1
|
Meireles DDA, Yokomizo CH, Silva FP, Venâncio TM, Degenhardt MFDS, Oliveira CLPD, Netto LES. Functional diversity of YbbN/CnoX proteins: Insights from a comparative analysis of three thioredoxin-like oxidoreductases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Xylella fastidiosa and Escherichia coli. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103128. [PMID: 38554523 PMCID: PMC10998233 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
YbbN/CnoX are proteins that display a Thioredoxin (Trx) domain linked to a tetratricopeptide domain. YbbN from Escherichia coli (EcYbbN) displays a co-chaperone (holdase) activity that is induced by HOCl. Here, we compared EcYbbN with YbbN proteins from Xylella fastidiosa (XfYbbN) and from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PaYbbN). EcYbbN presents a redox active Cys residue at Trx domain (Cys63), 24 residues away from SQHC motif (SQHC[N24]C) that can form mixed disulfides with target proteins. In contrast, XfYbbN and PaYbbN present two Cys residues in the CXXC (CAPC) motif, while only PaYbbN shows the Cys residue equivalent to Cys63 of EcYbbN. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that most of the YbbN proteins are in the bacteria domain of life and that their members can be divided into four groups according to the conserved Cys residues. EcYbbN (SQHC[N24]C), XfYbbN (CAPC[N24]V) and PaYbbN (CAPC[N24]C) are representatives of three sub-families. In contrast to EcYbbN, both XfYbbN and PaYbbN: (1) reduced an artificial disulfide (DTNB) and (2) supported the peroxidase activity of Peroxiredoxin Q from X. fastidiosa, suggesting that these proteins might function similarly to the canonical Trx enzymes. Indeed, XfYbbN was reduced by XfTrx reductase with a high catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km = 1.27 x 107 M-1 s-1), similar to the canonical XfTrx (XfTsnC). Furthermore, EcYbbN and XfYbbN, but not PaYbbN displayed HOCl-induced holdase activity. Remarkably, EcYbbN gained disulfide reductase activity while lost the HOCl-activated chaperone function, when the SQHC was replaced by CQHC. In contrast, the XfYbbN CAPA mutant lost the disulfide reductase activity, while kept its HOCl-induced chaperone function. In all cases, the induction of the holdase activity was accompanied by YbbN oligomerization. Finally, we showed that deletion of ybbN gene did not render in P. aeruginosa more sensitive stressful treatments. Therefore, YbbN/CnoX proteins display distinct properties, depending on the presence of the three conserved Cys residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo de Abreu Meireles
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, (LFBM), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
| | - César Henrique Yokomizo
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisnei Pedrosa Silva
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Peptídeos e Proteínas (LQFPP), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Motta Venâncio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Peptídeos e Proteínas (LQFPP), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luis Eduardo Soares Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vergine M, Vita F, Casati P, Passera A, Ricciardi L, Pavan S, Aprile A, Sabella E, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Characterization of the olive endophytic community in genotypes displaying a contrasting response to Xylella fastidiosa. BMC Plant Biol 2024; 24:337. [PMID: 38664617 PMCID: PMC11044560 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endophytes mediate the interactions between plants and other microorganisms, and the functional aspects of interactions between endophytes and their host that support plant-growth promotion and tolerance to stresses signify the ecological relevance of the endosphere microbiome. In this work, we studied the bacterial and fungal endophytic communities of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) asymptomatic or low symptomatic genotypes sampled in groves heavily compromised by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca, aiming to characterize microbiota in genotypes displaying differential response to the pathogen. RESULTS The relationships between bacterial and fungal genera were analyzed both separately and together, in order to investigate the intricate correlations between the identified Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). Results suggested a dominant role of the fungal endophytic community compared to the bacterial one, and highlighted specific microbial taxa only associated with asymptomatic or low symptomatic genotypes. In addition, they indicated the occurrence of well-adapted genetic resources surviving after years of pathogen pressure in association with microorganisms such as Burkholderia, Quambalaria, Phaffia and Rhodotorula. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to overview endophytic communities associated with several putatively resistant olive genotypes in areas under high X. fastidiosa inoculum pressure. Identifying these negatively correlated genera can offer valuable insights into the potential antagonistic microbial resources and their possible development as biocontrol agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Federico Vita
- Department of Biology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Paola Casati
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Passera
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Ricciardi
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Pavan
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Alessio Aprile
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Johnson KA, Brannen PM, Chen C, Bock CH. Visual Assessment of Phony Peach Disease: Evaluating Rater Accuracy and Reliability. Plant Dis 2024; 108:930-940. [PMID: 37822103 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-22-2669-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Phony peach disease (PPD), found predominantly in central and southern Georgia, is a re-emerging disease caused by Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) subsp. multiplex. Accurate detection and rapid removal of symptomatic trees are crucial to effective disease management. Currently, peach producers rely solely on visual identification of symptoms to confirm PPD, which can be ambiguous if early in development. We compared visual assessment to quantitative PCR (qPCR) for detecting Xf in 'Julyprince' in 2019 and 2020 (JP2019 and JP2020) and in 'Scarletprince' in 2020 (SP2020). With no prior knowledge of qPCR results, all trees in each orchard were assessed by a cohort of five experienced and five inexperienced raters in the morning and afternoon. Visual identification accuracy of PPD was variable, but experienced raters were more accurate when identifying PPD trees. In JP2019, the mean rater accuracy for experienced and inexperienced raters was 0.882 and 0.805, respectively. For JP2020, the mean rater accuracy for experienced and inexperienced raters was 0.914 and 0.816, respectively. For SP2020, the mean rater accuracy for experienced and inexperienced raters was 0.898 and 0.807, respectively. All raters had false positive (FP) and false negative (FN) observations, but experienced raters had significantly lower FN rates compared with the inexperienced group. Almost all raters overestimated the incidence of PPD in the orchards. Reliability of visual assessments was demonstrated as moderate to good, regardless of experience. Further research is needed to develop accurate and reliable methods of detection to aid management of PPD as both FPs and FNs are costly to peach production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendall A Johnson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Phillip M Brannen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Chunxian Chen
- Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Station, USDA-ARS, Byron, GA 31008
| | - Clive H Bock
- Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Station, USDA-ARS, Byron, GA 31008
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abdelrazek S, Bush E, Oliver C, Liu H, Sharma P, Johnson MA, Donegan MA, Almeida RPP, Nita M, Vinatzer BA. A Survey of Xylella fastidiosa in the U.S. State of Virginia Reveals Wide Distribution of Both Subspecies fastidiosa and multiplex in Grapevine. Phytopathology 2024; 114:35-46. [PMID: 37530473 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-23-0212-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Global travel and trade in combination with climate change are expanding the geographic distribution of plant pathogens. The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is a prime example. Native to the Americas, it has spread to Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. To assess the risk that pathogen introductions pose to crops in newly invaded areas, it is key to survey their diversity, host range, and disease incidence in relation to climatic conditions where they are already present. We performed a survey of X. fastidiosa in grapevine in Virginia using a combination of quantitative PCR, multilocus sequencing, and metagenomics. We also analyzed samples from deciduous trees with leaf scorch symptoms. X. fastidiosa subspecies fastidiosa was identified in grapevines in all regions of the state, even in Northern Virginia, where the temperature was below -9°C for 10 days per year on average in the years preceding sampling. Unexpectedly, we also found for the first time grapevine samples infected with X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex (Xfm). The Xfm lineage found in grapevines had been previously isolated from blueberries in the Southeastern United States and was distinct from that found in deciduous trees in Virginia. The obtained results will be important for risk assessment of X. fastidiosa introductions in other parts of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Abdelrazek
- School of Plant and Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Elizabeth Bush
- School of Plant and Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Charlotte Oliver
- School of Plant and Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Winchester, VA 22602
| | - Haijie Liu
- School of Plant and Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Parul Sharma
- School of Plant and Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Marcela A Johnson
- School of Plant and Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Monica A Donegan
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Mizuho Nita
- School of Plant and Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Winchester, VA 22602
| | - Boris A Vinatzer
- School of Plant and Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Castro C, Ndukwe I, Heiss C, Black I, Ingel BM, Guevara M, Sun Y, Azadi P, Sun Q, Roper MC. Xylella fastidiosa modulates exopolysaccharide polymer length and the dynamics of biofilm development with a β-1,4-endoglucanase. mBio 2023; 14:e0139523. [PMID: 37830811 PMCID: PMC10653819 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01395-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE It is well established that exopolysaccharide (EPS) is an integral structural component of bacterial biofilms necessary for assembly and maintenance of the three-dimensional architecture of the biofilm. However, the process and role of EPS turnover within a developing biofilm is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated that Xylella fastidiosa uses a self-produced endoglucanase to enzymatically process its own EPS to modulate EPS polymer length. This enzymatic processing of EPS dictates the early stages of X. fastidiosa's biofilm development, which, in turn, affects its behavior in planta. A deletion mutant that cannot produce the endoglucanase was hypervirulent, thereby linking enzymatic processing of EPS to attenuation of virulence in symptomatic hosts, which may be a vestige of X. fastidiosa's commensal behavior in many of its other non-symptomatic hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Castro
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ikenna Ndukwe
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Ian Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Brian M. Ingel
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Matthew Guevara
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Yuling Sun
- Department of Computer Science, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA
| | - M. Caroline Roper
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Deyett E, Ashworth VETM, DiSalvo B, Vieira FCF, Roper MC, Rolshausen PE. Genome Sequence Data of Achromobacter vitis, an Endophytic Species with Biocontrol Properties Against Xylella fastidiosa. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2023; 36:457-459. [PMID: 37578833 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-22-0169-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Deyett
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Vanessa E T M Ashworth
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Biagio DiSalvo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | | | - M Caroline Roper
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Philippe E Rolshausen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Velasco-Amo MP, Arias-Giraldo LF, Román-Écija M, Fuente LDL, Marco-Noales E, Moralejo E, Navas-Cortés JA, Landa BB. Complete Circularized Genome Resources of Seven Strains of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa Using Hybrid Assembly Reveals Unknown Plasmids. Phytopathology 2023; 113:1128-1132. [PMID: 36441872 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-22-0396-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a vascular plant pathogenic bacterium native to the Americas that is causing significant epidemics and economic losses in olive and almonds in Europe, where it is a quarantine pathogen. Since its first detection in 2013 in Italy, mandatory surveys across Europe revealed the presence of the bacterium also in France, Spain, and Portugal. Combining Oxford Nanopore Technologies and Illumina sequencing data, we assembled high-quality complete genomes of seven X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa strains isolated from different plants in Spain, the United States, and Mexico. Comparative genomic analyses discovered differences in plasmid content among strains, including plasmids that had been overlooked previously when using the Illumina sequencing platform alone. Interestingly, in strain CFBP8073, intercepted in France from plants imported from Mexico, three plasmids were identified, including two (plasmids pXF-P1.CFBP8073 and pXF-P2.CFBP8073) not previously described in X. fastidiosa and one (pXF5823.CFBP8073) almost identical to a plasmid described in a X. fastidiosa strain from citrus. Plasmids found in the Spanish strains here were similar to those described previously in other strains from the same subspecies and ST1 isolated in the Balearic Islands and the United States. The genome resources from this work will assist in further studies on the role of plasmids in the epidemiology, ecology, and evolution of this plant pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Pilar Velasco-Amo
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis F Arias-Giraldo
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Miguel Román-Écija
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, U.S.A
| | - Ester Marco-Noales
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Moralejo
- Tragsa, Empresa de Transformación Agraria, Delegación de Baleares, 07005 Palma, Spain
| | - Juan A Navas-Cortés
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Blanca B Landa
