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Banerjee A, Kang CY, An M, Koff BB, Sunder S, Kumar A, Tenuta LMA, Stockbridge RB. Fluoride export is required for the competitive fitness of pathogenic microorganisms in dental biofilm models. mBio 2024; 15:e0018424. [PMID: 38624207 PMCID: PMC11077948 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00184-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms resist fluoride toxicity using fluoride export proteins from one of several different molecular families. Cariogenic species Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans extrude intracellular fluoride using a CLCF F-/H+ antiporter and FEX fluoride channel, respectively, whereas oral commensal eubacteria, such as Streptococcus gordonii, export fluoride using a Fluc fluoride channel. In this work, we examine how genetic knockout of fluoride export impacts pathogen fitness in single-species and three-species dental biofilm models. For biofilms generated using S. mutans with the genetic knockout of the CLCF transporter, exposure to low fluoride concentrations decreased S. mutans counts, synergistically reduced the populations of C. albicans, increased the relative proportion of oral commensal S. gordonii, and reduced properties associated with biofilm pathogenicity, including acid production and hydroxyapatite dissolution. Biofilms prepared with C. albicans with genetic knockout of the FEX channel also exhibited reduced fitness in the presence of fluoride but to a lesser degree. Imaging studies indicate that S. mutans is highly sensitive to fluoride, with the knockout strain undergoing complete lysis when exposed to low fluoride for a moderate amount of time. Biochemical purification of the S. mutans CLCF transporter and functional reconstitution establishes that the functional protein is a dimer encoded by a single gene. Together, these findings suggest that fluoride export by oral pathogens can be targeted by specific inhibitors to restore biofilm symbiosis in dental biofilms and that S. mutans is especially susceptible to fluoride toxicity. IMPORTANCE Dental caries is a globally prevalent condition that occurs when pathogenic species, including Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, outcompete beneficial species, such as Streptococcus gordonii, in the dental biofilm. Fluoride is routinely used in oral hygiene to prevent dental caries. Fluoride also has antimicrobial properties, although most microbes possess fluoride exporters to resist its toxicity. This work shows that sensitization of cariogenic species S. mutans and C. albicans to fluoride by genetic knockout of fluoride exporters alters the microbial composition and pathogenic properties of dental biofilms. These results suggest that the development of drugs that inhibit fluoride exporters could potentiate the anticaries effect of fluoride in over-the-counter products like toothpaste and mouth rinses. This is a novel strategy to treat dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chia-Yu Kang
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Minjun An
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - B. Ben Koff
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sham Sunder
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Randy B. Stockbridge
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Abstract
The interactions between communities of microorganisms inhabiting the dental biofilm is a major determinant of oral health. These biofilms are periodically exposed to high concentrations of fluoride, which is present in almost all oral healthcare products. The microbes resist fluoride through the action of membrane export proteins. This chapter describes the culture, growth and harvest conditions of model three-species dental biofilm comprised of cariogenic pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans and the commensal bacterium Streptococcus gordonii. In order to examine the role of fluoride export by S. mutans in model biofilms, procedures for generating a strain of S. mutans with a genetic knockout of the fluoride exporter are described. We present a case study examining the effects of this mutant strain on the biofilm mass, acid production and mineral dissolution under exposure to low levels of fluoride. These general approaches can be applied to study the effects of any gene of interest in physiologically realistic multispecies oral biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Randy B Stockbridge
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Livia M A Tenuta
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Ghesquière J, Simoens K, Koos E, Boon N, Teughels W, Bernaerts K. Spatiotemporal monitoring of a periodontal multispecies biofilm model: demonstration of prebiotic treatment responses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0108123. [PMID: 37768099 PMCID: PMC10617495 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01081-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are complex polymicrobial communities which are often associated with human infections such as the oral disease periodontitis. Studying these complex communities under controlled conditions requires in vitro biofilm model systems that mimic the natural environment as close as possible. This study established a multispecies periodontal model in the drip flow biofilm reactor in order to mimic the continuous flow of nutrients at the air-liquid interface in the oral cavity. The design is engineered to enable real-time characterization. A community of five bacteria, Streptococcus gordonii-GFPmut3*, Streptococcus oralis-GFPmut3*, Streptococcus sanguinis-pVMCherry, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis-SNAP26 is visualized using two distinct fluorescent proteins and the SNAP-tag. The biofilm in the reactor develops into a heterogeneous, spatially uniform, dense, and metabolically active biofilm with relative cell abundances similar to those in a healthy individual. Metabolic activity, structural features, and bacterial composition of the biofilm remain stable from 3 to 6 days. As a proof of concept for our periodontal model, the 3 days developed biofilm is exposed to a prebiotic treatment with L-arginine. Multifaceted effects of L-arginine on the oral biofilm were validated by this model setup. L-arginine showed to inhibit growth and incorporation of the pathogenic species and to reduce biofilm thickness and volume. Additionally, L-arginine is metabolized by Streptococcus gordonii-GFPmut3* and Streptococcus sanguinis-pVMCherry, producing high levels of ornithine and ammonium in the biofilm. In conclusion, our drip flow reactor setup is promising in studying spatiotemporal behavior of a multispecies periodontal community.ImportancePeriodontitis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease in the oral cavity associated with the accumulation of microorganisms in a biofilm. Not the presence of the biofilm as such, but changes in the microbiota (i.e., dysbiosis) drive the development of periodontitis, resulting in the destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. In this respect, novel treatment approaches focus on maintaining the health-associated homeostasis of the resident oral microbiota. To get insight in dynamic biofilm responses, our research presents the establishment of a periodontal biofilm model including Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The added value of the model setup is the combination of simulating continuously changing natural mouth conditions with spatiotemporal biofilm profiling using non-destructive characterization tools. These applications are limited for periodontal biofilm research and would contribute in understanding treatment mechanisms, short- or long-term exposure effects, the adaptation potential of the biofilm and thus treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justien Ghesquière
