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KOYAMA S, ITO K, USAMI K, WADA S, YAMASHITA T, IKEDA-OHTSUBO W, KITAZAWA H, HIRAKAWA R, ISLAM J, FURUKAWA M, NOCHI T. Broad specificity of monoclonal IgA (TEPC15-IgA) for enteric bacteria via phosphorylcholine-mediated interaction. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:801-808. [PMID: 38839348 PMCID: PMC11251817 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is notable for its broad specificity toward multiple bacteria. Phosphorylcholine (PC) plays a role in the infection of pathogenic bacteria carrying PC and in the induction of IgA responses in the host immune system. The commercially available mouse monoclonal IgA, TEPC15-IgA, is a distinctive antibody with specificity for PC, warranting further exploration of its response to PC-bearing enteric bacteria. In this study, using 17 different enteric bacteria, including 3 aerobic and 14 anerobic bacteria that could be cultured in vitro, we confirmed that TEPC15-IgA recognizes 4 bacterial species: Lactobacillus taiwanensis, Limosilactobacillus frumenti, Streptococcus infantis, and Escherichia coli, although reactivity varied. Interestingly, TEPC15-IgA did not react with four of six Lactobacillus species used. Moreover, distinct target molecules associated with PC in L. taiwanensis and L. frumenti were evident, differing in molecular weight. These findings suggest that the natural generation of PC-specific IgA could prevent PC-mediated infections and potentially facilitate the formation of a microflora rich in indigenous bacteria with PC, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Curvino EJ, Roe EF, Freire Haddad H, Anderson AR, Woodruff ME, Votaw NL, Segura T, Hale LP, Collier JH. Engaging natural antibody responses for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease via phosphorylcholine-presenting nanofibres. Nat Biomed Eng 2024; 8:628-649. [PMID: 38012308 PMCID: PMC11128482 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease lacks a long-lasting and broadly effective therapy. Here, by taking advantage of the anti-infection and anti-inflammatory properties of natural antibodies against the small-molecule epitope phosphorylcholine (PC), we show in multiple mouse models of colitis that immunization of the animals with self-assembling supramolecular peptide nanofibres bearing PC epitopes induced sustained levels of anti-PC antibodies that were both protective and therapeutic. The strength and type of immune responses elicited by the nanofibres could be controlled through the relative valency of PC epitopes and exogenous T-cell epitopes on the nanofibres and via the addition of the adjuvant CpG. The nanomaterial-assisted induction of the production of therapeutic antibodies may represent a durable therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.
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de Vries MR, Ewing MM, de Jong RCM, MacArthur MR, Karper JC, Peters EAB, Nordzell M, Karabina SAP, Sexton D, Dahlbom I, Bergman A, Mitchell JR, Frostegård J, Kuiper J, Ninio E, Jukema JW, Pettersson K, Quax PHA. Identification of IgG1 isotype phosphorylcholine antibodies for the treatment of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases. J Intern Med 2021; 290:141-156. [PMID: 33342002 PMCID: PMC8359267 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorylcholine (PC) is an important pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern. Previous data have shown that natural IgM anti-PC protects against cardiovascular disease. We aimed to develop a monoclonal PC IgG antibody with anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic properties. METHODS Using various techniques PC antibodies were validated and optimized. In vivo testing was performed in a femoral artery cuff model in ApoE3*Leiden mice. Safety studies are performed in rats and cynomolgus monkeys. RESULTS A chimeric anti-PC (PC-mAb(T15), consisting of a human IgG1 Fc and a mouse T15/E06 Fab) was produced, and this was shown to bind specifically to epitopes in human atherosclerotic tissues. The cuff model results in rapid induction of inflammatory genes and altered expression of genes associated with ER stress and choline metabolism in the lesions. Treatment with PC-mAb(T15) reduced accelerated atherosclerosis via reduced expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers and CCL2 production. Recombinant anti-PC Fab fragments were identified by phage display and cloned into fully human IgG1 backbones creating a human monoclonal IgG1 anti-PC (PC-mAbs) that specifically bind PC, apoptotic cells and oxLDL. Based on preventing macrophage oxLDL uptake and CCL2 production, four monoclonal PC-mAbs were selected, which to various extent reduced vascular inflammation and lesion development. Additional optimization and validation of two PC-mAb antibodies resulted in selection of PC-mAb X19-A05, which inhibited accelerated atherosclerosis. Clinical grade production of this antibody (ATH3G10) significantly attenuated vascular inflammation and accelerated atherosclerosis and was tolerated in safety studies in rats and cynomolgus monkeys. CONCLUSIONS Chimeric anti-PCs can prevent accelerated atherosclerosis by inhibiting vascular inflammation directly and through reduced macrophage oxLDL uptake resulting in decreased lesions. PC-mAb represents a novel strategy for cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Samal SK, Qureshi AR, Rahman M, Stenvinkel P, Frostegård J. Different subclasses and isotypes of antibodies against phosphorylcholine in haemodialysis patients: association with mortality. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 201:94-104. [PMID: 32297318 PMCID: PMC7290086 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of premature death is high among patients on haemodialysis (HD patients). We previously determined that immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibodies against phosphorylcholine (anti-PC) are negatively associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), atherosclerosis, some autoimmune diseases and mortality among HD patients in this cohort. Here, we also study other subclasses and isotypes of anti-PC in HD patients in relation to mortality, inflammation and gender. The study group is a cohort of 209 prevalent HD patients [median age = 66 years, interquartile range (IQR) = 51-74], vintage time = 29 months (IQR = 15-58; 56% men) with a mean follow-up period of 41 months (IQR = 20-60). Fifty-six per cent were men. We also divided patients into inflamed C-reactive protein (CRP) > 5·6 mg/ml and non-inflamed CRP. Antibody levels were determined by in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IgG1 anti-PC below median was significantly associated with increased all-cause mortality (after adjustment for confounders: P = 0·02), while IgG, IgA and IgG2 anti-PC were not associated with this outcome. Among non-inflamed patients, IgM and IgG1 anti-PC were significantly associated with mortality (P = 0·047 and 0·02). IgG1 anti-PC was significantly associated with mortality among men (P = 0·03) and trending among women (P = 0·26). IgM (as previously reported) and IgG1 anti-PC are negatively associated with survival among HD patients and non-inflamed HD patients, but among inflamed patients there were no associations. IgG, IgA or IgG2 anti-PC were not associated with survival in these groups and subgroups. Further studies are needed to determine if raising anti-PC levels, especially IgM and IgG1 anti-PC, through immunization is beneficial.