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Castillo AI, Almeida RPP. The Multifaceted Role of Homologous Recombination in a Fastidious Bacterial Plant Pathogen. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0043923. [PMID: 37154680 PMCID: PMC10231230 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00439-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination plays a key function in the evolution of bacterial genomes. Within Xylella fastidiosa, an emerging plant pathogen with increasing host and geographic ranges, it has been suggested that homologous recombination facilitates host switching, speciation, and the development of virulence. We used 340 whole-genome sequences to study the relationship between inter- and intrasubspecific homologous recombination, random mutation, and natural selection across individual X. fastidiosa genes. Individual gene orthologs were identified and aligned, and a maximum likelihood (ML) gene tree was generated. Each gene alignment and tree pair were then used to calculate gene-wide and branch-specific r/m values (relative effect of recombination to mutation), gene-wide and branch-site nonsynonymous over synonymous substitution rates (dN/dS values; episodic selection), and branch length (as a proxy for mutation rate). The relationships between these variables were evaluated at the global level (i.e., for all genes among and within a subspecies), among specific functional classes (i.e., COGs), and between pangenome components (i.e., accessory versus core genes). Our analysis showed that r/m varied widely among genes as well as across X. fastidiosa subspecies. While r/m and dN/dS values were positively correlated in some instances (e.g., core genes in X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa and both core and accessory genes in X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex), low correlation coefficients suggested no clear biological significance. Overall, our results indicate that, in addition to its adaptive role in certain genes, homologous recombination acts as a homogenizing and a neutral force across phylogenetic clades, gene functional groups, and pangenome components. IMPORTANCE There is ample evidence that homologous recombination occurs frequently in the economically important plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. Homologous recombination has been known to occur among sympatric subspecies and is associated with host-switching events and virulence-linked genes. As a consequence, is it generally assumed that recombinant events in X. fastidiosa are adaptive. This mindset influences expectations of how homologous recombination acts as an evolutionary force as well as how management strategies for X. fastidiosa diseases are determined. Yet, homologous recombination plays roles beyond that of a source for diversification and adaptation. Homologous recombination can act as a DNA repair mechanism, as a means to facilitate nucleotide compositional change, as a homogenization mechanism within populations, or even as a neutral force. Here, we provide a first assessment of long-held beliefs regarding the general role of recombination in adaptation for X. fastidiosa. We evaluate gene-specific variations in homologous recombination rate across three X. fastidiosa subspecies and its relationship to other evolutionary forces (e.g., natural selection, mutation, etc.). These data were used to assess the role of homologous recombination in X. fastidiosa evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreina I. Castillo
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Rodrigo P. P. Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Giampetruzzi A, Loconsole G, Zicca S, Boscia D, Balestra GM, Saponari M. Draft Genome Sequence Resource of Xylella fastidiosa Strain Alm_Lz_1 Associated with a New Outbreak in Lazio, Italy. Phytopathology 2023; 113:108-111. [PMID: 36515577 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-22-0185-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuliana Loconsole
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Zicca
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Boscia
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mariano Balestra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Johnson KA, Bock CH, Brannen PM, Chen J. A Genome Resource for Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex Strain P5A2 Causing Phony Peach Disease in the Southeastern United States. Phytopathology 2022; 112:2466-2470. [PMID: 36401846 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-22-0081-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kendall A Johnson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 2105 Miller Plant Sciences Building, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Clive H Bock
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008
| | - Phillip M Brannen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 2105 Miller Plant Sciences Building, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Jianchi Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-San Joaquín Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zecharia N, Krasnov H, Vanunu M, Siri AC, Haberman A, Dror O, Vakal L, Almeida RPP, Blank L, Shtienberg D, Bahar O. Xylella fastidiosa Outbreak in Israel: Population Genetics, Host Range, and Temporal and Spatial Distribution Analysis. Phytopathology 2022; 112:2296-2309. [PMID: 35778787 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-22-0105-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by the insect-transmitted bacterium Xylella fastidiosa have been reported in the Americas since the 19th century, causing diseases such as Pierce's disease of grapevine, almond leaf scorch (ALS), and citrus variegated chlorosis. In the last decade X. fastidiosa was reported from different parts of the world, most notably from southern Italy, infecting olives. In 2017, X. fastidiosa was reported to be associated with ALS symptoms in Israel. Here, we investigated the causal agent of ALS in Israel, its genetic diversity, and host range, and we characterized the temporal and spatial distribution of the disease. X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa sequence type 1 was isolated from symptomatic almond trees and was used to infect almond and grapevine by mechanical inoculation. The pathogen, however, did not infect olive, peach, cherry, plum, nectarine, clementine, and grapefruit plants. Genomic analysis of local isolates revealed that the local population is derived from a single introduction and that they are closely related to X. fastidiosa strains from grapevines in California. Distribution analyses revealed that ALS did not expand from 2017 to 2019; however, since 2020, newly symptomatic trees appeared in the tested orchards. Symptomatic trees were located primarily in clusters, and symptoms tended to spread within rows. Our study confirms that X. fastidiosa is the causal agent of ALS in Israel and describes its genetic and host range characteristics. Although there is no clear evidence yet for the identity of the vectors in Israel, ALS spread continues to threat the almond and grapevine industries in Israel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noa Zecharia
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Helena Krasnov
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Miri Vanunu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andreina Castillo Siri
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, U.S.A
| | - Ami Haberman
- The Plant Protection and Inspection Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Orit Dror
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Lera Vakal
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, U.S.A
| | - Lior Blank
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dani Shtienberg
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ofir Bahar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moll L, Baró A, Montesinos L, Badosa E, Bonaterra A, Montesinos E. Induction of Defense Responses and Protection of Almond Plants Against Xylella fastidiosa by Endotherapy with a Bifunctional Peptide. Phytopathology 2022; 112:1907-1916. [PMID: 35384723 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-21-0525-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogenic bacterium that has been introduced in the European Union (EU), causing significant yield losses in economically important Mediterranean crops. Almond leaf scorch (ALS) is currently one of the most relevant diseases observed in Spain, and no cure has been found to be effective for this disease. In previous reports, the peptide BP178 has shown a strong bactericidal activity in vitro against X. fastidiosa and to other plant pathogens, and to trigger defense responses in tomato plants. In the present work, BP178 was applied by endotherapy to almond plants of cultivar Avijor using preventive and curative strategies. The capacity of BP178 to reduce the population levels of X. fastidiosa and to decrease disease symptoms and its persistence over time were demonstrated under greenhouse conditions. The most effective treatment consisted of a combination of preventive and curative applications, and the peptide was detected in the stem up to 60 days posttreatment. Priming plants with BP178 induced defense responses mainly through the salicylic acid pathway, but also overexpressed some genes of the jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways. It is concluded that the bifunctional peptide is a promising candidate to be further developed to manage ALS caused by X. fastidiosa.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Moll
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-XaRTA-CIDSAV, University of Girona, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Aina Baró
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-XaRTA-CIDSAV, University of Girona, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Laura Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-XaRTA-CIDSAV, University of Girona, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Esther Badosa
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-XaRTA-CIDSAV, University of Girona, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Anna Bonaterra
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-XaRTA-CIDSAV, University of Girona, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Emilio Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-XaRTA-CIDSAV, University of Girona, Girona, 17003, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Formisano G, Iodice L, Cascone P, Sacco A, Quarto R, Cavalieri V, Bosco D, Guerrieri E, Giorgini M. Wolbachia infection and genetic diversity of Italian populations of Philaenus spumarius, the main vector of Xylella fastidiosa in Europe. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272028. [PMID: 36037217 PMCID: PMC9423658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Philaenus spumarius is a cosmopolitan species that has become a major threat to European agriculture being recognized as the main vector of the introduced plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa, the agent of the “olive quick decline syndrome”, a disease which is devastating olive orchards in southern Italy. Wolbachia are bacterial symbionts of many insects, frequently as reproductive parasites, sometime by establishing mutualistic relationships, able to spread within host populations. Philaenus spumarius harbors Wolbachia, but the role played by this symbiont is unknown and data on the infection prevalence within host populations are limited. Here, the Wolbachia infection rate was analyzed in relation to the geographic distribution and the genetic diversity of the Italian populations of P. spumarius. Analysis of the COI gene sequences revealed a geographically structured distribution of the three main mitochondrial lineages of P. spumarius. Wolbachia was detected in half of the populations sampled in northern Italy where most individuals belonged to the western-Mediterranean lineage. All populations sampled in southern and central Italy, where the individuals of the eastern-Mediterranean lineage were largely prevalent, were uninfected. Individuals of the north-eastern lineage were found only in populations from the Alps in the northernmost part of Italy, at high altitudes. In this area, Wolbachia infection reached the highest prevalence, with no difference between north-eastern and western-Mediterranean lineage. Analysis of molecular diversity of COI sequences suggested no significant effect of Wolbachia on population genetics of P. spumarius. Using the MLST approach, six new Wolbachia sequence types were identified. Using FISH, Wolbachia were observed within the host’s reproductive tissues and salivary glands. Results obtained led us to discuss the role of Wolbachia in P. spumarius, the factors influencing the geographic distribution of the infection, and the exploitation of Wolbachia for the control of the vector insect to reduce the spread of X. fastidiosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Formisano
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - Luigi Iodice
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - Pasquale Cascone
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - Adriana Sacco
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - Roberta Quarto
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cavalieri
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Emilio Guerrieri
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - Massimo Giorgini
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ge Q, Zhu X, Cobine PA, De La Fuente L. The Copper-Binding Protein CutC Is Involved in Copper Homeostasis and Affects Virulence in the Xylem-Limited Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. Phytopathology 2022; 112:1620-1629. [PMID: 35196066 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-21-0488-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential element that can be toxic if homeostasis is disrupted. Xylella fastidiosa, a xylem-limited plant pathogenic bacterium that causes disease in many economically important crops worldwide, has been exposed to Cu stress caused by wide application of Cu-containing antimicrobials used to control other diseases. However, X. fastidiosa Cu homeostasis mechanisms are still poorly understood. The potentially Cu-related protein CutC, which is involved in Cu tolerance in Escherichia coli and humans, has not been analyzed functionally in plant pathogenic bacteria. We demonstrate that recombinantly expressed X. fastidiosa CutC binds Cu and deletion of cutC gene (PD0586) in X. fastidiosa showed increased sensitivity to Cu-shock compared with wild type (WT) strain TemeculaL. When infecting plants in the greenhouse, cutC mutant showed decreased disease incidence and severity compared with WT but adding Cu exaggerated severity. Interestingly, the inoculation of cutC mutant caused reduced symptoms in the acropetal regions of plants. We hypothesize that X. fastidiosa cutC is involved in Cu homeostasis by binding Cu in cells, leading to Cu detoxification, which is crucial to withstand Cu-shock stress. Unveiling the role of cutC gene in X. fastidiosa facilitates further understanding of Cu homeostasis in bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ge
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, U.S.A
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, U.S.A
| | - Paul A Cobine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, U.S.A
| | - Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
O'Leary ML, Arias-Giraldo LF, Burbank LP, De La Fuente L, Landa BB. Complete Genome Resources for Xylella fastidiosa Strains AlmaEM3 and BB08-1 Reveal Prophage-Associated Structural Variation Among Blueberry-Infecting Strains. Phytopathology 2022; 112:732-736. [PMID: 34428919 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0317-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L O'Leary
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A
| | - Luis F Arias-Giraldo
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAS-CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Lindsey P Burbank
