Sophoricoside, a genistein glycoside from Fructus Sophorae, promotes hair growth via activation of M4 muscarinic AChR in dermal papilla cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Alopecia, or hair loss, refers to ongoing decline of mature hair on the scalp or any other region of the body. Fructus Sophorae, a fruit from Sophora japonica L., contains various phytochemicals, e.g., sophoricoside, that exhibit a broad range of pharmacological effects. The potential functions of herbal extracts deriving from Fructus Sophorae and/or its major phytochemical, sophoricoside, in treating alopecia are probed here.

AIM OF STUDY

The objective was to determine the ability of Fructus Sophorae extract and sophoricoside in promoting hair growth and it signalling mechanism.

METHODS

Molecular docking studies were conducted to measure the binding affinities between sophoricoside and M4 mAChR in the allosteric binding site. The mechanism of Fructus Sophorae and sophoricoside in activating the signalling involving Wnt/β-catenin and muscarinic AChR was evaluated by using immortalized human dermal papilla cell line (DPC), as well as their roles in promoting hair growth. The activity of pTOPflash-luciferase in transfected DPCs was used to examine the transcriptional regulation of Wnt/β-catenin-mediated genes. RT-PCR was applied to quantify mRNA expressions of the biomarkers in DPCs responsible for hair growth. The phosphorylated protein levels of Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT in DPC were revealed by using Western blot analysis. The culture of ex vivo mouse vibrissae hair follicle was used to evaluate the hair growth after the treatments.

RESULTS

The ethanol extract of Fructus Sophorae and sophoricoside activated Wnt/β-catenin signalling. The result of molecular docking showed a high binding affinity between sophoricoside and M4 mAChR. The effect of sophoricoside was blocked by specific inhibitor of M4 mAChR, but not by other inhibitors of mAChRs. Sophoricoside promoted hair growth in cultured ex vivo mouse vibrissae hair follicle by acting through M4 mAChR.

CONCLUSION

The ethanol extract of Fructus Sophorae and sophoricoside activated Wnt/β-catenin signalling via activation of M4 mAChR. The results suggested beneficial functions of Fructus Sophorae and sophoricoside as a potential candidate in treating alopecia.

Exploring the impact of fulvic acid on electrochemical hydrogen-driven autotrophic denitrification system: Performance, microbial characteristics and mechanism

In this study, the effect of modulating fulvic acid (FA) concentrations (0, 25 and 50 mg/L) on nitrogen removal in a bioelectrochemical hydrogen autotrophic denitrification system (BHDS) was investigated. Results showed that FA increased the nitrate (NO3--N) removal rate of the BHDSs from 37.8 to 46.2 and 45.2 mg N/(L·d) with a current intensity of 40 mA. The metagenomic analysis revealed that R2 (25 mg/L) was predominantly populated by autotrophic denitrifying microorganisms, which enhanced denitrification performance by facilitating electron transfer. Conversely, R3 (50 mg/L) exhibited an increase in genes related to the heterotrophic process, which improved the denitrification performance through the collaborative action of both autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification pathways. Besides, the study also identified a potential for nitrogen removal in Serpentinimonas, which have been rarely studied. The interesting set of findings provide valuable reference for optimizing BHDS for nitrogen removal and promoting specific denitrifying genera within the system.

Phytoremediation of molybdenum (Mo)-contaminated soil using plant and humic substance

The severity of soil molybdenum (Mo) pollution is increasing, and effective management of contaminated soil is essential for the sustainable development of soil. To investigate this, a pot experiment was carried out to assess the impact of different rates of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) on the mobility of Mo in soil solution and its uptake by alfalfa, wheat and green bristlegrass. The concentration of Mo in Plants and soil was determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The findings revealed that the application of HA led to an increase in Mo accumulation in the shoot and root of green bristlegrass and wheat, ranging from 10.56 % to 28.73 % and 62.15-115.79 % (shoot), and 17.52-46.53 % and 6.29-81.25 % (root), respectively. Nonetheless, the use of HA resulted in a slight inhibition of plant Mo uptake, leading to reduced Mo accumulation in alfalfa roots compared to the control treatment (from 3284.49 mg/kg to 2140.78-2813.54 mg/kg). On the other hand, the application of FA decreased Mo accumulation in the wheat shoot (from 909.92 mg/kg to 338.54-837.45 mg/kg). Furthermore, the bioavailability of green bristlegrass (with HA) and wheat (with FA) decreased, and the percentage of residual fraction of Mo increased (from 0.39 % to 0.78-0.96 %, from 3.95 % to 3.97∼ 4.34 %). This study aims to elucidate the ternary interaction among Mo, humic substances, and plants (alfalfa, wheat, and green bristlegrass), to enhance both the activation and hyperaccumulation of Mo simultaneously.

