Neuro-amelioration of Ficus lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig) extract conjugated with selenium nanoparticles against aluminium toxicity in rat brain: relevance to neurotransmitters, oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic events

Aluminium is a non-essential metal, and its accumulation in the brain is linked with potent neurotoxic action and the development of many neurological diseases. This investigation, therefore, intended to examine the antagonistic efficacy of Ficus lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig) extract (FLE) conjugated with selenium nanoparticles (FLE-SeNPs) against aluminium chloride (AlCl₃)-induced hippocampal injury in rats. Rats were allocated to five groups: control, FLE, AlCl₃ (100 mg/kg), AlCl₃ + FLE (100 mg/kg), and AlCl₃ + FLE-SeNPs (0.5 mg/kg). All agents were administered orally every day for 42 days. The result revealed that pre-treated rats with FLE-SeNPs showed markedly lower acetylcholinesterase and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activities in the hippocampus than those in AlCl₃ group. Additionally, FLE-SeNPs counteracted the oxidant stress-mediated by AlCl₃ by increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione contents in rat hippocampus. Besides, the formulated nanoparticles decreased the hippocampal malondialdehyde, carbonyl protein, and nitric oxide levels of AlCl₃-exposed animals. Furthermore, FLE-SeNPs attenuated neural tissue inflammation, as demonstrated by decreased interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, nuclear factor kappa B, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Remarkable anti-apoptotic action was exerted by FLE-SeNPs by increasing B cell lymphoma 2 and decreasing caspase-3 and Bcl-2-associated-X protein in AlCl₃-exposed rats. The abovementioned results correlated well with the hippocampal histopathological findings. Given these results, SeNPs synthesized with FLE imparted a remarkable neuroprotective action against AlCl₃-induced neurotoxicity by reversing oxidative damage, neuronal inflammation, and apoptosis in exposed rats.

Antioxidant capacity of N-acetylcysteine against the molecular and cytotoxic implications of cadmium chloride leading to hepatotoxicity and vital progression

Many studies have reported that cadmium (Cd) can induce liver cell injury; however, the toxicity mechanisms of Cd on the liver have not been fully explained. Thirty-two male albino rats were divided into four groups: the control group, the N-acetylcysteine (NAC) group orally as effervescent instant sachets with a concentration of 200 mg dissolved in distilled water and dosage was 200 mg/kg body weight freshly prepared, the cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) group (treated with 3 mg/kg orally), and the N-acetylcysteine (NAC) + cadmium chloride group (treated with 200 mg/kg orally post to CdCl₂) for 60 days. The NAC alone did not make notable changes in most of the parameters. The CdCl₂ alone, compared to control, induced significant alterations in oxidative stress markers (increment in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO)) and antioxidant defense system (decrement in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)), which resulted in a downregulation of pro-apoptotic Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax) and caspase-3 and upregulation of anti-apoptotic B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) protein as well as the survival fate of hepatic cells. Post-administration of NAC to CdCl₂ resulted in a reduction in oxidative stress markers, shifting of cells from the G₂/M phase to the G₀/G₁ inhibiting signal-regulated kinase activation, and impairment of the anti-apoptotic signaling pathway when compared to the CdCl₂ group alone. Accordingly, the Bcl2/Bax ratio was reduced to 1.17-fold change, as an adaptive process to hepatic tissue injury. These findings demonstrated that NAC would attenuate the possibility of oxidative stress and cytotoxicity of hepatic tissue induced by CdCl₂.

Aluminum Chloride-Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Rats: the Protective Role of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Reproductive toxicity is a major challenge associated with aluminum (Al) exposure. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnONP) treatment on Al-induced reproductive toxicity in rats. Thirty-two adult male albino rats were allocated into four equal groups as follows: control, AlCl3 orally administered group (100 mg/kg bwt), ZnONPs injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) group (4 mg/kg bwt), and ZnONPs + AlCl3-treated group. The treatment was daily extended for 42 consecutive days. Oral administration of AlCl3 showed an oxidative damage confirmed by an increase in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels and superoxide dismutase activity and accompanied by a decrease in glutathione content and catalase activity. Also, AlCl3 administration increased the pro-inflammatory mediator tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Furthermore, significant declines in the levels of serum male reproductive hormones testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in AlCl3-intoxicated rats were noticed. In parallel, severe histopathological alterations were observed in testis tissues. Additionally, the immunohistochemical analysis showed that AlCl3 administration potentiates cell death in the testicular tissue by elevating the immunostaining intensity signal for the pro-apoptotic protein, cysteinyl aspartate specific protease-3 (caspase-3) and a marked depletion in the cell proliferation expression marker, Ki-67, in germinal cells of AlCl3-treated group. On the other hand, the daily i.p. injection to rats with ZnONPs before AlCl3 was found to ameliorate the reproductive toxicity induced by Al administration through reducing the testicular oxidative stress and improving the inflammatory, apoptotic, and reproductive markers as well as histopathological alterations in the testis. These results suggest that ZnONPs could be used as an alternative agent to minimize the reproductive toxicity associated with Al exposure through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and reproductive modulatory activities.