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Knudsen EC, Seljeflot I, Aksnes TA, Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Andersen GØ. IgM antibodies against phosphorylcholine measured early after acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction in relation to atherosclerotic disease burden and long-term clinical outcome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215640. [PMID: 31002684 PMCID: PMC6474742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies have reported an association between low levels of natural immunoglobulin M antibodies against phosphorylcholine(IgM anti-PC) and worse prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The aims of the present study were, in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI); 1) to compare serum levels of IgM anti-PC measured acutely and after 3 months; 2) to study an association between levels of IgM anti-PC and the severity ofCAD, and; 3) to investigate whether IgM anti-PC levels are associated with long-term clinical outcome. METHODS A total of 213 patients without known diabetes (median age 59 years) with a PCI treated STEMI were enrolled. IgM anti-PC was measured in-hospital and after 3 months. Median follow-up time was 6.5 years (all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial re-infarction, recurrent ischemia causing hospital admission, heart failure and stroke). The severity of CAD was evaluated by coronary angiograms and patients were classified as having single- or multi-vessel disease and by SYNTAX score (SXscore). RESULTS IgM anti-PC levels were stable over time when measured acutely and after 3 months. Patients with multi-vessel disease and high SXscore had significantly lower levels of IgM anti-PC in the acute phase of STEMI. Low levels of IgM anti-PC (the 25 percentile) measured acutely were associated with a 2-fold increase in the odds of having multi-vessel disease (adjusted OR 2.28 (95% CI 1.17, 4.44), p = 0.016), but not with high SXscore (Crude OR 2.20 (95% CI 0.96, 5.07), p = 0.06). Fifty-three patients experienced a new clinical event during long-term follow-up. Low levels of IgM anti PC were not associated with worse prognosis, (crude HR 1.54 (0.87-2.76), p = 0.14). CONCLUSION STEMI patients with multi-vessel disease or high SXscore had significantly lower levels of IgM anti-PC in the acute phase and low levels were associated with multi-vessel disease, but not with worse clinical outcome during long-term follow-up.
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Holásková I, Elliott M, Brundage K, Lukomska E, Schafer R, Barnett JB. Long-term Immunotoxic Effects of Oral Prenatal and Neonatal Atrazine Exposure. Toxicol Sci 2019; 168:497-507. [PMID: 30629250 PMCID: PMC6432865 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrazine and its metabolites are present at high concentrations in many water supplies in agro-intensive areas. Because residents in these areas drink water from sources fed from these contaminated supplies, we investigated the long-term immunotoxicity of combined prenatal and neonatal (perinatal) exposure to atrazine via drinking water, on the immune system in mice. At 6 months of age, upon immunization with heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae, the serum IgG antibody response against the T independent antigen phosphorylcholine was significantly higher in male, but not female, atrazine-exposed mice as compared with that in untreated controls. No alterations were present in all offspring in the serum antibody response against the T-dependent antigen pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA). ELISpot analysis showed only a small, insignificant reduction in PspA-specific IgG producing splenocytes in atrazine-treated male offspring. Interestingly, upon ex vivo stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, significant decreases in interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and IL-17A and a decreasing trend in IL-10 were observed in splenocytes from atrazine-exposed male, but not female mice. Analysis of thymic and splenic cell populations showed no effects of atrazine exposure in either sex. This is the first time that long-term changes in the immune response were observed after a perinatal exposure to atrazine and it demonstrates that these early life exposures can result in permanent changes to the immune system as well as a male bias in these effects.
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Blank M, Shoenfeld Y. Helminth-Related Tuftsin-Phosphorylcholine Compound and its Interplay with Autoimmune Diseases. THE ISRAEL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL : IMAJ 2019; 21:158-162. [PMID: 30905098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The hygiene theory represents one of the environmental facets that modulate the risk for developing autoimmune diseases. There is a reverse correlation between the presence of helminthes and flares of autoimmune diseases, which explains the rise in incidence of certain autoimmune diseases in developed countries. The protective properties of certain helminthes are attributed to their secretory compounds which immunomodulate the host immune network in order to survive. Thus, the helminthes use an array of mechanisms. One of the major mechanisms enabling manipulation of the host-helminth interaction is by targeting the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)-dependent and -independent mechanisms, which include toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and the inflammasome. The current review provides a glimpse of numerous helminth secreted products which have a role in the immunomodulation of the host immune network, focusing on bifunctional tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC). TPC is a natural compound based on phosphorylcholine of helminth origin that was used in the past to cover stents and tuftsin, a self-peptide derived from the spleen. TPC was proven to be efficient in three murine experimental models (lupus, colitis, and arthritis) and ex vivo in giant cell arteritis.