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A
| | - Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, U.S.A
| | - Blanca B Landa
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAS-CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hodgetts J. A Panel of Real-Time PCR Assays for the Direct Detection of All of the Xylella fastidiosa Subspecies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2536:201-230. [PMID: 35819607 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2517-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa causes disease in hundreds of plant species worldwide including many crops, and as such accurate determination of the subspecies of the bacteria is vital to control, containment, and eradication measures. Conventional methods to determine the subspecies of X. fastidiosa rely on time consuming multilocus sequence typing (MLST), a laborious multistage process. This chapter provides a rapid alternative to MLST utilizing real-time PCR assays to provide highly specific and sensitive detection of the pathogen subspecies. Here we describe the methodology for sampling plant material, performing the DNA extraction and undertaking the real-time PCR assays. This method allows straightforward, robust, reliable, high-throughput, and rapid determination of the X. fastidiosa subspecies.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, is currently the most destructive disease of citrus and threatens production in all affected areas. There is no cure. Benign Xylella fastidiosa strain EB92-1 provided good control of Pierce's disease of grapevine by inducing host resistance; therefore, we evaluated the strain for the biological control of HLB in citrus. Treatment was by injection into the trunk of the trees. Strain EB92-1 was shown to colonize citrus and provided control of HLB by reducing both the incidence of symptomatic trees and the percentage of trees with severe symptoms in three separate trials. All trees were positive by quantitative PCR (qPCR) for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus at the start of the trials, and treatment did not eliminate the bacterium. In a trial of asymptomatic mature trees, a single treatment with EB92-1 reduced the incidence of trees with symptoms through 18 months after treatment and reduced the incidence of trees with severe symptoms through 3 years. In mature trees that had 60% incidence of mild HLB symptoms at trial initiation, percentage of trees with symptoms and trees with severe symptoms continued to develop in both the untreated and in the EB92-1-treated trees for 12 months. However, retreatment at 9 and 20 months prevented the development of additional severe symptoms in the EB92-1-treated trees throughout the remainder of the 5-year trial. In 2-year-old trees, incidence of trees with HLB symptoms was higher in the untreated trees than in the treated trees throughout the 6 years of the trial, reaching 90% in the untreated versus 50% in the treated. After 6 years, severity of symptoms was much lower in the EB92-1-treated trees, only 3% of the treated trees had become unproductive compared with 18% of the untreated. In 2020, the reduction in HLB severity resulted in approximately twice as much yield in the treated trees as in these untreated 8-year-old trees. X. fastidiosa strain EB92-1 proved to be efficacious for the control of HLB symptoms in both mature trees and newly planted young trees, but trees may need to be retreated yearly for at least the first 2 to 3 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Hopkins
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Apopka, FL 32703
| | - K L Ager
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Apopka, FL 32703
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kapantaidaki DE, Antonatos S, Evangelou V, Papachristos DP, Milonas P. Genetic and endosymbiotic diversity of Greek populations of Philaenus spumarius, Philaenus signatus and Neophilaenus campestris, vectors of Xylella fastidiosa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3752. [PMID: 33580178 PMCID: PMC7881138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant-pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa which causes significant diseases to various plant species worldwide, is exclusively transmitted by xylem sap-feeding insects. Given the fact that X. fastidiosa poses a serious potential threat for olive cultivation in Greece, the main aim of this study was to investigate the genetic variation of Greek populations of three spittlebug species (Philaenus spumarius, P. signatus and Neophilaenus campestris), by examining the molecular markers Cytochrome Oxidase I, cytochrome b and Internal Transcribed Spacer. Moreover, the infection status of the secondary endosymbionts Wolbachia, Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella, Cardinium and Rickettsia, among these populations, was determined. According to the results, the ITS2 region was the less polymorphic, while the analyzed fragments of COI and cytb genes, displayed high genetic diversity. The phylogenetic analysis placed the Greek populations of P. spumarius into the previously obtained Southwest clade in Europe. The analysis of the bacterial diversity revealed a diverse infection status. Rickettsia was the most predominant endosymbiont while Cardinium was totally absent from all examined populations. Philaenus spumarius harbored Rickettsia, Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella and Wolbachia, N. campestris carried Rickettsia, Hamiltonella and Wolbachia while P. signatus was infected only by Rickettsia. The results of this study will provide an important knowledge resource for understanding the population dynamics of vectors of X. fastidiosa with a view to formulate effective management strategies towards the bacterium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Ev Kapantaidaki
- Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., Kifissia, Attica, Greece.
| | - Spyridon Antonatos
- Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., Kifissia, Attica, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Evangelou
- Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., Kifissia, Attica, Greece
| | - Dimitrios P Papachristos
- Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., Kifissia, Attica, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Milonas
- Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., Kifissia, Attica, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
O'Leary ML, Burbank LP, Krugner R, Stenger DC. Complete Genome Sequence Data of Three Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex Strains Isolated from Olive Trees in California, U.S.A. Phytopathology 2020; 110:1759-1762. [PMID: 32539638 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-20-0167-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited bacterial plant pathogen that causes disease on numerous hosts. Additionally, X. fastidiosa asymptomatically colonizes a wide range of plant species. X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex has been detected in olive (Olea europaea) trees grown in California, U.S.A., as well as in Europe. Strains of X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex isolated from California olive trees are not known to cause disease on olive, although some can induce leaf-scorch symptoms on almond (Prunus dulcis). No genome assemblies currently exist for olive-associated X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex strains; therefore, a hybrid assembly method was used to generate complete genome sequences for three X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex strains (Fillmore, LM10, and RH1) isolated from olive trees grown in Ventura and Los Angeles counties of California.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L O'Leary
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 S Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Lindsey P Burbank
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 S Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Rodrigo Krugner
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 S Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Drake C Stenger
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 S Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pierry PM, de Santana WO, Kitajima JP, Martins-Junior J, Zaini PA, Uceda-Campos G, Feitosa-Junior OR, Pessoa PIS, Coletta-Filho HD, de Souza AA, Machado MA, Gesteira ADS, Martins LF, Amaral MS, Beckedorff FC, de Almeida LGP, de Vasconcelos ATR, Verjovski-Almeida S, Setubal JC, da Silva AM. High-Quality Draft Genome Sequence Resources of Eight Xylella fastidiosa Strains Isolated from Citrus, Coffee, Plum, and Hibiscus in South America. Phytopathology 2020; 110:1751-1755. [PMID: 32520631 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-20-0162-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca, once confined to South America and infecting mainly citrus and coffee plants, has been found to be associated with other hosts and in other geographic regions. We present high-quality draft genome sequences of X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca strains J1a12, B111, U24D, and XRB isolated from citrus plants in Brazil, strain Fb7 isolated from a citrus plant in Argentina and strains 3124, Pr8x, and Hib4 isolated, respectively, from coffee, plum, and hibiscus plants in Brazil. Sequencing was performed using Roche 454-GS FLX, MiSeq-Illumina or Pacific Biosciences platforms. These high-quality genome assemblies will be useful for further studies about the genomic diversity, evolution, and biology of X. fastidiosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Marques Pierry
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Joaquim Martins-Junior
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Adriano Zaini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Guillermo Uceda-Campos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Oseias R Feitosa-Junior
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcos Antonio Machado
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Layla Farage Martins
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Murilo Sena Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Cesar Beckedorff
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sergio Verjovski-Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Setubal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Maria da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Di Genova D, Lewis KJ, Oliver JE. Natural Infection of Southern Highbush Blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum Interspecific Hybrids) by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa. Plant Dis 2020; 104:2598-2605. [PMID: 32795247 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-19-2477-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is an emerging insect-vectored, xylem-limited bacterium that can cause disease on several economically important fruit and tree crops including almond, blueberry, citrus, grapevine, peach, and pecan. On blueberry, Xf causes bacterial leaf scorch (BLS), which is prevalent in the southeastern United States. This disease, previously reported to be caused by Xf subsp. multiplex (Xfm), can result in rapid plant decline and death of southern highbush (SHB) blueberry cultivars. In 2017, a survey of blueberry plantings in southern Georgia (U.S.A.) confirmed the presence of Xf-infected plants in eight of nine sites examined, and seven isolates were cultured from infected plants. Genetic characterization of these isolates through single-locus and multilocus sequence analysis revealed that three isolates from two sites belonged to Xf subsp. fastidiosa (Xff), with significant similarity to isolates from grapevine. After these three isolates were artificially inoculated onto greenhouse-grown SHB blueberries (cv. 'Rebel'), symptoms typical of BLS developed, and Xff infection was confirmed through genetic characterization and reisolation of the bacterium to fulfill Koch's postulates. Because all previously reported Xf isolates from blueberry have been characterized as Xfm, this is the first time that isolation of Xff has been reported from naturally infected blueberry plantings. The potential impact of Xff isolates on disease management in blueberry requires further exploration. Furthermore, given that isolates from both Xfm and Xff were obtained within a single naturally infected blueberry planting, blueberry in southern Georgia may provide opportunities for intersubspecific recombination between Xff and Xfm isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Di Genova
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA 31793, U.S.A
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Kippy J Lewis
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA 31793, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan E Oliver
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA 31793, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
de Souza JB, Almeida-Souza HO, Zaini PA, Alves MN, de Souza AG, Pierry PM, da Silva AM, Goulart LR, Dandekar AM, Nascimento R. Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca Strains Fb7 and 9a5c from Citrus Display Differential Behavior, Secretome, and Plant Virulence. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6769. [PMID: 32942709 PMCID: PMC7555403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa colonizes the xylem of various cultivated and native plants worldwide. Citrus production in Brazil has been seriously affected, and major commercial varieties remain susceptible to Citrus Variegated Chlorosis (CVC). Collective cellular behaviors such as biofilm formation influence virulence and insect transmission of X. fastidiosa. The reference strain 9a5c produces a robust biofilm compared to Fb7 that remains mostly planktonic, and both were isolated from symptomatic citrus trees. This work deepens our understanding of these distinct behaviors at the molecular level, by comparing the cellular and secreted proteomes of these two CVC strains. Out of 1017 identified proteins, 128 showed differential abundance between the two strains. Different protein families were represented such as proteases, hemolysin-like proteins, and lipase/esterases, among others. Here we show that the lipase/esterase LesA is among the most abundant secreted proteins of CVC strains as well, and demonstrate its functionality by complementary activity assays. More severe symptoms were observed in Nicotiana tabacum inoculated with strain Fb7 compared to 9a5c. Our results support that systemic symptom development can be accelerated by strains that invest less in biofilm formation and more in plant colonization. This has potential application in modulating the bacterial-plant interaction and reducing disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Brito de Souza
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, Uberlandia MG 38400-902, Brazil; (J.B.d.S.); (H.O.A.-S.); (A.G.d.S.); (L.R.G.); (R.N.)
| | - Hebréia Oliveira Almeida-Souza
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, Uberlandia MG 38400-902, Brazil; (J.B.d.S.); (H.O.A.-S.); (A.G.d.S.); (L.R.G.); (R.N.)
| | - Paulo Adriano Zaini
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Mônica Neli Alves
- Department of Technology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal SP 14884-900, Brazil;
- Citriculture Defense Fund (Fundecitrus), Av. Dr. Adhemar Pereira de Barros 201, Araraquara SP 14807-040, Brazil
| | - Aline Gomes de Souza
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, Uberlandia MG 38400-902, Brazil; (J.B.d.S.); (H.O.A.-S.); (A.G.d.S.); (L.R.G.); (R.N.)
| | - Paulo Marques Pierry
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil; (P.M.P.); (A.M.d.S.)
| | - Aline Maria da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil; (P.M.P.); (A.M.d.S.)