Potential of green-synthesized selenium nanoparticles using apigenin in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells

The utilization of novel compounds as cancer treatments offers enormous potential in this field. The advantages of nanomedicine-based therapy include efficient cellular uptake and selective cell targeting. In this study, we employ selenium nanoparticles' green-synthesized by apigenin (SeNPs-apigenin) to treat breast cancer. We used various assays to show that SeNPs-apigenin can reduce MCF-7 cell viability and trigger apoptosis in vitro. Flow cytometry and PCR methods were used to detect apoptosis, while cell migration and invasion methods were used to quantify the possible effect of SeNPs-apigenin therapy on cell migration and invasion. According to cytotoxicity testing, the SeNPs-apigenin treatment can successfully limit MCF-7 cell proliferation and viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Flow cytometric and PCR analyses revealed that SeNPs-apigenin treatment induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, demonstrating that SeNPs-apigenin treatment could directly target Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 and result in the discharge of cytochrome C from mitochondria into the cytosol, accompanied by the initiation of cell death, leading to permanent DNA damage and killing of MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, treatment with SeNPs-apigenin increased reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress in MCF-7 cells. Our findings indicate that SeNPs-apigenin has cytotoxic potential in the treatment of breast cancer.

Selenium Nanoparticles with Prodigiosin Rescue Hippocampal Damage Associated with Epileptic Seizures Induced by Pentylenetetrazole in Rats

Simple Summary

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by neuronal hyper electrical activity and the development of unprovoked seizures. Although several antiepileptic drugs are currently available, their application is associated with undesirable adverse effects. In an attempt to find a novel antiepileptic medication with minimum side effects, we have investigated the potential neuroprotective activity of prodigiosin, a red pigment produced by bacterial species that have important pharmaceutical and biological activities biosynthesized with selenium formulation (SeNPs-PDG) against a murine epileptic model mediated by pentylenetetrazole. The main recorded findings revealed that SeNPs-PDG delayed the onset of epileptic seizures and decreased their duration significantly. Additionally, SeNPs-PDG prevented hippocampal cell loss, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, restored the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, and notably normalized the monoaminergic and cholinergic transmission. These promising findings indicate that SeNPs-PDG might serve as a naturally derived anticonvulsant agent due to their active antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuromodulatory properties.

Abstract

Background: Prodigiosin (PDG) is a red pigment synthesized by bacterial species with important pharmaceutical and biological activities. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activities of green biosynthesized selenium formulations with PDG (SeNPs-PDG) versus pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epileptic seizures. Methods: Rats were assigned into six experimental groups: control; PTZ (60 mg/kg, epileptic model); sodium valproate (200 mg/kg) + PTZ; PDG (300 mg/kg) + PTZ; sodium selenite (0.5 mg/kg) + PTZ; and SeNPs-PDG (0.5 mg/kg) + PTZ. The treatment duration is extended to 28 days. Results: SeNPs-PDG pre-treatment delayed seizures onset and reduced duration upon PTZ injection. Additionally, SeNPs-PDG enhanced the antioxidant capacity of hippocampal tissue by activating the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 and innate antioxidants (glutathione and glutathione derivatives, in addition to superoxide dismutase and catalase) and decreasing the levels of pro-oxidants (lipoperoxidation products and nitric oxide). SeNPs-PDG administration inhibited inflammatory reactions associated with epileptic seizure development by suppressing the production and activity of glial fibrillary acidic protein and pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor kappa B. Moreover, SeNPs-PDG protected against hippocampal cell loss following PTZ injection by decreasing the levels of cytosolic cytochrome c, Bax, and caspase-3 and enhancing the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Interestingly, SeNPs-PDG restored the PTZ-induced imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory amino acids and improved monoaminergic and cholinergic transmission. Conclusions: These promising antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuromodulatory activities indicate that SeNPs-PDG might serve as a naturally derived anticonvulsant agent.

Neuroprotective Efficiency of Prodigiosins Conjugated with Selenium Nanoparticles in Rats Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress is Mediated Through Antioxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Apoptotic, and Neuromodulatory Activities

PURPOSE

Depression is a mood disorder accompanied by intensive molecular and neurochemical alterations. Currently, available antidepressant therapies are not fully effective and are often accompanied by several adverse impacts. Accordingly, the ultimate goal of this investigation was to clarify the possible antidepressant effects of prodigiosins (PDGs) loaded with selenium nanoparticles (PDGs-SeNPs) in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression-like behavior in rats.