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Simoens
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erin Koos
- Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven) and Dentistry (Periodontology), University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristel Bernaerts
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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Metcalfe S, Panasiewicz M, Kay JG. Inflammatory macrophages exploited by oral streptococcus increase IL-1B release via NLRP6 inflammasome. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:347-357. [PMID: 37497744 PMCID: PMC10533225 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory periodontal disease develops in part from the infiltration of a large number of classically activated inflammatory macrophages that release inflammatory cytokines important for disease progression, including inflammasome-dependent interleukin (IL)-1β. Streptococcus gordonii is a normally commensal oral microorganism; while not causative, recent evidence indicates that commensal oral microbes are required for the full development of periodontal disease. We have recently reported that inflammatory macrophages counterintuitively allow for the increased survival of phagocytosed S. gordonii over nonactivated or alternatively activated macrophages. This survival is dependent on increased reactive oxygen species production within the phagosome of the inflammatory macrophages, and resistance by the bacterium and can result in S. gordonii damaging the phagolysosomes. Here, we show that activated macrophages infected with live S. gordonii release more IL-1β than non-activated macrophages infected with either live or dead S. gordonii, and that the survival of oral Streptococci are more dependent on macrophage activation than other Gram positive microbes, both classical pathogens and commensals. We also find that S. gordonii-dependent inflammatory macrophage inflammasome activation requires the cytoplasmic NLRP6. Overall, our results suggest S. gordonii is capable of evading immune destruction, increasing inflammatory mediators, and increasing inflammatory macrophage response, and that this ability is increased under conditions of inflammation. This work reveals additional mechanisms by which normally commensal oral streptococci-macrophage interactions can change, resulting in increased release of mature IL-1β, potentially contributing to an environment that perpetuates inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Metcalfe
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main street, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Michelle Panasiewicz
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main street, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Jason G Kay
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main street, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
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Catala-Valentin A, Bernard JN, Caldwell M, Maxson J, Moore SD, Andl CD. E-Cigarette Aerosol Exposure Favors the Growth and Colonization of Oral Streptococcus mutans Compared to Commensal Streptococci. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0242121. [PMID: 35377225 PMCID: PMC9045065 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02421-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cigarettes (e-cigs) have drastically increased in popularity during the last decade, especially among teenagers. While recent studies have started to explore the effect of e-cigs in the oral cavity, little is known about their effects on the oral microbiota and how they could affect oral health and potentially lead to disease, including periodontitis and head and neck cancers. To explore the impact of e-cigs on oral bacteria, we selected members of the genus Streptococcus, which are abundant in the oral cavity. We exposed the commensals Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii and the opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus mutans, best known for causing dental caries, to e-liquids and e-cig aerosols with and without nicotine and with and without menthol flavoring and measured changes in growth patterns and biofilm formation. Our results demonstrate that e-cig aerosols hindered the growth of S. sanguinis and S. gordonii, while they did not affect the growth of S. mutans. We also show that e-cig aerosols significantly increased biofilm formation by S. mutans but did not affect the biofilm formation of the two commensals. We found that S. mutans exhibits higher hydrophobicity and coaggregation abilities along with higher attachment to OKF6 cells than S. sanguinis and S. gordonii. Therefore, our data suggest that e-cig aerosols have the potential to dysregulate oral bacterial homeostasis by suppressing the growth of commensals while enhancing the biofilm formation of the opportunistic pathogen S. mutans. This study highlights the importance of understanding the consequences of e-cig aerosol exposure on selected commensals and pathogenic species. Future studies modeling more complex communities will provide more insight into how e-cig aerosols and vaping affect the oral microbiota. IMPORTANCE Our study shows that e-cigarette aerosol exposure of selected bacteria known to be residents of the oral cavity hinders the growth of two streptococcal commensals while enhancing biofilm formation, hydrophobicity, and attachment for the pathogen S. mutans. These results indicate that e-cigarette vaping could open a niche for opportunistic bacteria such as S. mutans to colonize the oral cavity and affect oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Catala-Valentin
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Joshua N. Bernard
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew Caldwell
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Jessica Maxson
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Sean D. Moore
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Claudia D. Andl
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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6
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Urano-Tashiro Y, Saiki K, Yamanaka Y, Ishikawa Y, Takahashi Y. Streptococcus gordonii DL1 evades polymorphonuclear leukocyte-mediated killing via resistance to lysozyme. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261568. [PMID: 34928970 PMCID: PMC8687581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii is an etiological bacterial agent of infective endocarditis. Although the pathogenesis mechanisms are not well understood, the interaction between streptococci and phagocytes is considered important for the development of infective endocarditis. Previous studies show that some S. gordonii strains, including DL1, survive in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), whereas other strains such as SK12 are sensitive to PMN-dependent killing. In this study, we assessed the differences between the sensitivity of S. gordonii DL1 and S. gordonii SK12 to PMN-dependent killing. S. gordonii DL1 showed a higher survival when treated with PMNs than SK12. Both S. gordonii DL1 and S. gordonii SK12 showed high resistance to low pH condition. Compared to S. gordonii SK12, S. gordonii DL1 was sensitive to hydrogen peroxide. However, the resistance of S. gordonii DL1 to the tested bactericidal agents, especially lysozyme, was higher than that of SK12. Furthermore, we performed a bactericidal assay by treating a mixture of S. gordonii DL1 and SK12 with PMNs. S. gordonii DL1 did not enhance the survival of S. gordonii SK12 exposed to PMNs. These results indicated that S. gordonii DL1 is resistant to bactericidal agents that degrade bacteria in phagolysosomes. In addition, there was no secretory factor involved in the resistance to bactericidal agents. The findings of this study may help develop treatments for infective endocarditis caused by S. gordonii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Urano-Tashiro