Bioequivalence Study of Velpatasvir/Sofosbuvir Oral Coated Tablets in Healthy Volunteers Under Fasting Conditions

This study was conducted as a single-site, open-label, randomized, replicated crossover trial with 4 treatment periods. The aim was to evaluate the bioequivalence of a generic test drug containing velpatasvir and sofosbuvir compared to an established brand-name medication in healthy White subjects under fasting conditions. Blood samples were collected at specified intervals up to 72 hours after dosing to measure the concentrations of velpatasvir and sofosbuvir using a certified high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method. The bioequivalence of the 2 formulations was confirmed when statistical analysis showed that confidence intervals for the log-transformed peak concentration and area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last quantifiable sample were within an acceptable range from 80% to 125%. Criteria for bioequivalence were met for both area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 until the last quantifiable sample and peak concentration parameters. No adverse effects were reported during this trial in both groups.

Nontargeted Analysis of Reactive Nitrogenous Compounds in Suwannee River Standard Reference Materials and Authentic River Water Samples

Concerns over toxic nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) necessitate identifying their precursors in source water. Natural organic amino compounds are known precursors to N-DBPs. Three Suwannee River (SR) standard reference materials (SRMs), humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA), and natural organic matter (NOM), are commonly used to study DBP formation, but the chemical makeup of amino compounds in SRSRMs remains largely unknown. To address this, we combined stable hydrogen/deuterium isotope labeling, HDPairFinder bioinformatics, and nontargeted high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) to characterize these compounds in SRSRMs. This method classifies reactive amines, provides accurate masses and MS/MS spectra, and quantifies intensities. We identified 2707 high-quality features with primary and/or secondary amines in SRSRMs and 75% of them having an m/z < 300. Across all three SRSRMs, 327 amino features were detected, while 856, 794, and 200 unique features were found in SRNOM, SRHA, and SRFA, respectively. In North Saskatchewan River (NSR) samples, a total of 6449 amino features were detected, 818 of them matched those in SRSRMs, and 87% of them were different between the two rivers. Using chemical standards, we confirmed 10 compounds and tentatively identified 5 more. This study highlights similarities and differences in reactive N-precursors in SRSRMs and local river water, enhancing the understanding of geo-differences in reactive N-precursors in different source waters.

Human activities-impacted lake dissolved organic matter (DOM) affects phycosphere microbial diversity and DOM diversification via carbon metabolism

Photosynthetic carbon sequestration and microbial carbon metabolism are major processes of algae-bacteria interactions, affecting pollutant degradation as well as fundamental biogeochemical cycles in aquatic systems. Human-induced land-use changes greatly alter the molecular composition and input of terrestrial dissolved organic matter (DOM) in inland lakes. However, how the origin of DOM leads to varying effects on phycosphere microbial communities or molecular composition of DOM, e.g., via carbon metabolism, has been little studied in freshwater. Here, we incubated the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and a bacterial community from natural lakes to establish an alga-bacteria model system. This allowed us to investigate how DOM from different sources affects phycosphere microbial diversity and DOM diversification. We showed that Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA), Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) and cropland lake DOM promote algal growth, whereas DOM from an urban lake inhibits algal growth. Algal metabolites and DOM together shaped the chemotaxis response of phycosphere communities. High-resolution mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that DOM chemo-diversity tended to become uniform after interactions of diverse DOM sources with the algae-bacteria symbiosis system. Molecular thermodynamic analysis of DOM based on a substrate-explicit model further verified that microbial interactions render DOM less bioavailable and thus increase recalcitrant DOM formation. Metabolome analysis uncovered that DOM addition intensifies metabolic pathways related to labile and recalcitrant DOM utilization (mainly lignin/carboxyl-rich alicyclic molecule (CRAM)-like DOM, unsaturated hydrocarbon), whereby cofactor and vitamin metabolism represented an extremely strong activity in all metabolic pathways. Our results highlight covariation and interactions of DOM with microbial metabolism at the molecular level and expands our understanding of microbially mediated DOM shaping aquatic carbon cycling.

Sophoricoside ameliorates methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting Bach1/Akt pathway

BACKGROUND

The lack of effective treatments for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, which often leads to severe acute lung injury (ALI), poses a grave threat to human life. Sophoricoside (SOP), an isoflavone glycoside abundant in the fruit of traditional Chinese herbal Sophora japonica l., showed anti-inflammatory effects against atopic dermatitis, allergic inflammation, and lipopolysaccharide-induced ALI. However, its effect and underlying mechanism on MRSA-induced ALI remain unclear.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study is to assess the protective effect of SOP in MRSA-induced ALI and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

In vivo experiments were conducted using wild-type mice to establish MRSA-induced ALI mouse model, and the effects of SOP on ALI were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, flow cytometry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and several biochemical indicators. Adoptive transfer experiments and BTB and CNC homology 1 knockout (Bach1-/-) mice were also utilized in this study. In vitro studies employed murine macrophages RAW264.7 cells, primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), and primary lung macrophages to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms.