METHODS

Sixty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated into six groups: control, CUMS group (depression model), fluoxetine (Flu, 10 mg/kg)+CUMS, PDGs+CUMS (300 mg/kg), sodium selenite (Na2SeO3, 400 mg/kg)+CUMS, and PDGs-SeNPs+CUMS (200 mg/kg). All treatments were applied orally for 28 consecutive days.

RESULTS

PDGs-SeNPs administration prevented oxidative insults in hippocampal tissue, as demonstrated by decreased oxidant levels (nitric oxide and malondialdehyde) and elevated innate antioxidants (glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase), in addition to the upregulated expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 in rats exposed to CUMS. Additionally, PDGs-SeNPs administration suppressed neuroinflammation in hippocampal tissue, as determined by the decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6), increased anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, and decreased inflammatory mediators (prostaglandin E2, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa B). Moreover, PDGs-SeNPs administration in stressed rats inhibited neuronal loss and the development of hippocampal apoptosis through enhanced levels of B cell lymphoma 2 and decreased levels of caspase 3 and Bcl-2-associated X protein. Interestingly, PDGs-SeNPs administration improved hormonal levels typically disrupted by CUMS exposure and significantly modulated hippocampal levels of monoamines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, monoamine oxidase, and acetylcholinesterase activities, in addition to upregulating the immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein in CUMS model rats.

CONCLUSION

PDGs-SeNPs may serve as a prospective antidepressant candidate due to their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective potential.

Melatonin pre-treated bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stem cells prompt wound healing in rat models

Bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-based therapy is an outstanding candidate for cutaneous wound healing. Melatonin (MEL) has been reported for its anti-inflammatory as well as tissue regenerative properties. Existing work aimed to explore the potential healing power of BMSCs pre-treated with MEL in a skin wound model. Adult rats were allocated into control, PIO, BMSCs (1 × 10⁵ cells), and MEL/BMSCs groups. On the 21 days post-wounding, tissues were sampled for analysis. The results demonstrated that compared to the control group, MEL/BMSCs therapy induced noticeable decline in wound area and elevated rate of wound retraction. Furthermore, marked increases in tissue hydroxyproline, as well as tissue content and gene expression level of vascular endothelial growth factor in MEL/BMSCs treated-wounded animals. Compared to the untreated control group, marked increases were found in antioxidant enzymatic activities together with elevated GSH levels in wounded tissues after MEL/BMSCs treatment. Moreover, therapeutically handled wounds with MEL/BMSCs revealed low levels of MDA, NO and protein carbonyls. Combined therapy with MEL/BMSCs relieved the inflammation witnessed by decreasing IL-1β, TNF-α and NF-κB levels in wounded tissues. Furthermore, noteworthy rises in levels of TGF-β and gene expression of α-SMA were noticed after MEL/BMSCs application that reveals their anti-scarring properties. Histologically, noticeable improvement in histopathological skin lesions in wound area and elevated the collagen synthesis and deposition. Collectively, the obtained data depict that the pre-treatment of BMSCs with MEL could potentially be a successful strategy for scaling-up the wound healing outcomes more than using BMSCs monotherapy in rat models.

N-Acetylcysteine Reduces miR-146a and NF-κB p65 Inflammatory Signaling Following Cadmium Hepatotoxicity in Rats

We performed a thorough screening and analysis of the impact of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the miR146a/NF-κB p65 inflammatory pathway and mitochondrial biogenesis dysfunction in male albino rats. A total of 24 male albino rats were divided into three groups: a control group, a CdCl₂-treated group (3 mg/kg, orally), and a CdCl₂ + NAC-treated group (200 mg/kg of NAC, 1 h after CdCl₂ treatment), for 60 consecutive days. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to analyze the expression of miR146a, Irak1, Traf6, Nrf1, Nfe2l2, Pparg, Prkaa, Stat3, Tfam, Tnfa, and Il1b, whereas tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and cyclooxygenase-2 protein levels were assessed using ELISA, and NF-κB p65 was detected using western blotting. A significant restoration of homeostatic inflammatory processes as well as mitochondrial biogenesis was observed after NAC and CdCl₂ treatment. Decreased miR146a and NF-κB p65 were also found after treatment with NAC and CdCl₂ compared with CdCl₂ treatment alone. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that CdCl₂ caused mtDNA release because of Tfam loss, leading to NF-κB p65 activation. Co-treatment with NAC could alleviate Cd-induced genotoxicity in liver tissue. We concluded that adding NAC to CdCl₂ resulted in a decreased signaling of the NF-κB p65 signaling pathway.

Using Green Biosynthesized Lycopene-Coated Selenium Nanoparticles to Rescue Renal Damage in Glycerol-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Rats

Purpose

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have recently gained much attention in nanomedicine applications owing to their unique biological properties. Biosynthesis of SeNPs using nutraceuticals as lycopene (LYC) maximizes their stability and bioactivities. In this context, this study aimed to elucidate the renoprotective activity of SeNPs coated with LYC (LYC-SeNPs) in the acute kidney injury (AKI) model.