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, Uberlandia MG 38400-902, Brazil; (J.B.d.S.); (H.O.A.-S.); (A.G.d.S.); (L.R.G.); (R.N.)
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, Uberlandia MG 38400-902, Brazil; (J.B.d.S.); (H.O.A.-S.); (A.G.d.S.); (L.R.G.); (R.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mazzaglia A, Rahi YJ, Taratufolo MC, Tatì M, Turco S, Ciarroni S, Tagliavento V, Valentini F, D'Onghia AM, Balestra GM. A new inclusive MLVA assay to investigate genetic variability of Xylella fastidiosa with a specific focus on the Apulian outbreak in Italy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10856. [PMID: 32616824 PMCID: PMC7331650 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Olive Quick Decline Syndrome by Xylella fastidiosa subspecies pauca is among the most severe phytopathological emergencies nowadays. In few years, the outbreak devastated olive groves in Apulia (Italy), potentially endangering the entire Mediterranean basin. This research aimed to develop a multiple locus VNTR analysis assay, a molecular tool to differentiate between populations of the pathogen. It has already been successfully applied to different X. fastidiosa subspecies from various plant hosts. The previously published TR loci, together with a set of new design, have been tested in silico on the genome of the Apulian De Donno strain. The resulting selection of 37 TR loci was amplified on the genomic DNAs of the Apulian strains AND from representatives of X. fastidiosa subspecies, and directly on DNA extracted from infected plants. The assay clearly discerned among subspecies or even sequence types (ST), but also pointed out variants within the same ST so as to provide more detailed information on the dynamics and pathogen diffusion pathways. Its effective application even on total DNAs extracted from infected tissues of different host plants makes it particularly useful for large-scale screening of infection and for the strengthening of containment measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Mazzaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Yaseen Jundi Rahi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
- CIHEAM-Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Maria Claudia Taratufolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marta Tatì
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Silvia Turco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | | | | | - Franco Valentini
- CIHEAM-Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Onghia
- CIHEAM-Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mariano Balestra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
- Phytoparasite Diagnostics s.r.l., 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Castillo AI, Chacón-Díaz C, Rodríguez-Murillo N, Coletta-Filho HD, Almeida RPP. Impacts of local population history and ecology on the evolution of a globally dispersed pathogen. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:369. [PMID: 32434538 PMCID: PMC7238557 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogens with a global distribution face diverse biotic and abiotic conditions across populations. Moreover, the ecological and evolutionary history of each population is unique. Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-dwelling bacterium infecting multiple plant hosts, often with detrimental effects. As a group, X. fastidiosa is divided into distinct subspecies with allopatric historical distributions and patterns of multiple introductions from numerous source populations. The capacity of X. fastidiosa to successfully colonize and cause disease in naïve plant hosts varies among subspecies, and potentially, among populations. Within Central America (i.e. Costa Rica) two X. fastidiosa subspecies coexist: the native subsp. fastidiosa and the introduced subsp. pauca. Using whole genome sequences, the patterns of gene gain/loss, genomic introgression, and genetic diversity were characterized within Costa Rica and contrasted to other X. fastidiosa populations. RESULTS Within Costa Rica, accessory and core genome analyses showed a highly malleable genome with numerous intra- and inter-subspecific gain/loss events. Likewise, variable levels of inter-subspecific introgression were found within and between both coexisting subspecies; nonetheless, the direction of donor/recipient subspecies to the recombinant segments varied. Some strains appeared to recombine more frequently than others; however, no group of genes or gene functions were overrepresented within recombinant segments. Finally, the patterns of genetic diversity of subsp. fastidiosa in Costa Rica were consistent with those of other native populations (i.e. subsp. pauca in Brazil). CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study shows the importance of characterizing local evolutionary and ecological history in the context of world-wide pathogen distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreina I Castillo
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Chacón-Díaz
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Neysa Rodríguez-Murillo
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Landa BB, Castillo AI, Giampetruzzi A, Kahn A, Román-Écija M, Velasco-Amo MP, Navas-Cortés JA, Marco-Noales E, Barbé S, Moralejo E, Coletta-Filho HD, Saldarelli P, Saponari M, Almeida RPP. Emergence of a Plant Pathogen in Europe Associated with Multiple Intercontinental Introductions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e01521-19. [PMID: 31704683 PMCID: PMC6974645 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01521-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen introductions have led to numerous disease outbreaks in naive regions of the globe. The plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa has been associated with various recent epidemics in Europe affecting agricultural crops, such as almond, grapevine, and olive, but also endemic species occurring in natural forest landscapes and ornamental plants. We compared whole-genome sequences of X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex from America and strains associated with recent outbreaks in southern Europe to infer their likely origins and paths of introduction within and between the two continents. Phylogenetic analyses indicated multiple introductions of X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex into Italy, Spain, and France, most of which emerged from a clade with limited genetic diversity with a likely origin in California, USA. The limited genetic diversity observed in X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex strains originating from California is likely due to the clade itself being an introduction from X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex populations in the southeastern United States, where this subspecies is most likely endemic. Despite the genetic diversity found in some areas in Europe, there was no clear evidence of recombination occurring among introduced X. fastidiosa strains in Europe. Sequence type taxonomy, based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST), was shown, at least in one case, to not lead to monophyletic clades of this pathogen; whole-genome sequence data were more informative in resolving the history of introductions than MLST data. Although additional data are necessary to carefully tease out the paths of these recent dispersal events, our results indicate that whole-genome sequence data should be considered when developing management strategies for X. fastidiosa outbreaks.IMPORTANCEXylella fastidiosa is an economically important plant-pathogenic bacterium that has emerged as a pathogen of global importance associated with a devastating epidemic in olive trees in Italy associated with X. fastidiosa subspecies pauca and other outbreaks in Europe, such as X. fastidiosa subspecies fastidiosa and X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex in Spain and X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex in France. We present evidence of multiple introductions of X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex, likely from the United States, into Spain, Italy, and France. These introductions illustrate the risks associated with the commercial trade of plant material at global scales and the need to develop effective policy to limit the likelihood of pathogen pollution into naive regions. Our study demonstrates the need to utilize whole-genome sequence data to study X. fastidiosa introductions at outbreak stages, since a limited number of genetic markers does not provide sufficient phylogenetic resolution to determine dispersal paths or relationships among strains that are of biological and quarantine relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca B Landa
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAS-CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Andreina I Castillo
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Universit à degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Alexandra Kahn
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Miguel Román-Écija
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAS-CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Pilar Velasco-Amo
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAS-CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan A Navas-Cortés
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAS-CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ester Marco-Noales
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Silvia Barbé
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Moralejo
- Tragsa, Empresa de Transformación Agraria, Delegación de Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | | | - Maria Saponari
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Potnis N, Kandel PP, Merfa MV, Retchless AC, Parker JK, Stenger DC, Almeida RPP, Bergsma-Vlami M, Westenberg M, Cobine PA, De La Fuente L. Patterns of inter- and intrasubspecific homologous recombination inform eco-evolutionary dynamics of Xylella fastidiosa. ISME J 2019; 13:2319-2333. [PMID: 31110262 PMCID: PMC6776109 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
High rates of homologous recombination (HR) in the bacterial plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa have been previously detected. This study aimed to determine the extent and explore the ecological significance of HR in the genomes of recombinants experimentally generated by natural transformation and wild-type isolates. Both sets of strains displayed widespread HR and similar average size of recombined fragments consisting of random events (2-10 kb) of inter- and intrasubspecific recombination. A significantly higher proportion and greater lengths (>10 kb, maximum 31.5 kb) of recombined fragments were observed in subsp. morus and in strains isolated in Europe from intercepted coffee plants shipped from the Americas. Such highly recombinant strains pose a serious risk of emergence of novel variants, as genetically distinct and formerly geographically isolated genotypes are brought in close proximity by global trade. Recently recombined regions in wild-type strains included genes involved in regulation and signaling, host colonization, nutrient acquisition, and host evasion, all fundamental traits for X. fastidiosa ecology. Identification of four recombinant loci shared between wild-type and experimentally generated recombinants suggests potential hotspots of recombination in this naturally competent pathogen. These findings provide insights into evolutionary forces possibly affecting the adaptive potential to colonize the host environments of X. fastidiosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Rouse Life Sciences Bldg, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Prem P Kandel
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Rouse Life Sciences Bldg, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Marcus V Merfa
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Rouse Life Sciences Bldg, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Adam C Retchless
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Parker
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Rouse Life Sciences Bldg, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Drake C Stenger
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Maria Bergsma-Vlami
- Dutch National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO-NL), P.O. Box. 9102, Wageningen, 6700 HC, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Westenberg
- Dutch National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO-NL), P.O. Box. 9102, Wageningen, 6700 HC, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A Cobine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Rouse Life Sciences Bldg, Auburn, AL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sicard A, Merfa MV, Voeltz M, Zeilinger AR, De La Fuente L, Almeida RPP. Discriminating between viable and membrane-damaged cells of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221119. [PMID: 31442247 PMCID: PMC6707623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogenic bacterium with devastating consequences to several crops of economic importance across the world. While this pathogen has been studied for over a century in the United States, several aspects of its biology remain to be investigated. Determining the physiological state of bacteria is essential to understand the effects of its interactions with different biotic and abiotic factors on cell viability. Although X. fastidiosa is culturable, its slow growing nature makes this technique cumbersome to assess the physiological state of cells present in a given environment. PMA-qPCR, i.e. the use of quantitative PCR combined with the pre-treatment of cells with the dye propidium monoazide, has been successfully used in a number of studies on human pathogens to calculate the proportion of viable cells, but has less frequently been tested on plant pathogens. We found that the use of a version of PMA, PMAxx, facilitated distinguishing between viable and non-viable cells based on cell membrane integrity in vitro and in planta. Additional experiments comparing the number of culturable, viable, and total cells in planta would help further confirm our initial results. Enhancers, intended to improve the efficacy of PMAxx, were not effective and appeared to be slightly toxic to X. fastidiosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sicard
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Marcus V. Merfa
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Michael Voeltz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Adam R. Zeilinger