RESULTS

The administration of SOP ameliorated MRSA-induced ALI by improving pulmonary histological damages, reducing neutrophil infiltration, suppressing oxidative stress levels, and decreasing the expression of inflammatory cytokines. In isolation experiments with ALI mouse lung macrophages and macrophage adoptive transfer experiments, SOP prevented macrophage activation, thereby reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines. In vitro experiments demonstrated that SOP decreased the expression of inflammatory mediators in lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, BMDMs, and primary lung macrophages. Additionally, SOP inhibited protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation and treatment with MK2206-a specific inhibitor of Akt-eliminated SOP's ability to suppress LTA-stimulated macrophage inflammation. Furthermore, stimulation with LTA or MRSA up-regulated Bach1 expression; however, deletion of Bach1 abolished the inhibitory effect of SOP on p-Akt activation as well as inflammation and ALI development.

CONCLUSION

This study provides the first evidence that SOP effectively mitigates MRSA-induced ALI via suppressing macrophage activation through the inhibition of Bach1/Akt pathway. These findings highlight the potential of SOP as a novel therapeutic agent for treating MRSA-induced ALI.

Urolithin C suppresses colorectal cancer progression via the AKT/mTOR pathway

Urolithin families are gut-microbial metabolites of ellagic acid (EA). Although urolithin A (UA) and urolithin B (UB) were reported to have antiproliferative activities in cancer cells, the role and related mechanisms of urolithin C (UC) in colorectal cancer (CRC) have not yet been clarified. In this study, we assess the antitumor activities of UC in vitro and in vivo and further explore the underlying mechanisms in CRC cell lines. We found that UC inhibited the proliferation and migration of CRC cells, induced apoptosis, and arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase in vitro, and UC inhibited tumor growth in a subcutaneous transplantation tumor model in vivo. Mechanically, UC blocked the activation of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by decreasing the expression of Y-box binding protein 1(YBX1). The AKT agonist SC79 could reverse the suppression of cell proliferation in UC-treated CRC cells. In conclusion, our research revealed that UC could prevent the progression of CRC by blocking AKT/mTOR signaling, suggesting that it may have potential therapeutic values.

Pharmacological properties of extracts and prenylated isoflavonoids from the fruits of Osage orange (Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K.Schneid.)

Osage orange trees (Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K.Schneid.) are distributed worldwide, particularly in south-east states of the USA. They produce large quantities of strong yellow fruits, bigger than oranges, but these fruits are inedible, with an acid milky juice which is little consumed by birds and insects. Extracts prepared from Osage orange fruits (hedge apple) have revealed a range of pharmacological properties of interest in human and veterinary medicine. In addition, Osage orange extracts can be used in agriculture and aquaculture, and as dyeing agent for the textile industry. Extracts contain potent antioxidant compounds, notably the isoflavonoids pomiferin and auriculasin, together with other terpenoids and flavonoids. The structural characteristics and pharmacological properties of the major prenylated isoflavones isolated from M. pomifera are discussed here, with a focus on the two phenolic compounds osajin and warangalone, and the two catechol analogues pomiferin and auriculasin. The mechanisms at the origin of their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects are presented, notably inhibition of xanthine oxidase, phosphodiesterase 5A and kinases such as RKS2 and kRAS. Osajin and auriculasin display marked anticancer properties, owing to their ability to inhibit tumor cell proliferation, migration and tumor angiogenesis. Different molecular mechanisms are discussed, including osajin‑copper complexation and binding to quadruplex DNA. An overview of the mechanism of action of the prenylated isoflavones from Osage orange is presented, with the objective to promote their knowledge and to raise opportunities to better exploit the fruits of Osage orange, abundant but largely neglected at present.

The use of biostimulants as a key to sustainable hydroponic lettuce farming under saline water stress

BACKROUND

The utilization of high-quality water in agriculture is increasingly constrained by climate change, affecting availability, quality, and distribution due to altered precipitation patterns, increased evaporation, extreme weather events, and rising salinity levels. Salinity significantly challenges salt-sensitive vegetables like lettuce, particularly in a greenhouse. Hydroponics water quality ensures nutrient solution stability, enhances nutrient uptake, prevents contamination, regulates pH and electrical conductivity, and maintains system components. This study aimed to mitigate salt-induced damage in lettuce grown via the floating culture method under 50 mM NaCl salinity by applying biostimulants.