Methods

Rats were divided into six groups: control, AKI (glycerol-treated), AKI+sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃; 0.5 mg/kg), AKI+LYC (10 mg/kg), AKI+LYC-SeNPs (0.5 mg/kg) and treated for 14 days.

Results

Glycerol treatment evoked significant increases in rhabdomyolysis-related markers (creatine kinase and LDH). Furthermore, relative kidney weight, Kim-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), serum urea, and creatinine in the AKI group were elevated. Glycerol-injected rats displayed declines in reduced glutathione level, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities, paralleled with downregulations in Nfe2l2 and Hmox-1 expressions and high renal MDA and NO contents. Glycerol-induced renal inflammation was evident by rises in TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and upregulated Nos2 expression. Also, apoptotic (elevated caspase-3, Bax, and cytochrome-c with lowered Bcl-2) and necroptotic (elevated Pipk3 expression) changes were reported in damaged renal tissue. Co-treatment with Na₂SeO₃, LYC, or LYC-SeNPs restored the biochemical, molecular, and histological alterations in AKI. In comparison with Na₂SeO₃ or LYC treatment, LYC-SeNPs had the best nephroprotective profile.

Conclusion

Our findings authentically revealed that LYC-SeNPs co-administration could be a prospective candidate against AKI-mediated renal damage via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-necroptotic activities.

The Potential Role of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in MicroRNAs Dysregulation in STZ-Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders that are characterized by a loss of glucose homeostasis and insufficiency in production or action of insulin. Development of newly antidiabetic molecules using a variety of organic compounds and biomolecules has been in practice for a long time. Recently, nanomaterials are also being used in antidiabetic studies for their unique properties. In this context, zinc nanoparticles have drawn attention due to the relationship between diabetes and imbalance of zinc homeostasis. Few studies have attempted to investigate the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZON) in microRNA dysregulations in diabetes. To evaluate the therapeutic effect of ZON on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats as well as its role in microRNA dysregulations. Diabetes was induced in rats by 60 mg/kg body weight (bwt) of STZ and then treated with ZON (5 mg/kg bwt) for 15 consecutive days. The levels of glucose, insulin, oxidative stress markers, and microRNAs expression were measured in liver and pancreas tissues. Intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg bwt of STZ to Wistar rats caused significant decreases in the body weight and Zn contents of pancreas, liver, and kidney. Also, STZ injection increased the blood glucose level and oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO). Meanwhile, STZ decreased blood insulin and pancreatic anti-oxidants. STZ also resulted in β cell dysfunction and destruction and altered the expression of certain pancreatic and liver microRNAs. ZON treatment for 15 days, at a dose of 5 mg/kg bwt resulted in marked improvements in the blood insulin, glucose tolerance, and structure and function of the pancreatic β cells. Furthermore, ZON administration reduced LPO and NO, and increased the levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidants in STZ-induced diabetic rats. It was found also that ZON specifically regulated the expression of pancreatic and liver microRNAs that involved in diabetes development. The obtained results revealed that ZON is a promising antidiabetic agent. The antidiabetic effect of ZON was partially mediated by restoring the oxidants/antioxidants balance and by modulating the alerted microRNAs.

Protocatechuic acid mitigates cadmium-induced neurotoxicity in rats: Role of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis

Environmental and occupational exposure to heavy metals, including cadmium (Cd), is associated with extremely adverse impacts to living systems. Antioxidant agents are suggested to eliminate Cd intoxication. In this paper, we investigated the potential neuroprotective effect of protocatechuic acid (PCA) against Cd-induced neuronal damage in rats. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, PCA (100 mg/kg)-treated, CdCl₂ (6.5 mg/kg)-treated, and PCA and Cd treatment groups. Pre-treatment with PCA significantly reduced Cd concentrations and increased cortical acetylcholinesterase activity and brain derived neurotrophic factor. Additionally, PCA also prevented CdCl₂-induced oxidative stress in the cortical tissue by preventing lipid peroxidation and the formation of nitric oxide (NO), and significantly enhancing antioxidant enzymes. Molecularly, PCA significantly up-regulated the antioxidant gene expression (Sod2, Cat, Gpx1, and Gsr) that was down-regulated by Cd. It should be noted that this effect was achieved by targeting the nuclear-related factor 2 (Nfe2l2) mRNA expression. PCA also prevented the Cd-induced inflammation by reducing the pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. Moreover, PCA supplementation relieved the Cd-induced neuronal death by increasing Bcl-2 and decreasing Bax and Cas-3 levels in the cortical tissue. The improvement of the cortical tissue histopathology by PCA confirmed the biochemical and molecular data. Collectively, our findings indicate that PCA can counteract Cd-induced cortical toxicity by enhancing the antioxidant defense system and suppressing inflammation and apoptosis.