- Department of Microbiology, Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Keitarou Saiki
- Department of Microbiology, Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamanaka
- Department of Microbiology, Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuiko Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Takahashi
- Department of Microbiology, Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Kumar Tiwari S, Guo X, Huang Y, Zhou X, Xu HHK, Ren B, Peng X, Weir MD, Li M, Cheng L. The inhibitory effect of quaternary ammonium salt on bacteria in root canal. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12463. [PMID: 31462657 PMCID: PMC6713705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Persisting apical periodontitis is a primary reason for multiple intervention in root canal. Persisting bacteria in root canal is related with the persisting infection. Despite the advancement in treatment strategies the persisting infection is a major challenge for endodontist. Here we tested two newly developed quaternary ammonium methacrylates (QAMs) against endodontic bacteria and their biofilms. Their antibacterial and antibiofilm efficiency were compared with chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). We measured the MIC, MBC and MBIC of DMADDM and DMAHDM respectively. We also detected the ratio of live/dead bacteria and bacterial composition in the biofilms treated by DMADDM and DMAHDM. We found that DMADDM and DMAHDM could inhibit the growth of bacteria and biofilms formation. The result showed that novel QAMs were remarkably efficient than CHX against biofilms. In addition, we found that Streptococcus gordonii (S. gordonii) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) were frequent isolates after treatment with antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar Tiwari
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yannan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Periodontics and Prosthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD21201, USA
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Endodontics, Periodontics and Prosthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD21201, USA
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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8
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Ohshima J, Wang Q, Fitzsimonds ZR, Miller DP, Sztukowska MN, Jung YJ, Hayashi M, Whiteley M, Lamont RJ. Streptococcus gordonii programs epithelial cells to resist ZEB2 induction by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8544-8553. [PMID: 30971493 PMCID: PMC6486779 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900101116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymicrobial microbiome of the oral cavity is a direct precursor of periodontal diseases, and changes in microhabitat or shifts in microbial composition may also be linked to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Dysbiotic oral epithelial responses provoked by individual organisms, and which underlie these diseases, are widely studied. However, organisms may influence community partner species through manipulation of epithelial cell responses, an aspect of the host microbiome interaction that is poorly understood. We report here that Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone periodontal pathogen, can up-regulate expression of ZEB2, a transcription factor which controls epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inflammatory responses. ZEB2 regulation by P. gingivalis was mediated through pathways involving β-catenin and FOXO1. Among the community partners of P. gingivalis, Streptococcus gordonii was capable of antagonizing ZEB2 expression. Mechanistically, S. gordonii suppressed FOXO1 by activating the TAK1-NLK negative regulatory pathway, even in the presence of P. gingivalis Collectively, these results establish S. gordonii as homeostatic commensal, capable of mitigating the activity of a more pathogenic organism through modulation of host signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ohshima
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Zackary R Fitzsimonds
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Daniel P Miller
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Maryta N Sztukowska
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202
- University of Information Technology and Management, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Young-Jung Jung
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Mikako Hayashi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Marvin Whiteley
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
- Emory-Children's Cystic Fibrosis Center, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202;
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Abstract
With the application of increasingly advanced "omics" technologies to the study of our resident oral microbiota, the presence of a defined, health-associated microbial community has been recognized. Within this community, sanguinis-group streptococci, comprising the closely related Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii, together with Streptococcus parasanguinis, often predominate. Their ubiquitous and abundant nature reflects the evolution of these bacteria as highly effective colonizers of the oral cavity. Through interactions with host tissues and other microbes, and the capacity to readily adapt to prevailing environmental conditions, sanguinis-group streptococci are able to shape accretion of the oral plaque biofilm and promote development of a microbial community that exists in harmony with its host. Nonetheless, upon gaining access to the blood stream, those very same colonization capabilities can confer upon sanguinis-group streptococci the ability to promote systemic disease. This article focuses on the role of sanguinis-group streptococci as the commensurate commensals, highlighting those aspects of their biology that enable the coordination of health-associated biofilm development. This includes the molecular mechanisms, both synergistic and antagonistic, that underpin adhesion to substrata, intercellular communication, and polymicrobial community formation. As our knowledge of these processes advances, so will the opportunities to exploit this understanding for future development of novel strategies to control oral and extraoral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Nobbs
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Kreth
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