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo P. P. Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vanhove M, Retchless AC, Sicard A, Rieux A, Coletta-Filho HD, De La Fuente L, Stenger DC, Almeida RPP. Genomic Diversity and Recombination among Xylella fastidiosa Subspecies. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e02972-18. [PMID: 31028021 PMCID: PMC6581164 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02972-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is an economically important bacterial plant pathogen. With insights gained from 72 genomes, this study investigated differences among the three main subspecies, which have allopatric origins: X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa, multiplex, and pauca The origin of recombinogenic X. fastidiosa subsp. morus and sandyi was also assessed. The evolutionary rate of the 622 genes of the species core genome was estimated at the scale of an X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca subclade (7.62 × 10-7 substitutions per site per year), which was subsequently used to estimate divergence time for the subspecies and introduction events. The study characterized genes present in the accessory genome of each of the three subspecies and investigated the core genome to detect genes potentially under positive selection. Recombination is recognized to be the major driver of diversity in X. fastidiosa, potentially facilitating shifts to novel plant hosts. The relative effect of recombination in comparison to point mutation was calculated (r/m = 2.259). Evidence of recombination was uncovered in the core genome alignment; X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa in the United States was less prone to recombination, with an average of 3.22 of the 622 core genes identified as recombining regions, whereas a specific clade of X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex was found to have on average 9.60 recombining genes, 93.2% of which originated from X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa Interestingly, for X. fastidiosa subsp. morus, which was initially thought to be the outcome of genome-wide recombination between X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa and X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex, intersubspecies homologous recombination levels reached 15.30% in the core genome. Finally, there is evidence of X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca strains from citrus containing genetic elements acquired from strains infecting coffee plants as well as genetic elements from both X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa and X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex In summary, our data provide new insights into the evolution and epidemiology of this plant pathogen.IMPORTANCEXylella fastidiosa is an important vector-borne plant pathogen. We used a set of 72 genomes that constitutes the largest assembled data set for this bacterial species so far to investigate genetic relationships and the impact of recombination on phylogenetic clades and to compare genome content at the subspecies level, and we used a molecular dating approach to infer the evolutionary rate of X. fastidiosa The results demonstrate that recombination is important in shaping the genomes of X. fastidiosa and that each of the main subspecies is under different selective pressures. We hope insights from this study will improve our understanding of X. fastidiosa evolution and biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Vanhove
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Adam C Retchless
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Anne Sicard
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | | | - Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Drake C Stenger
- San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Parlier, California, USA
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bonants P, Griekspoor Y, Houwers I, Krijger M, van der Zouwen P, van der Lee TAJ, van der Wolf J. Development and Evaluation of a Triplex TaqMan Assay and Next-Generation Sequence Analysis for Improved Detection of Xylella in Plant Material. Plant Dis 2019; 103:645-655. [PMID: 30777801 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-18-1433-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a heterogenous gram-negative bacterial plant pathogen with a wide host range covering over 300 plant species. Since 2013, in Europe, the presence of the pathogen is increasing in a part of the Mediterranean area, but it causes in particular severe disease problems in olive orchards in the Southern part of Italy. Various subspecies of the pathogen were also diagnosed in natural outbreaks and intercepted ornamental plants in Europe, among them Olea europaea, Coffea arabica, and Nerium oleander. The host range of the pathogen can vary, depending on the subspecies and even the strain. The availability of fast and reliable diagnostic tools is indispensable in management strategies to control diseases caused by X. fastidiosa. To improve the reliability of the TaqMan assay, currently widely used in surveys, a triplex TaqMan assay was developed in which two specific and sensitive TaqMan assays, previously designed for X. fastidiosa, were combined with an internal control. The triplex assay exhibited the same diagnostic sensitivity as the simplex assays. In addition, the usefulness of a metagenomic approach using next-generation sequencing (NGS) was demonstrated, in which total DNA extracted from plant material was sequenced. DNA extracts from plant material free of X. fastidiosa, from artificially inoculated hosts plants or from naturally infected plants sampled in France, Spain, and Italy, or intercepted in Austria and the Netherlands, were analyzed for the presence of X. fastidiosa using the metagenomic approach. In all samples, even in samples with a low infection level, but not in the pathogen-free samples, DNA reads were detected specific for X. fastidiosa. In most cases, the pathogen could be identified to the subspecies level, and for one sample even the whole genome could be assembled and the sequence type could be determined. All results of NGS-analyzed samples were confirmed with the triplex TaqMan polymerase chain reaction and loop-mediated isothermal amplification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bonants
- Wageningen University and Research, Business Unit Biointeractions and Plant Health, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Griekspoor
- Wageningen University and Research, Business Unit Biointeractions and Plant Health, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse Houwers
- Wageningen University and Research, Business Unit Biointeractions and Plant Health, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjon Krijger
- Wageningen University and Research, Business Unit Biointeractions and Plant Health, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia van der Zouwen
- Wageningen University and Research, Business Unit Biointeractions and Plant Health, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo A J van der Lee
- Wageningen University and Research, Business Unit Biointeractions and Plant Health, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van der Wolf
- Wageningen University and Research, Business Unit Biointeractions and Plant Health, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Daugherty MP, Almeida RPP. Understanding How an Invasive Vector Drives Pierce's Disease Epidemics: Seasonality and Vine-to-Vine Spread. Phytopathology 2019; 109:277-285. [PMID: 30451633 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-18-0217-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For vector-borne plant pathogens, disease epidemics may be attributable to multiple mechanisms, including introduction of a novel vector whose epidemiological role differs from that of native vectors. In such cases, understanding an exotic vector's ability to drive an epidemic is central to mitigating its impact. We studied how the invasive glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis Germar) can drive Pierce's disease outbreaks in vineyards, focusing on its potential to promote vine-to-vine (i.e., secondary) spread of Xylella fastidiosa relative to potential constraints stemming from seasonality in the pathosystem. First, we developed a general vector-borne disease model to understand the consequences for disease dynamics of (i) seasonal acquisition efficiency and (ii) seasonal host recovery from infection. Results of the modeling indicate that these two sources of seasonality could constrain disease incidence, particularly when working in concert. Next, we established a field cage experiment to determine whether H. vitripennis promotes vine-to-vine spread, and looked for evidence of seasonality in spread. Broadly, results from the experiment supported assumptions of the model; there was modest to significant increase in the frequency of pathogen spread over the first season, and those new infections that occurred later in the season were more likely to recover during winter. Ultimately, by the end of the second season, there was not evidence of significant secondary spread, likely due to a combination of seasonal constraints and low transmission efficiency by H. vitripennis. Collectively, these results suggest that, although H. vitripennis may be able to promote vine-to-vine spread in certain contexts, it may not be the key factor explaining its impact. Rather, the ability of H. vitripennis to drive epidemics is likely to be more directly related to its potential to reach higher population densities than native vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Daugherty
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 92521 and Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley 94720
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 92521 and Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley 94720
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gomila M, Moralejo E, Busquets A, Segui G, Olmo D, Nieto A, Juan A, Lalucat J. Draft Genome Resources of Two Strains of Xylella fastidiosa XYL1732/17 and XYL2055/17 Isolated from Mallorca Vineyards. Phytopathology 2019; 109:222-224. [PMID: 30570447 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-18-0298-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a plant-pathogenic bacterium that causes serious diseases in many crops of economic importance and is a quarantine organism in the European Union. This study reports a de novo-assembled draft genome sequence of the first isolates causing Pierce's disease in Europe: X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa strains XYL1732/17 and XYL2055/17. Both strains were isolated from grapevines (Vitis vinifera) showing Pierce's disease symptoms at two different locations in Mallorca, Spain. The XYL1732/17 genome is 2,444,109 bp long, with a G+C content of 51.5%; it contains 2,359 open reading frames and 48 tRNA genes. The XYL2055/17 genome is 2,456,780 bp long, with a G+C content of 51.5%; it contains 2,384 open reading frames and 48 tRNA genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Gomila
- 1 Microbiology (Biology Department), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Eduardo Moralejo
- 2 Tragsa, Empresa de Transformación Agraria, Delegación de Baleares, 07005 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antonio Busquets
- 1 Microbiology (Biology Department), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Guillem Segui
- 1 Microbiology (Biology Department), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Diego Olmo
- 3 Serveis de Millora Agrària, Govern Balear, 07009, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; and
| | - Alicia Nieto
- 3 Serveis de Millora Agrària, Govern Balear, 07009, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; and
| | - Andreu Juan
- 4 Servicio de Agricultura, Conselleria de Medi Ambient, Agricultura i Pesca, 07006 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jorge Lalucat
- 1 Microbiology (Biology Department), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kandel PP, Chen H, De La Fuente L. A Short Protocol for Gene Knockout and Complementation in Xylella fastidiosa Shows that One of the Type IV Pilin Paralogs (PD1926) Is Needed for Twitching while Another (PD1924) Affects Pilus Number and Location. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01167-18. [PMID: 29980551 PMCID: PMC6121978 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01167-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twitching motility is one of the major virulence factors of the plant-pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, and it is mediated by type IV pili (TFP) that are present at one of the cell poles. Genome analysis of X. fastidiosa showed the presence of at least four paralogs of the gene pilA, which encodes the TFP major pilin subunit. However, whether all of these paralogs have a functional role in TFP structure and function is unknown. Here, using a short and reliable protocol based on overlap extension PCR and natural transformation, deletion mutants of two pilA paralogs (pilA1 PD1924 and pilA2 PD1926) were generated in two X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa strains, WM1-1 and TemeculaL, followed by assessment of twitching motility and biofilm formation. Deletion of pilA2 caused loss of twitching motility, whereas deletion of pilA1 did not influence twitching motility but caused hyperpiliation and extended distribution of TFP along the sides of the cell. Loss of twitching motility due to pilA2 deletion was restored when a wild-type copy of the pilA2 gene was added at a neutral site in the genome of mutants in both wild-type backgrounds. This study demonstrates that PCR templates generated by overlap extension PCR can be successfully used to rapidly generate gene knockouts and perform genetic complementation in X. fastidiosa, and that twitching motility in X. fastidiosa is controlled by regulating the transcription of the major pilin subunit, pilA2IMPORTANCE The bacterial plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa causes incurable diseases in multiple hosts, including grape, citrus, and blueberry. Historically restricted to the Americas, it was recently found to cause epidemics in olives in Italy and to infect other hosts in Europe and Asia. In this study, we report a short protocol to create deletion and complemented mutants using fusion PCR and natural transformation. We also determined the distinct function of two pilin paralogs, the main structural component of TFP involved in twitching motility, which allows this bacterium to move inside the xylem vessels against the flow. One of the paralogs is needed for twitching movement, whereas the other does not have an effect on motility but influences the number and position of TFP. Since twitching motility is fundamental for the virulence of this xylem-limited bacterium, this study contributes to the understanding of the regulation of virulence by this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prem P Kandel
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
