillary venules. The objective of this study was to determine whether an accumulation of inflammatory mediators such as platelet activating factor and leukotriene B4 is responsible for shear rate-dependent leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. Postcapillary venules (25-39 microns in diameter) in cat mesentery were studied by intravital microscopy. Venular wall shear rate was varied over a wide range by graded occlusion of the mesenteric artery. Red blood cell velocity, vessel diameter, leukocyte rolling velocity, and the numbers of rolling and adherent leukocytes were measured at each shear rate. In one series of experiments, shear rate-dependent leukocyte adherence was monitored at different superfusion rates (1.0 and 2.5 ml/min). At the lower superfusion rate, the number of adherent leukocytes was significantly higher at any given shear rate when compared with results obtained at the higher superfusion rate. This suggests that reduced washout of inflammatory mediators contributes to shear rate-dependent leukocyte adhesion. Pretreatment with different platelet activating factor receptor antagonists (WEB 2086 or WEB 2170) had no effect on the number of adherent leukocytes normally observed at lower shear rates, suggesting that platelet activating factor does not play a major role in this process. However, shear rate-dependent leukocyte adhesion was largely prevented by pretreatment with either a leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist (SC-41930) or a leukotriene synthesis inhibitor (L663,536). The results of this study indicate that a reduced washout of leukotriene B4 is responsible for the enhanced leukocyte adherence that occurs at low venular wall shear rates.

Adhesion promotes transcellular leukotriene biosynthesis during neutrophil-glomerular endothelial cell interactions: inhibition by antibodies against CD18 and L-selectin

Eicosanoid formation by transcellular routes can amplify the levels and types of lipid mediators within a local milieu. To evaluate the role of adhesion in this process, we assessed the influence of mAb against adhesion molecules on LTC4 generation by PMN-endothelial cell interaction. Transcellular LTC4 generation was initiated by addition of fMLP to coincubations of GM-CSF-primed PMN and TNF-activated endothelial cells cultured from kidney glomeruli. Both PMN-endothelial cell adhesion and transcellular LTC4 generation were inhibited by mAb against leukocyte L-selectin and CD18. These results indicate that cytokine-treated PMN and endothelial cells generate LTC4 via transcellular routes by receptor-triggered mechanisms. They suggest that adhesion promotes transcellular eicosanoid biosynthesis and that adhesion molecules may also be targets for blockade of transcellular biosynthesis of lipid mediators.

The Role of CD18-mediated Adhesion in Neutrophil Sequestration Induced by Infusion of Activated Plasma in Rabbits

Infusion of activated plasma induces neutropenia and sequestration of neutrophils within the microvasculature. This study examined the role of the adhesion glycoprotein complex, CD11/CD18, in this sequestration. Rabbits pretreated with either the anti-CD18 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 60.3 or saline were given infusions of zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP) or saline. The effect of mAb 60.3 on the changes in circulating neutrophil counts, radiolabeled neutrophil kinetics in the lung, and the pulmonary microvascular accumulation of neutrophils induced by ZAP infusion was determined. The data show that pretreatment with mAb 60.3 did not inhibit either the rate of onset or the severity of the neutropenia but prevented the sustained neutropenia. In addition, mAb 60.3 completely prevented the ZAP-induced changes in radiolabeled neutrophil kinetics and largely inhibited the accumulation of neutrophils within the capillaries and the small vessels when evaluated after 15 min of ZAP infusion. We conclude that neutrophil accumulation is a two-step process, the first occurring through a CD18-independent mechanism that may involve a stimulus-induced decrease in neutrophil deformability and acts to slow neutrophil transit through the lung. The second step requires CD18-dependent adhesion and is needed for prolonged accumulation of neutrophils within the pulmonary microvasculature.

Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin A and Streptolysin O Enhance Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Binding to Gelatin Matrixes

Autopsy data from cases of streptococcal toxic shock demonstrate accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) within lung and soft tissue microvasculature. Because of the increased prevalence of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SPEA)-producing strains associated with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, experiments were done to determine whether SPEA or streptolysin O (SLO, a thiol-activated cytolysin produced by all group A streptococci) could stimulate PMNL-dependent adherence mechanisms in vitro. SPEA (0.01-10 micrograms/5.5 x 10(6) PMNL) only modestly enhanced PMNL adherence over the entire range of concentrations tested. In contrast, SLO-induced PMNL binding was highly dose dependent (maximal binding, 55.1 +/- 1.6% at 0.5 hemolytic units/5.5 x 10(6) PMNL) and was mediated by CD11/CD18 adherence glycoprotein.