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Hirt H, Hall JW, Larson E, Gorr SU. A D-enantiomer of the antimicrobial peptide GL13K evades antimicrobial resistance in the Gram positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus gordonii. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194900. [PMID: 29566082 PMCID: PMC5864073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides represent an alternative to traditional antibiotics that may be less susceptible to bacterial resistance mechanisms by directly attacking the bacterial cell membrane. However, bacteria have a variety of defense mechanisms that can prevent cationic antimicrobial peptides from reaching the cell membrane. The L- and D-enantiomers of the antimicrobial peptide GL13K were tested against the Gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus gordonii to understand the role of bacterial proteases and cell wall modifications in bacterial resistance. GL13K was derived from the human salivary protein BPIFA2. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined by broth dilution and a serial assay used to determine bacterial resistance. Peptide degradation was determined in a bioassay utilizing a luminescent strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to detect peptide activity. Autolysis and D-alanylation-deficient strains of E. faecalis and S. gordonii were tested in autolysis assays and peptide activity assays. E. faecalis protease inactivated L-GL13K but not D-GL13K, whereas autolysis did not affect peptide activity. Indeed, the D-enantiomer appeared to kill the bacteria prior to initiation of autolysis. D-alanylation mutants were killed by L-GL13K whereas this modification did not affect killing by D-GL13K. The mutants regained resistance to L-GL13K whereas bacteria did not gain resistance to D-GL13K after repeated treatment with the peptides. D-alanylation affected the hydrophobicity of bacterial cells but hydrophobicity alone did not affect GL13K activity. D-GL13K evades two resistance mechanisms in Gram-positive bacteria without giving rise to substantial new resistance. D-GL13K exhibits attractive properties for further antibiotic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Hirt
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Hall
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Elliot Larson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sven-Ulrik Gorr
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Martin B, Tamanai-Shacoori Z, Bronsard J, Ginguené F, Meuric V, Mahé F, Bonnaure-Mallet M. A new mathematical model of bacterial interactions in two-species oral biofilms. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173153. [PMID: 28253369 PMCID: PMC5333920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis are bacterial inflammatory diseases, where the bacterial biofilms present on the tooth-supporting tissues switch from a healthy state towards a pathogenic state. Among bacterial species involved in the disease, Porphyromonas gingivalis has been shown to induce dysbiosis, and to induce virulence of otherwise healthy bacteria like Streptococcus gordonii. During biofilm development, primary colonizers such as S. gordonii first attach to the surface and allow the subsequent adhesion of periodontal pathogens such as P. gingivalis. Interactions between those two bacteria have been extensively studied during the adhesion step of the biofilm. The aim of the study was to understand interactions of both species during the growing phase of the biofilm, for which little knowledge is available, using a mathematical model. This two-species biofilm model was based on a substrate-dependent growth, implemented with damage parameters, and validated thanks to data obtained on experimental biofilms. Three different hypothesis of interactions were proposed and assayed using this model: independence, competition between both bacteria species, or induction of toxicity by one species for the other species. Adequacy between experimental and simulated biofilms were found with the last hypothetic mathematical model. This new mathematical model of two species bacteria biofilms, dependent on different substrates for growing, can be applied to any bacteria species, environmental conditions, or steps of biofilm development. It will be of great interest for exploring bacterial interactions in biofilm conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Martin
- EA 1254 Microbiologie Risques infectieux, Université de Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - Zohreh Tamanai-Shacoori
- EA 1254 Microbiologie Risques infectieux, Université de Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - Julie Bronsard
- EA 1254 Microbiologie Risques infectieux, Université de Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - Franck Ginguené
- Institut de Recherche Mathématique de Rennes, Université de Rennes I, CNRS, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Meuric
- EA 1254 Microbiologie Risques infectieux, Université de Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
- Centre hospitalo-universitaire, Rennes, France
| | - Fabrice Mahé
- Institut de Recherche Mathématique de Rennes, Université de Rennes I, CNRS, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - Martine Bonnaure-Mallet
- EA 1254 Microbiologie Risques infectieux, Université de Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
- Centre hospitalo-universitaire, Rennes, France
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12
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Haworth JA, Jenkinson HF, Petersen HJ, Back CR, Brittan JL, Kerrigan SW, Nobbs AH. Concerted functions of Streptococcus gordonii surface proteins PadA and Hsa mediate activation of human platelets and interactions with extracellular matrix. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19:e12667. [PMID: 27616700 PMCID: PMC5574023 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A range of Streptococcus bacteria are able to interact with blood platelets to form a thrombus (clot). Streptococcus gordonii is ubiquitous within the human oral cavity and amongst the common pathogens isolated from subjects with infective endocarditis. Two cell surface proteins, Hsa and Platelet adherence protein A (PadA), in S. gordonii mediate adherence and activation of platelets. In this study, we demonstrate that PadA binds activated platelets and that an NGR (Asparagine-Glycine-Arginine) motif within a 657 amino acid residue N-terminal fragment of PadA is responsible for this, together with two other integrin-like recognition motifs RGT and AGD. PadA also acts in concert with Hsa to mediate binding of S. gordonii to cellular fibronectin and vitronectin, and to promote formation of biofilms. Evidence is presented that PadA and Hsa are each reliant on the other's active presentation on the bacterial cell surface, suggesting cooperativity in functions impacting both colonization and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jane L. Brittan
- School of Oral and Dental SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Steve W. Kerrigan
- Cardiovascular Infection GroupRoyal College of Surgeons in IrelandDublin 2Ireland
| | - Angela H. Nobbs
- School of Oral and Dental SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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13
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Lee SF, Hulbah M, Halperin SA. Development of a gene delivery system in Streptococcus gordonii using thymidylate synthase as a selection marker. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 125:43-8. [PMID: 27062990 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii, a commensal bacterium of the human oral cavity, is a potential live vaccine vector. In this study, we have developed a system that delivers a vaccine antigen gene onto the chromosome of S. gordonii. The system consisted of a recipient strain, that is a thymidine auxotroph constructed by deletion of a portion of thyA gene, and a linear gene delivery construct, composed of the functional thyA gene, the vaccine antigen gene, and a DNA fragment immediately downstream of thyA. The construct is assembled by a ligation and polymerase chain reaction strategy. Upon introduction into the thyA mutant, the vaccine antigen gene integrated into the chromosome via a double crossing-over event. Using the above strategy, a test vaccine antigen gene coding for a fusion protein composed of the Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin type I domain and the single chain antibody against complement receptor 1 was successfully delivered to S. gordonii. The resulting S. gordonii expressed the fusion protein and the delivered gene was stable in the bacterium in vitro and in a mouse colonization experiment. Mice colonized by the fusion protein-expressing S. gordonii developed antibodies that recognized the native filamentous hemagglutinin protein suggesting that an immune response was elicited.