RESULTS

We examined lettuce's physiological, biochemical, and agronomical responses to salt stress after applying biostimulants such as amino acids, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), fulvic acid, and chitosan. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with a randomized complete block design, and each treatment was replicated four times. Biostimulant applications alleviated salt's detrimental effects on plant weight, height, leaf number, and leaf area. Yield increases under 50 mM NaCl were 75%, 51%, 31%, 34%, and 33% using vermicompost, PGPR, fulvic acid, amino acid, and chitosan, respectively. Biostimulants improved stomatal conductance (58-189%), chlorophyll content (4-10%), nutrient uptake (15-109%), and water status (9-107%). They also reduced MDA content by 26-42%. PGPR (1.0 ml L‒1), vermicompost (2 ml L‒1), and fulvic acid (40 mg L‒1) were particularly effective, enhancing growth, yield, phenol, and mineral content while reducing nitrate levels under saline conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

Biostimulants activated antioxidative defense systems, offering a sustainable, cost-effective solution for mitigating salt stress in hydroponic lettuce cultivation.

Molecular Weights of Dissolved Organic Matter Significantly Affect Photoaging of Microplastics

The fate of ubiquitous microplastics (MPs) is largely influenced by dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic environments, which has garnered significant attention. The reactivity of DOM is reported to be greatly regulated by molecular weights (MWs), yet little is known about the effects of different MW DOM on MP aging. Here, the aging behavior of polystyrene MPs (PSMPs) in the presence of different MW fulvic acids (FAs) and humic acids (HAs) was systematically investigated. Under ultraviolet (UV) illumination, O/C of PSMPs aged for 96 h surged from 0.008 to 0.146 in the lower MW FA (FA<1kDa) treatment, suggesting significant PSMP aging. However, FA exhibited a stronger effect on facilitating PSMP photoaging than HA, which can be attributed to the fact that FA<1kDa contains more quinone and phenolic moieties, demonstrating a higher redox capacity. Meanwhile, compared to other fractions, FA<1kDa was more actively involved in the increase of different reactive species yields by 50-290%, including •OH, which plays a key role in PSMP photoaging, and contributed to a 25% increase in electron-donating capacity (EDC). This study lays a theoretical foundation for a better understanding of the environmental fate of MPs.

Dexmedetomidine Protects Cortical Neurons from Propofol-Induced Apoptosis via Activation of Akt-IKK-NF-κB Signaling Pathway by α2A-adrenoceptor

CONTEXT

Propofol can induce neuroapoptosis. It has been reported that dexmedetomidine (DEX) has a protective effect on propofol-induced neuroapoptosis, but the specific mechanism needs to be further explored to provide a theoretical basis for their combined use.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to explore the neuroprotective effect of DEX on primary cortical neurons treated by propofol and to elucidate the underlying mechanistic pathways.

METHODS

Cortical neurons were isolated from fetal rats and treated with propofol. MTT assays were performed to detect cell viability, α-tubulin immunofluorescent assays were conducted to observe cell abnormalities, and c-caspase3 immunofluorescent assays and flow cytometry were performed to examine cell apoptosis. Further, neurons were cotreated with propofol and DEX to study DEX's neuroprotective effects on propofol-caused neuronal injuries. Finally, the α2A-adrenoceptor was knocked out and/or the Akt activator (SC-79) was added to cells co-treated with propofol and DEX. The expression levels of Akt-IKK-NF-κB pathway-related proteins were detected by western blot.

RESULTS

Propofol decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, triggered apoptosis, caused morphological abnormalities and down-regulated the phosphorylation levels of Akt, IKK, NF-κB and IκB in cortical neurons. DEX ameliorated the decrease of cell viability, alleviated neuronal apoptosis and promoted the downregulated expression levels of p-Akt, IKK, NF-κB, and IκB proteins which had been induced by propofol treatment. Western blot findings following the transfection of α2A-siRNA and the addition of SC-79 suggested that DEX's neuroprotective functions arose from the stimulation of α2A-adrenoceptors to activate the Akt-IKK-NF-κB signal pathway.

CONCLUSION

DEX protected neurons against propofol-induced apoptosis via activation of the Akt-IKK-NF-κB signal pathway through α2A-adrenoceptors.

Administering a Soda Beverage With the Hepatitis C Treatment Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir and the Proton-Pump Inhibitor Pantoprazole: A Case Report

Purpose: The manufacturer of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir recommends avoiding coadministration with proton pump inhibitors (PPI) due to decreased velpatasvir serum concentrations which could translate to an increased risk of HCV treatment failure. A recent open-label study in healthy adults reported overcoming this interaction through co-administration of velpatasvir and a PPI with soda, but there is no clinical outcome data in HCV-infected patients. Summary: A 64 year-old male with a past medical history significant for decompensated cirrhosis, chronic HCV infection, upper gastrointestinal bleed, anemia, esophagitis, and previous HCV treatment failures required HCV treatment. The patient's medications included a PPI but no other significant DDI were present. The patient was instructed to take one sofosbuvir/velpatasvir tablet, soda, and pantoprazole 40 mg tablet at the same time once daily. Treatment was well tolerated, and clinical cure of HCV was achieved. Conclusion: Scenarios may arise during HCV treatment that necessitate coadministration of a PPI. Interfering with optimal absorption of HCV treatment could lead to development of resistance or treatment failure. Future studies should include this strategy for overcoming this common DDI. This case demonstrates sofosbuvir/velpatasvir administered orally with soda and a PPI is potentially safe and effective for treatment of chronic HCV infection.