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Sobel M, Yagi M, Moreno K, Kohler TR, Tang GL, Wijelath ES, Marshall J, Kenagy RD. Anti-phosphorylcholine IgM, an Anti-inflammatory Mediator, Predicts Peripheral Vein Graft Failure: A Prospective Observational Study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2018; 57:259-266. [PMID: 30343000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One third of infrainguinal vein bypasses may fail within the first 1.5 years. Pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms are thought to be involved in these graft stenoses and occlusions. In previous studies, low levels of anti-phosphorylcholine IgM (anti-PC IgM, an innate anti-inflammatory IgM) have been associated with increased cardiovascular events. In this study, the peri-operative dynamics of anti-PC IgM levels were established during leg bypass surgery, and associations assessed between anti-PC IgM levels and primary graft patency. DESIGN AND METHODS This was a prospective, observational cohort study of infrainguinal autogenous vein bypass for peripheral arterial occlusive disease involving four university affiliated hospitals. Plasma cytokine and anti-PC IgM levels were measured pre- and post-operatively. The outcome of interest was loss of primary graft patency because of occlusion or intervention for graft stenosis. RESULTS One hundred and forty-two consecutive patients were enrolled: mean age 66 (46-91); 91% white race and male; 72.5% critical limb ischaemia (Fontaine III or IV). Median pre-operative anti-PC IgM levels were 49 units/mL (IQR 32.3-107.7, mean 89.8 + 101 sd). During follow up of an average of 1.8 years (1 month-7.4 years), 50 (35.2%) grafts lost primary patency. Pre-operative levels of interleukin 6 or C-reactive protein did not predict graft failure. Patients with pre-operative anti-PC IgM values in the lowest quartile had a twofold increased risk of graft failure (multivariable Cox proportional hazard, p = .03, HR 2.11, 95% CI 1.09-4.07), even after accounting for the other significant factors of conduit diameter, distal anastomosis, smoking, and the severity of leg ischaemia. CONCLUSIONS Low levels of anti-PC IgM are associated with vein bypass graft failure. This biological mediator may be a useful marker to identify patients at higher risk, and offers the potential for novel, directed therapies for vascular inflammation and its consequences.
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Que X, Hung MY, Yeang C, Gonen A, Prohaska TA, Sun X, Diehl C, Määttä A, Gaddis DE, Bowden K, Pattison J, MacDonald JG, Ylä-Herttuala S, Mellon PL, Hedrick CC, Ley K, Miller YI, Glass CK, Peterson KL, Binder CJ, Tsimikas S, Witztum JL. Oxidized phospholipids are proinflammatory and proatherogenic in hypercholesterolaemic mice. Nature 2018; 558:301-306. [PMID: 29875409 PMCID: PMC6033669 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) are ubiquitous, are formed in many inflammatory tissues, including atherosclerotic lesions, and frequently mediate proinflammatory changes 1 . Because OxPL are mostly the products of non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation, mechanisms to specifically neutralize them are unavailable and their roles in vivo are largely unknown. We previously cloned the IgM natural antibody E06, which binds to the phosphocholine headgroup of OxPL, and blocks the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) by macrophages and inhibits the proinflammatory properties of OxPL2-4. Here, to determine the role of OxPL in vivo in the context of atherogenesis, we generated transgenic mice in the Ldlr-/- background that expressed a single-chain variable fragment of E06 (E06-scFv) using the Apoe promoter. E06-scFv was secreted into the plasma from the liver and macrophages, and achieved sufficient plasma levels to inhibit in vivo macrophage uptake of OxLDL and to prevent OxPL-induced inflammatory signalling. Compared to Ldlr-/- mice, Ldlr -/- E06-scFv mice had 57-28% less atherosclerosis after 4, 7 and even 12 months of 1% high-cholesterol diet. Echocardiographic and histologic evaluation of the aortic valves demonstrated that E06-scFv ameliorated the development of aortic valve gradients and decreased aortic valve calcification. Both cholesterol accumulation and in vivo uptake of OxLDL were decreased in peritoneal macrophages, and both peritoneal and aortic macrophages had a decreased inflammatory phenotype. Serum amyloid A was decreased by 32%, indicating decreased systemic inflammation, and hepatic steatosis and inflammation were also decreased. Finally, the E06-scFv prolonged life as measured over 15 months. Because the E06-scFv lacks the functional effects of an intact antibody other than the ability to bind OxPL and inhibit OxLDL uptake in macrophages, these data support a major proatherogenic role of OxLDL and demonstrate that OxPL are proinflammatory and proatherogenic, which E06 counteracts in vivo. These studies suggest that therapies inactivating OxPL may be beneficial for reducing generalized inflammation, including the progression of atherosclerosis, aortic stenosis and hepatic steatosis.