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MESH Headings
- Adhesins, Bacterial/genetics
- Adhesins, Bacterial/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial
- Chromosomes, Bacterial/genetics
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Mice
- Mouth/microbiology
- Mutation
- Receptors, Complement/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins
- Single-Chain Antibodies/genetics
- Streptococcus gordonii/enzymology
- Streptococcus gordonii/genetics
- Streptococcus gordonii/immunology
- Streptococcus gordonii/physiology
- Thymidine/genetics
- Thymidylate Synthase/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/chemistry
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/genetics
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Song F Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University and the IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University and the IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada; Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Maram Hulbah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University and the IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Scott A Halperin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University and the IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University and the IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
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14
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Zhang DM, Liu JB, Pan YP, Pan JY, Xu QF. [The impact of S.gordonii on P. gingivalis on the form of biofilm]. Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue 2015; 24:641-644. [PMID: 27063112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the impact of S.gordonii on the ultrastructure of P. gingivalis biofilm and on the amount of P. gingivalis in biofilm. METHODS P. gingivalis and/or S.gordonii grew on the culture slides to form single P. gingivalis biofilm and heterotypic biofilm of P.gingivalis-S.gordonii. Then the ultrastructure of the 2 kinds of film were examined by scanning electron microscope, and the amount of P. gingivalis in the biofilm was detected by qPCR. Statistical analysis was performed using pair t test with SPSS 13.0 statistical package. RESULTS At 72 h, the amount of heterotypic biofilm was much more than that of the single P. gingivalis biofilm. Moreover, the structure of the heterotypic biofilm was more regular and with more pore space compared to the single P. gingivalis biofilm. Compared to single P. gingivalis biofilm, the amount of P. gingivalis in heterotypic biofilm was 5.4, 3.8 and 4.4 fold at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The growth of P. gingivalis was promoted by S. gordonii in the form of heterotypic biofilm compared to single P. gingivalis biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-mei Zhang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Institute of Dental Research. Shenyang 110002, Liaoning Province, China. E-mail:
| | - Jing-bo Liu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Institute of Dental Research. Shenyang 110002, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ya-ping Pan
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Institute of Dental Research. Shenyang 110002, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jia-yu Pan
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Institute of Dental Research. Shenyang 110002, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qiu-fang Xu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Institute of Dental Research. Shenyang 110002, Liaoning Province, China
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15
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Wood NJ, Jenkinson HF, Davis SA, Mann S, O’Sullivan DJ, Barbour ME. Chlorhexidine hexametaphosphate nanoparticles as a novel antimicrobial coating for dental implants. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2015; 26:201. [PMID: 26123234 PMCID: PMC4486094 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dental implants are an increasingly popular solution to missing teeth. Implants are prone to colonisation by pathogenic oral bacteria which can lead to inflammation, destruction of bone and ultimately implant failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of chlorhexidine (CHX) hexametaphosphate (HMP) nanoparticles (NPs) with a total CHX concentration equivalent to 5 mM as a coating for dental implants. The CHX HMP NPs had mean diameter 49 nm and composition was confirmed showing presence of both chlorine and phosphorus. The NPs formed micrometer-sized aggregated surface deposits on commercially pure grade II titanium substrates following immersion-coating for 30 s. When CHX HMP NP-coated titanium specimens were immersed in deionised water, sustained release of soluble CHX was observed, both in the absence and presence of a salivary pellicle, for the duration of the study (99 days) without reaching a plateau. Control specimens exposed to a solution of aqueous 25 µM CHX (equivalent to the residual aqueous CHX present with the NPs) did not exhibit CHX release. CHX HMP NP-coated surfaces exhibited antimicrobial efficacy against oral primary colonising bacterium Streptococcus gordonii within 8 h. The antimicrobial efficacy was greater in the presence of an acquired pellicle which is postulated to be due to retention of soluble CHX by the pellicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Wood
- />Oral Nanoscience, School of Oral & Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- />Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- />Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Howard F. Jenkinson
- />Oral Microbiology, School of Oral & Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sean A. Davis
- />Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephen Mann
- />Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Dominic J. O’Sullivan
- />Oral Nanoscience, School of Oral & Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michele E. Barbour
- />Oral Nanoscience, School of Oral & Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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16
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Huang R, Li M, Ye M, Yang K, Xu X, Gregory RL. Effects of Nicotine on Streptococcus gordonii Growth, Biofilm Formation, and Cell Aggregation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7212-8. [PMID: 25217021 PMCID: PMC4249166 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02395-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii is a commensal species of human oral flora. It initiates dental biofilm formation and provides binding sites for later colonizers to attach to and generate mature biofilm. Smoking is the second highest risk factor for periodontal disease, and cigarette smoke extract has been reported to facilitate Porphyromonas gingivalis-S. gordonii dual-species biofilm formation. Our hypothesis is that nicotine, one of the most important and active components of tobacco, stimulates S. gordonii multiplication and aggregation. In the present study, S. gordonii planktonic cell growth (kinetic absorbance and CFU), biofilm formation (crystal violet stain and confocal laser scanning microscopy [CLSM]), aggregation with/without sucrose, and 11 genes that encode binding proteins or regulators of gene expression were investigated. Results demonstrated planktonic cell growth was stimulated by 1 to 4 mg/ml nicotine treatment. Biofilm formation was increased at 0.5 to 4 mg/ml nicotine. CLSM indicated bacterial cell mass was increased by 2 and 4 mg/ml nicotine, but biofilm extracellular polysaccharide was not significantly affected by nicotine. Cell aggregation was upregulated by 4, 8, and 16 mg/ml nicotine with sucrose and by 16 mg/ml nicotine without sucrose. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR indicated S. gordonii abpA, scaA, ccpA, and srtA were upregulated in planktonic cells by 2 mg/ml nicotine. In conclusion, nicotine stimulates S. gordonii planktonic cell growth, biofilm formation, aggregation, and gene expression of binding proteins. Those effects may promote later pathogen attachment to tooth surfaces, the accumulation of tooth calculus, and the development of periodontal disease in cigarette smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Huang
- Department of Oral Biology and Tobacco Cessation and Biobehavioral Group, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - M Li
- Department of Oral Biology and Tobacco Cessation and Biobehavioral Group, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - M Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - K Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - X Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - R L Gregory