Reductive dissolution of As-bearing iron oxides: Mediating mechanism of fulvic acid and dissimilated iron reducing bacteria

Fulvic acid (FA) and iron oxides often play regulating roles in the geochemical behavior and ecological risk of arsenic (As) in terrestrial ecosystems. FA can act as electron shuttles to facilitate the reductive dissolution of As-bearing iron (hydr)oxides. However, the influence of FA from different sources on the sequential conversion of Fe/As in As-bearing iron oxides under biotic and abiotic conditions remains unclear. In this work, we exposed prepared As-bearing iron oxides to FAs derived from lignite (FAL) and plant peat (FAP) under anaerobic conditions, tracked the fate of Fe and As in the aqueous phase, and investigated the reduction transformation of Fe(III)/As(V) with or without the presence of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. The results showed that the reduction efficiency of Fe(III)/As(V) was increased by MR-1, through its metabolic activity and using FAs as electron shuttles. The reduction of Fe(III)/As(V) was closely associated with goethite being more conducive to Fe/As reduction compared to hematite. It is determined that functional groups such as hydroxy, carboxy, aromatic, aldehyde, ketone and aliphatic groups are the primary electron donors. Their reductive capacities rank in the following sequence: hydroxy> carboxy, aromatic, aldehyde, ketone> aliphatic group. Notably, our findings suggest that in the biotic reduction, Fe significantly reduction precedes As reduction, thereby influencing the latter's reduction process across all incubation systems. This work provides empirical support for understanding iron's role in modulating the geochemical cycling of As and is of significant importance for assessing the release risk of arsenic in natural environments.

Analysis of the susceptibility of refractory hepatitis C virus resistant to nonstructural 5A inhibitors

Resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) affect the efficacy of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). In this study, we aimed to clarify the susceptibility of the coexistence of nonstructural (NS) 5A Q24K/L28M/R30Q (or R30E)/A92K RASs, which were observed in patients with DAAs re-treatment failure and to consider new therapeutic agents. We used a subgenomic replicon system in which HCV genotype 1B strain 1B-4 was electroporated into OR6c cells derived from HuH-7 cells (Wild-type [WT]). We converted WT genes to NS5A Q24K/L28M/R30Q/A92K or Q24/L28K/R30E/A92K. Compared with the WT, the Q24K/L28M/R30Q/A92K RASs was 36,000-fold resistant to daclatasvir, 440,000-fold resistant to ledipasvir, 6300-fold resistant to velpatasvir, 3100-fold resistant to elbasvir, and 1.8-fold resistant to pibrentasvir. Compared with the WT, the Q24K/L28M/R30E/A92K RASs was 640,000-fold resistant to daclatasvir and ledipasvir, 150,000-fold resistant to velpatasvir, 44,000-fold resistant to elbasvir, and 1500-fold resistant to pibrentasvir. The Q24K/L28M/R30E/A92K RASs was 816.3 times more resistant to pibrentasvir than the Q24K/L28M/R30Q/A92K RASs. Furthermore, a combination of pibrentasvir and sofosbuvir showed therapeutic efficacy against these RASs. Combination regimens may eradicate HCV with NS5A Q24K/L28M/R30E/A92K RASs.

Near-Infrared Spontaneously Blinking Fluorophores for Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging with Minimized Phototoxicity

Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) requires high-intensity laser irradiation, typically exceeding kW/cm2, to yield a sufficient photon count. However, this intense visible light exposure incurs substantial cellular toxicity, hindering its use in living cells. Here, we developed a class of near-infrared (NIR) spontaneously blinking fluorophores for SMLM. These NIR fluorophores are a combination of rhodamine spirolactams and merocyanine derivatives, where the rhodamine spirolactam component converts between a bright and dark state based on pH-dependent spirocyclization and merocyanine derivatives shift the excitation wavelength into the infrared. Single-molecule characterizations demonstrated their potential for SMLM. At a moderate power density of 3.93 kW/cm2, these probes exhibit duty cycle as low as 0.18% and an emission rate as high as 26,700 photons/s. Phototoxicity assessment under single-molecule imaging conditions reveals that NIR illumination (721 nm) minimizes harm to living cells. Employing these NIR fluorophores, we successfully captured time-lapse super-resolution tracking of mitochondria at a Fourier ring correlation (FRC) resolution of 69.4 nm and reconstructed the ultrastructures of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in living cells.