Exposure to arsenite and cadmium induces organotoxicity and miRNAs deregulation in male rats

Sodium arsenite (NaAsO₂) and cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) are two prime examples of un-biodegradable compounds that accumulate in the ecosystems causing great threats to human health and produce severe adverse effects. However, their joint toxicities are poorly understood in mammals. This study aimed to identify the effect of exposure to NaAsO₂ (5 mg/kg, by oral gavage) and CdCl₂ (1 mg/kg injected interperitoneal, i.p.) either alone or in combinations after 14 and 28 days on oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme activities, and histopathological changes. The results revealed a downregulation of miR-146a also, in miR-let7a after 14 days and a notable upregulation after 28 days. However, administrations of their combinations for 14 days caused downregulated miR-146a and miR-let7a. However, upregulation miR-let7a was observed only after 28 days. Organotoxicity of liver results in a remarkable increase in oxidative stress biomarkers by the two metals either alone or in combinations. A remarkable decrease was noted in an antioxidant enzyme activity indicating a defect in the antioxidant defense system. Also, CdCl₂ alone showed remarkable liver histopathological changes. This study concluded that there was a close relationship of high epigenetic changes as deregulation of both miR-146a and miR-let7a as a result of the joint toxicity of both compounds, and ultimately major changes in hepatic tissues that may lead to cell transformations. However, further studies are needed to investigate the target genes for those miRNAs.

Saussurea lappa root extract ameliorates the hazards effect of thorium induced oxidative stress and neuroendocrine alterations in adult male rats

The present study was aimed to estimating the effect of Saussurea lappa (costus) root extract on thorium accumulation in different brain regions (cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hypothalamus) of adult male albino rats and also to evaluate the antioxidant effect and thyroid gland modulation activity of costus following thorium toxicity. Adult male rats were randomly allocated into four groups; control group receiving saline (0.9% NaCl), thorium group receiving an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of thorium nitrate (Th; 6.3 mg/kg bwt), costus group receiving an oral administration of costus extract at 200 mg/kg bwt and costus + thorium group receiving costus 1 h before thorium injection. Thorium injection in rats for 28 days resulted in the accumulation of Th maximally in the cerebellum followed by the cerebral cortex and then in the hypothalamus. The accumulation of Th was associated with significant disturbance in sodium and potassium ions. A significant decrease in monoamines was also observed in different brain regions. Furthermore, the results indicated that Th-induced oxidative stress evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide and decrease the glutathione content. Additionally, Th caused a significant increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) levels in the serum of rats. However, the pre-administration of costus alleviated all of those disturbances. Our results revealed that costus extract exerted its protective effect mainly through potentiating the antioxidant defense system.

Myristica fragrans seed extract reverses scopolamine-induced cortical injury via stimulation of HO-1 expression in male rats

Myristica fragrans, commonly known as nutmeg, belongs to the Myristicaceae family and is used as a spice and for its medicinal properties. The purpose of this study was to assess the neuroprotective effect of M. fragrans seed methanolic extract (MFE) on scopolamine-induced oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis in male rat cortical tissue. MFE or N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a standard antioxidant drug, was administered 7 days before treatment with scopolamine resulted in high levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide (oxidative stress biomarkers), tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta (inflammatory mediators), and Bax and caspase-3 pro-apoptotic proteins. Additionally, scopolamine significantly depleted levels of glutathione (an antioxidant marker), Bcl-2 and c-FLIP (anti-apoptotic proteins), and antioxidant enzymes activity in cortical tissue. Scopolamine also enhanced acetylcholinesterase activity. MFE treatment protected the cortex of rats from the effects of scopolamine by reversing the effects on these toxicity markers. Interestingly, the neuroprotective effect of MFE was comparable to that exerted by the reference antioxidant NAC. Thus, our findings show that MFE has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. The beneficial effects of MFE on scopolamine were partially mediated by promoting heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1) expression and preserving cortical tissue structure.

Antagonistic Efficacy of Luteolin against Lead Acetate Exposure-Associated with Hepatotoxicity is Mediated via Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Activities

The abundant use of lead (Pb; toxic heavy metal) worldwide has increased occupational and ecosystem exposure, with subsequent negative health effects. The flavonoid luteolin (LUT) found in many natural foodstuffs possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Herein, we hypothesized that LUT could mitigate liver damage induced by exposure to lead acetate (PbAc). Male Wistar rats were allocated to four groups: control group received normal saline, LUT-treated group (50 mg/kg, oral, daily), PbAc-treated group (20 mg/kg, i.p., daily), and LUT+PbAc-treated group (received the aforementioned doses via the respective routes of administration); the rats were treated for 7 days. The results revealed that PbAc exposure significantly increased hepatic Pb residue and serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total bilirubin value. Oxidative reactions were observed in the liver tissue following PbAc intoxication, characterized by the depletion and downregulation of antioxidant proteins (glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and heme oxygenase-1), and an increase in oxidants (malondialdehyde and nitric oxide). Additionally, PbAc increased the release and expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta), inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor kappa B. Moreover, PbAc enhanced hepatocyte loss by increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and caspase-3) and downregulating the anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2). The changes in the aforementioned parameters were further confirmed by noticeable histopathological lesions. LUT supplementation significantly reversed all of the tested parameters in comparison with the PbAc-exposed group. In conclusion, our findings describe the potential mechanisms involved in the alleviation of PbAc-induced liver injury by luteolin via its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties.