- Department of Oral Biology and Tobacco Cessation and Biobehavioral Group, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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17
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Cavalcanti YW, Bertolini MM, da Silva WJ, Del-Bel-Cury AA, Tenuta LMA, Cury JA. A three-species biofilm model for the evaluation of enamel and dentin demineralization. Biofouling 2014; 30:579-588. [PMID: 24730462 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2014.905547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although Streptococcus mutans biofilms have been useful for evaluating the cariogenic potential of dietary carbohydrates and the effects of fluoride on dental demineralization, a more appropriate biofilm should be developed to demonstrate the influence of other oral bacteria on cariogenic biofilms. This study describes the development and validation of a three-species biofilm model comprising Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Streptococcus gordonii for the evaluation of enamel and dentin demineralization after cariogenic challenges and fluoride exposure. Single- or three-species biofilms were developed on dental substrata for 96 h, and biofilms were exposed to feast and famine episodes. The three-species biofilm model produced a large biomass, mostly comprising S. mutans (41%) and S. gordonii (44%), and produced significant demineralization in the dental substrata, although enamel demineralization was decreased by fluoride treatment. The findings indicate that the three-species biofilm model may be useful for evaluating the cariogenic potential of dietary carbohydrates other than sucrose and determining the effects of fluoride on dental substrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Wanderley Cavalcanti
- a Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School , University of Campinas , Piracicaba , SP , Brazil
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18
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Passariello C, Gigola P. Adhesion and biofilm formation by oral streptococci on different commercial brackets. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2013; 14:125-130. [PMID: 23758462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare early bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation in vitro by different oral streptococci on a variety of commercial brackets. METHODS Adhesion and biofilm formation in vitro of 6 Streptococcus spp. on 15 different commercial brackets, in standard culture medium and in human saliva were evaluated by the MTT reduction assay. RESULTS Significant differences were evidenced in both early adhesion and biofilm formation among the studied brackets and between the two conditions of growth. Gold brackets resulted less prone to colonisation compared to composite brackets. The growth rates of the tested species on the different tested materials were significantly different. CONCLUSION The adopted experimental plan, dissecting the two phases of plaque formation on different brackets in different conditions, showed that composite brackets are more susceptible to adhesion and colonisation by streptococci, while the remaining tested brackets did not show differences that could be clinically relevant. Data suggest that different personal behaviours affecting the oral environment could significantly affect colonisation of brackets by oral streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Passariello
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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19
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Abstract
Extracellular DNA (eDNA) is an important component of the biofilm matrix produced by many bacteria. In general, the release of eDNA is associated with the activity of muralytic enzymes leading to obvious cell lysis. In the Gram-positive oral commensal Streptococcus gordonii, eDNA release is dependent on pyruvate oxidase generated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Addition of H2O2 to cells grown under conditions non-permissive for H2O2 production causes eDNA release. Furthermore, eDNA release is maximal under aerobic growth conditions known to induce pyruvate oxidase gene expression and H2O2 production. Obvious cell lysis, however, does not occur. Two enzymes have been recently associated with eDNA release in S. gordonii. The autolysin AtlS and the competence regulated murein hydrolase LytF. In the present report, we investigated the role of both proteins in the H2O2 dependent eDNA release process. Single and double mutants in the respective genes for LytF and AtlS released less eDNA under normal growth conditions, but the AtlS mutant was still inducible for eDNA release by external H2O2. Moreover, we showed that the AtlS mutation interfered with the ability of S. gordonii to produce eDNA release inducing amounts of H2O2. Our data support a role of LytF in the H2O2 eDNA dependent release of S. gordonii as part of the competence stress pathway responding to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jens Kreth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Urano-Tashiro Y, Yajima A, Takahashi Y, Konishi K. Streptococcus gordonii promotes rapid differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells through interaction with the sialic acid-binding adhesin. Odontology 2012; 100:144-8. [PMID: 22006240 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-011-0044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Infective endocarditis is frequently attributed to oral streptococci. Although the pathogenetic mechanisms are not well understood, interaction between streptococci and phagocytes is thought to be important for infective endocarditis. In this study, HL-60 cell-derived monocytes were characterized following interaction with Streptococcus gordonii DL1. Exposure of monocytes to S. gordonii DL1 induced up-regulation of the dendritic cell (DC) markers CD83, CD1a, CD86, and interleukin-12, while monocyte markers PU.1 and MafB, which are typically present at low levels in mature DCs, were down-regulated. Interaction of HL-60-derived monocytes with S. gordonii DL1 was instructive for DC differentiation in the absence of released cytokines. Furthermore, neither the filtered culture medium of S. gordonii nor the hsa mutant, deficient in sialic acid-binding activity, was able to induce the differentiation of HL-60 cells. Taken together, these data suggest that monocytes stimulated with S. gordonii DL1 rapidly undergo monocyte-to-DC differentiation through interaction with the bacterial surface receptor Hsa and that this response may be the initial step in infective endocarditis by oral streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Urano-Tashiro
- Department of Microbiology, Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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21
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Tanzer JM, Thompson A, Sharma K, Vickerman MM, Haase EM, Scannapieco FA. Streptococcus mutans out-competes Streptococcus gordonii in vivo. J Dent Res 2012; 91:513-9. [PMID: 22431892 PMCID: PMC3327732 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512442894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus mutans avidly colonize teeth. S. gordonii glucosyltransferase (GtfG) and amylase-binding proteins (AbpA/AbpB), and S. mutans glucosyltransferase (GtfB), affect their respective oral colonization abilities. We investigated their interrelationships and caries association in a rat model of human caries, examining the sequence of colonization and non- vs. high-sucrose diets, the latter being associated with aggressive decay in humans and rats. Virulence-characterized wild-types of both species and well-defined mutants of S. gordonii with interrupted abpA and gtfG genes were studied. While both S. gordonii and S. mutans were abundant colonizers of rat's teeth in the presence of either diet, if inoculated singly, S. mutans always out-competed S. gordonii on the teeth, independent of diet, strain of S. mutans, simultaneous or sequential inoculation, or presence/absence of mutations of S. gordonii's abpA and gtfG genes known to negatively or positively affect its colonization and to interact in vitro with S. mutans GtfB. S. mutans out-competed S. gordonii in in vivo plaque biofilm. Caries induction reflected S. mutans or S. gordonii colonization abundance: the former highly cariogenic, the latter not. S. gordonii does not appear to be a good candidate for replacement therapy. These results are consistent with human data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tanzer
- Schools of Dental Medicine and Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-1605, USA.