Facile synthesis of elastin nanogels encapsulated decursin for castrated resistance prostate cancer therapy

Nanogels offer hope for precise drug delivery, while addressing drug delivery hurdles is vital for effective prostate cancer (PCa) management. We developed an injectable elastin nanogels (ENG) for efficient drug delivery system to overcome castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) by delivering Decursin, a small molecule inhibitor that blocks Wnt/βcatenin pathways for PCa. The ENG exhibited favourable characteristics such as biocompatibility, flexibility, and low toxicity. In this study, size, shape, surface charge, chemical composition, thermal stability, and other properties of ENG were used to confirm the successful synthesis and incorporation of Decursin (DEC) into elastin nanogels (ENG) for prostate cancer therapy. In vitro studies demonstrated sustained release of DEC from the ENG over 120 h, with a pH-dependent release pattern. DU145 cell line induces moderate cytotoxicity of DEC-ENG indicates that nanomedicine has an impact on cell viability and helps strike a balance between therapeutics efficacy and safety while the EPR effect enables targeted drug delivery to prostate tumor sites compared to free DEC. Morphological analysis further supported the effectiveness of DEC-ENG in inducing cell death. Overall, these findings highlight the promising role of ENG-encapsulated decursin as a targeted drug delivery system for CRPC.

Pharmacokinetics of Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir and efficacy of an alternate-day treatment in hemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C infection

Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) is a combination drug used for chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection. However, limited information exists regarding the pharmacokinetics of SOF/VEL and its metabolites in hemodialysis patients. We conducted a prospective investigation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of SOF/VEL after a single dose of SOF/VEL (400/100 mg) on days with and without dialysis in 12 Thai hemodialysis patients with chronic HCV infection, who had been undergoing hemodialysis for a duration of 0.5-20 years. Blood samples were collected before dose (0) and 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 12.0 h after dose. Dialysate samples were also collected before dose (0) and 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 h after dose. Plasma and dialysate samples were quantified for SOF and its metabolite, GS-331007, and VEL concentrations using a fully validated LCMS technique. In addition, a preliminary efficacy study was conducted using the proposed SOF/VEL dose reduction regimen in all patients. No differences in SOF/VEL PK parameters between on- and off-dialysis studies. On the contrary, GS-331007 exhibited a 30% reduction in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24h) on dialysis days compared with non-dialysis days (AUC0-24h ratio 0.68 vs. 1.04, respectively). The dialysis clearance of SOF and GS-331007 was 9.35 (8.72-15.11) and 8.89 (8.52-14.07) mL/min, respectively. Subsequently, an alternate-day regimen of SOF/VEL (400/100 mg) was administered for 12 weeks, resulting in an undetectable plasma HCV viral load without side effects. Further clinical studies are warranted to validate the efficacy and safety of our proposed dose reduction regimen.

Real-life effectiveness of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir in hepatitis C patients previously treated with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir or glecaprevir/pibrentasvir

BACKGROUND

Sofosbuvir, velpatasvir and voxilaprevir (SOF/VEL/VOX) is the recommended rescue therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis C infection who fail direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Data are limited on the effectiveness of this treatment after the current first-line therapies. Our aim was to analyse the effectiveness and safety of SOF/VEL/VOX among patients failing sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) or glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB).

METHODS

Retrospective multicentre study (26 Spanish hospitals), including chronic hepatitis C patients unsuccessfully treated with SOF/VEL or GLE/PIB, and retreated with SOF/VEL/VOX ± ribavirin for 12 weeks between December 2017 and December 2022.

RESULTS

In total, 142 patients included: 100 (70.4%) had failed SOF/VEL and 42 (29.6%) GLE/PIB. Patients were mainly men (84.5%), White (93.9%), with hepatitis C virus genotype (GT) 3 (49.6%) and 47.2% had liver cirrhosis. Sustained virological response (SVR) was evaluated in 132 patients who completed SOF/VEL/VOX and were followed 12 weeks after end of treatment; 117 (88.6%) achieved SVR. There were no significant differences in SVR rates according to initial DAA treatment (SOF/VEL 87.9% vs. GLE/PIB 90.2%, p = 0.8), cirrhosis (no cirrhosis 90% vs. cirrhosis 87.1%, p = 0.6) or GT3 infection (non-GT3 91.9% vs. GT3 85.5%, p = 0.3). However, when considering the concurrent presence of SOF/VEL treatment, cirrhosis and GT3 infection, SVR rates dropped to 82.8%. Ribavirin was added in 8 (6%) patients, all achieved SVR.

CONCLUSION

SOF/VEL/VOX is an effective rescue therapy for failures to SOF/VEL or GLE/PIB, with an SVR of 88.6%. Factors previously linked to lower SVR rates, such as GT3 infection, cirrhosis and first-line therapy with SOF/VEL were not associated with lower SVRs.