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Hyperuricemic Functions of Two Synthetic Hybrid Drugs with Dual Biological Active Sites

The present study aimed to test the anti-inflammatory and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of two synthesized molecules and compare them to routinely prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac and the serum urate-lowering drug, allopurinol. The anti-inflammatory effects of the designed compounds (A and B) were evaluated in carrageenan (CAR)-induced paw edema in mice. The levels of nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase activity were measured in paw skin using biochemical methods. Additionally, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), C-reactive protein (CRP), cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2 and IL-10, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of inflammation-related genes was confirmed by real-time qPCR. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were estimated using immunohistochemistry, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was evaluated using an in vitro assay. The results revealed that compounds A and B decreased inflammation, as was observed by a reduction in the elevation of all the tested markers. In addition, the tested compounds markedly decreased paw swelling, mobilization of inflammatory cells, iNOS-, and NF-κB-immunoreactive cells in a mouse model of paw edema. Interestingly, both compounds were potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors as well as Cox inhibitors with higher activity in favor of compound B providing potential dual acting series of anti-hyperuricemic and anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.

Potential role of N-acetylcysteine on chlorpyrifos-induced neurotoxicity in rats

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphate insecticide with several harmful effects. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) represents an ideal antixenobiotic; it can directly enter endogenous biochemical processes and is used as adjunctive treatment for psychiatric disorders. We aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of NAC as an antioxidant drug against CPF-induced neurotoxicity in adult male albino rat brains. Twenty-eight male Wister rats were allocated into four groups (n = 7) and were administered the following for 28 days: group I (control group), physiological saline (0.9% NaCl); group II (CPF group), 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) CPF; group III (NAC group), 100 mg/kg BW NAC; and group VI (CPF+NAC group), NAC 1 h before CPF. CPF intoxication resulted in acetylcholinesterase inhibition, reduced glutathione content, and elevated levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, which are oxidative stress biomarkers. CPF also depleted the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and levels of inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β. Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, Bax, and the proapoptotic caspases-3 also increased, while brain-derived neurotrophic factor level decreased. Additionally, CPF significantly diminished Bcl-2 (an antiapoptotic protein) in rat brain cortical tissue. NAC treatment was found to protect brain tissue by reversing the CPF-induced neurotoxicity. Our results show the antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects of NAC on CPF-induced neurotoxicity in rat brain tissue.

Prodigiosins from a marine sponge-associated actinomycete attenuate HCl/ethanol-induced gastric lesion via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms

Gastric ulcer is sores that form in the stomach mucosal layer because of erosion caused by high acid secretion and excessive use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Prodigiosins (PdGs) are red-pigmented secondary metabolites produced by bacteria, including actinomycetes. Butylcycloheptylprodigiosin (1) and undecylprodigiosin (2) were identified and isolated from a crude extract of the actinomycete RA2 isolated from the Red Sea Sponge Spheciospongia mastoidea. Chemical structure of 1 and 2 was determined by NMR and mass spectroscopy. Although their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are known, their effect on gastric lesion is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate gastroprotective effects of PdGs against HCl/ethanol-induced gastric lesion in rats. Oral pretreatment with PdGs (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) attenuated severity of HCl/ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, as evidenced by decreases in gastric lesion index scores, ulceration area, histopathologic abnormality, and neutrophil infiltration. These effects were comparable to those of omeprazole, a standard anti-gastric ulcer agent. HCl/ethanol-induced gastric erosions was associated with tremendous increases in lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators (myeloperoxidase, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and cyclooxygenase-2), and with significant decreases in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. However, PdGs ameliorated gastric inflammation and oxidative stress by downregulating nuclear factor kappa B and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and upregulating heme oxygenase-1 expression. PdGs prevented gastric mucosal apoptosis by downregulating Bax and caspase-3 expression and upregulating Bcl-2 expression, thereby increasing prostaglandin E2 production. Our results suggested that PdGs exerted gastroprotective effects by decreasing the levels of inflammatory mediators, apoptotic markers, and antioxidants.