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22
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Peyyala R, Kirakodu SS, Novak KF, Ebersole JL. Oral microbial biofilm stimulation of epithelial cell responses. Cytokine 2012; 58:65-72. [PMID: 22266273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Oral bacterial biofilms trigger chronic inflammatory responses in the host that can result in the tissue destructive events of periodontitis. However, the characteristics of the capacity of specific host cell types to respond to these biofilms remain ill-defined. This report describes the use of a novel model of bacterial biofilms to stimulate oral epithelial cells and profile select cytokines and chemokines that contribute to the local inflammatory environment in the periodontium. Monoinfection biofilms were developed with Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Actinomyces naeslundii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis on rigid gas-permeable contact lenses. Biofilms, as well as planktonic cultures of these same bacterial species, were incubated under anaerobic conditions with a human oral epithelial cell line, OKF4, for up to 24h. Gro-1α, IL1α, IL-6, IL-8, TGFα, Fractalkine, MIP-1α, and IP-10 were shown to be produced in response to a range of the planktonic or biofilm forms of these species. P. gingivalis biofilms significantly inhibited the production of all of these cytokines and chemokines, except MIP-1α. Generally, the biofilms of all species inhibited Gro-1α, TGFα, and Fractalkine production, while F. nucleatum biofilms stimulated significant increases in IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and IP-10. A. naeslundii biofilms induced elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IP-10. The oral streptococcal species in biofilms or planktonic forms were poor stimulants for any of these mediators from the epithelial cells. The results of these studies demonstrate that oral bacteria in biofilms elicit a substantially different profile of responses compared to planktonic bacteria of the same species. Moreover, certain oral species are highly stimulatory when in biofilms and interact with host cell receptors to trigger pathways of responses that appear quite divergent from individual bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Peyyala
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Bagaitkar J, Daep CA, Patel CK, Renaud DE, Demuth DR, Scott DA. Tobacco smoke augments Porphyromonas gingivalis-Streptococcus gordonii biofilm formation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27386. [PMID: 22110637 PMCID: PMC3215692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is responsible for the majority of periodontitis cases in the US and smokers are more susceptible than non-smokers to infection by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. P. gingivalis colonization of the oral cavity is dependent upon its interaction with other plaque bacteria, including Streptococcus gordonii. Microarray analysis suggested that exposure of P. gingivalis to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) increased the expression of the major fimbrial antigen (FimA), but not the minor fimbrial antigen (Mfa1). Therefore, we hypothesized that CSE promotes P. gingivalis-S. gordonii biofilm formation in a FimA-dependent manner. FimA total protein and cell surface expression were increased upon exposure to CSE whereas Mfa1 was unaffected. CSE exposure did not induce P. gingivalis auto-aggregation but did promote dual species biofilm formation, monitored by microcolony numbers and depth (both, p<0.05). Interestingly, P. gingivalis biofilms grown in the presence of CSE exhibited a lower pro-inflammatory capacity (TNF-α, IL-6) than control biofilms (both, p<0.01). CSE-exposed P. gingivalis bound more strongly to immobilized rGAPDH, the cognate FimA ligand on S. gordonii, than control biofilms (p<0.001) and did so in a dose-dependent manner. Nevertheless, a peptide representing the Mfa1 binding site on S. gordonii, SspB, completely inhibited dual species biofilm formation. Thus, CSE likely augments P. gingivalis biofilm formation by increasing FimA avidity which, in turn, supports initial interspecies interactions and promotes subsequent high affinity Mfa1-SspB interactions driving biofilm growth. CSE induction of P. gingivalis biofilms of limited pro-inflammatory potential may explain the increased persistence of this pathogen in smokers. These findings may also be relevant to other biofilm-induced infectious diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Bagaitkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Carlo A. Daep
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Carol K. Patel
- Center of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Diane E. Renaud
- Center of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Demuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - David A. Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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Kerrigan SW, Jakubovics NS, Keane C, Maguire P, Wynne K, Jenkinson HF, Cox D. Role of Streptococcus gordonii surface proteins SspA/SspB and Hsa in platelet function. Infect Immun 2007; 75:5740-7. [PMID: 17893126 PMCID: PMC2168320 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00909-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii colonization of damaged heart surfaces in infective endocarditis is dependent upon the recognition of host receptors by specific bacterial surface proteins. However, despite several attempts to identify the mechanisms involved in this interaction, the nature of the bacterial proteins required remains poorly understood. This study provides clear evidence that several S. gordonii surface proteins participate in the interaction with platelets to support platelet adhesion and induce platelet aggregation. S. gordonii strains were found to support strong (DL1-Challis, SK12, SK184, and Blackburn) or moderate (UB1545 delta hsa and CH1-Challis) adhesion or failed to support platelet adhesion (M5, M99, and Channon). In addition, under flow conditions, platelets rolled and subsequently adhered to immobilized S. gordonii at low shear (50 s(-1)) in an Hsa-dependent manner but did not