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Lourdudoss C, Ajeganova S, Frostegård J. Association between dietary and metabolic factors and IgM antibodies to phosphorylcholine and malondialdehyde in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and population-based matched controls. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2018; 36:428-433. [PMID: 29745894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies against phosphorylcholine (anti-PC) and malondialdehyde (anti-MDA) are implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as markers with potential protective properties. Low IgM anti-PC levels are more common in SLE than in control population. Little is known what influences the levels of these antibodies. We here studied associations between dietary and metabolic factors and levels of IgM anti-PC and anti-MDA. METHODS This study included 109 SLE patients and 106 controls from SLE Vascular Investigation Cohort (SLEVIC). Data on dietary intake (food frequency questionnaires) and metabolic factors were linked with IgM anti-PC and anti-MDA (determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Associations between the dietary, metabolic factors and antibodies were analysed with logistic regression. Antibody levels ≤1st tertile were defined as low level. RESULTS Low IgM anti-PC and anti-MDA were associated with SLE (odds ratio (OR)=2.5 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-4.4] and OR=1.7 [95% CI 1.0-3.1, respectively). Among SLE patients, overweight/obesity (body mass index >25), elevated high-density lipoprotein (>1.6 mmol/L) and dietary fibre intake (>25.9 g/day) were associated with low IgM anti-PC (OR=2.29 [95% CI 1.06-4.97], OR=2.36 [95% CI 1.01-5.53] and OR=1.24 [95% CI 1.24-6.15], respectively). Further, dietary intake of total fat (>64.0 g/day), specifically saturated fat (>27.1 g/day), was associated with low IgM anti-MDA level (OR=2.55 [95% CI 1.14-5.64] and OR=2.47 [95% CI 1.11-5.51], respectively). Micronutrients were not associated with measured antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Some dietary and metabolic factors were associated with IgM anti-PC and anti-MDA, though it is not clear whether the associations also represent causation.
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Eichinger S, Kyrle PA, Kammer M, Eischer L, Ozsvar Kozma M, Binder CJ. Natural antibodies to oxidation-specific epitopes: innate immune response and venous thromboembolic disease. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:31-35. [PMID: 29045005 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Natural antibodies to oxidation-specific epitopes have antithrombotic properties. We evaluated the relation between natural IgM and IgG antibodies and the venous thrombosis risk. Risk of recurrent thrombosis was higher in patients with low natural IgM antibody levels. The protective effect of high IgM levels suggests a role of innate immune response in thrombosis. SUMMARY Background and objectives Natural antibodies to oxidation-specific epitopes protect from atherothrombotic events. Whether mechanisms of innate immunity are relevant in the pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is unknown. Patients/Methods We measured plasma levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to oxidized low-density lipoproteins (OxLDL) and phosphocholine (PC) by enzyme linked immune assay in 663 patients with unprovoked VTE, who were prospectively followed after discontinuation of anticoagulation for a median of 8.8 years. The study endpoint was recurrent VTE. Results IgM antibody levels to OxLDL and PC were higher in patients without compared to those with recurrent VTE (n = 174, 26.2%). For each doubling of OxLDL-IgM or PC-IgM the hazard ratio (HR) of recurrence was 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77-1.01) and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.71-0.94), respectively. After 5 years the probability of recurrence in patients with PC-IgM levels in the highest tertile (> 19.6 RLU/100 ms) was 13.0% (95% CI, 8.1-17.6%), compared with 21.1% (95% CI, 14.9-26.9%) in the middle tertile and 20.6% (95% CI, 14.7-26.0%) in the lowest tertile. The corresponding HR was 0.56 (0.39-0.82) for PC-IgM levels in the highest compared with the lowest tertile. Neither immunoglobulin G IgG antibody levels to OxLDL nor those to PC were associated with risk of VTE. Conclusion Levels of natural IgM antibodies to oxidation-specific epitopes are inversely related to the risk of VTE.
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Frostegård J. [Small fatty substances may be of great importance in the development of atherosclerosis]. LAKARTIDNINGEN 2017; 114:EH7W. [PMID: 28291282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Khomtchouk K, Alter S, Ratliff M, Blomberg BB, Riley RL. In old BALB/c mice, bone marrow pre-B cell and surrogate light chain reduction is associated with increased B cell reactivity to phosphorylcholine, but reduced T15 idiotype dominance. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 162:53-62. [PMID: 27876385 PMCID: PMC5381390 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In young adult BALB/c mice, antibodies to phosphorylcholine (PC) bearing the T15 (TEPC 15) idiotype confer protection against pneumococcal infections. In old age, even though PC reactive B cells are often increased, the proportion of T15+ antibodies declines. We hypothesize that limited surrogate light chain (SLC) and compromise of the pre-B cell receptor checkpoint in old mice contribute to both reduced new B cell generation and changes in the anti-PC antibodies seen in old age. In old mice: 1) early pre-B cell loss is most pronounced at the preBCR checkpoint; however, the reduced pool of early pre-B cells continues to proliferate consistent with preBCR signaling; 2) increased PC reactivity is seen in bone marrow immature B cells; 3) deficient SLC promotes increased B cell PC reactivity and diminished T15 idiotype expression; and 4) as pre-B cell losses and reduced SLC become progressively more severe, increased T15 negative PC reactive B cells occur. These results associate a reduction in pre-B cells, imposed at the preBCR checkpoint, with increased reactivity to PC, but more limited expression of the protective T15 idiotype among PC reactive antibodies in old age.