Myristica fragrans Kernels Prevent Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Inducing Anti-Apoptotic Genes and Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway

Paracetamol is responsible for acute liver failure in humans and experimental animals when taken at high doses and transformed into a reactive metabolite by the liver cytochrome P450. On the other hand, nutmeg is rich with many phytochemical ingredients that are known for their ability to inhibit cytochrome P450. Hence, the present experiment was aimed at studying the hepatoprotective effect of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg), kernel extract (MFKE) in respect to paracetamol (acetaminophen; N-acetyl-p-amino-phenol (APAP))-induced hepatotoxicity in rats, focusing on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities. Liver toxicity was induced in rats by a single oral administration of APAP (2 g/kg). To evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of MFKE against this APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, rats were pre-treated with either oral administration of MFKE at 300 mg/kg daily for seven days or silymarin at 50 mg/kg as a standard hepatoprotective agent. APAP intoxication caused a drastic elevation in liver function markers (transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin), oxidative stress indicators (lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide), inflammatory biomarkers (tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor ĸB) and the pro-apoptotic BCL2 Associated X (Bax) and caspases-3 genes. Furthermore, analyses of rat liver tissue revealed that APAP significantly depleted glutathione and inhibited the activities of antioxidant enzymes in addition to downregulating two key anti-apoptotic genes: Cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). Pre-treatment with MFKE, however, attenuated APAP-induced liver toxicity by reversing all of these toxicity biomarkers. This hepatoprotective effect of MFKE was further confirmed by improvement in histopathological findings. Interestingly, the hepatoprotective effect of MFKE was comparable to that offered by the reference hepatoprotector, silymarin. In conclusion, our results revealed that MFKE had antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, and it is suggested that this hepatoprotective effect could be linked to its ability to promote the nuclear factor erythroid 2⁻related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant responsive element (ARE) pathway.

Probiotics and yogurt modulate oxidative stress and fibrosis in livers of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice

Background

Considerable morbidity, mortality, and economic loss result from schistosomiasis infection. Deposition of Schistosoma eggs in the hepatic portal vein is considered as the main causative agent for the development of liver fibrosis and subsequent liver cirrhosis. Probiotics are exogenous and beneficial microorganisms to living hosts against the harmful effect of many parasites. Strong evidence suggests the importance of probiotics in the control strategy of helminth. The ultimate goal of this study is to evaluate the protective effect of probiotics and yogurt on Schistosoma mansoni-induced oxidative stress and hepatic fibrosis in mice.

Methods

Mice were infected by tail immersion of schistosomal cercariae followed by an oral treatment with either probiotics or yogurt for one week before infection and immediately post-infection. Mice were scarified on day 56 following infection with S. mansoni and liver sample were obtained.

Results

We showed that oral administration of probiotics or yogurt revealed a significant reduction in worm number, egg load, and granuloma size in liver tissue, which is mainly assigned to the decreased expression level of matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP-9) in liver tissue. A significant reduction in the oxidative stress markers-induced by S. mansoni infection including lipid peroxidation and nitrite/nitrate was also detected. The level of some antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase) and reduced glutathione was greatly enhanced. Furthermore, treatment with probiotics or yogurt inhibited apoptosis in hepatic tissue, which is mainly assigned to the decreased expression level of caspases-3 in liver tissue.

Conclusion

Our findings represent the promising anti-schistosomal activities of probiotics and yogurt.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2406-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Royal Jelly Abrogates Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Challenge in Mouse Testes: Involvement of the Nrf2 Pathway

The current study examined the efficacy of royal jelly (RJ) against cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)-induced testicular dysfunction. A total of 28 Swiss male mice were allocated into four groups (n = 7), and are listed as follows: (1) the control group, who was intraperitoneally injected with physiological saline (0.9% NaCl) for 7 days; (2) the RJ group, who was orally supplemented with RJ (85 mg/kg daily equivalent to 250 mg crude RJ) for 7 days; (3) the CdCl₂ group, who was intraperitoneally injected with 6.5 mg/kg for 7 days; and (4) the fourth group, who was supplemented with RJ 1 h before CdCl₂ injection for 7 days. Cd-intoxicated mice exhibited a decrease in serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. A disturbance in the redox status in the testicular tissue was recorded, as presented by the increase in lipid peroxidation and nitrate/nitrite levels and glutathione (GSH) depletion. Moreover, the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like-2 factor (Nrf2) and their gene expression were inhibited. In addition, interleukin-1ß (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were elevated. Furthermore, Cd triggered an apoptotic cascade via upregulation of caspase-3 and Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2. Histopathological examination showed degenerative changes in spermatogenic cells, detachment of the spermatogenic epithelium from the basement membrane, and vacuolated seminiferous tubules. Decreased cell proliferation was reflected by a decrease in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. Interestingly, RJ supplementation markedly minimized the biochemical and molecular histopathological changes in testes tissue in response to Cd exposure. The beneficial effects of RJ could be attributed to its antioxidative properties.

Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract ameliorates schistosomiasis liver granuloma, fibrosis, and oxidative stress through downregulation of fibrinogenic signaling in mice

Schistosomiasis is a widespread parasitic infection that affects humans, as well as wild and domestic animals. It ranks second after malaria, with a significant health and socio-economic impact in the developing countries. The objective of this study was to assess the anti-schistosomal impact of Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract (ZLE) on Schistosoma mansoni-induced liver fibrosis in CD-1 Swiss male albino mice. S. mansoni infection was achieved by dipping of mouse tails in schistosomal cercariae. ZLE treatment was initiated at 46 days post-infection by administering a dose of the extract on a daily basis for 10 consecutive days. S. mansoni infection resulted in liver granuloma and fibrosis, with a drastic elevation in liver function factors, nitric oxide, and lipid peroxidation, which were associated with a reduction in glutathione content and substantial inhibition of antioxidant enzyme activities compared to those of the control. Induction of hepatic granuloma, oxidative stress, and fibrosis in the liver was controlled by ZLE administration, which also produced inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9, alpha-smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor-β, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases expressions. In addition, the S. mansoni-infected group exhibited an increase in Bax and caspase-3 levels and a decrease in Bcl-2 level. However, treatment with ZLE mainly mitigated apoptosis in the liver. Thus, the findings of this study revealed that Ziziphus spina-christi had anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic, antioxidant, and protective effects on S. mansoni-induced liver wounds. The benefits of Ziziphus spina-christi extract on S. mansoni were partly partially mediated by enhancing anti-fibrinogenic and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways.

Protective Effects of Fragaria ananassa Extract Against Cadmium Chloride-Induced Acute Renal Toxicity in Rats

For experiments of cadmium toxicity in animal models, cadmium (II) chloride is often used due to its solubility in water and its ability to produce high concentrations of cadmium at the target site. The present study was designed to investigate the potential inhibitory effect of the Fragaria ananassa fruit extract on cadmium (II) chloride-induced renal toxicity in rats. Tested animals were pretreated with the extract of F. ananassa and injected with cadmium (II) chloride (6.5-mg/kg body weight) for 5 days. Cadmium (II) chloride significantly increased kidney cadmium concentration, kidney weight, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide production. Plasma uric acid, urea, and creatinine levels also increased significantly, indicative of kidney dysfunction. These effects were accompanied by significantly decreased levels of nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant molecules (i.e., glutathione content and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase). Moreover, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the antiapoptotic protein, Bcl-2, and the antioxidant proteins, superoxide dismutase 2 and glutathione reductase, were downregulated markedly, whereas mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α was upregulated significantly in kidney tissues of cadmium-treated rats. Histology of kidney tissue demonstrated severe, adverse changes that reflected cadmium-induced tissue damage. Pretreatment of rats with the extract of F. ananassa ameliorated all aforementioned cadmium (II) chloride-induced changes. In conclusion, the present study showed acute renal toxicity in rats treated with cadmium (II) chloride. The study also revealed that pretreatment with the extract of F. ananassa could protect the kidney against cadmium (II) chloride-induced acute renal toxicity.

Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract pretreatment inhibits liver and spleen injury in a mouse model of sepsis via anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

Sepsis is a systemic response to infection that can result in acute hepatic and splenic damage. Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) is a wild tree used as a medicinal plant by ancient Egyptians. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying its effects on sepsis. The current study investigated the protective effects of a Z. spina-christi leaf extract (ZSCLE) on liver and spleen damage in a male C57BL/6 mouse model of sepsis, induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Prior to CLP, ZSCLE was administered daily for five consecutive days via oral gavage at doses of 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg. The mice were euthanized 9 h after CLP, and oxidative stress markers were measured (myeloperoxidase, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, and reduced glutathione). In addition, we investigated histological changes, anti-oxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase), cytokine levels, protein expression of nuclear factor-κB and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and mRNA levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase (8, 9, and 14), iNOS, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β. Our results indicated that ZSCLE significantly and dose-dependently inhibited sepsis-induced liver and spleen injury. These results suggest that ZSCLE could provide a therapeutic agent for sepsis by inducing anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects.

Oral Mucositis: Melatonin Gel an Effective New Treatment

The current treatment for cervico-facial cancer involves radio and/or chemotherapy. Unfortunately, cancer therapies can lead to local and systemic complications such as mucositis, which is the most common dose-dependent complication in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. Mucositis can cause a considerably reduced quality of life in cancer patients already suffering from physical and psychological exhaustion. However, the role of melatonin in the treatment of mucositis has recently been investigated, and offers an effective alternative therapy in the prevention and/or management of radio and/or chemotherapy-induced mucositis. This review focuses on the pathobiology and management of mucositis in order to improve the quality of cancer patients' lives.