interact with S. gordonii DL1 at any shear rate of >50 s(-1). S. gordonii strains either induced (DL1-Challis, SK12, SK184, UB1545 delta hsa, and M99) or failed to induce (M5, CH1-Challis, Channon, and Blackburn) platelet aggregation. Using a proteomic approach to identify differential cell wall protein expression between aggregating (DL1) and nonaggregating (Blackburn) strains, we identified antigen I/antigen II family proteins SspA and SspB. The overexpression of SspA or SspB in platelet-nonreactive Lactococcus lactis induced GPIIb/GPIIIa-dependent platelet aggregation similar to that seen with S. gordonii DL1. However, they failed to support platelet adhesion. Thus, S. gordonii has distinct mechanisms for supporting platelet adhesion and inducing platelet aggregation. Differential protein expression between strains may be important for the pathogenesis of invasive diseases such as infective endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Kerrigan
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Foligne B, Zoumpopoulou G, Dewulf J, Ben Younes A, Chareyre F, Sirard JC, Pot B, Grangette C. A key role of dendritic cells in probiotic functionality. PLoS One 2007; 2:e313. [PMID: 17375199 PMCID: PMC1819555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of the intestinal homeostasis and tolerance towards the resident microbiota is a major mechanism involved in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. While some bacteria are inducers of disease, others, known as probiotics, are able to reduce inflammation. Because dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in regulating immune responses and in inducing tolerance, we investigated their role in the anti-inflammatory potential of probiotic lactic acid bacteria. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Selected LAB strains, while efficiently taken up by DCs in vitro, induced a partial maturation of the cells. Transfer of probiotic-treated DCs conferred protection against 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. Protection was associated with a reduction of inflammatory scores and colonic expression of pro-inflammatory genes, while a high local expression of the immunoregulatory enzyme indolamine 2, 3 dioxgenase (IDO) was observed. The preventive effect of probiotic-pulsed DCs required not only MyD88-, TLR2- and NOD2-dependent signaling but also the induction of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory cells in an IL-10-independent pathway. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Altogether, these results suggest that selected probiotics can stimulate DC regulatory functions by targeting specific pattern-recognition receptors and pathways. The results not only emphasize the role of DCs in probiotic immune interactions, but indicate a possible role in immune-intervention therapy for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Foligne
- Laboratoire de Bactéries Lactiques et Immunité des Muqueuses, Institut Pasteur de Lille - Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U801, Institut Pasteur de Lille - Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Georgia Zoumpopoulou
- Laboratoire de Bactéries Lactiques et Immunité des Muqueuses, Institut Pasteur de Lille - Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Joelle Dewulf
- Laboratoire de Bactéries Lactiques et Immunité des Muqueuses, Institut Pasteur de Lille - Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Amena Ben Younes
- IFR142, Institut Pasteur de Lille - Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Chareyre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U674, Fondation Jean Dausset/CEPH, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)U801, Institut Pasteur de Lille - Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Bruno Pot
- Laboratoire de Bactéries Lactiques et Immunité des Muqueuses, Institut Pasteur de Lille - Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Corinne Grangette
- Laboratoire de Bactéries Lactiques et Immunité des Muqueuses, Institut Pasteur de Lille - Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
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Hamajima S, Maruyama M, Hijiya T, Hatta H, Abiko Y. Egg yolk-derived immunoglobulin (IgY) against Porphyromonas gingivalis 40-kDa outer membrane protein inhibits coaggregation activity. Arch Oral Biol 2007; 52:697-704. [PMID: 17275778 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 11/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen in periodontitis, aggregates with a number of oral bacteria to form dental plaque, which is important for its colonization. We previously cloned the gene coding the 40-kDa outer membrane protein (OMP) of P. gingivalis 381 and produced large amounts of the recombinant (r) protein. Affinity-purified rabbit antiserum against r40-kDa OMP effectively inhibited the coaggregation activity of P. gingivalis to oral bacteria, thus 40-kDa OMP was thought to be an important coaggregation factor of P. gingivalis. Further, since it is conserved among many P. gingivalis strains, this coaggregation factor may be an effective target for passive immunotherapy against P. gingivalis infection. Recently, passive immunization approaches using a specific antibody produced from hen egg yolk (IgY) have been developed for oral infectious diseases, and shown to be convenient and economic. In the present study, we immunized hens intramuscularly with r40-kDa OMP and obtained highly purified IgY from the egg yolks. The purified IgY specifically recognized r40-kDa OMP and also reacted with a functional coaggregation-associated domain peptide of 40-kDa OMP. Our results demonstrated that a ratio of purified IgY as low as 2.5 microg/150 microl significantly inhibited the coaggregation of P. gingivalis with Streptococcus gordonii, which was verified by a visual coaggregation assay and radioactivity-based quantitative micro-coaggregation assay. We concluded anti-r40-kDa OMP IgY may be useful for passive immunization against periodontal diseases caused by P. gingivalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Hamajima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-Nishi, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan.
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