de Lira NPV, Pauletti BA, Marques AC, Perez CA, Caserta R, de Souza AA, Vercesi AE, Paes Leme AF, Benedetti CE. BigR is a sulfide sensor that regulates a sulfur transferase/dioxygenase required for aerobic respiration of plant bacteria under sulfide stress. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3508. [PMID: 29472641 PMCID: PMC5823870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To cope with toxic levels of H2S, the plant pathogens Xylella fastidiosa and Agrobacterium tumefaciens employ the bigR operon to oxidize H2S into sulfite. The bigR operon is regulated by the transcriptional repressor BigR and it encodes a bifunctional sulfur transferase (ST) and sulfur dioxygenase (SDO) enzyme, Blh, required for H2S oxidation and bacterial growth under hypoxia. However, how Blh operates to enhance bacterial survival under hypoxia and how BigR is deactivated to derepress operon transcription is unknown. Here, we show that the ST and SDO activities of Blh are in vitro coupled and necessary to oxidize sulfide into sulfite, and that Blh is critical to maintain the oxygen flux during A. tumefaciens respiration when oxygen becomes limited to cells. We also show that H2S and polysulfides inactivate BigR leading to operon transcription. Moreover, we show that sulfite, which is produced by Blh in the ST and SDO reactions, is toxic to Citrus sinensis and that X. fastidiosa-infected plants accumulate sulfite and higher transcript levels of sulfite detoxification enzymes, suggesting that they are under sulfite stress. These results indicate that BigR acts as a sulfide sensor in the H2S oxidation mechanism that allows pathogens to colonize plant tissues where oxygen is a limiting factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Patricia Vieira de Lira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-100, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca Alves Pauletti
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-100, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Marques
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Perez
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-100, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Caserta
- Agronomic Institute of Campinas, Citriculture Research Center 'Sylvio Moreira', CEP 13490-970, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Alves de Souza
- Agronomic Institute of Campinas, Citriculture Research Center 'Sylvio Moreira', CEP 13490-970, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
| | - Aníbal Eugênio Vercesi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Franco Paes Leme
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-100, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Celso Eduardo Benedetti
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), CEP 13083-100, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Burbank LP, Van Horn CR. Conjugative Plasmid Transfer in Xylella fastidiosa Is Dependent on tra and trb Operon Functions. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:e00388-17. [PMID: 28808128 PMCID: PMC5626953 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00388-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect-transmitted plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa is capable of efficient horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and recombination. Natural transformation occurs at high rates in X. fastidiosa, but there also is evidence that certain strains of X. fastidiosa carry native plasmids equipped with transfer and mobilization genes, suggesting conjugation as an additional mechanism of HGT in some instances. Two operons, tra and trb, putatively encoding a conjugative type IV secretion system, are found in some but not all X. fastidiosa isolates, often on native plasmids. X. fastidiosa strains that carry the conjugative transfer genes can belong to different subspecies and frequently differ in host ranges. Using X. fastidiosa strain M23 (X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa) or Dixon (X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex) as the donor strain and Temecula (X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa) as the recipient strain, plasmid transfer was characterized using the mobilizable broad-host-range vector pBBR5pemIK. Transfer of plasmid pBBR5pemIK was observed under in vitro conditions with both donor strains and was dependent on both tra and trb operon functions. A conjugative mechanism likely contributes to gene transfer between diverse strains of X. fastidiosa, possibly facilitating adaptation to new environments or different hosts.IMPORTANCEXylella fastidiosa is an important plant pathogen worldwide, infecting a wide range of different plant species. The emergence of new diseases caused by X. fastidiosa, or host switching of existing strains, is thought to be primarily due to the high frequency of HGT and recombination in this pathogen. Transfer of plasmids by a conjugative mechanism enables movement of larger amounts of genetic material at one time, compared with other routes of gene transfer such as natural transformation. Establishing the prevalence and functionality of this mechanism in X. fastidiosa contributes to a better understanding of HGT, adaptation, and disease emergence in this diverse pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey P Burbank
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, California, USA
| | - Christopher R Van Horn
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Caserta R, Souza-Neto RR, Takita MA, Lindow SE, De Souza AA. Ectopic Expression of Xylella fastidiosa rpfF Conferring Production of Diffusible Signal Factor in Transgenic Tobacco and Citrus Alters Pathogen Behavior and Reduces Disease Severity. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2017; 30:866-875. [PMID: 28777044 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0167-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of Xylella fastidiosa is associated with its ability to colonize the xylem of host plants. Expression of genes contributing to xylem colonization are suppressed, while those necessary for insect vector acquisition are increased with increasing concentrations of diffusible signal factor (DSF), whose production is dependent on RpfF. We previously demonstrated that transgenic citrus plants ectopically expressing rpfF from a citrus strain of X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca exhibited less susceptibility to Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, another pathogen whose virulence is modulated by DSF accumulation. Here, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of rpfF in both transgenic tobacco and sweet orange also confers a reduction in disease severity incited by X. fastidiosa and reduces its colonization of those plants. Decreased disease severity in the transgenic plants was generally associated with increased expression of genes conferring adhesiveness to the pathogen and decreased expression of genes necessary for active motility, accounting for the reduced population sizes achieved in the plants, apparently by limiting pathogen dispersal through the plant. Plant-derived DSF signal molecules in a host plant can, therefore, be exploited to interfere with more than one pathogen whose virulence is controlled by DSF signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Caserta
- 1 Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Corderiópolis, SP, Brazil
| | - R R Souza-Neto
- 1 Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Corderiópolis, SP, Brazil
- 2 Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; and
| | - M A Takita
- 1 Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Corderiópolis, SP, Brazil
| | - S E Lindow
- 3 University of California, Berkeley, CA, U.S.A
| | - A A De Souza
- 1 Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Corderiópolis, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ito T, Suzaki K. Universal detection of phytoplasmas and Xylella spp. by TaqMan singleplex and multiplex real-time PCR with dual priming oligonucleotides. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185427. [PMID: 28957362 PMCID: PMC5619750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas and Xylella spp. are bacteria that cause many economically important plant diseases worldwide. TaqMan probe-based quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays have been utilized to universally detect phytoplasmas or Xylella fastidiosa. To develop a superior universal qPCR method, we used a dual priming oligonucleotide (DPO) with two annealing sites as a reverse primer to target the well-conserved bacterial 16S rDNA. The new qPCR assays universally detected various species of phytoplasmas and subspecies of X. fastidiosa as well as Xylella taiwanensis, and generally showed superior threshold cycle values when amplifying specific or non-specific products compared to current universal qPCR assays. The proposed qPCR assays were integrated to develop a multiplex qPCR assay that simultaneously detected phytoplasmas, Xylella spp., and an internal plant DNA positive control within 1 hour. This assay could detect a minimum of ten bacterial cells and was compatible with crude extractions used in the rapid screening of various plants. The amplicons were of sufficient lengths to be directly sequenced for preliminary identification, and the primers could be used in universal conventional PCR assays. Additionally, reverse DPO primers can be utilized to improve other probe-based qPCR assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ito
- Division of Grape and Persimmon Research, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzaki
- Division of Grape and Persimmon Research, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang P, Lee Y, Igo MM, Roper MC. Tolerance to oxidative stress is required for maximal xylem colonization by the xylem-limited bacterial phytopathogen, Xylella fastidiosa. Mol Plant Pathol 2017; 18:990-1000. [PMID: 27377476 PMCID: PMC6638236 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial plant pathogens often encounter reactive oxygen species (ROS) during host invasion. In foliar bacterial pathogens, multiple regulatory proteins are involved in the sensing of oxidative stress and the activation of the expression of antioxidant genes. However, it is unclear whether xylem-limited bacteria, such as Xylella fastidiosa, experience oxidative stress during the colonization of plants. Examination of the X. fastidiosa genome uncovered only one homologue of oxidative stress regulatory proteins, OxyR. Here, a knockout mutation in the X. fastidiosa oxyR gene was constructed; the resulting strain was significantly more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) relative to the wild-type. In addition, during early stages of grapevine infection, the survival rate was 1000-fold lower for the oxyR mutant than for the wild-type. This supports the hypothesis that grapevine xylem represents an oxidative environment and that X. fastidiosa must overcome this challenge to achieve maximal xylem colonization. Finally, the oxyR mutant exhibited reduced surface attachment and cell-cell aggregation and was defective in biofilm maturation, suggesting that ROS could be a potential environmental cue stimulating biofilm development during the early stages of host colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA92521USA
| | - Yunho Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Michele M. Igo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - M. Caroline Roper
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA92521USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Giampetruzzi A, Saponari M, Loconsole G, Boscia D, Savino VN, Almeida RPP, Zicca S, Landa BB, Chacón-Diaz C, Saldarelli P. Genome-Wide Analysis Provides Evidence on the Genetic Relatedness of the Emergent Xylella fastidiosa Genotype in Italy to Isolates from Central America. Phytopathology 2017; 107:816-827. [PMID: 28414633 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-16-0420-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a plant-pathogenic bacterium recently introduced in Europe that is causing decline in olive trees in the South of Italy. Genetic studies have consistently shown that the bacterial genotype recovered from infected olive trees belongs to the sequence type ST53 within subspecies pauca. This genotype, ST53, has also been reported to occur in Costa Rica. The ancestry of ST53 was recently clarified, showing it contains alleles that are monophyletic with those of subsp. pauca in South America. To more robustly determine the phylogenetic placement of ST53 within X. fastidiosa, we performed a comparative analysis based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the study of the pan-genome of the 27 currently public available whole genome sequences of X. fastidiosa. The resulting maximum-parsimony and maximum likelihood trees constructed using the SNPs and the pan-genome analysis are consistent with previously described X. fastidiosa taxonomy, distinguishing the subsp. fastidiosa, multiplex, pauca, sandyi, and morus. Within the subsp. pauca, the Italian and three Costa Rican isolates, all belonging to ST53, formed a compact phylotype in a clade divergent from the South American pauca isolates, also distinct from the recently described coffee isolate CFBP8072 imported into Europe from Ecuador. These findings were also supported by the gene characterization of a conjugative plasmid shared by all the four ST53 isolates. Furthermore, isolates of the ST53 clade possess an exclusive locus encoding a putative ATP-binding protein belonging to the family of histidine kinase-like ATPase gene, which is not present in isolates from the subspecies multiplex, sandyi, and pauca, but was detected in ST21 isolates of the subspecies fastidiosa from Costa Rica. The clustering and distinctiveness of the ST53 isolates supports the hypothesis of their common origin, and the limited genetic diversity among these isolates suggests this is an emerging clade within subsp. pauca.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Maria Saponari
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Giuliana Loconsole
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Donato Boscia
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Vito Nicola Savino
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Stefania Zicca
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Blanca B Landa
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Chacón-Diaz
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kandel PP, Almeida RPP, Cobine PA, De La Fuente L. Natural Competence Rates Are Variable Among Xylella fastidiosa Strains and Homologous Recombination Occurs In Vitro Between Subspecies fastidiosa and multiplex. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2017; 30:589-600. [PMID: 28459171 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-17-0053-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa, an etiological agent of emerging crop diseases around the world, is naturally competent for the uptake of DNA from the environment that is incorporated into its genome by homologous recombination. Homologous recombination between subspecies of X. fastidiosa was inferred by in silico studies and was hypothesized to cause disease emergence. However, no experimental data are available on the degree to which X. fastidiosa strains are capable of competence and whether recombination can be experimentally demonstrated between subspecies. Here, using X. fastidiosa strains from different subspecies, natural competence in 11 of 13 strains was confirmed with plasmids containing antibiotic markers flanked by homologous regions and, in three of five strains, with dead bacterial cells used as source of donor DNA. Recombination frequency differed among strains and was correlated to growth rate and twitching motility. Moreover, intersubspecific recombination occurred readily between strains of subsp. fastidiosa and multiplex, as demonstrated by movement of antibiotic resistance and green fluorescent protein from donor to recipient cells and confirmed by DNA sequencing of the flanking arms of recombinant strains. Results demonstrate that natural competence is widespread among X. fastidiosa strains and could have an impact in pathogen adaptation and disease development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prem P Kandel