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Timm T, Grabitzki J, Severcan C, Muratoglu S, Ewald L, Yilmaz Y, Lochnit G. The PCome of Ascaris suum as a model system for intestinal nematodes: identification of phosphorylcholine-substituted proteins and first characterization of the PC-epitope structures. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1263-74. [PMID: 26728072 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular parasites (e.g., nematodes and protozoa), proteins and glycolipids have been found to be decorated with phosphorylcholine (PC). PC can provoke various effects on immune cells leading to an immunomodulation of the host's immune system. This immunomodulation allows long-term persistence but also prevents severe pathology due to downregulation of cellular immune responses. PC-containing antigens have been found to interfere with key proliferative signaling pathways in B and T cells, development of dendritic cells and macrophages, and mast cell degranulation. These effects contribute to the observed modulated cytokine levels and impairment of lymphocyte proliferation. In contrast to glycosphingolipids, little is known about the PC-epitopes of proteins. So far, only a limited number of PC-modified proteins from nematodes have been identified. In this project, PC-substituted proteins and glycolipids in Ascaris suum have been localized by immunohistochemistry in specific tissues of the body wall, intestine, and reproductive tract. Subsequently, we investigated the PCome of A. suum by 2D gel-based proteomics and detection by Western blotting using the PC-specific antibody TEPC-15. By peptide-mass-fingerprint matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), we could identify 59 PC-substituted proteins, which are in involved multiple cellular processes. In addition to membrane proteins like vitellogenin-6, we found proteins with structural (e.g., tubulins) and metabolic (e.g., pyruvate dehydrogenase) functions or which can act in the defense against the host's immune response (e.g., serpins). Initial characterization of the PC-epitopes revealed a predominant linkage of PC to the proteins via N-glycans. Our data form the basis for more detailed investigations of the PC-epitope structures as a prerequisite for comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immunomodulation.
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Frostegård AG, Su J, Hua X, Vikström M, de Faire U, Frostegård J. Antibodies against native and oxidized cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine and phosphorylcholine in atherosclerosis development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111764. [PMID: 25473948 PMCID: PMC4256296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibodies against cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine (anti-CL and anti-PS) are associated with thrombosis. In contrast, we determined that IgM antibodies against oxidized CL and PS (OxCL and OxPS) and phosphorylcholine (anti-PC) could be protection markers for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods 226 individuals with established hypertension (diastolic pressure>95 mmHg) from the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis. Antibodies were tested by ELISA. As a surrogate measure of atherosclerosis, the mean of the maximum intima-media thicknesses (IMT) in the far walls of common carotids and bifurcations was determined by ultrasonography at the time of inclusion and 4 years following inclusion. Results Increases in IMT measures at follow-up were significantly less common in subjects which at baseline had high IgM anti-OxPS and anti-PC at above 75th percentile: OR 0,45, CI (0,23–0,86) and OR 0.37, CI (0,19–0,71), p = 0.0137 respectively and above 90th percentile: OR 0.32, CI (0,12–0,84) and OR 0.39, CI (0,15–1.00), p = 0.050 and OR 0,22, CI (0,08–0,59) p = 0,0029. IgM anti-OxCL was negatively associated with IMT increases (OR, 0.32, CI (0,12–0,84), p = 0231). There were no associations for IgM anti-PS or anti-CL. Anti-PC, as determined herein by a commercial ELISA, was strongly associated with data from our previously published in house ELISA (R = 0,87; p<0,0001).) Anti-PC was also a risk marker at low levels (below 25th percentile; OR = 2,37 (1,16–4,82), p = 0,0177). Conclusions High levels of IgM anti-OxPS and anti-OxCL, but not traditional anti-phospholipid antibodies (anti-PS and anti-CL), are associated with protection against atherosclerosis development. In addition, low IgM anti-PC was a risk marker but high a protection marker.
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Frostegård AG, Sjöberg BG, Frostegård J, Norman M. IgM-antibodies against phosphorylcholine in mothers and normal or low birth weight term newborn infants. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106584. [PMID: 25268587 PMCID: PMC4182035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine levels of athero-protective IgM antibodies against phosphorylcholine in mothers and term-born normal or low birth weight infants. APPROACH Twenty three mother-infant pairs were studied, of whom 16 infants were within the normal weight range for gestational age (NGA; 3652[504] g) and 7 were small for gestational age (SGA; birth weight: 2715[255] g), the latter <2SD below the Swedish reference data mean for normal fetal growth. All infants were born at term (mean ± SD 40.5 ± 1.1 weeks). Serum was available from 6 mothers with SGA and 14 with NGA infants. Participating mothers were aged 34.0 ± 3.9 years (no difference between groups). Fourteen neonates were boys and seven were girls. Levels of anti-PC IgM were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Neonatal IgM anti-PC levels were low (undetectable in 8 infants out of which 3 were SGA) with a median of 76[range 0-2.51] U/ml. Maternal IgM anti-PC levels were significantly higher (median 7198[range: 25.32-656.0]) U/ml) and the proportion of mothers in highest quartile (>75th percentile) was larger in mothers of NGA-infants (43%) vs. those of SGA-infants (0%, p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS IgM anti-PC levels are low at birth, which suggests that these antibodies do not play a "housekeeping" role in immune function during fetal life/development, but arise predominately on exposure to external antigens after birth. Furthermore, low maternal IgM anti-PC levels may play a role in placental insufficiency, contributing to poor fetal growth and a small-for-date baby. This preliminary observation may have implications for the future risk of atherosclerosis/cardiovascular disease development in pregnant women and their offspring.