Role of neutrophil adherence receptors (CD 18) in lung permeability following lower torso ischemia

Ischemia and reperfusion of the lower torso lead to leukotriene- and neutrophil (PMN)-dependent lung injury characterized by lung PMN sequestration, increased permeability, and noncardiogenic edema. It is thought that PMNs require adhesion to endothelium to alter barrier function. This study tests the role of CD 18, the PMN adherence receptor, in mediating lung permeability after lower torso ischemia and reperfusion. Anesthetized rabbits (n = 9) underwent 3 hours of bilateral hind limb ischemia. Ten minutes after the release of the tourniquets, plasma leukotriene B4 levels increased to 395 +/- 85 pg/ml, higher than 129 +/- 35 pg/ml in controls (n = 9, p less than 0.01). At this time there was a reduction in circulating white blood cells (x 10(3)), 3.56 +/- 0.49/mm3 relative to 6.07 +/- 0.61/mm3 in controls (p less than 0.01). PMNs were sequestered in the hind limbs, indicated by increased myeloperoxidase activity of 1.06 +/- 0.19 units/g compared with 0.56 +/- 0.09 units/g in controls (p less than 0.05). Four hours after tourniquet release, PMNs were sequestered in the lungs, 52 +/- 4 PMNs per 10 high-power fields, a value higher than 31.5 +/- 3 PMNs per 10 high-power fields in controls; bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein content increased to 554 +/- 90 micrograms/ml relative to 277 +/- 46 micrograms/ml in controls; and there was lung edema, measured by increased wet weight-to-dry weight ratios of 5.19 +/- 0.10, higher than 4.29 +/- 0.21 in controls (all p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Granulocyte accumulation in postischemic intestine: role of leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein CD11/CD18

Neutrophils play an important role in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced vascular injury in the small intestine. Monoclonal antibodies against the leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein CD11/CD18 afford protection against I/R-induced microvascular injury. It has been suggested that the response to I/R differs between the various layers of the bowel wall, with relatively few granulocytes accumulating in the mucosa compared with the serosa or mesentery. The objectives of this study were to determine whether I/R-induced neutrophil accumulation is 1) homogenous in the different layers of intestine (mucosa, submucosa, muscle, and mesentery) and 2) dependent on the expression and/or activation of the leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein CD11/CD18. Neutrophil infiltration was monitored by measuring myeloperoxidase activity in mucosa, submucosa, muscle, and mesentery of cat small intestine subjected to 3 h ischemia (blood flow reduced to 20% of control) and reperfusion. I/R elicited a comparable degree of polymorphonuclear (PMN) infiltration in mucosa, submucosa, and mesentery, with the muscularis exhibiting a greater response. Pretreatment with the CD18-specific monoclonal antibody (IB4) significantly attenuated the I/R-induced PMN accumulation in all layers of the bowel wall and mesentery, indicating that the granulocyte accumulation elicited by I/R is dependent on the expression and/or activation of the leukocyte adhesion molecule CD11/CD18.

Monocyte attachment to activated human vascular endothelium in vitro is mediated by leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (L-selectin) under nonstatic conditions

The receptors that mediate monocyte adhesion to cytokine-stimulated endothelial monolayers were assessed using a nonstatic (rotating) cell-attachment assay. In this system, leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1) (L-selectin) mediated a major portion (87 +/- 15% at 37 degrees C) of monocyte attachment to activated endothelium. mAb blocking of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (41% inhibition), CD18 (36%), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (25%) function had lesser effects on attachment. These results suggest that LAM-1 may serve an important role in monocyte attachment to endothelium at sites of inflammation.

Monocyte adherence to fibronectin: role of CD11/CD18 integrins and relationship to other monocyte functions

Adherence of monocytes to extracellular matrix components is critical for their accumulation at sites of infection. To gain insight into the factors that regulate monocyte recruitment, we have studied monocyte adherence with regard to the regulatory effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the mechanisms involved; moreover, we have contrasted the phenotypes of adherent and nonadherent cells. Our results show that only a minor subpopulation of monocytes (20-25%) adhere spontaneously to fibronectin and that LPS stimulated a threefold increase in the proportion of adherent cells. Basal adherence and LPS-stimulated adherence of monocytes to fibronectin were substantially mediated by CD11/CD18 integrins. Further studies revealed that spontaneously adherent monocytes were 14-fold more actively phagocytic, released 1.6-fold more superoxide anion, and contained 20-fold more peroxidase activity than nonadherent cells, whereas LPS-adherent cells had an intermediate phenotype. These results indicate that LPS may enhance the accumulation of monocytes with an antimicrobial phenotype and thereby promote resolution of tissue infection.