- 1 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, U.S.A
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- 2 Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, U.S.A.; and
| | - Paul A Cobine
- 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University
| | - Leonardo De La Fuente
- 1 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hao L, Johnson K, Cursino L, Mowery P, Burr TJ. Characterization of the Xylella fastidiosa PD1311 gene mutant and its suppression of Pierce's disease on grapevines. Mol Plant Pathol 2017; 18:684-694. [PMID: 27388152 PMCID: PMC6638296 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa causes Pierce's disease (PD) on grapevines, leading to significant economic losses in grape and wine production. To further our understanding of X. fastidiosa virulence on grapevines, we examined the PD1311 gene, which encodes a putative acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) synthetase, and is highly conserved across Xylella species. It was determined that PD1311 is required for virulence, as the deletion mutant, ΔPD1311, was unable to cause disease on grapevines. The ΔPD1311 strain was impaired in behaviours known to be associated with PD development, including motility, aggregation and biofilm formation. ΔPD1311 also expressed enhanced sensitivity to H2 O2 and polymyxin B, and showed reduced survival in grapevine sap, when compared with wild-type X. fastidiosa Temecula 1 (TM1). Following inoculation, ΔPD1311 could not be detected in grape shoots, which may be related to its altered growth and sensitivity phenotypes. Inoculation with ΔPD1311 2 weeks prior to TM1 prevented the development of PD in a significant fraction of vines and eliminated detectable levels of TM1. In contrast, vines inoculated simultaneously with TM1 and ΔPD1311 developed disease at the same level as TM1 alone. In these vines, TM1 populations were distributed similarly to populations in TM1-only inoculated plants. These findings suggest that, through an indirect mechanism, pretreatment of vines with ΔPD1311 suppresses pathogen population and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Hao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant–Microbe BiologyCornell University‐New York State Agricultural Experiment StationGenevaNY14456USA
| | - Kameka Johnson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant–Microbe BiologyCornell University‐New York State Agricultural Experiment StationGenevaNY14456USA
| | - Luciana Cursino
- Department of BiologyHobart and William Smith CollegesGenevaNY14456USA
- Present address:
Division of Natural SciencesKeuka CollegeKeuka ParkNY14478USA
| | - Patricia Mowery
- Department of BiologyHobart and William Smith CollegesGenevaNY14456USA
| | - Thomas J. Burr
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant–Microbe BiologyCornell University‐New York State Agricultural Experiment StationGenevaNY14456USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Burbank LP, Stenger DC. The DinJ/RelE Toxin-Antitoxin System Suppresses Bacterial Proliferation and Virulence of Xylella fastidiosa in Grapevine. Phytopathology 2017; 107:388-394. [PMID: 27938243 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-16-0374-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of Pierce's disease of grapes, is a slow-growing, xylem-limited, bacterial pathogen. Disease progression is characterized by systemic spread of the bacterium through xylem vessel networks, causing leaf-scorching symptoms, senescence, and vine decline. It appears to be advantageous to this pathogen to avoid excessive blockage of xylem vessels, because living bacterial cells are generally found in plant tissue with low bacterial cell density and minimal scorching symptoms. The DinJ/RelE toxin-antitoxin system is characterized here for a role in controlling bacterial proliferation and population size during plant colonization. The DinJ/RelE locus is transcribed from two separate promoters, allowing for coexpression of antitoxin DinJ with endoribonuclease toxin RelE, in addition to independent expression of RelE. The ratio of antitoxin/toxin expressed is dependent on bacterial growth conditions, with lower amounts of antitoxin present under conditions designed to mimic grapevine xylem sap. A knockout mutant of DinJ/RelE exhibits a hypervirulent phenotype, with higher bacterial populations and increased symptom development and plant decline. It is likely that DinJ/RelE acts to prevent excessive population growth, contributing to the ability of the pathogen to spread systemically without completely blocking the xylem vessels and increasing probability of acquisition by the insect vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey P Burbank
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648-9757
| | - Drake C Stenger
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648-9757
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Francisco CS, Ceresini PC, Almeida RPP, Coletta-Filho HD. Spatial Genetic Structure of Coffee-Associated Xylella fastidiosa Populations Indicates that Cross Infection Does Not Occur with Sympatric Citrus Orchards. Phytopathology 2017; 107:395-402. [PMID: 27992307 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-16-0300-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa, an economically important plant-pathogenic bacterium, infects both coffee and citrus trees in Brazil. Although X. fastidiosa in citrus is well studied, knowledge about the population structure of this bacterium infecting coffee remains unknown. Here, we studied the population structure of X. fastidiosa infecting coffee trees in São Paulo State, Brazil, in four regions where citrus is also widely cultivated. Genotyping of over 500 isolates from coffee plants using 14 genomic microsatellite markers indicated that populations were largely geographically isolated, as previously found with populations of X. fastidiosa infecting citrus. These results were supported by a clustering analysis, which indicated three major genetic groups among the four sampled regions. Overall, approximately 38% of isolates showed significant membership coefficients not related to their original geographical populations (i.e., migrants), characterizing a significant degree of genotype flow among populations. To determine whether admixture occurred between isolates infecting citrus and coffee plants, one site with citrus and coffee orchards adjacent to each other was selected; over 100 isolates were typed from each host plant. No signal of natural admixture between citrus- and coffee-infecting isolates was found; artificial cross-infection assays with representative isolates also yielded no successful cross infection. A comparison determined that X. fastidiosa populations from coffee have higher genetic diversity and allelic richness compared with citrus. The results showed that coffee and citrus X. fastidiosa populations are effectively isolated from each other and, although coffee populations are spatially structured, migration has an important role in shaping diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S Francisco
- First author: Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, Graduate Program in Genetics and Plant Breeding, São Paulo, Brazil; first and fourth authors: Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Cordeiropolis, São Paulo, Brazil; second author: UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil; third author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Paulo C Ceresini
- First author: Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, Graduate Program in Genetics and Plant Breeding, São Paulo, Brazil; first and fourth authors: Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Cordeiropolis, São Paulo, Brazil; second author: UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil; third author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- First author: Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, Graduate Program in Genetics and Plant Breeding, São Paulo, Brazil; first and fourth authors: Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Cordeiropolis, São Paulo, Brazil; second author: UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil; third author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Helvécio D Coletta-Filho
- First author: Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, Graduate Program in Genetics and Plant Breeding, São Paulo, Brazil; first and fourth authors: Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Cordeiropolis, São Paulo, Brazil; second author: UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil; third author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Coletta-Filho HD, Francisco CS, Lopes JRS, Muller C, Almeida RPP. Homologous Recombination and Xylella fastidiosa Host-Pathogen Associations in South America. Phytopathology 2017; 107:305-312. [PMID: 27827008 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-16-0321-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Homologous recombination affects the evolution of bacteria such as Xylella fastidiosa, a naturally competent plant pathogen that requires insect vectors for dispersal. This bacterial species is taxonomically divided into subspecies, with phylogenetic clusters within subspecies that are host specific. One subspecies, pauca, is primarily limited to South America, with the exception of recently reported strains in Europe and Costa Rica. Despite the economic importance of X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca in South America, little is known about its genetic diversity. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has previously identified six sequence types (ST) among plant samples collected in Brazil (both subsp. pauca and multiplex). Here, we report on a survey of X. fastidiosa genetic diversity (MLST based) performed in six regions in Brazil and two in Argentina, by sampling five different plant species. In addition to the six previously reported ST, seven new subsp. pauca and two new subsp. multiplex ST were identified. The presence of subsp. multiplex in South America is considered to be the consequence of a single introduction from its native range in North America more than 80 years ago. Different phylogenetic approaches clustered the South American ST into four groups, with strains infecting citrus (subsp. pauca); coffee and olive (subsp. pauca); coffee, hibiscus, and plum (subsp. pauca); and plum (subsp. multiplex). In areas where these different genetic clusters occurred sympatrically, we found evidence of homologous recombination in the form of bidirectional allelic exchange between subspp. pauca and multiplex. In fact, the only strain of subsp. pauca isolated from a plum host had an allele that originated from subsp. multiplex. These signatures of bidirectional homologous recombination between endemic and introduced ST indicate that gene flow occurs in short evolutionary time frames in X. fastidiosa, despite the ecological isolation (i.e., host plant species) of genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helvécio D Coletta-Filho
- First and second authors: IAC, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil; second author: UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal, Graduate Program in Genetics and Plant Breeding, São Paulo, Brazil; third and fourth authors: Departamento de Entomologia, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; and fifth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Carolina S Francisco
- First and second authors: IAC, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil; second author: UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal, Graduate Program in Genetics and Plant Breeding, São Paulo, Brazil; third and fourth authors: Departamento de Entomologia, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; and fifth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley
| | - João R S Lopes
- First and second authors: IAC, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil; second author: UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal, Graduate Program in Genetics and Plant Breeding, São Paulo, Brazil; third and fourth authors: Departamento de Entomologia, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; and fifth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Christiane Muller
- First and second authors: IAC, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil; second author: UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal, Graduate Program in Genetics and Plant Breeding, São Paulo, Brazil; third and fourth authors: Departamento de Entomologia, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; and fifth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- First and second authors: IAC, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil; second author: UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal, Graduate Program in Genetics and Plant Breeding, São Paulo, Brazil; third and fourth authors: Departamento de Entomologia, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; and fifth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kandel PP, Lopez SM, Almeida RPP, De La Fuente L. Natural Competence of Xylella fastidiosa Occurs at a High Frequency Inside Microfluidic Chambers Mimicking the Bacterium's Natural Habitats. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5269-77. [PMID: 27316962 PMCID: PMC4988197 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01412-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited bacterium that is the causal agent of emerging diseases in a number of economically important crops. Genetic diversity studies have demonstrated homologous recombination occurring among X. fastidiosa strains, which has been proposed to contribute to host plant shifts. Moreover, experimental evidence confirmed that X. fastidiosa is naturally competent for recombination in vitro Here, as an approximation of natural habitats (plant xylem vessels and insect mouthparts), recombination was studied in microfluidic chambers (MCs) filled with media amended with grapevine xylem sap. First, different media were screened for recombination in solid agar plates using a pair of X. fastidiosa strains that were previously reported to recombine in coculture. The highest frequency of recombination was obtained with PD3 medium, compared to those with the other two media (X. fastidiosa medium [XFM] and periwinkle wilt [PW] medium) used in previous studies. Dissection of the media components led to the identification of bovine serum albumin as an inhibitor of recombination that was correlated to its previously known effect on inhibition of twitching motility. When recombination was performed in liquid culture, the frequencies were significantly higher under flow conditions (MCs) than under batch conditions (test tubes). The recombination frequencies in MCs and agar plates were not significantly different from each other. Grapevine xylem sap from both susceptible and tolerant varieties allowed high recombination frequency in MCs when mixed with PD3. These results suggest that X. fastidiosa has the ability to be naturally competent in the natural growth environment of liquid flow, and this phenomenon could have implications in X. fastidiosa environmental adaptation. IMPORTANCE Xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogen that lives inside xylem vessels (where water and nutrients are transported inside the plant) and the mouthparts of insect vectors. This bacterium causes emerging diseases in various crops worldwide, including recent outbreaks in Europe. The mechanisms by which this bacterium adapts to new hosts is not understood, but it was previously shown that it is naturally competent, meaning that it can take up DNA from the environment and incorporate it into its genome (recombination). In this study, we show that the frequency of recombination is highest when the bacterium is grown under flow conditions in microfluidic chambers modeled after its natural habitats, and recombination was still high when the medium was amended with grapevine sap. Our results suggest that this bacterium is able to recombine when growing inside plants or insects, and this can be a mechanism of adaptation of this pathogen that causes incurable diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prem P Kandel