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Grönwall C, Reynolds H, Kim JK, Buyon J, Goldberg JD, Clancy RM, Silverman GJ. Relation of carotid plaque with natural IgM antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2014; 153:1-7. [PMID: 24704464 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive carotid measurements have proven value in the estimation of future cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Natural IgM-antibodies to phosphorylcholine (PC) epitopes can enhance apoptotic-cell clearance and induce anti-inflammatory pathways. Herein, we show that subclinical CV disease, as detected by carotid ultrasound, in a cross-sectional SLE cohort was associated with lower levels of IgM anti-PC, as well as lower levels of the ratio of IgM anti-PC/total IgM, compared to patients without plaque (p=0.004 and p=0.02, respectively). The IgM anti-PC/total IgM association remained significant after adjusting for age, cholesterol and hypertension. Adiponectin and sE-selectin were significantly elevated in patients with plaque, and statistical models showed that combining adiponectin, sE-selectin and IgM anti-PC/total IgM was better for predicting plaque than either test alone. These results support the hypothesis that IgM-natural autoantibodies may inhibit atherogenesis, and confirm the utility of IgM anti-PC levels as a biomarker for subclinical CV disease.
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Sobel M, Moreno KI, Yagi M, Kohler TR, Tang GL, Clowes AW, Zhou XHA, Eugenio E. Low levels of a natural IgM antibody are associated with vein graft stenosis and failure. J Vasc Surg 2013; 58:997-1005.e1-2. [PMID: 23856610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND All humans have natural, protective antibodies directed against phosphorylcholine (PC) epitopes, a common inflammatory danger signal appearing at sites of cell injury, oxidative stress, and on bacterial capsules. In large human cohorts, low levels of anti-PC IgM were associated with a significantly increased risk of stroke or myocardial infarction. However, it is not known if these antibodies protect against the premature closure of arterial reconstructions. METHODS A prospective, observational study of patients undergoing elective, infrainguinal, autogenous vein bypasses for atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the legs was conducted. Clinical data were recorded prospectively, and preoperative levels of anti-PC IgM measured with the CVDefine kit from Athera Biotechnologies (Solna, Sweden). The principal clinical end point was the loss of primary patency (loss of graft flow, or any intervention for stenosis). Patients were followed regularly by duplex ultrasound at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 months, and yearly thereafter. RESULTS Fifty-six patients were studied, for an average of 1.3 years. Indications for surgery were claudication (33.9%), ischemic rest pain (17.9%), and ischemia with ulceration or gangrene (48.2%). Seventeen (30.4%) patients experienced loss of primary patency (10 graft occlusions, seven surgical or endovascular revisions of graft stenoses). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the quartile of patients with the lowest anti-PC IgM levels had significantly worse primary graft patency (log-rank test, P = .0085). Uni- and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that the preoperative anti-PC IgM level was an important predictor of graft failure. Patients with IgM values in the lowest quartile had a 3.6-fold increased risk of graft failure (95% confidence interval: 1.1-12.1), even after accounting for other significant clinical or technical factors such as indication for surgery, site of distal anastomosis, or vein graft diameter. CONCLUSIONS A naturally occurring IgM antibody directed against the proinflammatory epitope PC may be protective against vein graft stenosis and failure, through anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Measurement of this antibody may be a useful prognostic indicator, although larger studies of more diverse populations will be needed to confirm these results. The biological actions of anti-PC IgM suggest it may be useful in developing immunotherapies to improve bypass longevity.
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Srdiċ-Rajiċ T, Kekoviċ G, Davidoviċ DM, Metlas R. Phosphocholine-binding antibody activities are hierarchically encoded in the sequence of the heavy-chain variable region: dominance of self-association activity in the T15 idiotype. Int Immunol 2013; 25:345-52. [PMID: 23382353 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A methodology based on the representation of each amino acid of a protein sequence by the electron-ion interaction potential and subsequent analysis by signal processing was used to determine the characteristic or common frequency (in Hz) that reflects the biological activity shared among phosphocholine (PC)-binding antibodies. The common frequency for the variable portion of the heavy chain (VH) of the PC-specific antibodies is found to be at f = 0.37 Hz. The VH sequences of the PC-binding antibodies exhibit three subsites for the PC moiety where hypervariable region 2 (CDR2) plays a role in the interaction with the phosphate group. Mutations in this VH region have an impact on the ability of mutant variants to bind PC and its carrier molecule, as well as on the characteristic frequency shift toward f = 0.12 Hz for mutants failing to bind both hapten and carrier. The VH sequence of mutants that retain the ability to bind PC still shows f = 0.37 Hz, suggesting that this frequency determines PC binding. However, this statement was not confirmed as mutation in another PC subsite impairs PC binding but retains both the phosphate-group recognition and the frequency at f = 0.37 Hz. Herein, this finding is discussed to promote the idea that the VH sequence of the PC-binding antibodies encodes the subsite for phosphate-group binding as a dominant functional activity and that only CDR2 of the T15-idiotype antibodies together with FR3 region form an autonomous self-association function represented by the T15VH50-73 peptide with f = 0.37±0.05 Hz. Thus, these data confirmed that T15VH50-73 peptide might be used in superantibody technology.