Enhanced methane production from waste activated sludge by microbial electrolysis cell assisted anaerobic digestion: Fate and effect of humic substances

Humic substances as major components of waste activated sludge are refractory to degrade and have inhibition in traditional anaerobic digestion (AD). This study for the first time investigated the feasibility and mechanism of microbial electrolysis cell assisted anaerobic digestion (MEC-AD) to break the recalcitrance and inhibition of humic substances. The cumulative methane production of AD decreased from 134.7 to 117.6 mL/g-VS with the addition of humic acids and fulvic acids at 25.2-102.1 mg/g-VS. However, 0.6 V MEC-AD maintained stable methane production (155.5-158.2 mL/g-VS) under the effect of humic substances. 0.6 V MEC-AD formed electrical stimulation on microbial cells, provided anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction transformation pathways for humic substances (acting as carbon sources and electron shuttles), and aggregated functional microorganisms on electrodes, facilitating the degradation of humic substances and generation of methane. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the energy recovery and system stability of sludge treatment.

Mitigation of drought stress in chili plants (Capsicum annuum L.) using mango fruit waste biochar, fulvic acid and cobalt

Drought stress can have negative impacts on crop productivity. It triggers the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which causes oxidative stress. Limited water and nutrient uptake under drought stress also decreases plant growth. Using cobalt and fulvic acid with biochar in such scenarios can effectively promote plant growth. Cobalt (Co) is a component of various enzymes and co-enzymes. It can increase the concentration of flavonoids, total phenols, antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, and polyphenol oxidase) and proline. Fulvic acid (FA), a constituent of soil organic matter, increases the accessibility of nutrients to plants. Biochar (BC) can enhance soil moisture retention, nutrient uptake, and plant productivity during drought stress. That's why the current study explored the influence of Co, FA and BC on chili plants under drought stress. This study involved 8 treatments, i.e., control, 4 g/L fulvic acid (4FA), 20 mg/L cobalt sulfate (20CoSO4), 4FA + 20CoSO4, 0.50%MFWBC (0.50 MFWBC), 4FA + 0.50MFWBC, 20CoSO4 + 0.50MFWBC, 4FA + 20CoSO4 + 0.50MFWBC. Results showed that 4 g/L FA + 20CoSO4 with 0.50MFWBC caused an increase in chili plant height (23.29%), plant dry weight (28.85%), fruit length (20.17%), fruit girth (21.41%) and fruit yield (25.13%) compared to control. The effectiveness of 4 g/L FA + 20CoSO4 with 0.50MFWBC was also confirmed by a significant increase in total chlorophyll contents, as well as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in leaves over control. In conclusion4g/L, FA + 20CoSO4 with 0.50MFWBC can potentially improve the growth of chili cultivated in drought stress. It is suggested that 4 g/L FA + 20CoSO4 with 0.50MFWBC be used to alleviate drought stress in chili plants.

Enhancing the yield of Xenocoumacin 1 in Xenorhabdus nematophila YL001 by optimizing the fermentation process

Xenocoumacin 1 (Xcn 1), antibiotic discovered from secondary metabolites of Xenorhabdus nematophila, had the potential to develop into a new pesticide due to its excellent activity against bacteria, oomycetes and fungi. However, the current low yield of Xcn1 limits its development and utilization. To improve the yield of Xcn1, response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal composition of fermentation medium and one factor at a time approach was utilized to optimize the fermentation process. The optimal medium composed of in g/L: proteose peptone 20.8; maltose 12.74; K2HPO4 3.77. The optimal fermentation conditions were that 25 °C, initial pH 7.0, inoculum size 10%, culture medium 75 mL in a 250 mL shake flask with an agitation rate of 150 rpm for 48 h. Xenorhabdus nematophila YL001 was produced the highest Xcn1 yield (173.99 mg/L) when arginine was added to the broth with 3 mmol/L at the 12th h. Compared with Tryptic Soy Broth medium, the optimized fermentation process resulted in a 243.38% increase in Xcn1 production. The obtained results confirmed that optimizing fermentation technology led to an increase in Xcn1 yield. This work would be helpful for efficient Xcn1 production and lay a foundation for its industrial production.

Pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole fused spirooxindole-linked 1,2,3-triazoles as antioxidant agents: Exploring their utility in the development of antidiabetic drugs via inhibition of α-amylase and DPP4 activity

Environment-benign, multicomponent synthetic methodologies are vital in modern pharmaceutical research and facilitates multi-targeted drug development via synergistic approach. Herein, we reported green and efficient synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole fused spirooxindole linked 1,2,3-triazoles using a tea waste supported copper catalyst (TWCu). The synthetic approach involves a one-pot, five-component reaction using N-propargylated isatin, hydrazine hydrate, ethyl acetoacetate, malononitrile/ethyl cyanoacetate and aryl azides as model substrates. Mechanistically, the reaction was found to proceed via in situ pyrazolone formation followed by Knoevenagel condensation, azide alkyne cycloaddition and Michael's addition reactions. The molecules were developed using structure-based drug design. The primary goal is to identifying anti-oxidant molecules with potential ability to modulate α-amylase and DPP4 (dipeptidyl-peptidase 4) activity. The anti-oxidant analysis, as determined via DPPH, suggested that the synthesized compounds, A6 and A10 possessed excellent anti-oxidant potential compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). In contrast, compounds A3, A5, A8, A9, A13, A15, and A18 were found to possess comparable anti-oxidant potential. Among these, A3 and A13 possessed potential α-amylase inhibitory activity compared to the acarbose, and A3 further emerged as dual inhibitors of both DPP4 and α-amylase with anti-oxidant potential. The relationship of functionalities on their anti-oxidant and enzymatic inhibition was explored in context to their SAR that was further corroborated using in silico techniques and enzyme kinetics.

Moracin D suppresses cell growth and induces apoptosis via targeting the XIAP/PARP1 axis in pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer, a tumor with a high metastasis rate and poor prognosis, is among the deadliest human malignancies. Investigating effective drugs for their treatment is imperative. Moracin D, a natural benzofuran compound isolated from Morus alba L., shows anti-inflammation and anti-breast cancer properties and is effective against Alzheimer's disease. However, the effect and mechanism of Moracin D action in pancreatic cancer remain obscure.

PURPOSE

To investigate the function and molecular mechanism of Moracin D action in repressing the malignant progression of pancreatic cancer.

METHODS

Pancreatic cancer cells were treated with Moracin D, and cell proliferation was evaluated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and immunofluorescence assays. The clonogenicity of pancreatic cancer cells was assessed based on plate colony formation and soft agar assay. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis. The expression of proteins related to the apoptosis pathway was determined by Western blot analysis. Moracin D and XIAP were subjected to docking by auto-dock molecular docking analysis. Ubiquitination levels of XIAP and the interaction of XIAP and PARP1 were assessed by co-immunoprecipitation analysis. Moracin D's effects on tumorigenicity were assessed by a tumor xenograft assay.

RESULTS

Moracin D inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell apoptosis, and regulated the protein expression of molecules involved in caspase-dependent apoptosis pathways. Moracin D suppressed clonogenicity and tumorigenesis of pancreatic cancer cells. Mechanistically, XIAP could interact with PARP1 and stabilize PARP1 by controlling its ubiquitination levels. Moracin D diminished the stability of XIAP and decreased the expression of XIAP by promoting proteasome-dependent XIAP degradation, further blocking the XIAP/PARP1 axis and repressing the progression of pancreatic cancer. Moracin D could dramatically improve the chemosensitivity of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells.

CONCLUSION

Moracin D repressed cell growth and tumorigenesis, induced cell apoptosis, and enhanced the chemosensitivity of gemcitabine through the XIAP/PARP1 axis in pancreatic cancer. Moracin D is a potential therapeutic agent or adjuvant for pancreatic cancer.

Sofosbuvir-velpatasvir in children 3-17 years old with hepatitis C virus infection

BACKGROUND

The safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir-velpatasvir in children aged 3-17 years with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection of any genotype were evaluated.

METHODS

In this Phase 2, multicenter, open-label study, patients received once daily for 12 weeks either sofosbuvir-velpatasvir 400/100 mg tablet (12-17 years), 200/50 mg low dose tablet or oral granules (3-11 years and ≥17 kg), or 150/37.5 mg oral granules (3-5 years and <17 kg). The efficacy endpoint was sustained virologic response 12 weeks after therapy (SVR12). Dose appropriateness was confirmed by intensive pharmacokinetics in each age group.

FINDINGS

Among 216 patients treated, 76% had HCV genotype 1% and 12% had genotype 3. Rates of SVR12 were 83% (34/41) among 3-5-year-olds, 93% (68/73) among 6-11-year-olds, and 95% (97/102) among 12-17-year-olds. Only two patients experienced virologic failure. The most common adverse events were headache, fatigue, and nausea in 12-17-year-olds; vomiting, cough, and headache in 6-11-year-olds; and vomiting in 3-5-year-olds. Three patients discontinued treatment because of adverse events. Four patients had serious adverse events; all except auditory hallucination (n = 1) were considered unrelated to study drug. Exposures of sofosbuvir, its metabolite GS-331007, and velpatasvir were comparable to those in adults in prior Phase 2/3 studies. Population pharmacokinetic simulations supported weight-based dosing for children in this age range.

INTERPRETATION

The pangenotypic regimen of sofosbuvir-velpatasvir is highly effective and safe in treating children 3-17 years with chronic HCV infection.