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Samantha M Lopez
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gouran H, Gillespie H, Nascimento R, Chakraborty S, Zaini PA, Jacobson A, Phinney BS, Dolan D, Durbin-Johnson BP, Antonova ES, Lindow SE, Mellema MS, Goulart LR, Dandekar AM. The Secreted Protease PrtA Controls Cell Growth, Biofilm Formation and Pathogenicity in Xylella fastidiosa. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31098. [PMID: 27492542 PMCID: PMC4974619 DOI: 10.1038/srep31098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pierce's disease (PD) is a deadly disease of grapevines caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. Though disease symptoms were formerly attributed to bacteria blocking the plant xylem, this hypothesis is at best overly simplistic. Recently, we used a proteomic approach to characterize the secretome of X. fastidiosa, both in vitro and in planta, and identified LesA as one of the pathogenicity factors of X. fastidiosa in grapevines that leads to leaf scorching and chlorosis. Herein, we characterize another such factor encoded by PD0956, designated as an antivirulence secreted protease "PrtA" that displays a central role in controlling in vitro cell proliferation, length, motility, biofilm formation, and in planta virulence. The mutant in X. fastidiosa exhibited reduced cell length, hypermotility (and subsequent lack of biofilm formation) and hypervirulence in grapevines. These findings are supported by transcriptomic and proteomic analyses with corresponding plant infection data. Of particular interest, is the hypervirulent response in grapevines observed when X. fastidiosa is disrupted for production of PrtA, and that PD-model tobacco plants transformed to express PrtA exhibited decreased symptoms after infection by X. fastidiosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Gouran
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hyrum Gillespie
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo A. Zaini
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Aaron Jacobson
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brett S. Phinney
- Proteomics Core, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - David Dolan
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Elena S. Antonova
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Steven E. Lindow
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Matthew S. Mellema
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Vet Med, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Luiz R. Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Burbank LP, Stenger DC. Plasmid Vectors for Xylella fastidiosa Utilizing a Toxin-Antitoxin System for Stability in the Absence of Antibiotic Selection. Phytopathology 2016; 106:928-936. [PMID: 27088393 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-16-0097-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The phytopathogen Xylella fastidiosa causes disease in a variety of important crop and landscape plants. Functional genetic studies have led to a broader understanding of virulence mechanisms used by this pathogen in the grapevine host. Plasmid shuttle vectors are important tools in studies of bacterial genetics but there are only a limited number of plasmid vectors available that replicate in X. fastidiosa, and even fewer that are retained without antibiotic selection. Two plasmids are described here that show stable replication in X. fastidiosa and are effective for gene complementation both in vitro and in planta. Plasmid maintenance is facilitated by incorporation of the PemI/PemK plasmid addiction system, consisting of PemK, an endoribonuclease toxin, and its cognate antitoxin, PemI. Vector pXf20pemIK utilizes a native X. fastidiosa replication origin as well as a high-copy-number pUC origin for propagation in Escherichia coli cloning strains. Broad-host-range vector pBBR5pemIK is a medium- to low-copy-number plasmid based on the pBBR1 backbone. Both plasmids are maintained for extended periods of time in the absence of antibiotic selection, as well as up to 14 weeks in grapevine, without affecting bacterial fitness. These plasmids present an alternative to traditional complementation and expression vectors which rely on antibiotic selection for plasmid retention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey P Burbank
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648-9757
| | - Drake C Stenger
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648-9757
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Labroussaa F, Zeilinger AR, Almeida RPP. Blocking the Transmission of a Noncirculative Vector-Borne Plant Pathogenic Bacterium. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2016; 29:535-544. [PMID: 27049684 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-16-0032-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The successful control of insect-borne plant pathogens is often difficult to achieve due to the ecologically complex interactions among pathogens, vectors, and host plants. Disease management often relies on pesticides and other approaches that have limited long-term sustainability. To add a new tool to control vector-borne diseases, we attempted to block the transmission of a bacterial insect-transmitted pathogen, the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, by disrupting bacteria-insect vector interactions. X. fastidiosa is known to attach to and colonize the cuticular surface of the mouthparts of vectors; a set of recombinant peptides was generated and the chemical affinities of these peptides to chitin and related carbohydrates was assayed in vitro. Two candidates, the X. fastidiosa hypothetical protein PD1764 and an N-terminal region of the hemagglutinin-like protein B (HxfB) showed affinity for these substrates. These proteins were provided to vectors via an artificial diet system in which insects acquire X. fastidiosa, followed by an inoculation access period on plants under greenhouse conditions. Both PD1764 and HxfAD1-3 significantly blocked transmission. Furthermore, bacterial populations within insects over a 10-day period demonstrated that these peptides inhibited cell adhesion to vectors but not bacterial multiplication, indicating that the mode of action of these peptides is restricted to limiting cell adhesion to insects, likely via competition for adhesion sites. These results open a new venue in the search for sustainable disease-control strategies that are pathogen specific and may have limited nontarget effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Labroussaa
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 130 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Adam R Zeilinger
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 130 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 130 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a Gram-negative non-flagellated bacterium that causes a number of economically important diseases of plants. The twitching motility provides X. fastidiosa a means for long-distance intra-plant movement and colonization, contributing toward pathogenicity in X. fastidiosa. The twitching motility of X. fastidiosa is operated by type IV pili. Type IV pili of Xylella fastidiosa are regulated by pilG, a chemotaxis regulator in Pil-Chp operon encoding proteins that are involved with signal transduction pathways. To elucidate the roles of pilG in the twitching motility of X. fastidiosa, a pilG-deficient mutant XfΔpilG and its complementary strain XfΔpilG-C containing native pilG were developed. A microfluidic chambers integrated with a time-lapse image recording system was used to observe twitching motility in XfΔpilG, XfΔpilG-C and its wild type strain. Using this recording system, it permits long-term spatial and temporal observations of aggregation, migration of individual cells and populations of bacteria via twitching motility. X. fastidiosa wild type and complementary XfΔpilG-C strain showed typical twitching motility characteristics directly observed in the microfluidic flow chambers, whereas mutant XfΔpliG exhibited the twitching deficient phenotype. This study demonstrates that pilG contributes to the twitching motility of X. fastidiosa. The microfluidic flow chamber is used as a means for observing twitching motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Shi
- Department of Plant Science, University of California, Davis
| | - Hong Lin
- Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, United States Department of Agriculture;
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Jacques MA, Denancé N, Legendre B, Morel E, Briand M, Mississipi S, Durand K, Olivier V, Portier P, Poliakoff F, Crouzillat D. New Coffee Plant-Infecting Xylella fastidiosa Variants Derived via Homologous Recombination. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:1556-68. [PMID: 26712553 PMCID: PMC4771316 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03299-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited phytopathogenic bacterium endemic to the Americas that has recently emerged in Asia and Europe. Although this bacterium is classified as a quarantine organism in the European Union, importation of plant material from contaminated areas and latent infection in asymptomatic plants have engendered its inevitable introduction. In 2012, four coffee plants (Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora) with leaf scorch symptoms growing in a confined greenhouse were detected and intercepted in France. After identification of the causal agent, this outbreak was eradicated. Three X. fastidiosa strains were isolated from these plants, confirming a preliminary identification based on immunology. The strains were characterized by multiplex PCR and by multilocus sequence analysis/typing (MLSA-MLST) based on seven housekeeping genes. One strain, CFBP 8073, isolated from C. canephora imported from Mexico, was assigned to X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa/X. fastidiosa subsp. sandyi. This strain harbors a novel sequence type (ST) with novel alleles at two loci. The two other strains, CFBP 8072 and CFBP 8074, isolated from Coffea arabica imported from Ecuador, were allocated to X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca. These two strains shared a novel ST with novel alleles at two loci. These MLST profiles showed evidence of recombination events. We provide genome sequences for CFBP 8072 and CFBP 8073 strains. Comparative genomic analyses of these two genome sequences with publicly available X. fastidiosa genomes, including the Italian strain CoDiRO, confirmed these phylogenetic positions and provided candidate alleles for coffee plant adaptation. This study demonstrates the global diversity of X. fastidiosa and highlights the diversity of strains isolated from coffee plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Agnès Jacques
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Nicolas Denancé
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France Anses Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Angers, France
| | - Bruno Legendre
- Anses Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Angers, France
| | | | - Martial Briand
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Stelly Mississipi
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France Anses Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Angers, France Nestlé R&D Tours, Tours, France
| | - Karine Durand
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | | | - Perrine Portier
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Mendes JS, Santiago ADS, Toledo MAS, Rosselli-Murai LK, Favaro MTP, Santos CA, Horta MAC, Crucello A, Beloti LL, Romero F, Tasic L, de Souza AA, de Souza AP. VapD in Xylella fastidiosa Is a Thermostable Protein with Ribonuclease Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145765. [PMID: 26694028 PMCID: PMC4687846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa strain 9a5c is a gram-negative phytopathogen that is the causal agent of citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC), a disease that is responsible for economic losses in Brazilian agriculture. The most well-known mechanism of pathogenicity for this bacterial pathogen is xylem vessel occlusion, which results from bacterial movement and the formation of biofilms. The molecular mechanisms underlying the virulence caused by biofilm formation are unknown. Here, we provide evidence showing that virulence-associated protein D in X. fastidiosa (Xf-VapD) is a thermostable protein with ribonuclease activity. Moreover, protein expression analyses in two X. fastidiosa strains, including virulent (Xf9a5c) and nonpathogenic (XfJ1a12) strains, showed that Xf-VapD was expressed during all phases of development in both strains and that increased expression was observed in Xf9a5c during biofilm growth. This study is an important step toward characterizing and improving our understanding of the biological significance of Xf-VapD and its potential functions in the CVC pathosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliano S. Mendes
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
| | - André da S. Santiago
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
| | - Marcelo A. S. Toledo
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
| | - Luciana K. Rosselli-Murai
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
| | - Marianna T. P. Favaro
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
| | - Clelton A. Santos
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
| | - Maria Augusta C. Horta
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
| | - Aline Crucello
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
| | - Lilian L. Beloti
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
| | - Fabian Romero
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-970
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-970
| | | | - Anete P. de Souza
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-862
| |
Collapse
|