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Mukerji R, Mirza S, Roche AM, Widener RW, Croney CM, Rhee DK, Weiser JN, Szalai AJ, Briles DE. Pneumococcal surface protein A inhibits complement deposition on the pneumococcal surface by competing with the binding of C-reactive protein to cell-surface phosphocholine. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:5327-35. [PMID: 23105137 PMCID: PMC3517878 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of normal serum, complement component C3 is deposited on pneumococci primarily via the classical pathway. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), a major virulence factor of pneumococci, effectively inhibits C3 deposition. PspA's C terminus has a choline-binding domain that anchors PspA to the phosphocholine (PC) moieties on the pneumococcal surface. C-reactive protein (CRP), another important host defense molecule, also binds to PC, and CRP binding to pneumococci enhances complement C3 deposition through the classical pathway. Using flow cytometry of PspA(+) and PspA(-) strains, we observed that the absence of PspA led to exposure of PC, enhanced the surface binding of CRP, and increased the deposition of C3. Moreover, when the PspA(-) mutant was incubated with a pneumococcal eluate containing native PspA, there was decreased deposition of CRP and C3 on the pneumococcal surface compared with incubation with an eluate from a PspA(-) strain. This inhibition was not observed when a recombinant PspA fragment, which lacks the choline-binding region of PspA, was added to the PspA(-) mutant. Also, there was much greater C3 deposition onto the PspA(-) pneumococcus when exposed to normal mouse serum from wild-type mice as compared with that from CRP knockout mice. Furthermore, when CRP knockout mouse serum was replenished with CRP, there was a dose-dependent increase in C3 deposition. The combined data reveal a novel mechanism of complement inhibition by a bacterial protein: inhibition of CRP surface binding and, thus, diminution of CRP-mediated complement deposition.
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Diepenhorst GMP, Ciurana CLF, Diaz Padilla N, Boekholdt SM, Krijnen PAJ, Lagrand WK, Niessen HWM, Hack CE. IgM antibodies against apoptotic cells and phosphorylcholine in patients with acute myocardial infarction in relation to infarct size and inflammatory response. ADV CLIN EXP MED 2012; 21:455-467. [PMID: 23240451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural IgM antibodies, and anti-phosphorylcholine IgM (anti-PC IgM) in particular, may modulate the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). OBJECTIVES An exploratory study was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that circulating anti-PC IgM and IgM binding to damaged cells increases the infarct size and post-infarct inflammatory response in patients with AMI. MATERIAL AND METHODS Plasma IgM binding to apoptotic cells (anti-apop IgM) and anti-PC IgM levels were compared in plasma samples from 50 patients with AMI and 46 healthy controls after correction for hemodilution. The cumulative release of cardiac markers LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), CK or CK-MB in human myocardium at 48 hours was used as an indication of infarct size. The circulating levels of mediators such as activated complement, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL6), interleukin-8 (IL8) and secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) were used to assess the post-infarct inflammatory response. Patients with low (< median) and high (> median) levels of anti-apop IgM or anti-PC IgM were compared regarding infarct size and post-infarct inflammatory response. An electrocardiographical scoring system (Selvester score) was used to asses myocardial infarct size in patients with a first AMI (n = 24). RESULTS AMI patients demonstrated lower levels of anti-PC IgM on admission (p < 0.01) and at 48 hours (p < 0.001) when compared to the healthy controls, whereas anti-apop IgM levels were comparable to control levels. In patients with a first infarct, patients with levels of anti-PC IgM above the median demonstrated larger electrocardiographic infarct sizes (p = 0.04) and a more pronounced response of the acute phase protein sPLA2 (p = 0.06), with a similar post-infarct course of LDH, CK and CK-MB. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that anti-PC IgM plasma levels may participatie in amplifying the inflammatory response of the ischemic heart and contribute to infarct size. However, the levels of anti-PC IgM in patients with AMI in this study do not show a significant effect on cardiac markers LDH, CK and CK-MB. Hence, conclusive evidence is not provided by this limited cohort.
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Ajeganova S, Fiskesund R, de Faire U, Hafström I, Frostegård J. Effect of biological therapy on levels of atheroprotective antibodies against phosphorylcholine and apolipoproteins in rheumatoid arthritis - a one year study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2011; 29:942-950. [PMID: 22153361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine how treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha antagonists (anti-TNF) and B-cell targeting rituximab influences novel markers of atherosclerosis and inflammation, such as atheroprotective natural IgM antibodies against phosphorylcholine (anti-PC), oxidised low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and apolipoproteins. METHODS In a prospective study 215 patients with RA were enrolled of whom 85.6% were seropositive, aged 57.9 ± 12.4 years, with mean disease duration 8.5 (5-15) years. 162 patients were treated with anti-TNF and 53 with rituximab for one year. The patients were assessed and blood sampled at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months. IgM anti-PC and oxLDL were determined by ELISA and apolipoproteins by immunoturbidimetry. RESULTS IgM anti-PC increased by 26% during anti-TNF treatment, p<0.001, while decreased by 14% on rituximab, p=0.023, after 12 months of treatment. Patients in remission after 12 months, DAS28<2.6, had higher baseline anti-PC levels compared with those not in remission in both anti-TNF, p=0.007, and rituximab-treated subjects, p=0.041. In both treatment groups, levels of oxLDL increased temporarily at three months but apoA1 improved throughout the study. This effect was inversely correlated with changes in disease activity. The apoB and apoB/apoA1-ratio remained stable throughout the whole study period. CONCLUSIONS Anti-TNF treatment demonstrated a favourable long-term effect on anti-PC levels. Low levels of IgM anti-PC may identify immune-deficient state and predict inferior therapy response. Biological therapies increased the level of the anti-atherogenic lipid apoA1. The impact of these effects on future CVD events deserves further studies.
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MESH Headings
- Adalimumab
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/therapeutic use
- Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apolipoproteins/blood
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/therapy
- Atherosclerosis/blood
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Etanercept
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Infliximab
- Lipoproteins, LDL/blood
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Phosphorylcholine/immunology
- Prospective Studies
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/therapeutic use
- Rituximab
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
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Schelonka RL, Ivanov II, Vale AM, Dimmitt RA, Khaled M, Schroeder HW. Absence of N addition facilitates B cell development, but impairs immune responses. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:599-609. [PMID: 21660592 PMCID: PMC3181008 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The programmed, stepwise acquisition of immunocompetence that marks the development of the fetal immune response proceeds during a period when both T cell receptor and immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoires exhibit reduced junctional diversity due to physiologic terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) insufficiency. To test the effect of N addition on humoral responses, we transplanted bone marrow from TdT-deficient (TdT(-/-)) and wild-type (TdT(+/+)) BALB/c mice into recombination activation gene 1-deficient BALB/c hosts. Mice transplanted with TdT(-/-) cells exhibited diminished humoral responses to the T-independent antigens α-1-dextran and (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hapten conjugated to AminoEthylCarboxymethyl-FICOLL, to the T-dependent antigens NP(19)CGG and hen egg lysozyme, and to Enterobacter cloacae, a commensal bacteria that can become an opportunistic pathogen in immature and immunocompromised hosts. An exception to this pattern of reduction was the T-independent anti-phosphorylcholine response to Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is normally dominated by the N-deficient T15 idiotype. Most of the humoral immune responses in the recipients of TdT(-/-) bone marrow were impaired, yet population of the blood with B and T cells occurred more rapidly. To further test the effect of N-deficiency on B cell and T cell population growth, transplanted TdT-sufficient and -deficient BALB/c IgM(a) and congenic TdT-sufficient CB17 IgM(b) bone marrow were placed in competition. TdT(-/-) cells demonstrated an advantage in populating the bone marrow, the spleen, and the peritoneal cavity. TdT deficiency, which characterizes fetal lymphocytes, thus appears to facilitate filling both central and peripheral lymphoid compartments, but at the cost of altered responses to a broad set of antigens.
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Gingnell M, Dahlbom I, Lindholm A, Hudecova M, Arnadottir R, Hansson T, Sundstrom-Poromaa I. Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome have lower levels of IgM anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies than healthy women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2011; 27:486-90. [PMID: 20645890 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2010.501880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION IgM antibodies against phosphorylcholine (IgM anti-PC) are natural autoantibodies, possibly exerting one of the atheroprotective functions of the immune system. Increased levels of these antibodies reduce the development of atherosclerosis in mice, and low levels of IgM anti-PC have been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study compared levels of IgM anti-PC in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS, n = 111) and healthy controls (n = 79). METHOD Levels of IgM anti-PC were measured with ELISA. RESULTS The median level of IgM anti-PC in patients with PCOS was not significantly different compared to control subjects. However, the proportion of patients with PCOS with low levels of IgM anti-PC, defined as number of individuals below the median level, was significantly higher than among healthy controls, p < 0.05. Patients with PCOS in the oldest age quintile had significantly lower level of IgM anti-PC than control subjects of similar age (p < 0.05) and younger women with PCOS (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that women with PCOS more frequently display below-median levels of IgM anti-PC than controls and older women with PCOS have lower median anti-PC levels. Further studies of how this finding translates into actual CVD risk in women with PCOS are needed.
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Kikuchi T, El Shikh MM, El Sayed RM, Purkall DB, Elaasser MM, Sarraf A, Barbour SE, Schenkein HA, Tew JG. Anti-phosphorylcholine-opsonized low-density lipoprotein promotes rapid production of proinflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells and natural killer cells. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:720-30. [PMID: 20572914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Epidemiological and animal studies suggest that periodontal infections increase atherosclerosis risk. Periodontitis patients have elevated levels of anti-phosphorylcholine (anti-PC) reactive not only with numerous periodontal organisms but also with minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL). Dendritic cells (DCs) reside in arterial walls and accumulate in atherosclerotic lesions. The ability of anti-PC to bind mmLDL prompted the hypothesis that opsonized mmLDL would stimulate DCs and enhance the production of proinflammatory cytokines that promote atherogenic plaque development. MATERIAL AND METHODS Monocyte-derived DCs (mDCs) were generated using granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-4, then stimulated with mmLDL or with anti-PC-opsonized mmLDL. The anti-PC effect was determined using flow cytometry, cofocal microscopy and cytokine assays. The production of CD83, IL-12p35 mRNA, IL-12p40 mRNA, IL-12p70 and IL-10 by DCs was monitored. RESULTS Dendritic cells stimulated with mmLDL expressed little CD83 and produced little IL-12p70. However, anti-PC-opsonized mmLDL enhanced DC maturation, as indicated by upregulated CD83 and rapid (≤ 48 h) production of IL-12p70 if a source of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was available. In leukocyte cultures, natural killer (NK) cells rapidly produced IFN-γ (≤ 48 h) when interacting with IL-12-producing DCs activated by anti-PC-opsonized mmLDL. Moreover, IFN-γ promoted DC IL-12 responses that were further augmented when mmLDL was opsonized with anti-PC. CONCLUSION Minimally modified LDL-stimulated DCs and NK cells were mutually stimulatory, with DC IL-12p70 needed by NK cells and with NK cell IFN-γ needed by DCs. Moreover, production of these proinflammatory cytokines was markedly enhanced when LDL was opsonized by anti-PC. In short, the data suggest that the elevated anti-PC levels in periodontitis patients could promote a mechanism that facilitates atherosclerosis.
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